InterPlus 2 Review 1

Magistral

Tag Question

Form

auxiliary verb + subject!! 1. If the auxiliary verb in the sentence is positive, the tag is negative. ! You are Spanish, aren't you?!! 2. If the auxiliary verb in the sentence is negative, the tag is positive. ! You're not Spanish, are you?!! 3. If there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence, we use do. You live in Spain, don't you?

Functions and examples

1. We use tag questions to confirm information. !This meal is horrible, isn't it?! That film was fantastic, wasn't it?!! 2. We use tag questions when we are already sure of the answer and just want confirmation (falling intonation with the tag question). ! 3. We use tag questions to check information. ! You haven't got a piece of paper, have you?! You don't know where the boss is, do you?! The meeting's tomorrow at 9am, isn't it? !4. If we do not know the answer, these are real questions, and we use a rising intonation with the tag question.

Important points

1. In the present tense, if the subject is 'I', the auxiliary changes to 'are' or 'aren't'. !I'm sitting next to you, aren't I?!! 2. With 'let's', the tag question is 'shall we'. !Let's go to the beach, shall we?!! 3. With an imperative, the tag question is 'will you'. ! Close the window, will you?!! 4. We use a positive tag question after a sentence containing a negative word such as never, hardly, nobody. ! Nobody lives in this house, do they?! You've never liked me, have you?!! 5. When the subject is nothing, we use 'it' in the tag question. !Nothing bad happened, did it?!! 6. When the subject is nobody, somebody, everybody, no one, someone, or everyone, we use 'they' in the tag question. !Nobody asked for me, did they?!! 7. If the main verb in the sentence is 'have' (not an auxiliary verb), it is more common to use 'do' in the question tag. ! You have a Ferrari, don't you?!!

Exercise

01 Put the following question tags in to the correct gaps. Each question tag is

used only once.

isn't it?, has he?, were you?, aren't you?, doesn't he?, do you?, is she?, didn't you?, did she?
She didn't watch the film last night, _________________________ It's great to see each other again, ___________________________ He comes every Friday, _____________________________ You're married, __________________________________ You went to Tom's last weekend, ____________________________ You don't like tripe, _____________________________ She isn't much of a cook, _____________________________ He hasn't lived here long, _______________________________ You weren't invited to the party, _____________________________

02 Match The Sentence Halves.

...don't they? ...is she? ...won't he? ...has she? ...didn't he? ...are they? ...don't you? ...does she? ...will they? ...is he? ...had they? ...isn't it?

They enjoy playing football,... She isn't thinking of moving,... He'll go to university,.... She hasn't studied for very long,... Jack bought a new car last week,... They aren't serious,... You live in an apartment,... She doesn't speak Russian,... They won't shut up,... He isn't concentrating,... They hadn't visited you before,... This music is fantastic,...

Reported Speech

Word order

Direct speech ! "I play football" !"I am playing football" !"I have played football" !"I played football" !"I was playing football" !"I had played football" !"I had been playing football" !"I will play football" !"I can play football" Reported speech He said (that) he played football !He said (that) he was playing football! He said (that) he had played football! He said (that) he had played football! He said (that) he had been playing football! He said (that) he had played football! He said (that) he had been playing football !He said (that) he would play football! He said (that) he could play football 1. In reported speech, we usually report what was said at a different time, and so we change the tense to reflect the time which we are reporting: ! DIRECT SPEECH: "I'm not playing football." ! REPORTED LATER: He said that he wasn't playing football.! 2. Sometimes we need to change the pronoun. ! DIRECT SPEECH: Jim: "I don't like living here." (Jim is referring to himself)! REPORTED SPEECH:

Jim said (that) he didn't like living here. (the pronoun he refers to Jim)! 3. We may also need to change other words about place and time. ! DIRECT SPEECH: "I like this car." ! REPORTED SPEECH: He said (that) he liked the car. ! DIRECT SPEECH: "I went to Tokyo last week." ! REPORTED SPEECH: She said (that) she'd been to Tokyo the week before.

Functions and examples

We use reported speech to tell someone what another person said. !Jim says to you... !"I don't feel well." ! "I can't drive." ! "My parents have gone on holiday." ! "I'm going out now so you will have to wait until I get back."

!You tell your friend what Jim said... ! Jim said (that) he didn't feel well.! He said (that) he couldn't drive.! He said (that) his parents had gone on holiday.! He said (that) he was going out now so I would have to wait until he got back.

Important points

1. If we report something which is still true, it is not necessary to change the verb. ! DIRECT SPEECH: "My car is bigger than yours." !

