Optimal Fresh

The fruit, vegetable and fresh produce expert system

Reference Report Printed on Wednesday, 19 December 2001

Crop
Maturity stage Category Plant Part Usage

carrot
General

Vegetable Root Cooked, Fresh/ Raw, Juice/ Drink, Salad, Stir fry Botanical name Daucus carota subsp.sativus Botanical family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Class and order Angiospermopsida Araliales Alternate names include (C) hong luo bo (E) carrot (F) carotte (G) Gelbe Rbe

Picture source: Dept. Agriculture, NSW, 1980

(G) Karotte (G) Mohrrbe (G) Mhre (J-K) F]<^]

(J-R) ninjin (S) zanahoria

Refrigerated Container/Coolroom Recommendations

Optimum product storage temperature Temperature set point
Add a margin for uncertainty in equipment performance if necessary. For return air control set point add 1C to delivery set point.

0.0 to 0.0C 0.0C 10 m/h = 5 cfm 15 m/h = 10 cfm -0.5 to 4.5C

Ventilation (air exchange) settings for containers:

6 m (20') = 12 m (40') =

Acceptable product temperature at loading into container

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Cold Storage Properties

Ref

Maturity stage

Temp C min min max 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1.1 0 0 1 0 0 1.7 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 5

Humidity (% RH) min max 95 98 90 90 95 98 90 95 95 90 90 95 95 98 95 95 98 98 95 98 98 98 98 98 98 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 95 95 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Storage Days at days room temp min max min max 120 28 28 112 30 84 28 28 10 150 120 180 30 180 28 28 14 28 70 28 28 180 120 150 210 210 120 120 180 42 42 140 150 140 42 42 10 240 180 180 150 210 56 180 14 42 70 42 42 240 270 270 270 270 150 240 8 8

1 1 1500 1500 1700 1800 1900 2200 2208 2212 2300 2500 2800 2900 3200 12600 12700 12800 12800 12900 13400 14500 15300 1 1900 12600 12800 13400 14500 1 20251

General Immature Immature General General General Immature Immature Immature General General General General General General Immature General General Immature General Immature Immature General Mature Mature Mature Mature Mature Mature Fresh Cut Fresh Cut

Reference notes 1 Wash before storage; ethylene causes bitterness 1900 Prepackage in polyethylene bags 2212 Recommended: wash before storage; perforate poly-bags. CO2 sens. 1 Condensation on carrots should be avoided, develops decay 1900 Condensation on carrots should be avoided, develops decay 1 Shredded, sticks or sliced 20251 Shredded, sticks or sliced

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Other Properties
Ref Maturity stage General Immature Immature Immature General General General General General General General General General Immature General General General General General General General Air exchange * Very Low Freezing Point (C) -1.4 -1.4 -1.4 0 0 0 0 0 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4 -1 -1.4 -1.4 -1.4 0 -1.4 0 0 -1.4 0 Ethylene production ** Very Low No No Ethylene sensitivity High Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ice compatibility Yes Yes Yes Water loss *** M (1.3) % Water content 87.8 Bruising susceptibility

1 1 1000 1500 1500 1700 1900 2000 2200 2300 2400 2600 2800 12600 12700 12800 12900 14200 14800 15300 15400
* ** ***

Yes

Medium

Very Low Very Low

Very Low

Low Yes

Yes

M M (1.3) 87.8

Very Low

High H (4.3)

Air exchange rates: Nil = 0%; Very low = 25%; Low = 50%; Medium = 100%; High = 200%; Very high = 400% fresh air/hour. Ethylene production rates at 20C: Nil = 0 nM; Very low = <4 nM; Low = 4 - 40 nM; Medium = 40 - 400 nM; High = 400 - 4000 nM; Very high =>4000 nM ethylene/kg/hour. Where % weight loss/week is given this is converted as: Low <= 1%; Medium = 1.1 - 3.4%; High = >3.5%

Controlled Atmosphere
Ref Maturity stage
General General General General Fresh Cut Fresh Cut

