Crypto Outreach1 2

Cryptography: The science of secrecy
Hugo Touchette
School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London
Queen Mary, University of London March 2008
Hugo Touchette (QMUL)
Cryptography
March 2008
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About myself
Hugo Touchette Lecturer in applied mathematics
Research job
Theoretical physics Chaotic systems Statistical physics Probability and statistics
Education
B.Sc. Physics (Canada) 3 years M.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (USA) 2 years Ph.D. Physics and Computer Science (Canada) 3 years Post-doc Mathematics (UK) 2 years
Hugo Touchette (QMUL) Cryptography March 2008 2 / 33
What is cryptography?
Cryptography
Art or science of secret communication Art or science of secret codes (ciphers) Art or science of code breaking Art or science of hiding messages (steganography) Art or science of protecting information from unauthorised interception or tampering
Cryptography
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Why maths?
Design of ciphers
Use symbols to encrypt messages Use numbers to encrypt messages Encrypt messages through a mathematical problem
Security of ciphers
What symbols/numbers to use? What encryption method to use? Is the cipher/code secure? How easy is breaking the code?
Breaking ciphers
Systematic study of ciphers Systematic methods for breaking ciphers
Caesar challenge
Key
Plaintext
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Cryptotext
Cryptography
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The science of cryptography

Cryptography
Protection of information from unauthorised interception or tampering crypto o hidden graphy writing
Cryptoanalysis
Science of breaking secret ciphers
Cipher
Encryption method or secret code
Plaintext
Text to encrypt
Cryptotext or cryptogram
Encrypted text
Cryptography March 2008 6 / 33
Cryptography (contd)
Key
d d d d
Plaintext
E E z
d d
Ciphertext
Ciphertext
d d E zE
Plaintext
Alice
c
Bob
Ciphertext
Eve
c
??? Figure 1: The set-up Transposition: The order of the letters in the plaintext is rearranged in some sysMarch 2008 Cryptography tematic way. The key is the permutation applied to the positions. Substitution: Individual letters are replaced by different letters in a systematic way. This may be more complicated than just a single permutation; we may apply different permutations to the letters in different positions. The key is the sequence of applied permutations. Codebook: Complete words in the message are replaced by other words with quite different meanings. The key is the codebook, the list of words and their replacements.
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Cryptography (contd)
Steganography the types are not completely separate, and some or all of them can be Of course,
used together. The concealing or covering of a message Note on the word code This word is used with many different meanings in communication theory. Often it just means a scheme for translating information from one Examples format to another. Thus, for example, the Morse code (used in early telegraph and
Invisible ink
The prepared letters bring news of amounts 4 The prepared letters bring news of amounts retreat Watermarks (in images or music les)
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Ancient ciphers
Cretan disk, 17th century BC
Rosetta stone, 196 BC Hieroglyph, demotic, greek

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Cryptography
Old ciphers
Charlemagnes cipher (742-814):
Freemasons pigpen cipher (1700s):
Cryptography
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Old ciphers (contd)
Vigen`res table, 1586 e Wheatstone wheel, 1867

WWI and WWII ciphers
Cylinder cipher M-94, 1922 Strip cipher M-138-T4, WWII
Cryptography
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WWI and WWII ciphers (contd)
ENIGMA, 1937
ENIGMA M4, German marine, 1944
Cryptography
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Hagelin BC-543 (USA) and German copy
Hagelin C-26, Stockholm, 1936
Cryptography
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British Typex (British version of ENIGMA)
Cryptography
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Caesars cipher
Principle
Shift all the letters of the plaintext by a constant number of places Key = shifted positions
Key 3
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C
Key 4
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D
Example
HELLO KHOOR LIPPS (key 3) (key 4)
Number of keys
Key 0
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Key 1
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A . . . How many dierent Caesars ciphers are there?
Solution
26 letters = 26 keys = 26 ciphers 1 trivial cipher (no shift) = 25 ciphers
Breaking Caesars cipher

