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NewbattleCommunityHighSchool MathsDepartment

Intermediate1MathsRevisionNotes
Units1,2and3
MrWatkins
Lastupdated August2010

OurValuesforLife
RESPONSIBILITY PERSEVERANCE FOCUS TRUST RESPECT HUMOUR
Usethisbooklettodemonstrateresponsibilityandperseverancebypractisingworking
independentlylikeyouwillhavetoinanexam. Thismeansthatwhenyougetstuckon
aquestion,dontjustleavethequestionblank,dontgiveup,anddontsittheredoing
nothinguntilyourteachermanagestogettoyou.
Insteadgetinthehabitofturningtothisbooklettorefreshyourmemory.
Ifyouhaveforgottenhowtodoamethod,examplesaregiven.
Ifyouhaveforgottenwhatawordmeans,usetheindex tolookitup.

Thisbookletisfor:
Studentsdoingan Intermediate1mathscourse,includingUnit3.
Thisbookletcontains:
ThemostimportantfactsyouneedtomemoriseforIntermediate1maths.
Examplesonhowtodothemostcommonquestionsineachtopic.
Definitionsofthekeywordsyouneedtoknow.
Usethisbooklet:
Torefreshyourmemory of themethodyouweretaughtinclasswhenyouarestuck
onahomeworkquestionorapastpaperquestion.
Tomemorisekeyfactswhenrevisingfortheexam.
Thekeytorevisingforamathsexamistodoquestions,nottoreadnotes. Aswellas
usingthisbooklet,youshouldalso:
Revisebyworkingthroughexercisesontopicsyouneedmorepracticeon suchas
revisionbooklets,textbooks,websites,orotherexercisessuggestedbyyourteacher.
WorkthroughPastpapers
Askyourteacherwhenyoucomeacrossaquestionyoucannotanswer
Checktheresourcesonlineatwww.newbattle.org.uk/Departments/Maths/int1.html
Asyougetclosertotheexamyoushouldbeaimingtolookatthisbookletlessandless.

Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Contents
Unit1 ........................................................................................................................... 3
Unit1Outcome1 PercentagesandRounding ..............................................................................3
Percentageswithoutacalculator...................................................................................................................................................3
Percentageswithacalculator ........................................................................................................................................................3
FindingthePercentage:OneNumberasaPercentageofAnother.............................................................................................4
Rounding ........................................................................................................................................................................................5
DirectProportion............................................................................................................................................................................5

Unit1Outcome2 AreasandVolumes ..........................................................................................7


Areasofrectangles,squaresandtriangles....................................................................................................................................7
VolumesofCubesandCuboids....................................................................................................................................................8
LitresandMillilitres ......................................................................................................................................................................9
CircumferenceofaCircle .............................................................................................................................................................9
AreaofaCircle ............................................................................................................................................................................11

Unit1Outcome3 BasicAlgebra.................................................................................................12
UsingaFormula...........................................................................................................................................................................12
EvaluatingaFormulaExpressedinWords ................................................................................................................................12

Unit1Outcome4 Money ............................................................................................................13


Commission..................................................................................................................................................................................13
Overtime .......................................................................................................................................................................................13
HirePurchase(HP) ......................................................................................................................................................................14
Insurance.......................................................................................................................................................................................14
ExchangeRates ............................................................................................................................................................................15

Unit2 ......................................................................................................................... 16
Unit2Outcome1 Integers ..........................................................................................................16
Coordinates...................................................................................................................................................................................16
AddingandTakingAwayIntegers.............................................................................................................................................16
MultiplyingandDividingIntegers..............................................................................................................................................17

Unit2Outcome2 Speed,DistanceandTime..............................................................................19
TimeIntervals ..............................................................................................................................................................................19
DistanceTimeGraphs.................................................................................................................................................................19
Speed,DistanceandTimeCalculations .....................................................................................................................................19

Unit2Outcome3 PythagorasTheorem ....................................................................................21


ExamQuestions ...........................................................................................................................................................................22

Unit2Outcome4 Graphs,ChartsandTables............................................................................23
BarGraphsandLineGraphs.......................................................................................................................................................23
PieCharts......................................................................................................................................................................................23
ScatterGraphs ..............................................................................................................................................................................24
StemandLeafDiagrams .............................................................................................................................................................26

Unit2Outcome5 Statistics.........................................................................................................27
Range ............................................................................................................................................................................................27
Mean .............................................................................................................................................................................................27
Mode .............................................................................................................................................................................................28
Median ..........................................................................................................................................................................................28
MeanfromaFrequencyTable ....................................................................................................................................................29
Probability ....................................................................................................................................................................................30
ComparingStatistics....................................................................................................................................................................31

Unit3 ......................................................................................................................... 32
Unit3Outcome1 Algebra ..........................................................................................................32
MultiplyingoutBrackets.............................................................................................................................................................32
Factorising ....................................................................................................................................................................................33
Equations ......................................................................................................................................................................................34
Inequalities) ..................................................................................................................................................................................34
Equationswithlettersonbothsides ...........................................................................................................................................35

Unit3Outcome2 StraightLineGraphs.....................................................................................37
VerticalandHorizontalLines .....................................................................................................................................................37
DrawingaStraightlinefromitsequation ..................................................................................................................................38

Unit3Outcome3 Trigonometry(SOHCAHTOA)...................................................................40
CalculatinganAngle ...................................................................................................................................................................40
Workingoutalength ...................................................................................................................................................................41
ExamQuestions ...........................................................................................................................................................................41

Unit3Outcome4 StandardForm ..............................................................................................42


ChangingNumbersfromStandardFormintoNormalForm ....................................................................................................42
ChangingNumbersfromNormalFormintoStandardForm ....................................................................................................43

IndexofKeyWords .................................................................................................. 44

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Unit1
Unit1Outcome1PercentagesandRounding
Percentageswithoutacalculator
Youmaybeaskedtocalculateapercentageinthenoncalculatorpaper.Youneedto
know thefollowing:

Percentage
50%
25%
75%

Fraction
1
2
1
4
3
4

Percentage
10%
1%
33%
66%

Fraction
1
10
1
100
1
3
2
3

Examples
Whatis75%of480?

Whatis33%of 330?

Solution
75%of480
=of480
=48043=360

33%of 330
=of 330
=33031= 110

Otherpercentagescanbeworkedoutwithoutacalculatorbyfinding10%first
Examples
Whatis40%of120?
Solution
10%of120=12
So40%of120=124=48

Percentageswithacalculator
Foreveryquestion,therearetwowaysofdoingit. Usetheoneyouarehappiestwith.
Question
27%of360
3%of250
17.5%of4200
4.2%of360

Method1
DivideandMultiply
36010027
2501003
420010017.5
3601004.2

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Method2
Decimal
0.27360
0.03250
0.1754200
0.042360

Answer
97.20
7.50
735
15.12

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

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Example
Acarisnormallypricedat8800,buta12%discountisbeingoffered.
Whatisthenewpriceofthecar?
Solution
12%of8800=0.128800[or880010012] =1056
Newprice=88001056=7744
Youneedtobeabletoworkoutpercentageswheninterestispaidonmoneyinabank
account.Interestisexpressedasapercentageperannum(p.a.) Perannummeans
peryear.
Example2(BankAccountInterest)
Vanessaputs4800inthebankataninterestrateof4%perannum.
Howmuchinterestwouldshereceiveafter:
a) Oneyear?
b) Fivemonths?
Solution
a) Inoneyear:4%of4800=0.044800[or48001004] =192
b) Therearetwelvemonthsinayear,soin onemonth,Vanessawillget
19212=16
Thismeansthatin fivemonths,shewillget165=80

