TABLE of CONTENTS

1. Introduction to R.S.E.B. 2. Introduction to PLCC 3. General Description of PLCC Equipments (ETI) 4. Application of ETI Equipments 4.1 PLCC Equipment and AF Multiplexer as a Combined Unit 4.2 Remote at Multiplexer connected by a long cable 4.3 Remote at Multiplexer connected by a short line 4.4 Protection Signaling over PLC equipments where AF Multiplexer is Remote 4.5 Repeaters 5. Construction 6. Mode of Operation 7. General Modulation Principal 8. Specifications 9. Basic Principal of PLCC 10. Battery Charger 11. Precautions & Maintenance 12. Advantages & Disadvantages 13. Conclusion 14. Appendix 15. References

Introduction to R.S.E.B
Rajasthan State Electricity Board started working from 1 st July, 1957. This is the body of big organization and is to function under provision electricity act, like public limited companies. The board does not have article and memorandum of association. In order to carry out its function, it has rules and regulations and h as made other necessary administrative arrangements. After the acting of R.S.E.B. six dimensions along 64 offices and about 300 employees were transferred to its control by the State Government. The aim of RSEB is to supply electricity to entire Rajasthan State in the most economical way. There is no possibility of staking or electricity so the target is to distribute the energy in new areas as possible. The board has to carry the business on profit without losses. After an efficient starting, as from last many years RSEB is not earning profits. So far for betterment, privatization of RSEB has been done recently. It has been divided in five main parts, they are:      RRVUNL: Electricity production authority RRVPNL: Electricity transmission authority JVVNL : Distribution authority for Jaipur JDVVNL : Distribution authority for Jodhpur AVVNL : Distribution authority for Ajmer

Introduction to PLCC
Different communication technologies are being used for the transmission of information from one end to another depending on the feasibility and needs. Some include Ethernet cables, fiber optics, wireless transmission, satellite transmission, etc. A vast amount of information travels through the entire earth every day and it creates an essential need for a transmission medium that is not only fast but economically reasonable as well. One of the technologies that fit in the above stated criteria is PLCC. As electronics play a vital role in the industrial growth, communication is also backbone of any power system. Communic ation between various generating and receiving stations is very essential for proper operations of power systems. This is more so in the case of a large interconnected systems, where a control load dispatch station has to coordinate the working of various units to see that the system is maintained in the optimum working condition, power line carrier communication for medium and long distance in a power network. For short distance the ordinary telephone system is being used. Open wires or underground cables and in some cases VHF wireless communication are found to be more economical as they do not involve the use of costly high voltage coupling instrument. PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication) is the use of existing electrical cables to transport data, and it has been around for a long time. Power utilities have been using this technology for a long time to receive or send data on the power grid using the existing infrastructure. For instance, the electrical power utility in London used PLCC to remotely control some of its equipment on the grid (such as high-voltage switches) in the 1920s. This technique is still employed by several utilities that use analog or digital devices to transfer 9.6 Kbits/s over many miles of electrical cables. In the 1920s at leas t two patents were issued to the American telephone an Telegraph company in the field of Carrier Transmission over Power Circuits. United States Patents numbers 1,607,668 and 1,672,940 fields in 1924 show systems for transmitting and receiving communication signal over three phase AC power wiring.

Many different methods are possible for sending speech or other signals from point to point in an interconnected power grid. Some of them are:     Public telephone network Direct lines Radio circuits Power line carrier communication (PLCC)

In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage lines result in increased reliability of communication and power attenuations over long-distances. When the distances are large, it will not be economical to provide separate wires for communication purpose. In fact, for such large distances, the power lines themselves provide a very good medium of transmission of information. So the PLCC is mostly used.

PLCC, Power Line Carrier Communication, is an approach to utilize the existing power lines for the transmission of information. In todays world every house and building has properly installed electricity lines. By using the existing AC power lines as a medium to transfer the information, it becomes easy to connect the houses with a high speed network access point without installing new wirings. This technology has been in wide use since 1950 and was mainly used by the grid stations to transmit information at high speed. Now a days this technology is finding wide use in building/home automation as it avoids the need of extra wiring. The data collected from different sensors is transmitted on these power lines thereby also reducing the maintenance cost of the additional wiring. In some countries this technology is also used to provide Internet connection.

History
The idea of using an existing medium to send the communication signals is as old as the telegraph itself. But it had not been possible until the recent decades. The first significant step in the field was when two patents were issued to American Telephone and Telegraph Company in the name of 'Carrier Transmission over Power Circuits' in 1920. After four years later in 1924 two other patents were filed for the systems transmitting and receiving communication signals over three phase power lines. Harsh characteristics of the power cables were the key problem in further development. Researchers were involved to overcome the unpredictable characteristics of the power lines. Since the early 1980, spread spectrum power line communication was the main focus of the research. This technology is now developed far better than that initial improvement and is promising a reliable utilization in home automation and security systems.

