Ex Summary Media Penetration

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\plain\pard\sl-337 \li731 \ri3011 \fi2246 \expndtw-7 \b \f20 \fs25 EXECUTIVE SUM
MARY
\plain\par
\sl-136\fs14\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-398 \li11 \ri40 \fi720 \expndt
w0 \b\i \f20 \fs36 \cf54 M\b0\i0 \fs24 \cf0 edia penetration in India has seen e
normous progress in the recent years with
\plain\par
\pard\sl-478 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 advancements in technology and cov
erage, catering to a wide range of media audience in
\par
\plain\pard\sl-412 \li11 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 terms of language, region, r
eligion and content.
\plain\tx5220 \tab \expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 A robust economic growth, growing
\par
\plain\pard\sl-417 \li11 \ri36 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs24 literate population and cons
umer spending power have contributed to an expanding
\plain\par
\pard\sl-412 \li11 \ri35 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs24 consumer base of various forms of
mass media - newspapers, radio and television. The new
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 media such as the internet and mobile phones have als
o made significant inroads since the
\plain\expndtw-1 \f20 \fs24 early 2000's. However the outreach is not uniformly
distributed as this base is more urban\plain\par
\pard\sl-417 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs24 based and large swathes of rural a
nd remote segments across the country still have no
\plain\par
\pard\sl-412 \li11 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 adequate access to any form of med
ia. Two such regions are the North-eastern states and
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 Jammu and Kashmir in the North-western part of the co
untry, most often characterized as
\plain\expndtw1 \f20 \fs24 regions with impregnable and difficult physical terra
in. These states have witnessed a
\plain\par
\pard\sl-417 \li11 \ri39 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 turbulent period due to insurgency
, infiltration from neighboring countries and sporadic
\plain\par
\pard\sl-412 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs24 terror attacks. These factors have
negatively impacted the reach of developmental
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 programmes and limited the growth of media as well. T
he neighboring countries of Nepal,
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borde
r the NE region and the state of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-417 \li11 \ri39 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs24 J&K. All these neighboring countr
ies have a vibrant media that keep a close watch on India
\plain\par
\pard\sl-412 \li11 \ri6375 \expndtw-5 \f20 \fs24 for various reasons.
\plain\par
\sl-319\fs32\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-265 \li11 \ri31 \fi720 \expndtw-1
\f20 \fs24 In order to assess the reach and impact of national and cross border
media, these two
\plain\par
\pard\sl-417 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 regions are the focus of the prese
nt study. The media under survey were local and national
\plain\par
\pard\sl-412 \li11 \ri36 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs24 newspapers, national radio (All In
dia Radio), national TV (Doordarshan) and foreign
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 channels like Arirang (Korea), Pakistan TV (Pakistan)
and Bangladesh TV (Bangladesh).
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 Media penetration was assessed in 7 selected states Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal
\plain\par
\pard\sl-417 \li11 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 Pradesh, Mizoram and Manipur in th
e North Eastern region and J&K (Srinagar, Leh and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-412 \li11 \ri38 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 Jammu) in the North-West. The stud
y sought to assess people's choice and use of mass
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs24 media, preferences for types of programmes and their
influence on the local culture and
\plain\expndtw-9 \f20 \fs24 society.
\par
\plain\sl-315\fs31\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-265 \li4442 \ri4
023 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs24 i
\par
\sect\sectd\sbkpage\margtsxn1320\pard
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dffba8d7df945007e03d7df9fb0dff00cd50ff00b927ff0076eafbf28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a2
8a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a00ffd9
}}}