FindingthePercentage:OneNumberasaPercentageofAnother
Tofindthepercentage,therearethreesteps:
1. Writeasafraction
2. Changetoadecimalbydividing
3. Changetoapercentagebymultiplyingby100
Example
Petefor24outof32foranexam.Whatishismarkasapercentage?
Solution
Asafraction,Petegot 24
32 .
Tochangethistoadecimal,do24 32= 0.75
Tochange0.75toapercentage,do0.75100=75%
Aquickwayofrememberingthisistodo smallerbigger100 (ortopbottom100)
Example2
Outof1250 pupils,475gettoschoolbybus.Whatpercentageisthis?
Solution
475
Asafraction,thisis1250
.
Tochangethistoapercentage:4751250100=38%

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Moredifficultquestionsaskyoutofindthepercentageincreaseordecrease.Inthis
questions,youalwayshavetoworkoutthepercentageoftheoriginal amount.
Example
Thetemperatureinanovenwas180C.Itwentupto207C.Whatwas
thepercentageincrease?
Solution
Stepone whatistheincrease?207180=27C
Steptwo expressasafractionoftheoriginalamount
27
Originalamountwas180C,soasafractionthisis 180
.
Stepthreechangetoapercentage:27180100=15%

Rounding
Ifaquestionasksyoutoroundyouranswer,therewillbeamarkforthis.
Thequestionmaysaysomethinglike:
Roundyouranswertothenearestthousand
orgivingyouranswertoonedecimalplace
Donotletyourself loseamarkbymissingtheseinstructions!
Theinstructionroundyouranswertothenearestpennymeansroundingittotwo
decimalplaces(sincemoneyalwayshastohavetwodecimalplaces).
Examples
4652 tothenearesttenis4650
4652tothenearesthundredis4700
4652tothenearestthousandis5000
23.6666666toonedecimalplaceis23.7
23.6666666totwodecimalplacesis23.67
23.6666666tothenearestpennyis23.67

DirectProportion
Adirectproportionquestionisonewhereyouhavetousethefactthatnumbersgoup
inequalamounts. Themethodforoneofthesequestionsisusuallytofindthecostfor
onefirst.
Example
Johnhiresacarfor4days.Itcostshim 90.
HowmuchwillitcostforhisfriendSamtohireitfor7days?
Solution
StepOne Howmuchdoesitcosttohirethecarfor oneday?
Divide:904=22.5,soitcosts22.50perday.
StepTwo Howmuchdoesitcosttohirethecarforsevendays?

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

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Multiply:22.507= 157.50.
Example2
Joisanelectrician.Shechargescustomers27forevery15minutesshe
hastowork.HowmuchwilltheyhavetopayJoforajobthatlasts3
hours?
Solution
StepOne Howmuchdoesitcostfor onehour?
15minutescost27.Therearefourlotsof15minutesinanhour,
Soforonehouritcosts274=108
StepTwo Howmuchdoesitcostforthreehours?
Multiply: 1083 =324.

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Unit1Outcome2AreasandVolumes
Areasofrectangles,squaresandtriangles
Definition: theareaofa2dshapeisameasureoftheamountofspaceinsideit.
TheseformulaeareNOTgiven ontheexampaper
Areaofarectangle:
A = Length Breadth,or A = LB
Areaofasquare:
A =L2
BH
Areaofatriangle:
A = 12 Base Height,or A =
2
Examples
Findtheareaoftheseshapes

Solution
BH
2
15 10 150
2
A=
=
=75cm
2
2
A=

A = L2

A = LB

A = 12 2 =144cm2

A = 11 6 =66cm2

Definition:acompositeshapeisonemadebyjoiningtwoormoreothershapes
together. Intheexam,areaswillalwaysbeofcompositeshapes,usuallymadeupof
rectangles,squares,trianglesorsemicircles(forsemicirclesseepage11).
Themethodtoworkouttheareaofacompositeshapeisalwaysthesame:
Stepone splittheshapeup.
Steptwo work outtheareaofeach smallershapeseparately.
Stepthreeeitheraddortakeawaytheareas:
Ifthetwoshapesarejoinedtogether,youadd theareas.
Ifoneshapeifcutoutoftheother,youtakeaway itsarea.
Example1
Findtheareaofthisshape:

Solution
Stepone startbysplittingtheshapeupintoarectangleandatriangle.

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

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Wedontknowtheheightofthetriangleyet(thelengthmarked?)but
fromlookingatthediagram,wecanseethat8+?=12,so?=4cm.
4cm

8cm
16cm

16cm
Steptwo Calculatetheareaof each shape.
BH
Areaofrectangle= LB
Areaoftriangle=
2
= 16 8
16 4 64
2
=
=
=32cm
=128cm2
2
2
Stepthreethetwoshapesarejoinedtogether,soadd theareas
Area=32+128=150cm
Example2
Findtheshadedareainthisshape
Solution
Stepone splittheshapeupintotherectangle
(grey)andthetriangle(white).
Steptwo calculatetheareaofeachshape
BH
Areaofrectangle= LB
Areaoftriangle=
2
= 11 14
10 6 60
2
=
=
=30cm
=154cm2
2
2
Stepthreethetriangleiscutoutoftherectangle,sowe takeawayitsarea.
Area=15430= 124cm

VolumesofCubesandCuboids
Definition: thevolumeofa3dshapeisameasureoftheamountofspaceinsideit.
ThisformulaisNOTgiven ontheexampaper
Volumeofacuboid:
V = Length Breadth Height,or V =LBH
Example
Calculatethevolumeofthiscuboid
Solution
V = LBH
= 5 4 3
=60cm3

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Example
Calculatethevolumeofthiscube
Solution
Inacube,allthesidesarethesamelength.
V = LBH
= 40 40 40(NOT40 3)
=64000cm3

LitresandMillilitres
Somevolumequestionsrefertolitresandmillilitres.
Thekeyfactsare:
1cm=1millilitre
1000millilitres=1litre
Youmightbetoldthesefactsonanexampaper,butyoucannotguaranteethis
Example
Atankofwaterisshapedas
shown.Howmanylitresof
watercanithold?
Solution
V = LBH
= 10 20 50
=10000cm3
10000cm=10000mlbecausemillilitresandcmarethesamething.
Thereare1000mlinalitre,soherethereare100001000=10litres.

CircumferenceofaCircle
Definitions: thediameter ofacircleisthedistanceallthewayacrossacircle,
passingthroughthecentre.Theradiusishalfofthediameter.
Definition: thecircumferenceisthecurvedlengtharoundtheoutsideofacircle.It
isaspecialnamefortheperimeterofacircle.
Thisformulaisgiven ontheexampaper
Circumferenceofacircle:

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C =pd

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Examples
Findthecircumferencesofthesetwocircles:

Solutions
Thediameteris12cm,sod=12
C = pd
= p 12(or3.14 12)
= 37.69911184...
=37.7 cm(1d.p.)

Inthiscircle,theradiusis13cm
sothediameteris26cm,i.e.d=26
C = pd
= p 26(or3.14 26)
= 81.68140899...
=81.68cm(2d.p.)