Basic principle of PLCC

In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power lines result in increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over long-distance. The idea of using power lines as transmission lines for communication purpose was the first thought of at about the beginning of the century from 1920 onwards. These systems have now developed into extremely sophisticated and complicated systems and widely used in a ll modern power systems.Since telephone communication system cannot be directly connected to the high voltage lines, suitably designed coupling devices have therefore to be employed. These usually consists of high voltage capacitors or capacitor with polaritical devices used in conjunction with suitable line matching units for matching the impedance of line to that of the co -axial cable connecting the unit to the PLC transmit -receive equipment. Also the carrier currents used for communication have to be prevented from entering the power equipment used in GSS as this would result in high attenuation of even complete loss of communication signals when earthed at isolator. To prevent this loss, wave traps or line traps are employed. These consist of suitably designed choke coil connected in series w ith the line, which offer negligible impedance to RF carrier currents. Wave traps also usual have one or more suitably designed capacitors connected in parallel with the choke coils so as to resonate at carrier frequencies and thus offer even higher impedance to the flow of RF currents. The communication device used for the communication over the power lines is a MODEM, commonly known as Power Line MODEM (PLM). It works as both transmitter and receiver, i.e., it transmits and receives data over the power lines. A power line modem not only modulates the data to transmit it over the power lines and but also demodulates the data it receives from the power lines. By using modulation techniques, binary data stream is keyed on to a carrier signal and then coupled on to the power lines by PLM. At the receiver end another PLM detects the signal and extracts the corresponding bit stream.

The above image shows the working of a PLCC system. Data is processed before transmission on power lines according to the above figure. First data is modulated & filtered and then by using couplers, it is sent over the power lines.

PLC Modems/Transceivers:

PLC Transceiver is the key component of a PLCC system. It is the device which transmits & receives data to & from the power lines and acts as a hub between the power stations and our Computers/Network utilization devices. They are wired with the electrical voltage lines at home or business and work on two modes transmit mode and receive mode. In transmit mode, they simply receive data from receiver end installed on the same network and further transmit them. In receive mode, they work the opposite way.

A number of companies provide PLC transceivers and other networking devices for PLCC communication. A PLC transceiver is shown in the following image:

General modulation principal

Modulation :-

Modulation is a process/technique, in which we can superimpose the carrier wave on the modulating wave (signal), in the process one of the parameter of the carrier wave only be varies while keeping remaining two as constant with respect to the modulating signal. This is known as MODULATION.

Types of modulation:-

 Amplitude Modulation  Frequency Modulation  Phase Modulation

Amplitude Modulation:-

The amplitude of the carrier wave only varies, according to the modulating signal while keeping the remaining parameters are as constant.
Frequency Modulation:-

The frequency of the carrier wave only varies, according to the modulating signal while keeping the remaining parame ters are as constant.
Phase Modulation:-

The phase of the carrier wave only varies according to the modulating signal while keeping the remaining parameters as constant. After modulating the signal by using one of these techniques the signal is now transmitting to another station & before distributed at another station the signal is demodulated.
Demodulation:-

Its the inverse process of modulation in which the carrier signal is separated from modulating signal. As mentioned earlier, characteristics of the power line channel continuously vary with time and load. So conventional modulation techniques like ASK, FSK or PSK cannot be employed with them. PLCC needs a technique that can deal with the unpredictable attenuation and phase shifts. Modulation techniques that opt lower frequency ranges of 35 KHz to 95 KHz can perform better as compared to the ones using the whole available frequency band. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ) is the modulation technique that is used in HomePlug specification network appliances. In OFDM, information is modulated on to multiple carriers , where each carrier occupies its own frequency in the range of 4.3 to 20.9 MHz. Incoming bit stream is demultiplexed into N number of parallel bit streams each with 1/N of original bit rate which are then modulated on N orthogonal carriers.

By using multiple carriers at a time, the modulation technique uses the available spectrum most efficiently. During the transmission, each frequency is monitored and if any interference, noise or data loss occurs, the responsible frequency is removed. However this technique does not perform well when a large attenuation and jamming occurs in the communication channel, but still it can be very efficient comparatively.

PLCC MODULE:Telephone communication system can not be directly connected to the high voltage power line, therefore we have to suitably design the coupling devices. These usually consist of high voltage capacitor or capacitor with polaritical devices & used in the conjuct ion with the suitable line matching unit for matching the line impedence to that of the coaxial cable connecting the PLCC Equipment. In PLCC the following equipments are used:PLCC Station Line matching unit CVT/CC Earth switch Lightening Arrestor Wave Trap  Coaxial cable
PLCC Station:-

     

It is the station where (Modulation) Transmitting, Receiving (Demodulation), Amplification, Filtration are performed.
Line Matching Unit :-

The out-put of PLCC is connected to the line matching unit before to the power lines to achieve the proper impedance matching in between PLCC Equipments and power line.

CVT/CC (Control Voltage Transformer/Coupling Capacitor): -

It is connected to the line matching unit to the line matching units and the power line this is used for blocking the high voltage entering to the PLCC Equipment .
Earth switch:-

This is used at the time of maintenance of LMU.

