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VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT ON

GENERATOR AND ITS EXCITATION SYSTEM
AT NTPC LIMITED RIHAND SUPER THERMAL POWER PROJECT, RIHAND NAGAR SONEBHADRA (U.P.)

PREPARED BY:NAME: KESHAB MOHAN 0801801186 ROLL NO: BRANCH: ELECTRICAL ENGINNERING (4RTH YEAR) VT BATCH: - 2011, MAY

COLLEGE: - TEMPLECITY INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING BBSR, ORISSA,

Rihand Super Thermal Power Project National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.

CERTIFICATE
TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that MR.KESHAB MOHAN Vocational Trainee-2011 (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING) of the National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd., has successfully completed a project on GENERATOR

AND ITS

EXCITAION SYSTEM as a partial fulfillment towards

completion of the Vocational Training at NTPC-Rihand from 20th June to 11th July 2011.

Mr.R.N.SINGH (Training Coordinator)

Mr.B.V.V.S.GANESH (Dy. Supdt. EMD) (Project guide)

Mr.A.M.TIWARI (AGM EMD)

CONTENTS
1. Acknowledgement

2. Abstract 3. NTPC at a glance 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Overview of organization

3.3 Vision 3.4 Mission 3.5 Core value 3.6 Corporate Mission 3.7 History

3 4 5
5 5 5 7 7 7 8 15 16 23 23 23 25 28 31 31 31 32 33 39 45 46

4. Rihand Super Thermal Power Project 5. Power plant overview 6. Generator

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Introduction Theory Constructions Characteristics and specification

7. Generator excitation system

7.1 Introductions 7.2 Principal 7.3 Theories 7.4 Description 7.5 AVR

8. Conclusion 9. Bibliography

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure in presenting this project. It is my pleasant privileges to thank all those who helped me in molding and shaping my project. Without their guidance, corporation and Best wishes it would not have been possible for me to complete Training and report satisfactorily I express my thank to MR. A.M.TIWARI (AGM EMD) For all those valuable support throughout the training period and for successful completion of this report. I express my sincere thank to MR.T.K.NANDI (DGM C&I) Whose selected views, moral support and proper guidance have helped me in bringing out this project report in a schedule time and with a nice get up. I am extremely thankful to Mr.B.V.V.S.GANESH (Dy. Supdt. EMD) for his guidance and support during the project preparation. I also take this opportunity to acknowledge continuous support and assistance offered by the members of employee development center, in the course of training period. I would like to convey my gratitude towards Mr. Milan Kumar (DGM HR/EDC) & Mr. R.N.Singh (officer HR/ EDC) For there valuable time and contribution in making the training classes actually a learning class. Finally, I am very thankful to our family, relative and friends who supported me to undertake and complete this report successfully. A big thanks to all those who helped me sparing time even through their busy schedule and for being kind enough to help me whenever needed them. Last but not the least; I thank Almighty God for his blessings.

ABSTRACT
Generator excitation system is the method of supplying field to the rotor of an alternator. Based on how the field is supplied to the rotor they are mainly classified as brushless and static (with brush and slip rings) excitation system. Excitation system is the heart of an alternator, without which there will be no be voltage buildup. With control of excitation voltage we can supply both reactive and active power to the load by referring the capability curve of an alternator. Static excitation systems are simple and cheaper and can be used in small alternators. Due to presence of carbon brushes and slip rings wear and tear happens. Although carbon are good conductors and have good polishing nature but still at the contact, sparks occurs .It required periodical maintenance and replacement of brushes. Whereas in brushless excitation system,it purely works in induction principle. There is no physical contact with the rotor. DC supply is fed to the main exciter and with induction principle a 3 current is induced in the exciter. In the rotor itself a rectifier diode wheel is mounted, which converts the 3 AC supply to DC supply. IN the rectifier diode wheel there are diodes protected by fuses, which converts AC to DC. For control of DC voltage fed to stator AVR technology is used. AVR stand for AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR. In this method a permanent magnets are fixed in the rotor, when the rotor start to rotate a 3 voltage is induced in the stator of pilot exciter which is fed to the AVR panels. There it is rectified to DC by controlling the firing angle of the thyristers. In AVR a closed loop control is present which adjust the firing angle of the thyristers according to load variation. In this complete report we will go through various aspects of excitation system, and we will try having an overall idea about excitation system and how it works.