Youmaycomeacrossmoredifficultexamplesthatinvolvequarterandhalfcircles,
thesenexttwoexamplesaskyoutocalculatetheperimeter oftheshapes.
Definition: theperimeteristhedistanceallthewayaroundtheshape.
Thecircumferencereferstothecurvedlengthonly.Thereforetoworkoutthe
perimeter,youalsoneedtoaddon anystraightlengths.
Example
Findtheperimeterofthisshape:
Solution
Theshapeisaquartercircle,sowedivideby4.
7cmistheradius,sothediameteris14cm.
Stepone findthecircumference
C = p d 4
= p 14 4(or3.14 14 4)
= 10.9955...
=11.0cm(1d.p.)
Steptwo findtheperimeterbyaddingonthestraightlengths

Perimeter=11.0+7+7=25.0cm

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

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AreaofaCircle
Thisformulaisgiven ontheexampaper
Areaofacircle:

A =p r 2

Example1(radius)
Findtheareaofthiscircle
Solution
Theradiusofthiscircleis5cm,sor=5.
A = p r 2
= p 52 (or3.14 52)
= p 5 5(or3.14 5 5)
= 78.53981634...
=78.5cm 2(1d.p.)
Example2(diameter)
Findtheareaofthiscircle
Solution
Thediameterofthiscircleis8cm,sotheradiusis4cm,or
r=4.
A = p r 2
= p 4 2 (or3.14 42)
= p 4 4(or3.14 4 4)
= 50.26548...
=50.3cm 2(1d.p.)

Definition:asemicircleishalfofacircle.
Example3(semicircle)
Findtheareaofthissemicircle
Solution
22cminthisdiagramisthediameter.Thismeansthe
radiusis11cmorr=11cm.
A = p r 2 2
= p 112 2(or3.14 112 2)
= p 11 11 2(or3.14 11 11 2)
= 190.0663555...
= 190.1cm 2(1d.p.)

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

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Unit1Outcome3BasicAlgebra
UsingaFormula
Readthequestioncarefullyandsubstituteinthenumbersyouaregiven.
Definition:Evaluatemeansdothesum
Example
Evaluate2a3cwhen a=12and c=1.5
Solution
2a - 3c
= 2 12 - 3 1.5
= 24 - 4.5
=19.5
Example
Evaluate3xwhenx=5
Solution
3x 2
= 3 52
= 3 25(NOT152)
=75
Example
S=3bca .EvaluateSwhen a=10, b=2andc=7
Solution
S = 3bc - a
= 3 2 7 - 10
= 42 - 10
=32

EvaluatingaFormulaExpressedinWords
Whenaformulaisgiveninwords,youneedtoread thequestion carefullyanddecide
whatsortofcalculationtodo.
Example
Tocookachicken,youneed25minutesperkilogram,andthenafurther
15minutes.Ihavea6kgchicken.HowlongshouldIcookitfor?
Solution
625minutes,thenadd15minutes
=150minutes+15minutes
=165minutes (or2hours45minutes)

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Unit1Outcome4Money
Commission
Definition:commissionisextramoneypaidtoasalesperson.Thesalesperson getsa
percentageofwhateverheorshesells.Themoretheysell,themorepaytheyget.
Thisisanincentivetosellmoreitems.
Example
Angiesellscomputers.Shegetspaidamonthlysalaryof950plus3%
commissiononallhercomputersales.
Whatishermonthlypayforamonthinwhichshesells15600?
Solution
Shegetspaid950regardlessofhowmuchshesells. DONTfind3%of
950.
Commission=3%of15600=0.0315600[or156001003] =468
Totalformonth=950+468=1418.

Overtime
Definitions:
Aworkersbasichoursarethehoursthatthey havetoworkeachweek(or
eachmonthetc). e.g.Johnsworksabasic35hourweek.
Overtimehoursareanyextrahoursthataworkerworksinadditiontotheir
basichours. e.g. Jacquieworksabasic28hourweek.Ifsheworks31
hoursinaweek,thenshehasdone3hoursofovertime.
Yougetpaidmoreforeachhourofovertimeyouworkthanyoudoforyourbasic
hours.Therearetwocommonwaysofdoingthis:
Doubletimewherethehourlywageisdoubledforovertimehours.
Timeandahalf whereyougethalfasmuchagainforovertimehours.
Toworkoutovertime,youdo:
2(doubletime)
1.5(timeandahalf)
Example
Janetworksparttimeinachemist.Shegets5.30perhour,andworksa
basic14hourweek,andgetstimeandahalfforovertime.Howmuch
doesshegetpaidinaweekwheresheworks17hours?
Solution
Janetworks14basichours,and3overtimehours
Basichours:145.30=74.20
Overtime:35.301.5= 23.85

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Totalpay=74.20+23.85=98.05

HirePurchase(HP)
Definition:whenyoubuyanexpensiveitem(e.g.aholidayoracar)inashop,you
havetwooptions:
1. Pay thewholeamountatoncebutnoteveryonehasenoughmoneytohand
todothis.
2. Spreadthecostbypayinginmonthly(orweekly)instalments.Thisiscalled
HirePurchase(alsocalledHPforshort).
Definitions: thedepositistheamountyougivetheshopwhenyoufirstbuytheitem.
Youonlypaythisonce.Theinstalmentsarethemonthly(orweekly)amountsyou
payevery weekafterthat.
Example
AcarcanbeboughtonHirePurchaseforadepositof1500andthen
twelvemonthlypaymentsof480.CalculatethetotalHPprice.
Solution
Twelvepaymentsof480=12480=5760
Deposit=1500
Totalprice=5760+1500= 7260

Insurance
Definition: thepremiumisthenamegiventotheamountyoupaytoaninsurance
companyinordertobeinsured.
Example1
Acompanyofferstoinsurejewelleryforapriceof2.30per100
insured.Howmuchwoulditcosttoinsurearingcosting1400?
Solution
1400100=14,sothereare14lotsof100in1400
2.3014=32.20
Example2
Acompanyofferstoinsurehousesfor6.78per1000insured.How
muchwoulditcosttoinsureahousecosting94500?
Solution
945001000=94.5
94.56.78= 640.71

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

ExchangeRates

Example(changingintoforeignmoney)
Janetchanges250intoEuros.Theexchangerateis1=1.37.How
muchmoneydoessheget?
Solution
Tochangemoneyfrom poundsintoforeignmoney,wemultiply.
1.37250=342.5=342.50
Example(changingbackintopounds)
HarryisreturningfromtheUSAwith$800.Theexchangerateis
1=$1.57.Harrychangeshismoneybackintopounds.Howmuchmoney
doesheget?
Solution
Tochangemoneyfromforeignmoney backintopounds,wedivide.
8001.57=509.554.=509.55(aswe always havetoroundmoneyto2decimalplaces)

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Unit2
Unit2Outcome1Integers
Definition:an integerisawholenumberthatcanbeeitherpositiveornegative. To
workwithintegers,youneedtobeabletousetherulesfordoingcalculationswith
negativenumbers.

Coordinates
Thebasicruleforcoordinatesisgoalongand thenup(oralongthecorridorandup
thestairs).Thefirstpartofthecoordinatetellsyouhowmanysquarestocount
along,thesecondnumbertellsyouhowmanytocountup(ordown).
Example

Thecoordinatesofthepointsonthegridare:
A(4,2)
E(6,0)

B(8, 6)
F(7,0)

C(9, 3)
G(0, 7)

D(5,10)
H(0,8)

AddingandTakingAwayIntegers
Youneedtobeabletoworkwithintegersineverydaysituations(e.g.temperature),
andinsums.
Addingandtakingawayintegersisalltodowithmovingupanddownanumberline.