}}\margt1400\margb140\margr1400\margl1860
\plain\pard\sl-314 \li11 \ri5199 \expndtw-3 \b \f20 \fs24 The specific objective
s were to:
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw369\colsr2\colno2\colw8608
\plain\pard\sl-436 \li160 \ri0 \fi71 \expndtw-29 \f20 \fs25 i.
\plain\par
\sl-130\fs13\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-286 \li88 \ri0 \fi71 \expndtw23 \f20 \fs25 ii.
\plain\par
\sl-130\fs13\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-286 \li88 \ri0 \expndtw-17 \f2
0 \fs25 iii.
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-436 \li360 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 explore the region-wise rea
ch of National and local media and choice of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri5541 \expndtw-5 \f20 \fs25 programme content,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li360 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 assess the penetration of Cross B
order Media and differences in its use based
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri3524 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 on factors like gender, age an
d education,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li360 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 discuss the extent of coordinatio
n between AIR and DD stations in NE and
\plain\expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 J&K region and ascertain the scope for increasing the
effectiveness of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri2513 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 Government media especially Te
levision and Radio.
\plain\par
\sl-130\fs13\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-286 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20
\fs25 In total, 9 districts and 7 states were selected as the field sites in NE
and J&K
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 region. T
hese field sites were representative of 2 distinct regions: the Northeastern
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 and the North-western part of the
country. Being major cities in their respective
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 region, these sites also had the a
dvantage of availing new developments in media
\plain\expndtw-8 \f20 \fs25 technology.
\plain\par
w-2 \f20 \fs25 A sample survey was conducted in the 7 states of NE region and 3
regions in J&K
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 state by selecting a district each
from these areas, the state capitals in NE states and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri31 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 the regional headquarters in J&K.
A sample of 2000 respondents was selected for the
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 survey (200 respondents from 10 di
stricts) which comprised of an equal number of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 urban and rural respondents. Resea
rch tools, comprising of questionnaires and In\plain\expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 depth interviews specially designed to meet the objec
tives of the study, were
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 administered. The descriptive anal
ysis was used to analyze the data which was
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 tabulated with frequency distribu
tion. Focus Group Discussions were conducted with
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li11 \ri2543 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 the AIR and DD officials using
structured FGD guidelines.
\plain\par
\sl-130\fs13\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-286 \li11 \ri5159 \expndtw-4 \
b \f20 \fs25 Major Findings of the Study:
\par
\plain\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri40 \expndtw-14 \f20 \fs25 I (a)
\plain\tx726 \tab \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 An assessment of mass media penetration
in the NE and J&K regions, such as
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 TV, Radio, Newspaper, Magazines a
nd New media like internet and mobiles
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri31 \expndtw3 \f20 \fs25 was done on the basis of access,
frequency of use and preference for
\plain\par
\sl-114\fs11\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-265 \li11 \ri3993 \fi4396 \exp
ndtw-27 \f20 \fs24 ii
\par
{\shp
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fea2803f007fe2171ff82147fd18cffe6ccfed87ff00d10547fc42e3ff000428ff00a319ff00cd99
fdb0ff00fa20abf7fa8a00fc01ff00885c7fe0851ff4633ff9b33fb61fff0044151ff10b8ffc10a3
fe8c67ff003667f6c3ff00e882afdfea2803f007fe2171ff0082147fd18cff00e6ccfed87ffd1054
7fc42e3ff0428ffa319ffcd99fdb0fff00a20abf7fa8a00fc01ff885c7fe0851ff004633ff009b33
fb61ff00f44151ff0010b8ff00c10a3fe8c67ff3667f6c3ffe882afdfea2803f007fe2171ff82147
fd18cffe6ccfed87ff00d10547fc42e3ff000428ff00a319ff00cd99fdb0ff00fa20abf7fa8a00fc
01ff00885c7fe0851ff4633ff9b33fb61fff0044151ff10b8ffc10a3fe8c67ff003667f6c3ff00e8
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0082147fd18cff00e6ccfed87ffd1055e81f09ff00e0dc3ff8231fc0ef8a7f0d3e35fc2dfd8dbfe1
17f89bf07fe207837e297c3af137fc3437ed57adff00c23be3bf87fe23d37c59e11d77fb1bc45f1c
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4dae02bbff0084ff00f254be1aff00d8ff00e0dffd48b4da00fdb9a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a2
8a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800afc46f8b1ff254be257fd8ff00e32ffd48b52afdb9
a2803f01ebbff84fff00254be1affd8ffe0dff00d48b4dafdb9a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800
a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2800a28a2803ffd9
}}}
\plain\pard\sl-337 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 programme content. This pro
vided a picture of differences in penetration, use
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 and preference of mass media amon
g NE states and the three regions of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri4202 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 Jammu, Srinagar and Leh of J&K
.
\par
\plain\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri0 \expndtw-14 \f20 \fs25 I (b)
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri3824 \expndtw-4 \b \f20 \fs25 Penetration of Cross Bo
rder Media:
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li0 \ri5617 \expndtw-6 \b \f20 \fs25 {\ul E}{\ul x}{\ul p}{\ul o}{
\ul s}{\ul u}{\ul r}{\ul e}{\ul }{\ul t}{\ul o}{\ul }{\ul C}{\ul B}{\ul M}
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri35 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 In all the selected states, 39.1% (
781/2000) respondents were\b exposed\b0 \up6 \fs16 1\up0 \fs25 to
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 some form of cross border media, wh
ich included TV, Radio, newspaper and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri6380 \expndtw-9 \f20 \fs25 magazines.