NTPC AT A GLANCE
INTRODUCTION
NTPC, India's largest power company, was set up in 1975 to accelerate power development in India. It is emerging as an Integrated Power Major , with a significant presence in the entire value chain of power generation business. NTPC ranked 317th in the year 2009 in Forbes Global 2000 ranking of the, World s biggest companies. With a current generating capacity of 31,704 MW, NTPC has embarked on plans to become a 75,000 MW company by 2017.

Overview of Organization:India s largest power company, NTPC was set up in 1975 to accelerate power development in India. NTPC is emerging as a diversified power major with presence in the entire value chain of the power generation business. Apart from power generation, which is the mainstay of the company, NTPC has already ventured into consultancy, power trading, ash utilization and coal mining. NTPC ranked 317th in the year 2009, in Forbes Global 2000 ranking of the World s biggest companies. The total installed capacity of the company is 31,704 MW (including JVs) with 15 coal based and 7 gas based stations, located across the country. In addition under JVs, 3 stations are coal based & another station uses naphtha/LNG as fuel. By 2017, the power generation portfolio is expected to have a diversified fuel mix with coal based capacity of around 53000 MW, 10000 MW through gas, 9000 MW through Hydro generation, about 2000 MW from nuclear sources and around 1000 MW from Renewable Energy Sources (RES). NTPC has adopted a multi-pronged growth strategy in which includes capacity addition through green field projects, expansion of existing stations, joint ventures, subsidiaries and takeover of stations. NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels. Although the company has 18.10% of the total national capacity it contributes 28.60% of total power generation due to its focus on high efficiency.

In October 2004, NTPC launched its Initial Public Offering (IPO) consisting of 5.25% as fresh issue and 5.25% as offer for sale by Government of India. NTPC thus became a listed company in November 2004 with the government holding 89.5% of the equity share capital. The rest is held by Institutional Investors and the Public. The issue was a resounding success. NTPC is among the largest five companies in India in terms of market capitalization.

VISION:A world class integrated power major, powering India s growth, with increasing global presence.

MISSION:Develop and provide power, related products and services at competitive prices, integrating multiple energy sources with innovative and eco-friendly technologies and contribute to society.

CORE VALUE (B-COMIT):y Business Ethics y Customer Focus y Organizational & Professional Pride y Mutual Respect & Trust y Innovation & speed y Total Quality for Excellence

CORPORATE MISSION:y Develop and provide reliable power, y Related products and services y At complete prices, y Integrating multiple energy sources with y Innovative and eco-Friendly y Technology and contribute to society.

History of NTPC Ltd.

1975 y Incorporated on November. 1976 y Shri D.V. Kapur took over on March 19 as the first Chairman, & Managing Director of NTPC. y On December 8, the Government of India cleared NTPC s first Pithead super thermal power project at Singrauli in Uttar Pradesh. y The authorized share capital of the Company was Rs.125 crore. 1977 y NTPC acquired the first patch of land at Singrauli in September y The first batch of executive trainees joined the company. y The first major contract of Rs57.5 million was awarded for site leveling work at Singrauli in June. 1978 y Takeover of management of the Badarpur project. y Implementation of Korba and Ramagundam Projects cleared by the Government of India in January and February respectively. y Late Shri Morarji Desai, the then Prime Minister of India, laid the foundation stone for Ramagundam Project on November 14th.. y Construction of the transmission network Singrauli-Korba-Kanpur of 400 systems started. 1979 y Government of India approved the implementation of Farakka Project in March. y The authorized share capital of the company rose from Rs125 crore to Rs300 crore. 1980 y Former Soviet Union offered to assist in setting up of power stations. Vindhyachal was identified as the first project for such assistance. y The authorized share capital was raised from Rs300 crore to Rs800 Cores in June.