Lightening Arrestor:-

This is used for arresting any A.C. high voltage spike entering to the L.M.U. PLCC Unit.
Co-axial cable:-

This is used for inter connection between PLCC & L.M.U. for carrying the high frequency signal.

Arrangement of connecting the wave trap and coupling capacitor

This type of coupling is more reliable than phase to phase coupling on the same circuit in that it permits operation with one of the two circuits opened out & founded for maintained purpose. Inter phases or inter systems coupling are always employed on 220KV & 4e0KV lines where the interface levels & attenuation problem. This type of coupling permit higher reliability of operation under breaker conductors conditions & are always employed where carrier line protection are employed.
Wave trap:-

It is constructed by taking the parallel combination of the inductor and the variable capacitor this will form the tank circuit. Which form the tuned circuit, which tuned the frequency at 50Hz, known as power frequency. This is known as tuned frequency. The inductors which we use have the range of 0.5 mH to 500 H. The capacitor are having the range of 4400pf to 5500pf. The choke coil having the main role in that. This coil may be a single layer or a multi layered

coils made of special Aluminum alloy and designed to carry the full load current.

Lightening Arrestor:-

Ground wire over the tower provides an adequa te protection against lightening and reduces the induced electrostatics or electromagnetic voltage but such a shield is inadequate to protect any travelling wave which reaches the terminal of the electrical equipment and such a wave can cause the following damages:  The high peak of the surge may cause flash over in the internal wiring. Thus it may spoil the insulation of winding.  The steep wave font may cause internal flash over between their turns of the transformer.  The stop wave front resulting in to res onance and high voltages may cause internal & external flash over causing building up the oscillator in the electrical operation.

Specification of PLCC
General:-

 Carrier frequency range  Gross channel band witch  Useful AF band Permissible room temperature in climates  Data guaranteed within reliable  Operation guarantee  Frequency stability of RF.F oscillator
TRANSMITTER

: - 40to512KHZ :- 4 kHz : - 300to3700KHZ

:-0 to 45 degree centigrade :-20 to 45 degree centigrade :-5HZ

   

R.F. transmitting power Peak envelope power Side band power Auxiliary carrier frequency

:-25W :-15W :-16KHZ

At frequency 250 KHZ their power lower by 2 Db

    

I.F. carrier frequency Pilot tone Test tone Synthesizer reference frequency Dummy load

:-16KHZ :-3600HZ :-1000HZ :-8KHZ :-20OHMS

TRUNK DIALING

 Shifting the pilot oscillator frequency of 3600+/ -30 transmits dialing criterions of a speed of normally 1- pulses per second.

POWER SUPPLY

 DC supply  Capacity  A.C. supply  Power consumption

:-49 to 60(-10/+25%),180W Approximate maximum supply 2 percent :-800AH :-220+/-15%,50HZ :- <80W

In normal rooms the ETI equipment generally erected on an open rack or on a frame of freestanding cabinet. The room for the erection of the equipment should have a dust free floor , which is washable. The room should be well ventilated and of normal temperature and humidity and where necessary provided with a ventilator fan having a dust filters. The cabinets should be checked for damage before mounting. Cabinets should prevent from tilting when opened.
Caution:-

Before opening the hinged frame, make sure that the cabinet can not tip forward.
Fault analysis, test equipment and test procedure:Test equipments:-

Test oscillator enables the commissioning of the PLC link without aid of external signals, pressing the CALL button initiate a test tone of 1KHz which is fed to the voice amplifier and passes through all transmit stages of the PLC equipment with the exception of the telephone adaptor. It is possible to check at any test point the dB value printed in the front side of the equipment is against the measured dB reading. The following signals can be checked in the AF section of the equipment:- speech, tele operation/data dialing.

Fault analysis:-

In fault analysis the faulty devices are checked in this serial or manner:     Telephone or Tele operation signals Cabling low frequency circuits or DC power supplies PLC Equipment HF transmission path

Comparisons with the transmissions levels and working voltages measured under healthy conditions are valuable aids to fault analysis. The back -to-back testing of the equipment using the dummy load is also a very useful aid.
Coupling devices:-

Earliest coupling devices used were antenna as similar to these used in radio work. This was because capacitors capable of withstanding the high voltages used in transmission of electrical power were not available at that time. The antennas used for coupling the PLC Equipment to the transmission lines were usually more than 300ft long and were tuned to the carrier frequency employed. By about 1930, suitably paper and oil capacitors were developed which could withstand the high voltage and serve as affect dive coupling units to PLC Equipments. A modern coupling consists of a stack of flat would element of pure cellulose paper and aluminium coils held between insulating roads under optimum pressure to minimize capacitance the changes with time and temperature. The interconnection are designed to obtain highest possible range withstand capacity and highest cut -off frequency. The entire stack assembly as placed in a suitable pro-claim insulating shell filled with insulating coils and hemetically sealed by metallic flanges and gaskets of synthetic rubber with a dry nitrogen gas cushion. The mechanical strength of the shell and flanges are carefully matched. Coupling capacitors are designed for outdoors use and withstand normal atmospheric phenomenon such as temperatur e and humidity rain, show etc. The capacitors used in modern PLCC Systems have a capacity between 2000 and 8000ft. The usual value is between 3000 and 5000ft. The units are designed to have a very low loss (<0.5dB). They are usually mounted on pedestals b elow the line conductors.