% O2 min max

% CO2 min max

TempC min 0 0 0 0 0 0 max 0 0 0 0 5 5

Benefit of controlled atmosphere None None None None Good Good

1 3200 12700 15300 1 20251

2 2

5 5

15 15

20 20

Reference notes 1 CA not advantageous; use perforated plastic films 3200 CA not advantageous; use perforated plastic films

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Respiration* and Heat Transfer

Ref 1 1900 2400 2400 2500 2600 12600 1 1000
* **

Maturity stage General General General General General General General Mature Mature

0C min 29 46 10 46 21 10 29 25 25 max 59 46 20 46 31 28 59 55 55

5C min 38 58 18 58 34 28 38 35 35 max 76 58 36 58 48 39 76 70 70

10C min 59 93 29 93 55 32 59 max 124 93 46 93 79 44 124

15C min max 76 159 117 117 117 86 73 76 70 70 117 121 97 159 140 140

20C min max 135 279 87 209 131 90 135 120 120 196 209 166 136 279 250 250

25C min max

Specific heat kJ/kg/EC ** 3.78

Respiration values given are in Watts per tonne. 1 W/t = 20.4 kCal/t/d = 82.1 Btu/tn./d = 73.3 Btu/2000 lbs/d =0.167 mL CO2/kg/h = 7.0 umol CO2/kg/h = 0.308 mg CO2/kg/h Specific heat (kJ/kg/C) = 0.0335 x % water content + 0.8374; Specific heat in Btu/lb/F = 0.08 x % water content + 0.2

Compatibility in Mixed Storage

Temperature compatibility group 0 7 13 20 Humidity compatibility group Dry Moderate High 60-80% 80-90% 90-95% Very high 95-100%

Not compatible with crops that: Produce ethylene (especially when they are ripe or ripening) Odours will be absorbed by: Celery Absorbs odours from: Ethylene-producing fruits and vegetables from Optimal Fresh database
(Medium ethylene production levels or greater.)

apple banana durian jujube fruit mango nashi peach sapodilla

apricot breadfruit feijoa kiwifruit mangosteen nectarine pear tomato

atemoya cherimoya fig litchi melon, cantaloupe papaya plum

avocado custard apple jackfruit mamey sapote melon, honeydew passionfruit rambutan

Seasonal Availability
Ref 1 1 1 1 12800 13300 15200 16500 17900 20207 20211 Country Canada Netherlands Australia USA USA Australia Australia Australia Australia Netherlands Canada Region (where given) Start Season January January January January January January January January January January January End Season December December December December December December December December December December December Start Peak September June June May September End Peak October August August December October

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Optimal Fresh
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References for carrot