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1981 y Dr. Shankar Deyol Sharma, the then President of India visited Singrauli in 1981 as Chairman of the Estimate Committee of Parliament Members. y Farakka Super Thermal Power Project in West Bengal was the fourth among the first series of four super thermal power project taken up by NTPC. On December 29.late Smt. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, laid the foundation stone for the Project. y On December 25, the fifth and last unit of 200 MW at Badarpur Thermal Power Station was synchronized by NTPC, making the completion of the 720 MW project. 1982 y The first 200 MW unit at Singrauli was commissioned y The first direct foreign currency borrowing for NTPC- consortium of foreign banks led by the Standard Chartered Merchant bank extended a loan of GBP 298.41 million for the Rihand project. y Power management institute. Delhi, a centre for education establishment. y On November 12, Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then prime minister of India laid the foundation stone for Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Project in Madhya Pradesh. 1983 y On march 1, the first 200MW unit of Korba Super Thermal Power Project was commissioned in a record time of 48 months after the placement of order for the main plant equipment y Another significant achievement was the supply of uninterrupted power from Badarpur during Asian Games and Non-Aligned Meet held at Delhi in 1983 y Ramagundam became operational on November 26 by commissioning its first 200MW Unit. In the very first year of its commercial operation, NTPC earned a profit of Rs.4.51 crore in the financial year 1982-83 1984 y The transmission line based on HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) technology. Commissioned for power transmission from Rihand to Delhi. y Singrauli project received a World Bank loan USD 150 million through the Government of India.

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1985 y This year market completion of a decade (1975-1985) of NTPC s existence. NTPC achieved a generating capacity of 2000 MW each at its various projects in the country y In December 85, the Government of India approved the setting up of three gasbased combined-cycle projects by NTPC at Kawas in Gujrat, Auraiya in Uttar Pradesh and Anta in Rajasthan. For these projects, the World Bank agreed to provide US$ 485 million, which was the largest single loan in the history of bank. y Shri. A.W. Clausen, World Bank President visited Singrauli. y Synchronization of its 500 MW unit at Singrauli y Became one odf the PSUs to issue bonds in the debt market y NTPC launched its maiden public issue bonds and raised a total of Rs.166.37 crore. This issue was over-subscribed by percent. 1987 y Crossed the 5000 MW installed capacity mark y Korba also entered the 500 MW phase by synchronizing its first 500 MW unit on May 31st 1988 y Raised first syndicated Japanese loan of 30 billion JPY y Rihand entered the Operation phase by commissioning its first 500 MW unit on March 31st y The first 500MW unit of Ramagundam was commissioned on June 26th 1989 y Consultancy division launched y First unit (88 MW) of first based combined cycle power plant at Anta. Rajasthan commissioned 1990 y Total installed capacity crossed 10000 MW 1991 y Vindhyachal recorded completion of stage 1 activities by synchronizing its sixth and last 210 MW unit in February y The first unit NCPP (Dadri) was commissioned on December 21st

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1982 y Acquisition by the Company of feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Station (2x210MW) from utter Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam of Uttar Pradesh y Pursuant to legislation by the Parliament of India, the transmission systems owned by the company was transferred to Power Grid Corporation of India Limited 1993 y For the first time IBRD extended direct loan of USD 400 million under time slice concept for its projects 1994 y Crossed 15000 MW of installed capacity y Declared a divided of Rs.65 crore for the first time y Jhanor-Gandhar (Gujarat) becomes the first thermal power station to have commissioned an integrated Liquid Waste treatment plant (LWTP) 1995 y NTPC celebrated 20 years (1975-1995) of existence. Various programs were organized to mark its twentieth anniversary y A new logo was adopted y On June 3rd, NTPC formally took over the 460 MW thermal Power Stations from Orissa State Electricity Board y On July 25th, the campus of Power Management Institute (pm) was inaugurated by Shri. N.K.P. Salve, union minister of Power 1996 y Continuous running of sixth unit (20MW) OF Ramagundam for 406 days for the first time in India y PLF of Talcher Thermal reached 43.7% from 18.7% at the time of takeover 1997 y Identified by the Government as one of the Maharatna public sector undertaking y Achieved 100 billion units generation in one year y A consortium of foreign banks led by Sumitomo Bank. Honk Kong extended foreign currency loan of 5 billion Japanese Yen for the first time without GOI guarantee