Types of coupling:Phase to ground coupling:-

The figure describes that the wave trap and coupling capacitors are all connected to one conductor of the power line. The remaining two conductors, though not directly connected to the line carry a portion of the returning carrier current because these two conductors do not have wave traps, a portion of the carrier energy is 1 lost. Also radiation losses are gone high as earth forms a part of the circuit and the noise pickup is correspondingly higher. The method of connecting is inefficient and the connection at the receiving end cannot be made

to match the line perfectly. This is because the impedance of the line cannot be calculated correctly as it depends partly on the s oil conductivity enroot the line which varies from place to place and time to time and partly on station switching condition.

Phase to phase coupling:-

This type of coupling was formally being used to improve the reliability of communication case of breakage of one of the coupled conductors. The system used double the number of wave traps and coupling capacitors used in phase to ground and hence is costlier. This coupling capacitor at each and have the line are connected in parallel to the LMUs. Through this type of coupling there is increment in the reliability of communication, the attenuation, the interference from radio transmission and

monitoring possibilities are all higher than those of phase to ground coupling. Hence this type of coupling has been discontinued and super sided by the phase to-phase coupling system.

Interline or inter circuit coupling: -

This is the same as phase to phase coupling but with the difference that the two conductors used for communication belong to two -different power circuits

carrier on common towers. This type of coupling is not employed where the two circuits are carrier on two separate sets of towers as it then behaves more like a double phase to ground coupling and is found to be impracticable. This type of coupling is even more reliable than phase -to-phase coupling on the same circuit than it permits operation with one of the two circuits opened out and founded for maintenance purpose. Inter phase or inter systems coupling are always employed on 220KV and 400KV lines where the interference levels are therefore also used on very long 110KV lines where attenuation becomes a problem. This type of coupling permit higher reliability of operation under breaker conductor conditions and are always employed where carrier line protection systems are employed.
Comparison of phase to phase and phase to ground coupling: -

The phase to phase coupling has the advantage of requiring only half the number of wave traps and coupling capacitors in comparison to phase -toground. But it is inferior to many respects as would be evident from the following points: The phase-to-ground coupling has higher attenuation and unlike phase -tophase coupling, the attenuation varies with station switching conditions.  The variation of attenuation function with changes in weather condition is greater in phase-to-ground coupling.  Reflection and echoes due to mismatch difficulties are much greater in phase-to-ground coupling.  Signal-to-noise ratio is poorer due to longitudinal noise voltage induc ed in the line. In phase-to-phase coupling the noise voltage tend to coupled conductors, which oppose each other in the circuit.  Radiation from phase-to-ground case is about double than that in the other case.  A break or fault of some other kind will hampe r the transmission in phase-to-ground coupling much more seriously than in the other case. Hence, phase-to-ground coupling is used due to its cheapness, especially when frequency used and distance to be covered is suitable, and radiation not particularly objectionable, as may be the situation in sparsely populated areas.
Wave traps:-

Wave traps (WTs) are used between the transmission line and the power station to avoid carrier power dislocation in the power plant and cross talk with other power line carrier circuits connected to the same power station. WTs also ensure operating conditions and signal levels at the PLCC transmit receive equipment irrespective of switching condition of the power circuit and equipment in the station. A wave trap must satisfy the following requirements: It must block the carrier currents. By blocking, we mean that the track should attenuate the H.F.signals by at least 8 to 10 dB.  It must carry the power frequency current safely during normal operation as well as during short circuit fault conditions.
Construction of wave traps:-

All wave traps have a choke as a main part. This choke may be a single layer or a multi-layer coils made of special aluminium alloy and is designed to carry the full load current the power circuit continuously and also to withstand normal short circuit in the event of a fault on that line for a short time until the current in the event of a fault on that line for a short time until the current in the event of a fault on circuit breakers clears the fault wi thout suffering any mechanical or thermal damages. The inductance of the choke varies from 100H to 2mH depending on the pass -band required. The 100 or 200H wave trap will in conjunction with a suitable tuning capacitor block a band of a few tens of KHz, the blocked land width being dependent on the carry frequency. The 1mH and 2mH traps will clock periodically the whole range of carrier frequency employed in PLCC a 2.0mH traps can be used without a tuning capacitor across it. It will still block almost all carrier frequencies in use effectively, but its inherent capacitance of about 100pf, will cause it to resonate at the high end of the PLCC band (250 to 500 KHz). The low inductance respond types of traps are usually wound as a narrow cylindrical single layer, whereas the high inductance broadband traps are invariably wound as large diameter disclosed coils. The cost of the wave trap increased with the rated power current to be carrier by it as well as with the inductance required. A trap with a nominal rated current of 1600nAmp. Designed to withstand a short circuit current of look. It may cost 10 times as much as trap rated for a nominal current of 400 Amp and a short

circuit current of 50 Kamp. Similarly a 2.0Mh trap may cost several times as much as 100 H traps for the same nominal power current. Therefore, wherever the nominal load currents and expected short circuit currents are high smaller inductance are used with tuning arrangement to obtain broadband trap. Standard inductance for wave trap reco mmended by IEC are 0.2,0.25, 0.4,0.5,1.0 and 2.0mH.