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Inanexam,youcoulddrawyourownnumberlinetocountupanddownonifithelps
you.
Example
Thetemperatureatmidnightwas6C.Bymiddayithadrisenby23C.
Whatwasthetemperatureatmidday?
Solution
Startat6C.Countup23C.Answer: 17C.
Youalsoneedtobeabletocompleteaddandtakeawaysums.Startatthefirst
number,thenmoveupifyouareadding,anddownifyouaretakingaway.
Examples
6+9=startat6andmoveup9.Answer=3
57=startat5andmovedown 7.Answer= 2
(2) 8=startat 2andmovedown 8.Answer= 10
Addinganegativenumberisthesameastakingaway.Whenanaddandatakeaway
signarewrittennexttoeachother,youcangetridoftheaddsign.
Examples
2+(6)=2 6=startat2andmovedown 6.Answer= 4
(1)+ (7)=(1) 7=startat1andmovedown7.Answer= 8
Takingawayanegativenumberbecomesanadd. Whentwonegativesignsare
writtennexttoeachotherwithoutanumberinbetween,theybecomeanaddsign
takingawayaminusmakesaplus
Examples
5(2)=5+2=7
(7)(2)=(7)+ 2=startat 7andmoveup 2.Answer= 5

MultiplyingandDividingIntegers
Multiplyinganddividinghavecompletelydifferentrulestoaddingandtakingaway.
Tomultiplyanddivide,youdothesumnormally(asiftherewerenonegativesigns
there),andthenyoudecidewhetheryouranswerneedstobenegativeorpositive.
Whenmultiplyinganddividing:
If noneof thenumbersarenegative,thentheanswerispositive.
If oneofthenumbersisnegative,thentheanswerisnegative.
If two ofthenumbersarenegative,thentheanswerispositive.
If threeofthenumbersarenegative,thentheanswerisnegative.
andsoon
Ingeneral,ifthereareanoddnumberofnegativenumberstheanswerisnegative.
Ifthereisanevennumberofnegativenumbers,theanswerispositive.
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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

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Examples(multiplying)
(5)4= 20 (onenegativenumbermeanstheanswerisnegative)
60(2)= 120 (onenegativenumbermeanstheanswerisnegative)
(3)(10)=+30 (orjust30) (twonegativenumbersmeanstheanswerispositive)
(2)3(4)=24 (twonegativenumbersmeanstheanswerispositive)
(2)( 3)(4)= 24 (threenegativenumbersmeanstheanswerisnegative)

Inparticular,ifyousquareanegativenumber,theansweralwayshastobepositive.
Examples(squaring)
(6)=(6)(6)=36 (twonegativenumbersmeanstheanswerispositive)
(10)=(10)(10)=100 (twonegativenumbersmeanstheanswerispositive)

Examples(dividing)
(28)4= 7 (onenegativenumbermeanstheanswerisnegative)
50(5)= 10 (onenegativenumbermeanstheanswerisnegative)
(80)(10)=+8(orjust8) (twonegativenumbersmeanstheanswerispositive)

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

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Unit2Outcome2Speed,DistanceandTime
TimeIntervals
Youneedtoknowhowtofindhowlongsomethinglastsfor.Thebestwayistosplit
eachquestionupintosmallersteps:
Example1
Howlongisitfrom10.45amto2.20pm?
Solution

Example2
AplaneleavesLondonat10.50pmandarrivesinNewYorkthenext
morningat6.15am.Howlongwastheflight?
Solution

DistanceTimeGraphs
Usingadistancetimegraph,ajourneycanbeshownasagraph. Inadistancetime
graph:
anupwardslopemeanstheyaremovingawayfromwheretheystarted.
andownwardslopemeanstheyarecomingbacktowheretheystarted.
aflatsectionmeanstheyarestoppedforsomereason.
thesteeperthelineis,thefasterthespeed.

Speed,DistanceandTimeCalculations
TheseformulaeareNOTgiven ontheexampaper
Distance
Distance
Time=
Speed=
Time
Speed

Distance=Speed Time

Ifyouhavebeentaughtit,youmightalsoliketousetheSpeed,DistanceandTime
triangle

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Remember
2hours15minutesisnotenteredintothecalculatoras2.15hours.Insteaditis2.25
hours:
1hour30minutes
=1hours =1.5hours
5hours15minutes =5hours =5.25hours
45minutes
=hour
=0.75hour
Example
Idrive90kilometresin2hoursand15minutes.Calculatemyaverage
speed
Solution
Distance
Weareworkingoutspeed,soweusetheformula Speed=
Time
2hoursand15minutesisnot2.15hours.Itis2hours=2.25hours.
Distance
90
Speed=
=
=40km/h
Time
2.25

Example
Abirdfliesfor3hoursatanaveragespeedof42km/h.Howfardoesit
fly?
Solution
Weareworkingoutdistance,soweusetheformula Distance=Speed Time
3hoursisnot3.30hours.Itis3.5hours.
Distance=Speed Time=42 3.5=147km

Example
Adrivertravels127.5milesatanaveragespeedof30mph.Howlong
doesittakeher? Giveyouranswerinhoursandminutes.
Solution
Distance
Weareworkingouttime,soweusetheformula Time=
Speed
Distance 127.5
Time=
=
=4.25
Speed
30
4.25hoursisnot4hours25minutes.Itis4hours=4hours15minutes.

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Unit2Outcome3PythagorasTheorem
Whenyouknowhowlonganytwoofthesidesinarightangledtriangleare,youcan
usePythagorastofindthelengthofthethirdsidewithoutmeasuring.
Thisformulaisgiven ontheexampaper
TheoremofPythagoras:

Definition: thehypotenuseisthelongestsideinarightangledtriangle.Inthe
diagramabove,thehypotenuseisc.Thehypotenuseisoppositetherightangle.
TherearethreestepstoanyPythagorasquestion:
StepOne squarethelengthofthetwolengths
StepTwo eitheraddortakeaway(seebelow)
StepThreesquareroot
Choosingwhethertoaddor takeaway:
Ifyouarefindingthelengthofthelongestside(thehypotenuse),youadd the
squarednumbers.
Ifyouarefindingthelengthofashorterside,youtakeawaythesquared
numbers.
Example1(findingthelengthofthehypotenuse)
Calculatethelengthof xinthistriangle.Donotuseascaledrawing.
Solution
Wearefindingthelengthof s. sisthehypotenuse,soweadd.
s2 = 7.82 + 1.32
s2 = 60.84 + 1.69
s2 = 62.53
s= 62.53
s= 7.90759....
s =7.91cm(2d.p.)
Example2(findingthelengthofasmallerside)
Calculatew,correctto1decimalplace.Donotusea
scaledrawing.
Solution
Wearefindingthelengthof w.
wisssmallerside,sowe takeaway.

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w2 = 8.62 - 6.52
w2 = 73.96 - 42.25
w2 = 31.71
w= 31.71
w= 5.6311....
w =5.6 cm(1d.p.)

ExamQuestions
DuringtheexamthePythagorasquestionisalmostalwayshidden,lookhardbecause
itwilldefinitely alwaysbeintheexam mostlikelyinpaper2.
OnewayyoucanspotaPythagorasquestionisby watchingoutforthephraseDo
notuseascaledrawing.Thisphraseusuallyindicatesthatthequestioniseither
PythagorasorSOHCAHTOA.
TheothermainwaytospotaPythagorasquestionistolookforrightangledtriangles.
Howevertheyarenotalwaysobvious.ThequestionbelowisaPythagorasquestion
althoughitdoesnotappeartohaveanyrightangledtriangleatfirst.
Example
CalculatethelengthofthelineAB.Donot
useascaledrawing.