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1998 y Commissioned the first Naphtha based plant at Kayamkulam with a capacity of 350 MW 1990 y Dadri Thermal Power Project, Uttar Pradesh adjudged the best in India with a PLF of 96.12% y Dadri, Uttar Pradesh certified with ISO-14001 on October 7th 2000 y Commenced of a first hydro-electric power project of 80 MW capacity in Himachal Pradesh. 2001 y Main plant turns key package of Rihand Stage II (2X500 MW) and Ramagundan Stage III (IX 500 MW) were awarded to BHEL in August. 2002 y There wholly owned subsidiaries of NTPC viz. NTPC Electric Supply Company Limited, NTPC Hydro Limited and NTPC Vidyut Nigam Limited incorporated y Crossed the 20000 MW installed capacity mark 2003 y Raised founds through bonds (Series XIIITH & XIVTH) for prepayment of high cost GOI loans y Main dam work of Koldam was awarded to Italian Thai Development in December 2004 y NTPC become a listed company y Awarded contract for the first Super Critical Thermal Power Plant at Sipat NTPC s Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Station achieved a record PLF of 87.43% in current year, up from 18.02% in February 92 when it was taken over by NTPC LIC expected credit facility of Rs.70 billion,Rs.40 billion was in the form of unsecured loans and Rs.30 billion in the form of bonds y NTPC made its debit issue of euro bonds amounting to USO 200 million in the international market

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2005 y NTPC received the international Project Management Award, 2005 for its Simhadri project at the International Associated World Congress. NTPC became the only Asian Company to receive this award y NTPC was ranked as the third Great Place to work for in India for Second time in succession by a survey conducted by Grow Talent and Business World 2005 y The company, name changed to NTPC Ltd 2006 y For the fourth consecutive year, NTPC continued to realize 100% of current bills y On June 1 the Badarpur Thermal Power Stations with an installed capacity of 705 MW was transferred to NTPC by the Government of India y Another 740 MW was added through its Joint Ventures, Ratnagiri Gas and Power Private Limited. Dabhol. this taking installed capacity of the NTPC group to 27904 MW y MDA with Govt. of Sri Lanka and Ceylon Electricity Board for development of 2 x 250 MW Coal based power project at Trinconmalee in Sri Lanka y Energy Technology Center set up with the mandate of being a world class research institute 2007 y Ministry of coal, Government of India granted in-principle approval for allocation of a new coal block, namely, Chhati Bariatu South to NTPC. Subject to the condition stipulated in the approval letter. The share of reserves was indicated as 35 Million tones. y Tripartite agreement signed with the Government of Assam. Assam Power Generating Co. Ltd. and NTPC for transfer of existing plant at Bongaigaon and to set up a new plant of 750 MW with 3 units of 250 MW each. y 765 KV switchyard transmission system energized at sipat, the largest in the country 2008 y Joint Venture Company under the name National Power Exchange Limited was incorporated on 11th December 2008 with NTPC Ltd.PFC Ltd., and TCS Ltd., to operate Power Exchange at national level. y NTPC was ranked number 1 in the Best World Places for Large Organization and number 8 overall for the year 2008 by Great Places to World Institute s India chapter in collaboration with the Economic Time.

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2009 y 500 MW Unit VI of Sipat brought under commercial generation y NTPC has achieved the highest ever signal day generation of 655.22 MUs on 2nd March, 2009 with highest ever single day coal based generation of 579.02 MUs. 2010 y MAHARATNA STATUS TO NTPC ON 20.05.2010 Government of India, Department Of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises wide Office Memorandum dated 19th May, 2010 has conveyed grant of Maharatna status to NTPC apart from three other Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs). Since, presently NTPC has requisite number of non-official Directors on its Board, therefore, only NTPC is eligible to exercise delegated Maharatna powers. Against earlier limit of Rs.1000 crore. The exercise of Maharatna powers would be subject to the same conditions and guidelines as laid down by the Government in respect of Navratna CPSEs from time to time. Consequent upon grant of Maharatna status, the Board of Directors of NTPC shall be, inter-alia, empowered to make equity investment to establish financial joint ventures and wholly-owned subsidiaries and undertake mergers & acquisitions, in India or abroad, subject to a ceiling of 15% of the net worth, limited to Rs.5000 crore in one project as NTPC, the largest power generating company of the country, presently has an installed capacity of over 31000 MW. NTPC presently operates over 26 power stations. Currently over 17,000 MW capacity is under construction at 19 projects in 12 states and NTPC plans to become a 75 GW by 2017.