Lightening Arrester:-

Lightening is one of the most serious causes of over voltage. If the power equipment especially at out doors is not protected, the over voltage will cause burning of insulations. The ground wires running over the towers provides an adequate protection against lightening and also reduced the induced electrostatic or electromagnetic voltage but such a shield is inadequate to protect any travelling which reaches terminals of electrical equipment and such waves can cause internal flash over between inter-turns of transformers and the high peak voltage of surge may cause flash over between terminals of the electrical equipment which results in damage of insulations. A good light arrester must pass the following properties: It should not absorb any current during normal operation, but during over voltage surge it must provide an easy way to the earth.  After the first discharge of current has taken place through then must be capable of carrying the discharge current for same interval of time without any damage to them.  After the over voltage discharge, it must be capable of interrupting the normal frequency of current from flowing to ground as soon as voltage reaches below break down value. In addition to tuning devices, which usually consists of a capacitor or capacitors, a lightening arrester is invariably connected across the choke coils of the wave traps. The lightening arrester used may be vacuum type arrester whose over voltage lies below the rated voltage of the tuning capacitors, but about the voltage produced across the coils during a short circuit current surge. The lightening arrester therefore protects the tuning capacitors against momentary

over voltage caused by travelling waves . Sustained over voltage resulting from short circuits are not high enough to cause the lightening arrester to be over. Hence, a sustained are and consequent destruction of the arrester are avoided .
The tuning capacitors:-

These are used for high voltage, high stability capacitors with low losses. For lower voltage class of tuning units (with impulse test voltage rating upto 40KV) polystyrene capacitors are used by some manufacturers. For higher voltage class of tuning units with impulse test voltage rating upto 150KV, capacitors with mineral oil impregnated paper die electric are used which are similar in construction to coupling capacitors. All types are moulded in epoxy resin. Single frequency traps have a single and double frequency traps have a double tuned parallel resonant circuit. All the elements belonging to the tuning circuit are usually mounted in a common housing, which can be resolved and substituted with another similar tuning device to resonate trap to a different frequency.

Battery charger
PLCC works on rectified AC or main, when make supply goes off. We use of a device for proper functioning of PLCC, called BATTERY CHARGER. This is the device that provides supply to the PLCC equipment for uninterrupted working. It provides DC to the panel by battery of 48V. In this type 24 batteries are connected in series and individually per battery has approximately 2V capacities.
General description:-

Battery charger mainly consists of 4 sections:     Float charger Boost charger section Control section Alarm section

All the four sections are situated in mounted sheet steel. The sides and tops of the frame are provided with removable panels suitable recess has been provided in front panel to prevent the component from projecting out. All meters indicating lamps, push buttons have been mounted on front panel.

Technical specifications:-

 Normal input :- 415 V AC 3 Phase  Input variation :- +/- 20% of voltage

Float charger:-

 Efficiency :- >70%  Line regulation & load regulation : - +/- 1% individual  Ripple :- 0.6 V PP (Peak to peak)
Boost charger:-

   

DC output :- 43.2 to 67.2 V Output current: - 25-70 Amps. Over load :- 10% Efficiency :- >80%

Float charger:-

The float charger is basically static type 3-phase charger with stabilized output DC voltage. The charger output DC voltage is constantly compared with standard DC reference voltage and error voltage is again amplified. This amplified voltage controls the triggering signals of all the 3 thrusters of 3 phase bridge control rectifier, as the output voltage tends t o decrease than its selected value, it makes the triggering signals of each thyristor of all 3 phase, to advance for firing them, so that the output voltage remains within the specified accuracy. If the output voltage tends to increase more than the selec ted value, the triggering pulses of these thyristors of all 3 phase are delayed in firing operations in such a way so that the output DC voltage is again brought back to its stabilized voltage.
Circuit description:-

The 3-phase AC output is applied through the 3-poles 2 way switch (RS-I) and fuse F-18 to F-20 to the float input contractor (CON-1). Resistance R-3, capacitor C-2 and also resistance R-2, capacitor C-1 are incorporated to remove the instabilities like hunting. Operational amplifier ( IC-2 1 liner amplifier )drop mV across shunt. The ratio of the amplifier and RV-2 on sub assembly sets the charging current increases the mV drop across pin No. 2 & 3 of IC-2 will be increased. This voltage is applied to the base of TR-4 through R-11. Transistor