Solution
Canyouseetherightangledtriangle? Drawlinestocompletethetriangle.
Thetrianglehassides3squaresand4squares.
SideABisthehypotenuse,soweadd
AB2 = 32 + 42
AB2 = 25
AB= 25
AB = 5

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Unit2Outcome4Graphs,ChartsandTables
BarGraphsandLineGraphs
Inanexam,youmightbeaskedtodrawabargraphoralinegraph.Thismeansthatyou
needtorememberthedifferencebetweenthem:

Questionswillusuallyaskyoutousethegraphtomakeacomment.Theyoftenaskyouto
describethe trendofagraph.Thetrendisanoveralldescriptionofwhatthegraphis
showing.Forexampleinthetwopicturesabove,thetrendinthebargraphisthatthefigures
aregettinghigher.Thetrendinthelinegraphisthatthefiguresaregettinglower.

PieCharts
A piechartshowshowsomethingissplitupintodifferentcategories.Ifyouknow
theangleofeachslice,youcanworkouthowthenumberthateachslicerepresents,
whichinturntellsyouthefraction.
e.g.thispiechartshowstheresultsofasurveyinto
newspapersthatpeoplebuy:

ThesliceforTheHeraldis120outof360.Asa
fractionthisis 120
360 (wecouldsimplifythisifwe
choseto,butwedontneedto).

Theanglesinapiechartalwaysaddupto360,
sothefractionwillalwaysbeoutof360.
Example
1800peoplewereaskedwhatnewspapertheybought.Thepiechart
aboveshowstheresults.Howmanypeoplebought TheMirror?
Solution
ThesliceforTheMirroris50,sothefractionofpeoplewhochoseThe
50
Mirroris 360
.
50
Therewere1800peopleintotal,sowecalculate 360
of1800.
180036050=250,so250peoplesaidtheybought TheMirror.

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ScatterGraphs
Ascattergraphisawayofdisplayinginformationandlookingforaconnection
betweentwothings.
Definition: thecorrelationbetween twosetsofnumbersreferstotherelationship(if
any)betweenthenumbers.Ascattergraphisgoodforshowingcorrelation.
Correlationcanbepositive(goingup),negative(goingdown), or none.

Definition:alineofbestfit islinedrawnontoascattergraphthatshowsthe
correlationofthegraph.Thestraightlinesdrawnaboveforpositiveandnegative
correlationareexamplesoflinesofbestfit.
Thelineofbestfitshouldgothroughthemiddleofthepoint,andshouldgointhe
samedirectionthatthepointsarelaidoutonthepage. Donotjointhedots!
Youwill alwaysbeaskedtodrawthelineofbestfitinascattergraphquestionina
mathsexam.Onceyouhavedrawntheline,youwillalwaysbeaskedtouseit.
Example
Agiftshoprecordsthetemperatureeachdayfor13days.Theyalso
recordhowmanyscarvestheyselleachday.Showthisinformationina
scattergraph.

Solution

Fromthisgraph,wecanseethereis
negativecorrelationbetween
temperatureandscarfsales.

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Example
Drawalineofbestfitonthescattergraphabove
Solution
Theselinesofbestfitwouldbemarkedwrong.

Anyoftheseanswerswouldbemarkedcorrectastheygoroughlythroughthe
middleofthepoints,androughlyinthesamedirectionasthepoints.

Example
Onthenextday,thetemperatureis6C.Usingyourlineofbestfit,
estimatehowmanyscarvestheshopwillsell.
Solution
Thekeywordshereareusingyourlineofbestfit.If youranswermatches
withyourline,yougetthemark.Ifitdoesntmatchwithyourline,youdont
getanymarks.Simpleasthat.
Incorrectanswers:
Theanswerisnot7eventhoughthereisapointthere.Thisisbecause
thepointisfarawayfromtheline,meaningitwasunusual.
PossibleCorrectanswers:
Thecorrectanswerwilldependonyourgraph.Youneedtodrawlineson
yourgraphat6C,andtoseewheretheymeetthelineofbestfit.Forthefirst
twoexamplesabove,thiswouldlooklikethis:

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Ifyourlineofbestfitwastheoneontheleft,youranswerwouldbe2scarves.
Ifyourlineofbestfitwastheoneontheright,youranswerwouldbe3
scarves.
Itdoesnotmatterthattheseanswersaredifferent rememberthequestion
onlyaskedforan estimate.Thekeythingisthatitmatchesyourlineofbest
fit.

StemandLeafDiagrams
AStemandleafdiagramisanotherwayofshowingdata. Theeasiestwaytomake
oneistomakeanunorderedonefirst,andthentomakeasecond,ordereddiagram.
Itmustalwayshaveakey.
Example:

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Unit2Outcome5Statistics
Range
Definition:Therangeisthedifferencebetweenthehighestandthelowestnumbers.
Itshowshowspreadoutalistofnumbersis.
ThisformulaisNOTgiven ontheexampaper
Range = Highest -Lowest
Example
Eachdayashoprecordshowmuchmoneyittakes:
19,42,47,45,18,36,68,22,27,35.
Whatistherange?
Solution
Highest=68,Lowest=18
Range=6818=50

Definition: themean,medianandmodeareallwaysofcomingupwithanaverage
value.Theyeachhaveadvantagesanddisadvantages.

Mean
Ifpeoplearetalkingabouttheaverageineverydaylife,theyareprobablyreferring
tothemean.
ThisformulaisNOTgiven ontheexampaper
Total
Mean=
Howmany
Tofindthemean:
1. addallthenumberstogether
2. dividebyhowmanynumbersthereare
Example
Forthelistofnumbersabove,findthemean.
Solution
Stepone addallthenumberstogether:19+42+47+..+35=359
Steptwo therearetennumbers,sowedivideby10.35910=35.9
Answer:themeanis35.9
IMPORTANTifyoutype19+42+47+45+18+36+68+22+27+3510straightintoa
calculator,youwillgetthewronganswer.Youhavetoeitherpressequalsbeforeyou
divide,oryouneedtousebrackets:(19+42+47+45+18+36+68+22+27+35)10.
Alwayscheckyourfinalanswersoundsreasonable.

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Mode
Definition:Themodeisthemostfrequentnumber(thenumberthatappearsthe
most).
Example
Findthemode:666667777788899999999991010111112
Solution
Themodeis9becausetherearemore9sthananyothernumber.

Median
Definition:Themedianisthemiddlenumberinthelistonceallthenumbershave
beenwritteninorder.
Youcanspotthemedianinalist,becauseitwillhavethesamenumberofnumbers
beforeandafterit. Drawingalineinthemiddleofthelistcansometimesmakethis
clearer.Itisessentialtoputthelistofnumbersinorderfirst.
Example1
Findthemedianof8,6,4,2,2,5,8
Solution:
Puttingthenumbersinorder:2,2,4,5,6,8,8
Thearrowdividesthelistintotwoequalpartsbecausethereare3numbers
totheleftandthreenumberstotheright.
Thearrowgoesstraightthroughthenumber5,sothemedianis5.
Example2
Findthemedianof8,6,4,3,2,6,7,8
Solution:
Puttingthenumbersinorder:2,3,4,6,6,7,8,8
Thistimethearrow aboveisNOTdividingthelistintotwoequalhalves,as
therearefournumbersbeforethearrow,andonly3afterit.Tomakethetwo
halvesequal,thearrowhastogomidwaybetweentwonumbers:
2,3,4,6,6,7,8,8
ThistimethearrowDOESdividethelistintotwoequalhalves,asthereare
fournumberseithersideofthearrow.Thearrowisbetween6and6.This
meansthatthemedianis6.(itisNOT6.5)

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Example3
Findthemedianof8,10,16,19,23,12,14,16
Solution:
Puttingthenumbersinorder:8,10,12,14,16,16,19,23
Thearrowismidwaybetween14and16,becausethatleavesfournumberson
eitherside.Thismeansthatthemedianis15because15ismidwaybetween
14and16.