REPORTED SPEECH: He said his car is / was bigger than mine.!! 2. When we are reporting past tenses, and we see the events from the same viewpoint as the original speaker, it is not necessary to change the tense. ! DIRECT SPEECH: "The earthquake happened at half past seven." ! REPORTED SPEECH: The radio said that the earthquake happened at half past seven.!! 3. Modal verbs could, might, would, should, ought, had better usually do not change in reported speech. ! DIRECT SPEECH: "I should go to the dentist." ! REPORTED SPEECH: He said that he should go to the dentist.

Exercise

01 Change this direct speech into reported speech:

1. He works in a bank She said ___________________________________________________________ 2. We went out last night She told me ________________________________________________________ 3. Im coming! She said ___________________________________________________________ 4. I was waiting for the bus when he arrived She told me ________________________________________________________ 5. Id never been there before She said ___________________________________________________________

6. I didnt go to the party She told me ________________________________________________________ 7. Lucyll come later She said ___________________________________________________________ 8. He hasnt eaten breakfast She told me ________________________________________________________ 9. I can help you tomorrow She said ___________________________________________________________ 10. You should go to bed early She told me ________________________________________________________ 11. I dont like chocolate She told me ________________________________________________________ 12. I wont see you tomorrow She said ___________________________________________________________ 13. Shes living in Paris for a few months She said ___________________________________________________________ 14. I visited my parents at the weekend She told me ________________________________________________________ 15. She hasnt eaten sushi before She said ___________________________________________________________

Present Perfect

Form

Affirmative

I have played! You have played He/she/it has played! We have played! You have played (pl.)! They have played Negative I have not played! You have not played! He/she/it has not played! We have not played! You have not played! They have not played Question! Have I played?! Have you played?! Has he/she/it played? !Have we played?! Have you played? !Have they played?

Functions and examples

We use the present perfect simple to show that a finished action or event has a connection with the present, or has a result in the present. ! I can't go out because I've lost my keys.! She's had an accident and she's in the hospital now.! I've had lunch so I'm not hungry.!! We use the present perfect simple to give news or talk about recent events. ! She's had a baby girl.!

There's been a big fire at the factory.! The value of the dollar has risen in recent weeks.!! We can use 'just' in these cases to express a very recent action. ! She's just had a baby.! I've just had lunch.!! We use the present perfect simple to talk about a period of time from the past until now. ! I've lived in Spain for 10 years.! She hasn't spoken to him since April last year.!! If we don't use for or since, we don't know when the action or event happened, or it's not important when it happened. ! Have you ever eaten frogs' legs?
(at any time in your life until now)!

I've never had a computer.

(at any time in my life until now)!

She has read all the Harry Potter books.

(at some time in the past until now)!

I've seen Shrek.

(only the action is important, not when I did the action)!

I saw Shrek last week.!! We often talk about repeated actions or events from the past until now. ! We've visited China many times.! I've been to France twice.! The phone has rung five times since lunchtime.!! We can use 'already' to say something happened sooner than expected. ! I've already seen Mission Impossible.!! We can use 'yet' to say that we expect something to happen. !

I haven't seen Mission Impossible yet. !Have you spoken to Dave yet?!! We use the present perfect simple to talk about a period of time not finished at the time of speaking. !I have had three cups of coffee today.
(today is not finished)

!I had three cups of coffee yesterday.! Have you seen the news this week?
(this week is not finished)!

Did you see the news yesterday?! I've been on holiday twice this year
(this year is not finished)

!I went on holiday twice last year

Important points

Been and gone !They've gone to Greece for a holiday.

(they are in Greece now)!

They've been to Greece.

(they went to Greece and they've come back)

Exercise
01
Make the present perfect simple. Choose positive, negative or question: 1. (she / pass the exam?) _______________________________________________________________ 2. (you / eat lunch yet?) _______________________________________________________________ 3. (he / read the newspaper today?)

______________________________________________________________ 4. (you / not / study French for ten years) _______________________________________________________________ 5. (they / be in London for six months) _______________________________________________________________ 6. (where / you / be?) _______________________________________________________________ 7. (we / not / go to Paris) _______________________________________________________________ 8. (she / not / see The Lord of the Rings) _______________________________________________________________ 9. (he / not / meet my mother) _______________________________________________________________ 10. (they / not / visit St. Pauls Cathedral yet) _______________________________________________________________ 11. (what / she / eat today?) _______________________________________________________________ 12. (why / you / do your homework already?) _______________________________________________________________ 13. (how / she / make this fantastic cake?) _______________________________________________________________ 14. (why / I / miss the plane?) _______________________________________________________________ 15. (they / not / go to bed) _______________________________________________________________

16. (it / rain a lot this week) _______________________________________________________________ 17. (they / use a credit card before?) _______________________________________________________________ 18. (we / have enough to eat?) _______________________________________________________________ 19. (she / not / play basketball before) _______________________________________________________________ 20. (I / wear a kimono) _______________________________________________________________

31/08/11 01:25

31/08/11 01:25