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ABOUT RIHAND SUPER THERMAL POWER PROJECT

Address:

P.O. Rihand Nagar, Dist. Sonebhadra, Uttar Pradesh. Pin 231223. STD-05446)-242020-21 242115 3000 MW Stage I: 1000 MW (by NEI) Stage II: 1000 MW (by BHEL)

Telephone: Fax: Approved Capacity: Installed Capacity:

Location: Coal Sources:

Sonebhadra, Utter Pradesh Amlori Mines & Expansion Mines Rihand Reservoir Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh. Rs.2387.40 Cr. (Stage-I) Rs.3451.97 Cr. (Stage-II) 4 x 500 MW Unit-I 500 MW March 1988 Unit-II 500 MW July 1989 Unit-III 500 MW January 2005 Unit-IV 500 MW September 2005 Stage III, 1320 MW (660 MW x 2) Unit V& VI, 2009(by BHEL) Dudhichua & Amlori

Water Sources: Beneficiary Status:

Approved Investment: Unit Sizes: Units Commissioned:

Under Project:

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POWER PLANT OVERVIEW

A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy. However, power plant is the most common term in the United States, while power station prevails in many Commonwealth countries and especially in the Kingdom. Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric power plants, waste incineration plants as well as many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in a combined cycle plant that improves overall efficiency. Such power stations are most usually constructed on a very large scale and designed for continuous operation.

HISTORY:Reciprocating steam engines have been used for mechanical power sources since the 18th Century, with notable improvements being made by James Watt. The very first commercial central electrical generating stations in New York and London, in 1882, also used reciprocating steam engines. As generator sizes increased, eventually turbines took over due to higher efficiency and lower cost of construction. By the 1920's any central station larger than a few thousand kilowatts would use a turbine prime mover.

EFFICENCY:The electric efficiency of a conventional thermal power station, considered as saleable energy produced at the plant bus bars compared with the heating value of the fuel consumed, is typically 33 to 48% efficient, limited as all heat engines are by the laws of thermodynamics (see Carnot cycle).The rest of the energy must leave the plant in the form of heat. This waste heat can be disposed of with cooling water or in cooling towers. If the waste heat is instead utilized for e.g. district heating, it is called cogeneration. An important class of thermal power station is associated with desalination facilities; these are typically found in desert countries with large supplies of natural gas and in these plants, freshwater production and electricity are equally important co-products.

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Since the efficiency of the plant is fundamentally limited by the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the steam at turbine input and output, efficiency improvements require use of higher temperature, and therefore higher pressure, steam. Historically, other working fluids such as mercury have been experimentally used in a mercury vapor turbine power plant, since these can attain higher temperatures than water at lower working pressures. However, the obvious hazards of toxicity, and poor heat transfer properties, have ruled out mercury as a working fluid.

TYPICAL DIAGRAM OF A COAL-FIRED THERMAL POWER STATION

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Name of the different parts of above diagram:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cooling tower Cooling water pump Three phase transmission line Step-up transformer Electrical generator Low pressure steam turbine Coal hopper Coal pulverizer Boiler steam drum Bottom ash hopper Super heater Forced draught (draft) fan 21 Reheater 22 Combustion air intake steam 23 Economizer 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught (draft) fan 27 Flue gas stack 15 16 17 18 19 20

Boiler feed water pump Surface condenser Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam control valve 11 High pressure steam turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed water heater 14 Coal conveyor

STEAM GENERATOR:OUTLINE:-

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Above diagram is the Schematic representation of typical coal-fired power plant steam generator highlighting the air preheater (APH) location? (For simplicity, any radiant section tubing is not shown.)The steam generating boiler has to produce steam at the high purity, pressure and temperature required for the steam turbine that drives the electrical generator. The generator includes the economizer, the steam drum, the chemical dosing equipment, and the furnace with its steam generating tubes and the super heater coils. Necessary safety valves are located at suitable points to avoid excessive boiler pressure. The air and flue gas path equipment include: forced draft (FD) fan, air pre heater (APH), boiler furnace, induced draft (ID) fan, fly ash collectors (electrostatic precipitator or bag house) and the flue gas stack. For units over about 200 MW capacity, redundancy of key components is provided by installing duplicates of the FD fan, APH, fly ash collectors and ID fan with isolating dampers. On some units of about 60 MW, two boilers per unit may instead be provided.