\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri40 \fi360 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 1. Among the exposed, more m
ales (52.2%) than females (35.7%) were
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri4319 \fi360 \expndtw-4 \f20 \fs25 accessing media for new
s.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri40 \fi360 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 2. Exposure to cross-border
mass media varied from state to state in the
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li720 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 same region. A large number of pe
ople in Mizoram (84.5%) were
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li720 \ri40 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 exposed to at least one or more
media whereas in other states the media
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li720 \ri31 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 exposure ranged from 59.0% in Ma
nipur, 44.5% in Srinagar and 42.5%
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li720 \ri258 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 in Nagaland to a minimum of 15.
1% in Tripura and 11.5% in Jammu.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri40 \fi360 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 3. Highest proportion of exp
osure to cross border media was through TV
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li720 \ri38 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 (38.5%). TV channels and programm
es from Korea, Bangladesh,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li720 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, and A
fghanistan were viewed and among
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li720 \ri42 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 them, Arirang TV channel (187) of
Korea was the most popular.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li720 \ri42 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Bangladesh TV Channel (96), Nepal
TV (26), PTV of Pakistan (59),
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li720 \ri35 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 QTV (46), Al Jazeera (9), Peace T
V (11) etc were some other Cross
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li720 \ri4086 \expndtw-4 \f20 \fs25 Border TV channels viewed.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri5008 \expndtw-5 \b \f20 \fs25 Quality of programmes:
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li0 \ri40 \fi360 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 4. Visual clarity and good r
eception (15.6%) was the major reason for
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri3226 \fi720 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 accessing cross border TV
and Radio.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li720 \ri40 \fi720 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Clarity of TV visuals was
an important reason among the TV
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri40 \fi720 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 viewers in Mizoram (42.0%),
Nagaland (35.1%) and Manipur (26.5%)
\par
\plain\sl-279\fs28\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-143 \li11 \ri0 \expndtw-1 \f
20 \fs12 1
\par
\column
\plain\sl-311\fs31\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-217 \li0 \ri138 \expndtw-2 \
f20 \fs19 The term 'Exposed' has been used for those accessing/ using any one or
up to four Cross border media ( TV,
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\pard\sl-230 \li11 \ri5584 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs19 Radio,
Newspaper and Magazine )
\plain\par
\sl-218\fs22\par\sl-240\fs24\par\pard\pard\sl-265 \li11 \ri3963 \fi4363 \expndtw
-21 \f20 \fs24 iii
\par
{\shp
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
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31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
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67936799e5c7b62544500fd1ba2bf217fe1a8be3a7fd0f3ff96cf83fff0099faf5ff0080df1e7e2b
f8d3e2bf853c35e25f15ff0069689a97f6efdb6cbfb0fc3767e77d8fc37ac6a16dfe93a7e8f6b771
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00ffd9
}}}
\plain\pard\sl-337 \li1452 \ri40 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 as compared to Cultural si
milarity mentioned by the exposed in
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li1452 \ri1191 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 Manipur (20.0%), Nagaland (17
.5%) and Srinagar (16.5%).
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li11 \ri36 \fi1080 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 5. In Srinagar the most im
portant reason for preference of CBM was
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li1452 \ri42 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 cultural similarity, easy acces
sibility and familiarity with the language.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li1452 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 There was a perception among the
viewers that Cross Border Media