MeanfromaFrequencyTable
Whenyouhavelotsofnumbers,itcanbeconfusingtogivealargelistofnumbers.
e.g.theshoesizesofMrCarrollsP6class:
22222222223333333333334444444455555566667778
Aneasierwaytoshowthisinformationistouseafrequencytable:
ShoeSize
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Frequency
10
12
8
6
4
3
1

Fromthistable,youcantellthemodeis3(not12) becausethatistherowthathasthe
biggestfrequency.

Youcanalsoseethattherangeis6(highestlowest=8 6=2).

Toworkoutthemedian,youneedtorewritethelistofnumbersbackoutinfull:
22222222223333333333334444444455555566667778
Herethemedianismidwaybetween3and4,sothemedianis3.5

Howeverexamquestionsusuallyaskyoutoworkoutthemean.Thetableallowsyou
todothisquicklybyaddinganextracolumntomultiplythenumbers(inthiscase
shoesizefrequency)andaTotalrow.Thiscolumnwillusuallybeaddedforyou
intheexampaper.

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Example
Completethetableanduseittocalculatethemeanshoesize
ShoeSize

Frequency

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TOTAL

10
12
8
6
4
3
1
44

Solution
Completingthetablegives
ShoeSize
Frequency
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TOTAL

10
12
8
6
4
3
1
44

ShoeSize
Frequency

ShoeSize
Frequency
20
36
32
30
24
21
8
171

Total
.Thetotalis171.How
Howmany
manyis44becausetherewere44numbersintheoriginallistbeforewemade
thetable(seepreviouspage)andnot7(thenumberofrows).
Usingtheformulaforthemean, Mean=

Mean =

Total
171
=
=3.89(2d.p.)
Howmany 44

Alwayscheckyouranswersoundsreasonable

Probability
Definition:Probabilityisameasureofhowlikelyaneventis:
Iftheeventisimpossible,theprobabilityis0
Iftheeventiscertaintohappen,theprobabilityis1
Iftheeventisbetweencertainanduncertain,theprobabilityisgivenasafraction.

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Example
Inabag,thereare20whiteballs,30blackballsand9blueones.Taz
picksaballatrandom.Whatistheprobabilitythatshepicksawhite
ball?
Solution
Intotalthereare20+30+9=59balls.
20 ofthesearewhite.
20
Sotheprobabilityis
.
59

ComparingStatistics
Themean,medianandmodeareaverages.Theysaywhetheralistofnumbersis
higherorloweronaverage.
TherangeisNOTanaverage.Insteaditisameasuresofspread. Itsayswhethera
listofnumbersismoreorlessspreadout/consistent.
Example
ThetemperatureinAberdeenhasameanof3Canda rangeof5.In
Londonithasameanof9Candarangeof3. Comparethe
temperaturesinLondonandAberdeen.
Solution
YouwouldgetNOMARKS(asyouarestatingtheobvious) for:
Aberdeenhasalowermean,Londonhasahighermean,Aberdeenhas
ahigherrange,Londonhasalowerrange.
YouWOULDgetmarks(asyousaywhatthenumbersMEAN)for:
ThetemperatureinAberdeenislowerandthetemperatureislessconsistent
ThetemperatureinLondonishigherandmoreconsistentorsimilar

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Unit3
Unit3Outcome1Algebra
MultiplyingoutBrackets
Multiplyeverythinginsidethebracketsbythenumberoutsidethebrackets.
Examples
Multiplyoutthebrackets:

3( x +5)

y( y +3)

Solution

3( x+ 5)

y ( y+ 3)

= 3 x +15

= y 2 +3y

Sometimesyouneedtosimplifyifthereareotherlettersornumbersoutsidethe
brackets. Youalwayshavetosimplifyifyouareableto,evenifyouarenot
explicitlytoldto. Onlynumbersinsidethebracketaremultiplied.Anythingelsethat
isnotinsidethebracketshouldremainunchangeduntilyoustartsimplifying.
Examples
Multiplyoutthebracketsandsimplify:

4( m + 5) -18

4( x + 5) + 3( x-2)

Solution

4(m+ 5) - 18

4( x + 5) + 3( x- 2)

= 4m+ 20 - 18
= 4m +2

= 4 x + 20 + 3 x- 6
= 7 x +14

However,becarefultheonly numbers(orletters)thatyoumultiplybyareonesthat
arerightnexttothebracket. Anythingelsethatisnotinsidethebracketshould
remainunchangeduntilyoustartsimplifying.
Examples
Multiplyoutthebracketsandsimplify:

4 + 7(a+2)

2 x + x ( x+1)

Solution

4 + 7(a+ 2)
= 4 + 7 a+ 14
= 18 +7a

2 x + x( x+ 1)
(NOT 11( a +2))

(or 7 a+18)

NewbattleCommunityHighSchool

= 2x + x 2 + x
= x 2 +3x

(NOT 3 x ( x +1))

(or3 x + x2)

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Factorising
Definition:Factorisemeansputthebracketsbackin. Youcanthinkofitasthe
oppositeofmultiplyingoutthebrackets.
Example
Factorise 6a +9b

Factorise 3 x + xy

Solution
Thebiggestcommonfactoris3
Take3outsidethebrackets

Thecommonfactorisx
Takex outsidethebrackets

3(

x(

Workoutwhatgoesinsidethebrackets
Answer: 3(2a +3b)
Answer: x (3 + y )

Youalwaysneedtotakethe largestpossiblenumber(and/orletter)outsidethebrackets. You


canspotthesequestionsastheywillsayfactorisefullyinsteadofjustfactorise.

Example
Factorisefully: 18 x +24
Solution
Youcouldanswer 2(9 x +12) or 3(6 x +8).Howeveryouwouldnotget
fullmarksasthebiggestnumberthatgoesintoboth18and24is6.This
meansthat6needstobeoutsidethebracket.
Answer: 6(3 x +4)

Someexpressionshavelettersand numbersasfactors.
Example
2
Factorisefully: 6 x +9x
Solution
Thelargestnumberthatgoesintoboth6and9is3.So3goesoutsidethe
brackets.
Thelargestletterthatgoesintoboth xandxisx.Soxalsogoesoutsidethe
brackets.
Thismeansthat3xisoutsidethebrackets: 3 x(

Answer: 3 x(2 x + 3)

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Equations
Youneedtobeablesolvesimpleequations. Themethodyouwillhavebeentaught
istochangesideanddotheopposite.Youhavetouseamethodtogettheanswer
ifyoujustwritetheanswerdown(evenifyouthinkitisobvious)youwillgetno
marks.
Youshouldalwayscheckyourfinalanswersothatyouknowitiscorrect.
Example
Solvealgebraicallytheequation 7 m - 1 =41
Solution

7 m- 1 = 41
Stepone movethe1overtotheother
sidetobecome+1

7 m= 41 + 1
7 m= 42

Steptwo dividebythe7
Stepthreewritedowntheanswer
Stepfour checkthat761doesequal41.

7m=

42
7

m =6

Example
Solvealgebraicallytheequation 8a + 4 =34
Solution
Stepone movethe+4overtotheother
sidetobecome4

8a+ 4 = 34
8a= 34 - 4
8a= 30

Steptwo dividebythe8
Stepthreewritedowntheanswer
Stepfour checkthat83.5+4doesequal34.

