Lecture (6) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

Pulse Modulation (recall)

Pulse Modulation is a process of sampling analog signal and then converting them into discrete pulses and transporting the pulses from a source to a destination over a transmission medium. Pulse Modulation consists of: PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) => VPAM Vm PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) => Vm PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) => d (pulse delay) Vm PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)

Pulse Modulation
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) The amplitude of the pulse is varied proportional to the amplitude of the information signal at a given time (i.e.: the amplitude of the pulse denotes the analog information). The pulses are of fixed duration and fixed position. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) The width of pulse is varied proportional to the amplitude of the analog signal at the time signal is sampled. The pulses are of fixed position and fixed amplitude. PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) The timing (position) of each pulse is varied proportional to the amplitude of the information signal at a given time. The pulses are of fixed duration and fixed amplitude. PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) It is a series of pulse in which the amplitude of the information signal at a given time is coded as a binary number. The pulses are of fixed duration, fixed position and fixed amplitude.

Pulse Modulation
Analog signal

Sample pulse Pulse width modulation Pulse position modulation

Pulse amplitude modulation Pulse code modulation

Pulse Modulation
PAM is used as an intermediate form of modulation with PSK, QAM, and PCM, although it is seldom used by itself. PWM and PPM are used in special-purpose communications systems mainly for the military but are seldom used for commercial digital transmission systems. PCM is by far the most prevalent form of pulse modulation and will be discussed in more detail.

Pulse Width Modulation

PWM is sometimes called pulse duration modulation (PDM) or pulse length modulation (PLM), as the width (active portion of the duty cycle) of a constant amplitude pulse is varied proportional to the amplitude of the analog signal at the time the signal is sampled. The maximum analog signal amplitude produces the widest pulse, and the minimum analog signal amplitude produces the narrowest pulse. Note, however, that all pulses have the same amplitude.
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Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Duration Modulation (Pulse Width Modulation)

Volts
time

time max = largest Positive min = largest Negative

Pulse Width Modulation

The procedure for the generation of the PWM signal is as follows: A PAM waveform is generated from m(t)+A. A sequence of synchronised ramp pulses is then added to the PAM signal, xPAM(t). This yield a signal xPAM(t) + Ramp(t). The signal xPAM(t)+ Ramp(t) is then level-sliced by a circuit (comparator) that gives an output when xPAM(t)+Ramp(t) is above the slicing level. The outputs of both the comparator and the clock are fed, as starting and stopping trigger signals, into a bi-stable multi-vibrator.

Pulse Width Modulation Bi-stable multi-vibrator

Bi-stable multi-vibrator maintains a given output voltage level unless an external trigger is applied. Application of an external trigger signal causes a change of state, and this output level is maintained indefinitely until an second trigger is applied . Thus, it requires two external triggers before it returns to its initial state

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Pulse Width Modulation

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Pulse Width Modulation

k v + A + m(kTs ) vth = v
v + A vth k = m(kTs ) + v v

k = o + k PWM m(kTs )
t kTs = Ao rect k = k

xPWM
( uniform )

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Pulse Position Modulation

With PPM, the position of a constant-width pulse within a prescribed time slot is varied according to the amplitude of the sample of the analog signal. The higher the amplitude of the sample, the farther to the right the pulse is positioned within the prescribed time slot. The highest amplitude sample produces a pulse to the far right, and the lowest amplitude sample produces a pulse to the far left.
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Pulse Position Modulation

Pulse Position Modulation

Volts
time

time min = largest Negative max = largest Positive

Pulse Position Modulation

The procedure for the generation of the PPM signal is as follows: A PAM waveform is generated from m(t)+A. A sequence of synchronised ramp pulses is then added to the PAM signal, xPAM(t). This yield a signal xPAM(t) + Ramp(t). The signal xPAM(t)+ Ramp(t) is then level-sliced by a circuit (comparator) that gives an output when xPAM(t)+Ramp(t) is above the slicing level. The output of the comparator is fed as a starting trigger signals into a Monostable multi-vibrator.

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Pulse Position Modulation

Mono-table multi-vibrator The mono-stable multi-vibrator generates a single pulse of specified fixed duration in response to each external trigger signal. It has only one stable state. Application of a trigger causes the circuit switches to a quasi-stable state and remains in that state for a certain time period. Finally the circuit switches back to the stable state
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Pulse Position Modulation

t k = kTs + k t k = kTs + o + k PPM m(kTs )

xPPM
( uniform )

t tk = Ao rect k =

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PWM & PPM

Selection of V & Vth
th

A + (m(kTs ) )max vth < A + (m(kTs ) )min + v

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PWM & PPM (non-uniform)

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PWM & PPM (non-uniform)

Note that: In non-uniform PWM & PPM, the pulse width and position are based on the average value, the slope and the shape of m(t)

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Any Question

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