\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li1452 \ri40 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 supported the Kashmiri struggle
for freedom which made it more
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li1452 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 popular. Besides, a perception t
hat people across the border were their
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li1452 \ri40 \expndtw-9 \f20 \fs25 'brothers and sisters' and they
'knew more about Islam or Quran' made
\plain\expndtw-5 \f20 \fs25 a psychological bonding with the CBM as well'.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li11 \ri4312 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 II (a)\b Penetration of Nationa
l Media:
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 Out of the total sample of 2000
respondents in all the regions, majority (1984)
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 were using at least one form of m
edia (Media covered were TV, Radio and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri31 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Newspaper) which indicated a stro
ng presence of media and its use in these
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 states. An assessment of the effe
ctiveness of media showed that majority of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 people (78.8%) found TV 'very eff
ective' in imparting information and in
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 educating masses. Majority of people (93%) in Tripura
and half the people
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri1628 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 (50%) in Manipur held the same
opinion for TV programmes.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \fi720 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 Making a choice between th
e foreign (satellite channels and Cross
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 Border Media) and national media,
people found that the National media
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri38 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 provided more up-to-date informat
ion than the foreign media. However,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 among the internet users, the for
eign news portals/web portals provided latest
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri3550 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 information than the Indian in
ternet sites.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri7583 \expndtw-12 \f20 \fs25 II (b)
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li11 \ri6559 \expndtw-7 \b \f20 \fs25 {\ul T}{\ul V}{\ul }{\ul V}
{\ul i}{\ul e}{\ul w}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul s}{\ul h}{\ul i}{\ul p}
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 TV was viewed by 92.8% of the pop
ulation surveyed thereby making it the
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 most popular mass medium among al
l other media. Access to TV channels
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 was largely through Cable connect
ion (69.4%), followed by the Direct to
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri35 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Home service (15.3%). Among all s
tates Mizoram was the leading state with
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 96.8% cable viewers followed by J
ammu (91.6%) in the J&K region. DTH
\plain\par
\sl-80\fs8\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-265 \li11 \ri3967 \fi4372 \expnd
tw-27 \f20 \fs24 iv
\par
{\shp
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108067204fb03012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
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0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
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028a28a00fffd9
}}}
\plain\pard\sl-337 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 had gained a ground with 21
.3% subscribers in J&K as compared to 11.5%
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri6397 \expndtw-8 \f20 \fs25 NE region.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-472 \li731 \ri5898 \expndtw1 {\f0\fs38 \bullet }\b \f20 \fs25 DD Viewe
rs
\plain\par
\pard\sl-424 \li731 \ri42 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Out of 1855 TV viewers among the
surveyed population, 1223 watched DD,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri38 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 with Manipur having most number o
f DD viewers (95.9%) followed by Leh,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Tripura and Mizoram. From the J&K
region, Jammu had the lowest number

\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 of 32.4% DD viewers and Arunachal
Pradesh in the NE region had a low of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri5576 \expndtw-5 \f20 \fs25 47.4% DD viewers.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-467 \li731 \ri3941 \expndtw0 {\f0\fs38 \bullet }\b \f20 \fs25 Time spe