Exhaustive key search
Decode the cryptotext using each of the 25 keys Select the correct plaintext
Example
Cryptotext XMZVH Plaintext WLYUG VKXTF UJWSE TIVRD SHUQC RGTPB JYLHT IXKGS HWJFR GVIEQ FUHDP ETGCO QFSOA DSFBN PERNZ CREAM ODQMY BQDZL MBOKW NCPLX ZOBXJ APCYK YNAWI KZMIU LANJV
Cryptography
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Substitution ciphers
Principle
Replace each letter by a dierent letter Do not use the same letter twice Key = substitution table
Example
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z F H A Z D E M P X Q N W O B G S L T U K R J V C I Y HELLO PDWWG
Symbolic substitutions
Charlemagne Freemasons
Number of substitution ciphers

How many substitution ciphers are there?
Gross estimate
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 choices for A 25 choices for B 24 choices for C . . . 26 25 24 2 1 = 26! ciphers 1 trivial cipher (identity) = 26! 1 = 403291461126605635583999999 ciphers
Number of substitution ciphers
Dangerous substitutions
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Y D P A E F G H I X Q N W O B M S L T U K R J V Z C
Correct estimate
26! 1 # dangerous ciphers
Cryptography
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Breaking substitution ciphers

Basic observation
Plaintext: Some letters appear more often than others Cryptotext: Some letters will also appear more often than others
Frequency table of English
Cryptography
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Decoding technique
1 2
Count the number of times each symbol appears in the cryptotext Decode by matching with the frequency table
Cryptography
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Other languages
English
Spanish
Stream ciphers
Principle
Shift each letter of the cryptotext dierently Caesars cipher with dierent key for each letter Key = shift sequence
Example
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Plaintext Key Cryptotext HELLO 23582 JHQTQ
Other representation of the key

Key Key AAAAA 23582 CDFIC
Vigen`re table e
Cryptography
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The ENIGMA machine
Mechanical + electrical encoding Series of substitution ciphers Polyalphabetic substitution Invented by Arthur Scherbius, 1919 Extensively used in WWII
The code breakers of Bletchley Park
Home of the British decrypting eorts during WWII Team led by British mathematician Alan Turing Broke the ENIGMA machine Now a museum: bletchleypark.org.uk
Applications of cryptography
Internet (secure sites) WiFi connections Credit cards Information storage (hard drive encryption) Military/government communications
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Private key cryptography
Cryptography
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Public key cryptography
Cryptography
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Further reading
All used for preparing this presentation. Fred Piper and Sean Murphy Cryptography: A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press, 2002. Simon Singh The Code Book: The Secret History of Codes and Code-Breaking Fourth Estate Publ., 1999. David Kahn The Code-Breakers Scribner Publ., 1996. F. L. Bauer Decrypted Secrets: Methods and Maxims of Cryptology Springer, 2000.
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Web links
http://codesandciphers.org.uk Bletchley Park Museum, Milton Keynes http://bletchleypark.org.uk Caesar cipher http://secretcodebreaker.com/caesar.html Letter frequencies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter frequencies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency analysis (cryptanalysis) ENIGMA machine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma machine
Cryptography
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Cryptography: The science of secrecy

Queen Mary, University of London March 2008

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

The science of cryptography

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Cretan disk, 17th century BC

Rosetta stone, 196 BC Hieroglyph, demotic, greek

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Charlemagnes cipher (742-814):

Freemasons pigpen cipher (1700s):

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Old ciphers (contd)

Vigen`res table, 1586 e Wheatstone wheel, 1867

WWI and WWII ciphers

Cylinder cipher M-94, 1922 Strip cipher M-138-T4, WWII

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

WWI and WWII ciphers (contd)

ENIGMA M4, German marine, 1944

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

WWI and WWII ciphers (contd)

Hagelin BC-543 (USA) and German copy

Hagelin C-26, Stockholm, 1936

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

WWI and WWII ciphers (contd)

British Typex (British version of ENIGMA)

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Breaking Caesars cipher

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Number of substitution ciphers

Number of substitution ciphers

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Breaking substitution ciphers

Frequency table of English

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Other representation of the key

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

The ENIGMA machine

The code breakers of Bletchley Park

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Private key cryptography

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Public key cryptography

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

Hugo Touchette (QMUL)

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