8a= 30
8
m =3.75

Inequalities)
Inequalities(alsoknownasInequations)canbesolvedinexactlythesamewayasfor
equations.Theonlydifferenceisthatyoudonothavea=signinthemiddle.
Example
Solvealgebraicallytheinequation 2 y - 2 <7
Solution
Stepone movethe2overtotheother
sidetobecome+2
Steptwo dividebythe2

2 y- 2 < 7
2 y< 7 + 2
2 y< 9
y< 92

NewbattleCommunityHighSchool

y < 4.5
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Stepthreewritedowntheanswer.
Example
Solvealgebraicallytheinequation1
2 a - 3 5
Solution
Stepone movethe3overtotheother
sidetobecome+3

Steptwo theoppositeofisdoubling,so2
Stepthreewritedowntheanswer.

1
2

a- 3 5
1
2

a 5 + 3

1
2

a 8
a 8 2
a 16

Equationswithlettersonbothsides
Inyourexam,youwillhavetosolveanequationthathaslettersonbothsides.
[Beforeyoustart(optional)writetheinvisibleplussignsin,in frontofanything
thatdoesnothaveasigninfrontofitalready,tworemindyouitispositive.]
Stepone moveeverythingwithaletterintothelefthandside,andallthenumbers
totherighthandside,rememberingtochangesideanddotheopposite.
Steptwo simplifyeachside
Stepthreesolvetheresultingequation
Finalstepcheckyouranswerworksbysubstitutingitbackintobothsidesofthe
originalequationandcheckingbothsidesgivethesameanswer.
Example1
Solvealgebraicallytheequation 5 y - 5 = 3 y+9
Solution
Optionalfirststepwriteininvisibleplussigns
infrontofanythingthatdoesnotalreadyhaveasign
Stepone movethe+3yovertothelefthandside
whereitbecomes3y.Move5totherighthand
sidewhereitbecomes+5.

5 y - 5 = 3 y+ 9
+5 y - 5 = +3 y+ 9
+5 y - 3 y= +9 + 5
2 y= 14
y= 14
2

Steptwo simplifybothsides
Stepthreedividetogetthefinalanswer

y = 7

Finalstep:check,bysubstitutingy=7intotheoriginalequation
Thelefthandsideis5y5.Ifwereplaceywith7,weget575,whichequals30.
Thelefthandsideis3y+9.Ifwereplaceywith7,weget37+9,whichequals30.
Thesearethesame,soouranswerhastobecorrect.

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Example2
Solvealgebraicallytheequation 2a + 5 = 15 -2a
Solution
Optionalfirststepwriteininvisibleplussigns
infrontofanythingthatdoesnotalreadyhaveasign
Stepone movethe2aovertothelefthandside
whereitbecomes+2a.Move+5totherighthand
sidewhereitbecomes5.
Steptwo simplifybothsides
Stepthreedividetogetthefinalanswer

2a + 5 = 15 - 2a
+2a + 5 = +15 - 2a
+2a + 2a= +15 - 5
4a= 10
a= 10
4
a = 10 4 = 2.5
uuux

Finalstep:check,bysubstitutinga=2.5intotheoriginalequation
Thelefthandsideis2a+5.Ifwesubstitute a=2.5,weget22.5+5,whichequals10.
Thelefthandsideis152a.Ifwesubstitute a=2.5,weget1522.5,whichequals
10.
Thesearethesame,soouranswerhastobecorrect.

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Unit3Outcome2StraightLineGraphs
Givenanequationsuchas y = 3x -5 or y = 10-12 x ,wecanusealgebratocomeup
withpointstoplotonacoordinategrid.Thesepointswillalwayslieonastraight
line.Ifwejointhepointstogether,wesaywehavedrawnthegraphofthe
equation.

VerticalandHorizontalLines
Thesimplestlinesareverticalandhorizontalones.Theyareveryeasytodraw.
Howeverbecausewespendmostofthetimetalkingaboutthemorecomplicated
lines,peopletendtoforgettheseones.
Verticallineshaveequationssuchas x =2 or
x = -4 (wesaythattheselineshaveequationsof
theform x =a whereacanbeanynumber).
Theline x =2 isalinegoingverticallythrough2
onthexaxis.Theline x = -4 isalinegoing
verticallythrough 4onthexaxis.(seediagram
ontheright)

Horizontallineshaveequationssuchas y =1 or
y = -5 (wesaythattheselineshaveequationsof
theform y =b wherebcanbeanynumber).The
line y =1 isalinegoinghorizontallythrough1on
theyaxis.Theline y = -5 isalinegoing
horizontallythrough 5ontheyaxis.(seediagram
ontheleft)

Example
Drawthelinewithequationy= 3
Solution
y =3 hastogothroughnumber3ontheyaxis,sowecan
markthatpointstraightaway.
Togothroughthatpoint,thelinehastobehorizontal,so
wecandrawthelineandcompletethegraph.
Wemustremembertolabelthegraph y =3.

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DrawingaStraightlinefromitsequation
Otherstraightlineequationsthathavexinarealittlemorecomplicatedtodo.We
havetouseatableofvaluestoworkoutwhaty isfordifferentvaluesof x.
Whendoingatableofvalues,wecanchooseany valuesof xthatwewantto.
Howeveritmakessensetochoosesimplenumbers:0,1,2,3isacommonchoice.
Howeverinanexamtheywilltellyouwhichnumberstouse,andtheywillusually
makeitharderforyoubyincludinganegativevalue.
Example
Drawthestraightlinewithequation y = 3 x-4
Solution
Stepone drawupatableofvalues

x
y

Steptwo usetheequationtoworkoutwhaty isforeachvalueof x.You


shouldalwayswriteyourworkingdownformoredifficultexamples(e.g.
examquestions).

y = 3 x - 4
a) when x=0, = 3 0 - 4

x
y

0
4

x
y

0
4

1
1

x
y

0
4

1
1

2
3

3
5

= -4
y = 3 x - 4
b) when x=1,

= 3 1 - 4
= -1

c) Inasimilarway,when x=2,y=2
andwhen x=3,y=5:

Stepthreeeverycolumninthistableofvaluesnowgivesyouacoordinate.
Writethesedown
x
0
1
2
3
y
4
1
3
5
(0, 4) (1, 1) (2,3)

(3,5)

Stepfour plotthesepointsona
coordinategrid.Theyshouldlieina
straightline. Iftheydont,youhave
madeamistake gobackandcheck
steptwocarefully.

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Stepfivedrawalinethroughthe
points,makingsurethelinegoesall
thewayfromthetoptothebottom
ofthegrid.
Labelyourlinewithitsequation.

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Unit3Outcome3Trigonometry(SOHCAHTOA)
Theseformulaearegiven ontheexampaper
Trigonometricratiosinarightangledtriangle:
tanx=

opposite
adjacent

sinx=

opposite
hypotenuse

cosx=

adjacent
hypotenuse

Thereisalwaysaquestionontrigonometryinrightangledtrianglesonthecalculator
paper.Youwillbeaskedtoworkoutthelengthofasideorthesizeofanangle.

CalculatinganAngle
Example
Findthesizeofanglexinthisright
angledtriangle.
Donotuseascaledrawing.

Solution
Stepone labelthesidesO,HorA.Donotbotherlabellingthesidethatwe
donotknowthelengthof(inthiscaseitisH),aswedontneedit.