CONDENSER:-

The condenser generally uses either circulating cooling water from a cooling tower to reject waste heat to the atmosphere, or once-through Water from river or lake.

RANKINE CYCLE:Rankine cycle diagram with a two-stage steam turbine and a single feed water heater is shown below.

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In the case of a conventional steam-electric power plant utilizing a drum boiler, the surface condenser removes the latent heat of vaporization from the steam as it changes states from vapor to liquid. The heat content in the steam is referred to as Enthalpy. The condensate pump then pumps the condensate water through a feed water heater. The feed water heating equipment then raises the temperature of the water by utilizing extraction steam from various stages of the turbine. Preheating the feed water reduces the irreversibility involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid thermal shock to the boiler metal when the feed water is introduced back into the steam cycle.

SUPER HEATER:As the steam is conditioned by the drying equipment inside the drum, it is piped from the upper drum area into an elaborate set up of tubing in different areas of the boiler. The area is known as superheater or Reheater. The steam vapor picks up energy and its temperature is now superheated above the saturation temperature.

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The superheated Steam is then piped through the main steam lines to the valves of the high pressure turbine.

DEAERATOR:-

A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feed water should be devoid of air and other dissolved gases, particularly corrosive ones, in order to avoid corrosion of the metal. Generally, power stations use a Deaerator to provide for the removal of air and other dissolved gases from the boiler feed water. A Deaerator typically includes a vertical, domed deaeration section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel which serves as the deaerated boiler feed water storage tank. There are many different designs for a Deaerator and the designs will vary from one manufacturer to another. The adjacent diagram depicts a typical conventional trayed Deaerator. If operated properly, most Deaerator manufacturers will guarantee that oxygen in the deaerated water will not exceed 7 ppb by weight (0.005 cm/L).

AUXILIARY SYSTEMS:OIL SYSTEM:An auxiliary oil system pump is used to supply oil at the start-up of the steam turbine generator. It supplies the hydraulic oil system required for steam turbine's main inlet steam stop valve, the governing control valves, the bearing and seal oil systems, the relevant hydraulic relays and other mechanisms. At a preset speed of the turbine during start-ups, a pump driven by the turbine main shaft takes over the functions of the auxiliary system.

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GENERATOR COOLING:The two-pole generator uses direct water cooling for the stator winding, phase connectors and bushings and direct hydrogen cooling for the rotor winding. The losses in the remaining generator components, such as iron losses, windage losses and stray losses, are also dissipated through hydrogen. The generator frame is pressure-resistant and gastight and equipped with one stator end shield on each side. The hydrogen coolers are arranged vertically inside the turbine end stator end shield. The heat losses arising in the generator interior are dissipated to the secondary coolant (raw water, condensate etc.) through hydrogen and primary water. Direct cooling essentially eliminates hot spots and differential temperatures between adjacent components which could result in mechanical stresses, particularly to the copper conductors, insulation, rotor body and stator core.

GENERATOR HIGH VOLTAGE SYSTEM:The generator voltage ranges from 11 kV in smaller units to 22 kV in larger units. The generator high voltage leads are normally large aluminum channels because of their high current as compared to the cables used in smaller machines. They are enclosed in well-grounded aluminum bus ducts and are supported on suitable insulators. The generator high voltage channels are connected to step-up transformers for connecting to a high voltage electrical substation (of the order of 110 kV or 220 kV or 400 kV) for further transmission by the local power grid. Thus, the steam turbine generator and the transformer form one unit.

OTHER SYSTEM:TRANSPORTATION OF COAL FUEL AND TO STORAGE:Most thermal stations use coal as the main fuel. Raw coal is transported from coal mines to a power station site by trucks, barges, bulk cargo ships or railway cars. Generally, when shipped by railways, the coal cars are sent as a full train of cars. The coal received at site may be of different sizes. The railway cars are unloaded at site by rotary dumpers or side tilt dumpers to tip over onto conveyor belts below. The coal is generally conveyed to crushers who crush the coal to about inch (6 mm) size. The crushed coal is then sent by belt conveyors to a storage pile. Normally, the crushed coal is compacted by bulldozers, as compacting of highly volatile coal avoids spontaneous ignition. The crushed coal is conveyed from the storage pile to silos or hoppers at the boilers by another belt conveyor system.