nt on DD Programmes
\plain\par
\pard\sl-429 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 Out of the total time spent on wa
tching DD channels, majority of viewers
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 (41.2%) spent less than an hour,
followed by 33.4% who watched DD for 1-2
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 hour and 21.3% who spent 2-4 hour
s. It is significant that youth consumed
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 more media and it could influence
their views and perceptions regarding
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri5412 \expndtw-4 \f20 \fs25 socio-political issues.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-467 \li731 \ri3410 \expndtw0 {\f0\fs38 \bullet }\b \f20 \fs25 Preferen
ce for Types of Programmes
\plain\par
\pard\sl-424 \li731 \ri38 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 News-based programmes were the fi
rst preference among the DD viewers.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Majority watched news and current
affairs programmes (93.5%), followed by
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri1334 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 general information based prog
rammes other than news (87.7%).
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li11 \ri6170 \expndtw-5 \b \f20 \fs25 {\ul R}{\ul a}{\ul d}{\ul i}
{\ul o}{\ul }{\ul L}{\ul i}{\ul s}{\ul t}{\ul e}{\ul n}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul s}{\u
l h}{\ul i}{\ul p}
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 Out of the total sample, 68.2% li
stened to Radio, with some states like
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Manipur (99.0%), Srinagar (94.0%)
and Leh (92.0%) having largest segment
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri38 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 of radio listeners followed by As
sam (72.0%), Tripura and Jammu (67.0%).
\plain\expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 However, radio listener ship was less than 50% in Miz
oram and only 25%
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri3783 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 listened to radio in Arunachal
Pradesh.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-467 \li731 \ri5176 \expndtw0 {\f0\fs38 \bullet }\b \f20 \fs25 Time and
Duration
\plain\par
\pard\sl-429 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 Evening time was the most preferr
ed slot and time spent was more than 2
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 hours during that time. 33.1% pre
ferred to listen to radio during late evening
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 hours followed by 30% who liked t
o listen during morning hours and 25%
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri3295 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 who preferred listening during
the day time.
\plain\par
\sl-80\fs8\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-265 \li11 \ri4001 \fi4401 \expnd
tw-2 \f20 \fs24 v
\par
{\shp
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010100000100010000ffdb004300010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108067204fb03012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
5a636465666768696a737475767778797a82838485868788898a92939495969798999aa2a3a4a5a6
0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a2bf393e3cfc79f8afe0bf8afe2b
f0d786bc57fd9ba269bfd85f62b2fec3f0dde793f6cf0de8fa85cffa4ea1a3dd5dc9e65ddd4f2fef
67936799e5c7b62544500fd1ba2bf217fe1a8be3a7fd0f3ff96cf83fff0099faf5ff0080df1e7e2b
f8d3e2bf853c35e25f15ff0069689a97f6efdb6cbfb0fc3767e77d8fc37ac6a16dfe93a7e8f6b771
f97776b04bfba9e3dfe5f9726e899d1803f46e8a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a
28a0028a28a0028a28a002bf217f6a2ff92ebe39ff00b967ff0050ff000fd7ebd57e42fed45ff25d
7c73ff0072cffea1fe1fa00f01af7efd977fe4baf81bfee66ffd43fc415e035efdfb2eff00c975f0
37fdccdffa87f882803f5ea8a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028
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00a87f882bf5ea8a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a
00ffd9
}}}
\plain\pard\sl-359 \li731 \ri4995 \expndtw0 {\f0\fs38 \bullet }\b \f20 \fs25 Ty
pe of Programmes
\plain\par
\pard\sl-424 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 In both regions, radio was tuned
in for news/ current affairs programmes by as
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 high as 93.4% in NE and 91% in J&
K. Listenership of AIR programmes was
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 high (81.7%) though more listener
s tuned to FM channels and for longer
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri6587 \expndtw-9 \f20 \fs25 duration.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri5345 \expndtw-5 \b \f20 \fs25 {\ul N}{\ul e}{\ul w}{\ul s}
{\ul p}{\ul a}{\ul p}{\ul e}{\ul r}{\ul }{\ul R}{\ul e}{\ul a}{\ul d}{\ul i}{\u
l n}{\ul g}{\ul }{\ul H}{\ul a}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul s}