Steptwo herewehavetheoppositeandtheadjacent. NowuseSOHCAH


TOAtotickoffthesidesyouhave:

SOHCAHTOA
TOAhastwoticksaboveit,tellingustousetaninthisquestion.
Stepthreecopyouttheformulacarefully
Stepfour substitutethenumbers3and7in
thecorrectplaces
Stepfiveusetan1 (orsin1 orcos1)tofind
theangle

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tanx= opposite
adjacent
tanx= 73
x= tan -1(3 7)
x = 23.198... = 23.2 (1d.p.)
Page40

Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Workingoutalength
Example
Findthesizeofanglexinthisrightangled
triangle.
Donotuseascaledrawing.
Solution
Stepone labelthesidesO,HorA.Onesidewillhavenothingwrittenonit
donotbotherlabellingthatside(inthiscaseitisA)aswedonotneedit.
O
H

Steptwo wehavetheoppositeandthehypotenuse.NowuseSOHCAH
TOAtotickoffthesidesyouhave:

SOHCAHTOA
SOHhastwoticksaboveit,tellingustousesininthisquestion.
Stepthreecopyouttheformulacarefully
Stepfour substitutethenumbers29and8
inthecorrectplaces. Theanglehastogo
straightaftersin(orcosortan)
Stepfivemultiplytogettheanswer

sinx=

opposite
hypotenuse

sin 29= 8x
x= 8 sin 29
x = 3.878... =3.88cm(2d.p.)

ExamQuestions
DuringtheexamtheTrigonometryquestionisalmostalwayshidden,lookhard
becauseitwilldefinitelyalwaysbeintheexam andalwaysinpaper2.
OnewayyoucanspotaSOHCAHTOAquestionisbywatchingoutforthephrase
Donotuseascaledrawing.Thisphraseusuallyindicatesthatthequestionis
eitherPythagorasorSOHCAHTOA:
Ifthereisany angle(otherthantherightangle)inthequestion,thenuseSOH
CAHTOA
Iftherearenoanglesinvolvedinthequestion (onlylengths),thenuse
Pythagoras

NewbattleCommunityHighSchool

Page41

Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

Unit3Outcome4StandardForm
Definition:Standardform (alsoknownasScientificnotation)isaquickerwayof
showingreallylargeor really smallnumbers.
Definition:anumberwrittennormallyissaidtobein normalform.
Areallysmallnumber(onethatbeginszeropoint e.g.0.02or0.00015)willhave
anegativenumberinthepowerwhenwritteninstandardform
Examples
NormalForm
92000000
0.000456
305000

StandardForm
9.2107
4.56104
3.05105

ChangingNumbersfromStandardFormintoNormalForm
Thebasicruleforchangingnumbersbackintonormalform (orwritinganumberin
full)istomovethedecimalpointthenumberofplacesshownbythepower.
Ifthepowerispositive,movethepointtotheright,ifitnegative,movetotheleft.
Example
Change6.3105 intonormalform
Solution
Startwiththenumber6.3. Movethedecimalpoint5placestotheright.
Answer:630000
Example
Write2.15103 infull
Solution
Startwiththenumber2.15. Movethedecimalpoint3placestotheleft.
Answer:0.00215
Example
Change4108 intonormalform
Solution
Startwiththenumber4.Thishasnodecimalpoint,soweuse4.0instead.
Movethedecimalpoint8placestotheright.
Answer:400000000

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Page42

Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

ChangingNumbersfromNormalFormintoStandardForm
Thenumberbeforethetimessignhastobe between1and10.Aneasywayof
makingthisnumberistoputapointafterthefirstdigit:
e.g.for235000,weuse2.35(andnot235)
e.g.for70543,weuse7.0543
e.g.for0.00027,weuse2.7
Example
Change85000intostandardform
Solution
Stepone puttingadecimalpointafterthefirstdigitgivesus8.5.Soour
numberis8.510?
Steptwo counthowmanytimesyouhavetomovethedecimalpointtogo
from8.5to85000.Theansweris4.
Answer: 8.5104
Example
Write0.0027instandardform
Solution
Stepone puttingadecimalpointafterthefirstdigitgivesus2.7.Soour
numberis2.710?
Steptwo counthowmanytimesyouhavetomovethedecimalpointtogo
from 2.7to0.0027.Theansweris3. Howeverwearegoingbackwardstodo
thisasthenumberislessthanzero,sothepowerhastobenegative(i.e.itis
3)
Answer: 2.7103
Example
Write4008500instandardform
Solution
Stepone puttingadecimalpointafterthefirstdigitgivesus4.0085.So our
numberis4.008510?
Steptwo counthowmanytimesyouhavetomovethedecimalpointtogo
from4.0085to4008500.Theansweris6.
Answer: 4.0085106

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Intermediate1MathsUnits1,2&3RevisionNotes

DWatkinsAugust2010

IndexofKeyWords
Area .................................................. 7
ofacircle............................................... 11
ofacompositeshape ................................ 7
ofarectangle ........................................... 7
ofasemicircle........................................ 11
ofasquare ............................................... 7
ofatriangle.............................................. 7

BarGraphs ...................................... 23
Basichours...................................... 13
Brackets
Factorising............................................. 33
MultiplyingOut ..................................... 32

Circle
Area....................................................... 11
Circumference ......................................... 9

Circumference................................... 9
Commission .................................... 13
ComparingStatistics........................ 31
Compositeshape ............................... 7
Coordinates ..................................... 16
Correlation ...................................... 24
Cuboid .............................................. 8
Deposit............................................ 14
DirectProportion............................... 5
DistanceTimeGraphs..................... 19
Doubletime..................................... 13
Equations ........................................ 34
withlettersonbothsides ........................ 35

Evaluate .......................................... 12
ExchangeRates ............................... 15
Factorising ...................................... 33
Formula........................................... 12
Evaluating.............................................. 12
inwords................................................. 12

GraphsandCharts
BarGraphs............................................. 23
LineGraphs ........................................... 23
PieCharts .............................................. 23
ScatterGraph ......................................... 24
StemandLeafDiagram.......................... 26
Trend..................................................... 23

HirePurchase(HP).......................... 14
Inequalities...................................... 34
Instalments ...................................... 14
Insurance......................................... 14
Integers ........................................... 16
Addingandtakingaway......................... 16
multiplyinganddividing ........................ 17
squaring................................................. 18
takingawayanegativenumber............... 17

Interest .............................................. 4
LineGraphs..................................... 23

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Mean............................................... 27
fromafrequencytable ............................ 29

Median............................................ 28
Mode .............................................. 28
MultiplyingoutBrackets................. 32
NegativeNumbers............SeeIntegers
NormalForm .................................. 42
Overtime......................................... 13
Percentages ....................................... 3
Percentageincreaseanddecrease ..............5
whatisthepercentage? .............................4
withacalculator .......................................3
withoutacalculator ..................................3

Perimeter ........................................ 10
PieCharts ....................................... 23
Probability ...................................... 30
PythagorasTheorem ...................... 21
ChoosingbetweenPythagorasandSOH
CAHTOA ......................................... 41
Choosingwhethertoaddortakeaway .... 21

Range.............................................. 27
Rounding .......................................... 5
tooneortwodecimalplaces .....................5
tothenearestpenny..................................5
to thenearestten,hundred,thousand.........5

ScatterGraphs................................. 24
Estimatingavalue .................................. 25
LineofBestFit....................................... 25

Scientificnotation .. SeeStandardForm
Semicircle ....................................... 11
SOHCAHTOA.......SeeTrigonometry
Speed,DistanceandTime ............... 19
StandardForm ................................ 42
NormalFormintoStandardForm ........... 43
StandardFormintoNormalForm ........... 42

StemandLeafDiagram................... 26
StraightLineGraphs ....................... 37
Drawingfromtheequation ..................... 38
verticalandhorizontal ............................ 37
x=a and y=b............................................ 37

Timeandahalf ............................... 13
TimeIntervals................................. 19
Trend .............................................. 23
Trigonometry.................................. 40
Calculatingalength................................ 41
CalculatinganAngle .............................. 40
ChoosingbetweenPythagorasandSOH
CAHTOA ......................................... 41

Volume ............................................. 8
litresandmillilitres...................................9
ofacube...................................................9
ofacuboid ...............................................8

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