TR-4 will be the base current of TR-3 will increase the voltage from D-2 will control the voltage correcting operational amplifier IC -1. This will result in decrease in DC output voltage to keep the battery current at s et level, which can be adjusted by potentiometer RV-2.It is desired that output of the rectifier attain its steady state values slowly rather than by step.
Fuse fail alarm:-

Fuse fail alarm is also available in float charger. In the event of any HRC fuse failure. Corresponding types fuse blows and trip the corresponding relay.
Boost charger section:Description of circuit:-

Boost charger is used to charge the batteries after power resumption. The input supply is switched on mains of rotator switch RS-1, three numbers HRC fuse. F-21 to F-23 has been provided for over current protection. AC contractor CON-2 has also been provided. Transformer-6 steps down the input AC voltage to suitable level. Necessary taps are provided in the primary of transformer to cater for varying input voltage that may prevail at sub-station. The secondary voltage of transformer-6 is applied to a bridge rectifier, which consists of 6 silicon diodes D-6 to D-11, for rectification of AC to DC. These diodes are mounted on individual hea t sinks for cooling so that junction temperature of the device is within specified limit. The diodes are protected by capacitors and resistances against have storage effects and transmit over voltage in also by HRC fuses F-10 to F-15. The battery can be charged by using the two rotator switches provided on front panel for coarse and fine control and that charging current can be read by ammeter A-3 provided on the front panel. The operator must ensure that the rotatory switches are in minimum position before switching on the boost charger.
Operation of charger: -

The float or boost charger can be switches ON by means of selector switch RS-1. Thus at a time only one charger either float or boost can be operated. When the charger is operated in float mode the battery is on float charge and all the VDDs are bypassed through the contacts of DC contractor. This enables

complete voltage appearing on the load. In case of mains fall also the entire battery voltage is available on load through contacts of DC contract or. When the charger is operated on boost mode, the contacts of DC contractor are opened. Load voltage can be adjusted by VDD switch RS -8 as per the requirement main switch RS-9 have been provided to isolate the charger from load and battery. When the sele ctor switch RS-9 is in charger mode then it will supplying load as well as trickle charger. The batteries in float and boost charger, the batteries mode when the switch RS-9 is in mains mode, then the load will be supplied by the battery and the charger is totally isolated from battery for charger mains purpose.

Construction of PLCC
The PLC equipment, built in MODULE ELECTRONIC SYSTEM (MES) is especially compact. For all equipment variations, the single channel equipment ETI-21 can be accommodated in 3 tiers, the double channel equipment ETI-22 in 4 tiers and the double channel, 40W equipment ETI -22(s) in 6 tiers. Furthermore, a mechanical coding system ensures all plug in units can only be inserted in their correct position. The ABB free standing cabinet type E-35 can for example, accommodate two single channel PLC equipment with the associated protection signaling units and an electronic trunk-dialing unit for 8 telephone subscribers. A nameplate on the front door of the carrier cabinet carriers relevant information of the PLC link, such as equipment type, station names, carrier frequency etc. To enable printed circuit boards to be exchanged without any readjustment being required, there is on the rear side a strapping field for the initial programming of the system variant and also for the adjustment of the PLC equalizer.

General description of PLCC Equipments

The multipurpose equipment type ETI-21 and ETI-22 transmit simultaneously speech and multiplexed tele -operation signals in SSB technique over high voltage lines of cables. The transmitted intelligence is suitable for:

Telephony tele-operations :-

 Telemetry  Remote control  Remote analogue metering  Tele-printer

Tele protection signals for : -

 high voltage power equipment  High voltage power lines While the telephone and tele operations facilities are typically used for economic control and supervision of energy network. The tele -protection channels are kept continuously on hot standby and are used only in rare cases of a power fault for the planning of new networks and the extension of existing equipment, the ETI series offers a complete range of variation made possible by a combination of tiers and plug-in PCB. The equipment is made of 3 main parts:
1. The low frequency multiplex section :- with the speech and up to 5 teleoperations channels, together with an optional speech compander. 2. The carrier frequency section :- designed for single channels duplex or double channel duplex working in a 4 KHz raster. The carrier frequency range from 24 KHz to 500 KHz and with transmitted power of 20 Watts or a variant 100 Watts. 3. Power supply unit:- which can be operated from 110/220V, 50/60Hz or a separate battery or charger unit of 24V, 48V or 60V .

The techniques of simple side band modulation with double con version provides frequency equalization, automatic gain control and frequency synchronization and ensures perfect reproduction of the transmitted intelligence, proper distribution of the transmitting power in normal operation and for the boosting of protection trip signals enables optimum distance to be converted. The front panel arrangement of operational and servicing elements such as switches, potentiometer, lambs etc. allows the non - specialist to carry out maintenance of the equipment with the aid of a built-in test oscillator and handy audio test instrument, a quick test and level adjustment can be carried out so that with the local transmitter and receiver connected back -to-back a complete stimulation of the PLC link is established.