\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 The state wise distribution of n
ewspaper readership showed higher newspaper
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 reading habits in states of Nagal
and, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Manipur
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 wherein more than 90% respondents read newspaper. Les
ser proportion (80\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 90%) in Srinagar, Assam, and Trip
ura read newspapers whereas in Leh only
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 half the people (52%) read newspa
pers. People in NE region were more
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri859 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 comfortable with the use of Eng
lish as the language of the newspaper.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri2939 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 III (a)\b Rural and Urban Diff
erentials in Media Use:
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 In J&K the number of TV users wa
s largely in urban areas. Radio listenership
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 was concentrated in rural areas i
n both the regions (J&K and NE) whereas
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 newspapers were read more in the urban areas than in
rural areas, though this
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri31 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 gap in newspaper readership was
much wider in J&K. Exceptions to this trend
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 were states like Nagaland, Tripur
a and Srinagar, where newspaper readership
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri5334 \expndtw-4 \f20 \fs25 in rural area was high.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri3915 \fi264 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 (b)\b Gender Differenti
als in Media Use:
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Across the states more men watche
d television, listened to radio and read the
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 newspaper. The trend reiterates t
he national pattern of higher access to media
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 by men than women with wider disparity in Arunachal P
radesh, Manipur and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri4595 \expndtw-4 \f20 \fs25 Jammu Division in J&K state.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri38 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 Manipur had the highest number of
male radio listeners and TV viewers.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 Nagaland had the higher number of
male newspaper readers; Srinagar had
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 higher number of women TV viewer
s and radio listeners; in contrast Mizoram
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri2384 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 had the highest number of wome
n newspaper readers.
\par
\plain\sl-286\fs29\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-265 \li4384 \ri3967
\expndtw-27 \f20 \fs24 vi
\par
{\shp
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01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
010101010101010101ffdb0043010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101ffc0
001108067204fb03012200021101031101ffc4001f00000105010101010101000000000000000001
02030405060708090a0bffc400b5100002010303020403050504040000017d010203000411051221
31410613516107227114328191a1082342b1c11552d1f02433627282090a161718191a2526272829
2a3435363738393a434445464748494a535455565758595a636465666768696a737475767778797a
0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
05040400010277000102031104052131061241510761711322328108144291a1b1c109233352f015
6272d10a162434e125f11718191a262728292a35363738393a434445464748494a53545556575859
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0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028af21f8f3e28d77c17f0a3c57e25f
0d5f7f66eb7a6ff617d8af7ecb6779e4fdb3c49a3e9f73fe8da85bdd5a49e65a5d4f17ef60936799
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51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451401e03
fb517fc90af1cffdcb3ffa98787ebf216bf5ebf6a2ff009215e39ffb967ff530f0fd7e42d0014514
5007edcfc27ff925bf0d7fec40f06ffea3ba6d77f5c07c27ff00925bf0d7fec40f06ff00ea3ba6d7
7f400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
5140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451401e03fb517fc90af1cffd
cb3ffa98787ebf216bf7e28a00fc07a2bf7e28a00e03e13ffc92df86bff6207837ff0051dd36bbfa
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}}}
\plain\pard\sl-337 \li194 \ri3928 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 (c)\b Income Differentia
ls in Media Use:
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 A composite picture of NE showed
that majority of the people from the
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 middle income group were inclined
to watch more TV & read newspapers
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri1943 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 while those in the lower incom
e group used more of radio.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li194 \ri2757 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 (d)\b Age and Education Differ
entials in Media Use:
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 The younger age group (20-29) was
the primary user of the three media
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 (Radio, TV and Newspaper) across
the states and those in 30-39 age group
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 were the second largest group in
use of media. Those with higher education
\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 (graduation and above) were the key consumers of all
the three major media
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 (Radio, TV and Newspaper). With e
very increase in level of education, from
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri33 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 primary to high school and to gra
duation, the use of media (TV, Radio,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Newspaper) showed a corresponding
increase. Hence, there is a positive co\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 relation between media use and e
ducation, especially in the case of Newspaper
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri6393 \expndtw-8 \f20 \fs25 readership.
\par
\plain\pard\sl-446 \li11 \ri0 \fi67 \expndtw-23 \f20 \fs25 (e)
\plain\par
\sl-149\fs15\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par
\par\par\pard\pard\sl-286 \li11 \ri73 \expndtw-29 \f20 \fs25 IV
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri5168 \expndtw-5 \b \f20 \fs25 Media Use by Religion
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 The use of media by people belongi
ng to different religions or faiths indicated
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 that in Arunachal Pradesh and Mizor
am, Christians were the major users of
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 media. In Srinagar largest numbers
of media users especially of TV were
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li0 \ri42 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 Muslims (97.8%), whereas, Hindus w
ere found using various media in Assam,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Tripura and Manipur. In Arunachal P
radesh and Manipur, media use among
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 the tribal groups varied from 20.6%
to 10.2% for TV, 22% and 10.6% for
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri2051 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 Radio and 25.8% and 10.2% for ne
wspaper, respectively.
\plain\par
\sl-130\fs13\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-286 \li0 \ri5682 \expndtw-6 \b
\f20 \fs25 Impact of Media:
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 A maximum of 61.7% in NE and 57.6%
in J&K were of the opinion that the
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li0 \ri36 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 lifestyles of the present generatio
n had become westernized due to the
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 exposure to such media programmes.
On the issue of gender equality, 55.3%
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li0 \ri36 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 in J&K and 45.3% in NE mentioned th
at media had a role in encouraging
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri36 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 girls' education with more girls g
etting educated in schools. Similarly, 43,4%
\plain\par
w-21 \f20 \fs24 vii
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\sect\sectd\sbkpage\margtsxn1320\pard
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\plain\pard\sl-337 \li731 \ri42 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 in NE and 45.7% in J&K were
of the opinion that media created awareness,
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 positively impacted women's empow
erment and encouraged women to take
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 up professional jobs. 44% in J&K
and 40% in the NE believed that a positive
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri3507 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 media exposure boosted tourism
industry.
\par
\plain\sl-130\fs13\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\pard\pard\sl-286 \li11 \ri1561 \expnd
tw-3 \f20 \fs25 V
\plain\tx726 \tab \expndtw-3 \b \f20 \fs25 Suggestions for Improving Programme Q