1 1000 1500 1700 1800 1900 2000 2200 2208 2212 2300 2400 2500 2600 2800 2900 3200 Compilation best set of figures Debney, HG, 1980, Australian United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association, Handling and Storage Practices for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, Blacker, KJ; Redding, BJ; Watkins, JB Joyce, D, 1988, WA Department of Agriculture, Farmnote No. 28/88, Storage conditions for fruit and vegetables, Yuen, C Morris, S, 1985, Vegetable Growing Handbook 1985, Ed., J. Salvestrin, p. 127-138, NSW Dept. of Agric., Griffith, Postharvest Handling of Vegetables, Wade, N Hall, EG, 1972, CSIRO Division of Food Science, Storage life of fresh fruits and vegetables ASHRAE, 1986, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc. (ASHRAE), 1986 ASHRAE Handbook - Refrigeration Systems and Applications American President Companies, 1986, American President Companies, A Handbook on Shipping Perishable Commodities International Institute of Refrigeration, 1979, International Institute of Refrigeration, Recommendations for Chilled Storage of Perishable Produce International Institute of Refrigeration, 1979, International Institute of Refrigeration (data source - The Netherlands), Recommendations for Chilled Storage of Perishable Produce International Institute of Refrigeration, 1979, International Institute of Refrigeration (data source - Switzerland, Recommendations for Chilled Storage of Perishable Produce National Federation of Cold Storage and Ice Trades, 1957, National Federation of Cold Storage and Ice Trades, 1957 Yearbook of the National Federation of Cold Storage and Ice Trades ASHRAE, 1985, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc, ASHRAE Handbook - 1985 Fundamentals Mercantila Publishers, 1989, Mercantila Publishers, Copenhagen, Denmark, Guide to Food Transport - Fruit and Vegetables International Institute of Refrigeration, 1967, International Institute of Refrigeration, Recommended Conditions for Cold Storage of Perishable Produce, Second Edition Stephens, BK, 1982, Perspectives in Food Science, Transportation of fruit and vegetables, Baumgartner, PA and Skurray, GR; editors Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1979, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Refrigerated storage of fruit and vegetables Lipton, WJ, 1977, Horticultural Report No. 28, July 1977. Proceedings of the Second National Controlled Atmosphere Research Conference, April 5, 6 and 7, 1977, at Michigan State University, Recommendations for CA storage of broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, asparagus and potatoes Hardenburg, RE, 1990, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Agric. Handbook No. 66, The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables and Florist and Nursery Stocks, Watada, AE; Wang, CY SeaLand, 1991, SeaLand Corporate Marketing, 379 Thornall St, Edison, NJ 08837, Shipping Guide for Perishables McGregor, BM, 1987, USDA Office of Transportation, Agric. Handbook No. 668, Tropical Products Handbook Australian Chamber of Shipping, 1996, Australian Chamber of Shipping Ltd, Sydney NSW 2000, Code of Practise for Handling Fresh Fruit and Vegetables in Refrigerated Shipping Containers, CSIRO, Dept. Primary Ind. & Energy, AQIS Queensland Chamber of Fruit & Vegetable Industries, 1995, Queensland Chamber of Fruit & Vegetable Industries, Brisbane, Fruit & Vegetable Manual. Volume 2 - Vegetables Story, A, 1989, Australian United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association Ltd, Fresh Produce Manual - Handling and Storage Practices for Fresh Produce, Simons, DH Pantastico, EB, 1975, AVI Publishing, Westport Connecticut, Postharvest physiology, handling and utilization of tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables Snowdon, AL, 1991, Wolfe Scientific, London, A colour atlas of post-harvest diseases and disorders of fruits and vegetables Vol. 2: Vegetables U.S.D.A., 1996, U.S.D.A., ARS, Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp, USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 11. Dept. Agriculture, NSW, 1980, Agdex 250, NSW Department of Agriculture, Sydney, Fresh
Reference Report Page 5

12600 12700 12800 12900 13300 13400 14200 14500 14800 15200

Sydney Postharvest Laboratory & Food Science Australia

CSIRO 2001 www.publish.csiro.au

Optimal Fresh
The fruit, vegetable and fresh produce expert system 15300 15400 16500 17900 20207 20211 20251 is Best Poster Series (1 to 8) Postharvest Outreach Program, UCDavis, 1997, http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Produce/Storage/index.html, Properties and Recommended Conditions for Storage of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Sastry, SK, 1978, ASHRAE Transactions 84 (1): 237-255, Transpiration rates of certain fruits and vegetables, Baird, CD, Buffington, DE Beattie, BB, 1982, NSW, Department of Agriculture; Agdex No. 207/841, Seasonal Availability of Fresh Vegetables Australian Horticultural Corporation, 1998, Australian Horticultural Corporation, Sydney, The Australian Horticultural Statistics Handbook 1997/98 Edition ZAS International Agriculture BV, 2000, http://www.zas.nl/; Meadowbrook Farms (ZAS), PO Box 334, 2130 AH Hoofddorp, Holland, Alphabetic List of Fresh Dutch Products Ontario Ministry Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, 1999, http://'www.gov.on.ca/availability.htm; Ontario Ministry Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada, Produce Availability Gorny, JR, 1997, CA '97 Proceedings, Vol. 5. pp 30 - 66. Postharvest Horticultural Series No. 19, University of California, Davis., A summary of CA and MA requirements and recooemdations for fresh-cut (minimally processed) fruits and vegetables.

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Reference Report Page 6