Application of ETI Equipments

The Power Line Carrier (PLC) equipments and the associated protection signaling units are required to be situated in the area of the high voltage apparatus, thereby facilitating connections to the PLCs line coupling equipment. In contrast, the telephone exchange and Tele control equipments are usually more conveniently situated in a control building some distance from the high voltage equipment. According to the type of installation various arrangements are possible. These are as follows:PLC equipment and AF Multiplexer as a combined unit: -

The majority of electricity authorities adopt this arrangement since the complete PLC is contained in a single cabinet or rack and is easily placed in a suitable telecommunication room. From this roo m the individual connections are taken directly to the associated HV protection circuits and via an appropriate frame, connections to the telephone and Tele control equipments.
Remote at multiplexer connected by a long cable: -

The case is that the high voltage lines are terminated in the sub-stations as the edge of the city while the associated control building or load -dispatching office is situated some Km. away in the centre of the city. A long 4 -wire interconnection cable (Zo = 600chms) connects the pare nt PLC equipments with the remote multiplexer .
Brief characteristics:Cable Attenuation - permitted 32 dB maximum

Planning value 26 dB
Frequency band -

300 to 3700 HZ 300 to 3400 HZ Optimal

Adjustable attenuation equalizes for loaded lines, located at both ends .

The facilities available are: -

4 wire duplex speech, from remote location. Duplex tele-operational channels, from remote location. Duplex pilot/signaling channel, from remote location. Possibilities for input and output connections of tele-operation signals from PLC equipment.  Optional: service telephone from parent PLC equipment to opposite PLC station.
Remote at Multiplexer connected by a short line: -

   

When the distance between the PLC and remote multiplexer is relatively short, i.e. up to about 3 KMs, And is connected by a 4 -wire pilot cable (Zo=600 ohm). Due to the lower cable attenuation the line amplifier with line equalizer is unnecessary and the cable will be terminated on the tele -operation input/output circuit (03EA and 03EH/S respectively).
Protection signaling over PLC equipments where AF Multiplexer is Remote:-

Tele-protection equipment can be coupled directly to the PLC equipment. This means the PLC has to function fully independently of the transmit signals from the remote multiplexer. This will be the case when a pilot signal P-1 is used from AF Multiplexer to PLC equipment. A further pilot tone P-2 of the same frequency is transmitted from the PLC equipment to the opposite PLC station. The signaling impulses carried by the pilot tones are looped from p-1 to P-2 in DC form at the PLC equipment. The pilot tone P-3 from the opposite station is received directly at the remote multiplexer.
Repeaters:-

When several transmission sections are joined together to form a long transmission path, the ETI equipment can serve as repeaters at the intermediate station. In each transmission section the carrier signal will be individually regulated, synchronized and equalized and the transmitted intelligence at each repeater station will be demodulated and passed on to the next station.

Mode of operation
The PLC equipment is suitable for connecting to a telephone exchange and further more, a 4 wire remote/emergency call station can be created by operating it in parallel with the built in service telephone equipment. The transmission facilities for tele operation working (telemetry, tele -control and protection signals) use separate input and separate output circuits according to their classifications. When 4-Khz equipment carries simultaneously the speech and Tele operation signals , they are transmitted in frequency multiplex and accordingly the audio frequency band is divided into two parts. The lower part is used for speech and the upper part for tele operation signals.
Telephone facilities:-

The associated automatic telephone exchange (PAX) is suitable for a network with a limited number of subscribers. Between the PAX and PLC channels, controls circuits give out-signals for the setting up, dialing and later releasing a telephone connection and the switching criteria between PAX and PLC equipment is performed by potential free contacts. The PAX sending contact will, via the PLC signaling channel close an output contact in the PLC receiver and the distant end of the link.
Compressor and Expander:-

The inclusion of a Compander improves the carrier signal quality of the speech and in normally reserved for use over lines with high noise. The improvement in the signals to noise ratios is approximately 12 dB. When the speech is carried over several PLC links in series, it is recommended that only one Compander be used, the compressor being installed at the sending end of the line and the expander in the farthest receiving station. The ETI series is fully wired for a later inclusion of the compander equipment when required.
For wire hand/emergency call: -

The equipment, especially in the extension phases can, without additional units in the HF equipment is equipped throughout with hand/emergency call telephone. This telephone with DC dell can be connected directly via a 6 -wire extension cable. The calling of the opposite station is accomplished lifting the

handset and pressing the calling button in the opposite station after a 2 second delay the bell rings as long as the push button is pressed. By lifting the handset the called station, the bell is automatically disconnected. After the call is completed both handsets must be replaced. The calling tone is fixed at 1 KHz in the speech band.
Service telephone:-

With the help of the built in speech facilities, service calls can be carried out in 4 wire from the front panel associated equipment, including the DC belt and the plug in 4 wire handset are supplied.
Tele-operation signals:-