uality and Content
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 It was suggested by the media use
rs that the news content of TV, Radio and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 Newspapers needed improvement an
d quality enhancement in terms of up-to\plain\expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 date coverage of actual incidents and events after th
orough research. News
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri1861 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 must be credible and clear to
avoid any exaggerated stance.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 It was also suggested that the en
tertainment programmes should provide and
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 project real-life situations rath
er than making them purely film-based. A
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 limited numbers of programmes tha
t projected the actual social and cultural
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 issues were produced. The viwers
felt that the programmes usually portrayed
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri42 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 one-sided issues and hence neede
d more analysis, explanation and evaluation.
\plain\expndtw3 \f20 \fs25 Time for such issue-based programmes must be extended
and made
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 participatory i.e. having represe
ntation of people from different streams to
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri3961 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 make the programme more effect
ive.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 Economic issues were superficiall
y and briefly dealt with, except only when
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 some case of corruption was revea
led. The cause of economic crisis in NE
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri38 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 region such as lack of employment
opportunities needed more attention.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 Mainstream media generally cover
ed 'economic issues of national interest that
\plain\expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 were often corporate industry oriented or that which
interested the upper
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li731 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 class.' The economic difficulties
of the common man needed more space in
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li731 \ri6794 \expndtw-13 \f20 \fs25 media.
\par
\plain\sl-195\fs20\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard
\sl-265 \li4317 \ri3907 \expndtw-16 \f20 \fs24 viii
\par
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}}}
\cols2\colno1\colw285\colsr86\colno2\colw8608
\plain\pard\sl-337 \li11 \ri0 \expndtw-29 \f20 \fs25 VI
\par
\column
\plain\pard\sl-337 \li307 \ri6355 \expndtw-9 \b \f20 \fs25 Conclusion
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li360 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 The study highlighted certain tre
nds in media usage and access in these two
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri6671 \expndtw-10 \f20 \fs25 regions:
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw-3 \f30 \fs25 {\f63 \u61558\'3f}\f20 People's a
ccess to any type of media was significantly high although there is a
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri36 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 skewed ration in favour of males
who form a larger consumer base for any
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li360 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 media type. This could be due to
the fact that literacy rates among males are
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri36 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 higher and women, usually limited
by social and economic means, have
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li360 \ri6047 \expndtw-6 \f20 \fs25 limited access.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw2 \f30 \fs25 {\f63 \u61558\'3f}\f20 Education i
s a key determinant that influenced media access in all the
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri31 \expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 surveyed states. Higher the educa
tion levels, higher the level of media
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li360 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f20 \fs25 consumption. This could explain w
hy a higher percentage of media usage is
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri2530 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 accounted for in urban areas a
nd amongst the youth.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw0 \f30 \fs25 {\f63 \u61558\'3f}\f20 The rural-u
rban differential is more pronounced in the case of radio listener\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 ship with a higher concentration
in the rural areas. Another interesting co\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li360 \ri40 \expndtw-1 \f20 \fs25 relation is with the income diff
erentials - lower income groups accounting for
\plain\expndtw2 \f20 \fs25 more listernership while higher income groups account
ed for more TV
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri3853 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 viewership and newspaper reade
rship.
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri40 \expndtw3 \f30 \fs25 {\f63 \u61558\'3f}\f20 The impact
of media on the social and cultural lives of the people is
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri40 \expndtw1 \f20 \fs25 noteworthy. This aspect could be
capitalized upon to improve the existing
\plain\par
\pard\sl-446 \li360 \ri40 \expndtw-2 \f20 \fs25 programmes, devise new channels
through which outreach can be expanded to
\plain\par
\pard\sl-451 \li360 \ri4012 \expndtw-3 \f20 \fs25 include local needs and sensit
ivities.
\par
\sect\sectd\sbknone\plain\sl-306\fs31\par\sl-240\fs24\par\par\par\par\par\par\pa
r\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\par\pard\pard\sl-265 \li4384 \ri3967 \expndtw27 \f20 \fs24 ix
\par
}

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{\rtf \ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0

{\fonttbl{\f11\fswiss\fcharset0 Arial Narrow;}{\f10\fswiss\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f1

{\sp{\sn posrelv}{\sv 1}}

\pard\sl-446 \li0 \ri6380 \expndtw-9 \f20 \fs25 magazines.

viewers that Cross Border Media

region, Jammu had the lowest number

l n}{\ul g}{\ul }{\ul H}{\ul a}{\ul b}{\ul i}{\ul t}{\ul s}

\plain\tx726 \tab \expndtw-3 \b \f20 \fs25 Suggestions for Improving Programme Q

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