Individual and adjustable Tele operation inputs are th e essential requirements of the PLC equipments for the interfacing with the various manufacturers low frequency transmission channels and for PLC through switching/transit working. The 5 input and 3 output possibilities, each individually adjustable and fully de-coupled together with the separated terminals. For protection signaling equipment, offer the necessary flexibility. A strapping field is provided for choosing the various modes of operation.
Signal boosting:-

The equipment offers the possibility of signal boosting of one or two especially important signals, for example protection signals for high voltage lines or equipment. This is advantageous during unfavorable transmission condition caused by perhaps fault conditions on the power line. During b oosting , the less importing channels, for example, the speech are disconnected (known as disconnected channels) whereas other channels can be allowed to work normally (non-disconnect -able channels). The arrangement of speech and Tele operation channels f all into one of three categories and is achieved by connecting to one of the following input:  The disconnectable bus ( D)  The non-disconnectable bus ( ND)  signal boosting bus ( B) with a predetermined amplification.

Applications of PLCC
PLCC technology can be deployed into different types of applications in order to provide economic networking solutions. Hence merging with other technologies it proves useful in different areas. These are few key areas where PLC communications are utilized: a. Transmission & Distribution Network: PLCC was first adopted in the electrical transmission and distribution system to transmit information at a fast rate. b. Home control and Automation: PLCC technology is used in home control and automation. This technology can reduce the resources as well as efforts for activities like power management, energy conservation, etc. c. Entertainment: PLCC is used to distribute the multimedia content throughout the home. d. Telecommunication: Data transmission for different types of communications like telephonic communication, audio, video communication can be made with the use of PLCC technology. e. Security Systems: In monitoring houses or surveillance cameras, PLCC technology is far useful. businesses through

f. Automatic Meter Reading Automatic Meter reading applications use the PLCC technology to send the data from home meters to Host Central Station

Advantages & disadvantages of PLCC

Advantages:-

 No separate wires are needed for communication purposes, as the power lines themselves carry power as well as communication signals. Hence the cost of constructing separate telephone lines is saved.  When compared with the ordinary lines the power lines have appreciabl y higher mechanical strength. They would normally remain unaffected under the conditions, which might seriously damage telephone lines.  Power lines usually provide the shortest route between the power stations.  Power lines have large cross-sectional areas resulting in very low resistance per unit length. Consequently the carrier signals suffer much less attenuation than when they travel on usual telephone lines of equal lengths.  Power lines are well insulated to provide only negligible leakage between conductors and ground even in adverse weather conditions.  Largest spacing between conductors reduces capacitance, which results in smaller attenuation at high frequencies. The large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a considerable extent.
Disadvantages:-

 Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier equipment and persons using them against high voltages and currents on the lines.  Reflections are produced on spur lines connected to high voltage lines. This increases attenuation and creates other problems.  High voltage lines have transformer corrections, attenuation carrier currents. Sub-station equipments adversely affect the carrier currents.  Noise introduced by power lines is far more than in case of telephone lines. This is due to the noise generated by discharge across insulators, corona and switching processes.
It is obvious that an effective power lines carrier system must overcome these and many other difficulties.

Precautions & Maintenance

 All connections should be thoroughly checked.  The control circuit boards should be inserted far firmly in their respective sockets before energizing the battery charger.  All mounting bolts/screws should be checked before energizing as loose mounting will cause vibrations.  The charger should be switched off once i n every month and the connections and mounting should be checked.  The battery terminals should be connected first and the AC input after that.

Conclusion
Companies used Power Line Communication to maintain power grid due to past low data rate communication needs. High data-rate communication over lowtension lines is one of the major applications in new technologies. Power Line Carrier Communication offers symmetric as well as two way communication along with a permanent connection. Load management and meter reading from a distance are the two Primary motivations for Power line communications in future. In Automatic Meter Reading electronic data that is the meter reading is transmitted over power lines from a distant place back to the subs tation where the reading has to be noted, then the reading is relayed to a central computer in the utility's main office. Hence this would be considered a type of fixed network system. In today world power-line-communication is being used for many applicat ions to control various systems such as street lighting or energy management systems. In homes the so called " baby-phones" are very popular in which power line communication is used in which low quality analogue voice signals is transmitted through a 230V mains wiring. In comparison to the old analogue systems used for communications, digital data which is transferred using the power-line as communication media is a very useful alternative for domestic applications, particularly for devices which are alread y connected to the mains (e.g. washing machines or refrigerators, linked together for energy management). Power line communication saves the biggest part of installation costs if it is used in buildings where electric wiring is already present hence no need for wiring separately for communication. Hence power line communication meets the customers needs for low cost. Indoor power line communication should not be mixed with outdoor power Line communications as both are different from one another regarding the availability. The indoor power line communication is capable to transmit information at a rate of 2400bps (bits per second) at a very low cost. For domestic applications this rate of data transmission is good enough as in most of the cases in domestic applications the devices have to transmit only control signals such as on/off, dimming values etc.

References
 Manual of battery charger (R.S.E.B)  www.wikipedia.org  www.scribd.com/doc/plcc