MONITORING AND ALARM SYSTEM:Most of the power plant operational controls are automatic. However, at times, manual intervention may be required. Thus, the plant is provided with monitors and alarm systems that alert the plant operators when certain operating parameters are seriously deviating from their normal range.

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BATTERY SUPPLIED EMERGENCY LIGHTING&COMMUNICATION:A central battery system consisting of lead acid cell units is provided to supply emergency electric power, when needed, to essential items such as the power plant's control systems, communication systems, turbine lube oil pumps, and emergency lighting. This is essential for a safe, damage-free shutdown of the units in an emergency situation.

GENERATOR
INTRODUCTION:Generators are the AC machines that convert mechanical energy to AC electrical Energy. The fundamentals principals of AC machine are very simple, but they are somewhat obstructed by the complicated construction of real machines. For generation purpose of bulk power synchronous generators are used, in which magnetic field current is supplied by a separate dc power source. The field circuits of most synchronous machines are located in rotor circuits.

THEROY:Field and conductors are main two components necessary of power generation. In a conductor voltage can be generated either by making varying field linking stationary coil or by moving coil cuts stationary field. In synchronous generators or also refers as alternators we made the field varying w.r.t time where as the coil are made stationary. In Alternators we have field windings at rotor and armature windings at stator part. Connecting the rotor shaft to prime mover and rotating it at high speed leads to voltage induce in stator coil that is according to faradays law of electromagnetic principal when a time varying flux links a conductors its induces a voltage in that conductors .

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In the above fig. a rotating rotor with a sinusoidal distributed magnetic field in the center of a stationary coil. We will assume that the magnitude of the flux density vector B in the air gap between the rotor and the stator varies sinusoidally with mechanical angle. The direction of B is always radially outward. If is the angle measured from the direction of the peak rotor flux density, then the magnitude of the flux density vector B at a point around is given by

B = B m
Since the rotor itself rotating within the stator at an angular velocity m, the Magnitude of the flux density vector Bat any angle around the stator is given by

B= Bm
The equation for the induced voltage in a wire is

= (vB).L
Where

v=velocity of the wire relative to the magnetic field B=magnetic flux density vector L=length of the conductor in the magnetic field

If three coils each of Nc turns, are placed around the rotor magnetic field as shown in fig below, then the voltage induced in each of them will be the same in magnitude but will differ in phase by 120 degree. The resulting voltages in each three coils are

(t) = Nc bb (t) = NC
aa cc (t)




= NC

Therefore a uniform rotating magnetic field in a machine rotor can generate three phase set of voltage in a stator of alternator.

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CONSTRUCTION:There are two main parts of alternators stator and rotor. Stator is having armature winding and rotor is having field winding.

STATOR:1. Stator Frame:The stator frame consists of a cylindrical center Section and two end shields which are gas-tight and pressure-resistant. The stator end shields are joined and sealed to the stator frame with an O-ring and bolted flange connection. The stator frame accommodates the electricity active parts of the stator, i.e., the stator core and the stator windings. Both the gas ducts and a large number of welded circular ribs provide for the rigidity of the stator frame. Ring-shaped supports for resilient core suspensions are arranged between the circular ribs. In addition, the stator end shields contain the shaft seal and bearing components. Feet are welded to the stator frame and end shields to support the stator on the foundation. The stator is firmly connected to the foundation with anchor bolts through the feet. 2. Stator Core:The stator core is stacked from insulated electrical sheet-steel laminations and mounted in supporting rings over insulated dovetailed guide bars. Axial compression of the stator core is obtained by clamping fingers; pressure Plates, and non-magnetic through-type clamping bolts, which are insulated from the core. The supporting rings form part of an inner frame cage. This cage is suspended in the outer frame by a large number of separate flat springs distributed over the entire core length. The flat springs are tangentially arranged on the circumference in sets with three springs each, i.e. two vertical supporting springs on both sides of the core and one horizontal stabilizing spring below the core. The springs are so arranged and tuned that forced vibrations of the core resulting from the magnetic Field will not be transmitted to the frame and foundation. The pressure plates and end portions of the stator core are effectively shielded against stray magnetic fields. The flux shields are cooled by a flow of hydrogen gas directly over the assembly.

STATOR WINDING:1. Construction:Stator bars, phase connectors and bushings are designed for direct water cooling. In order to minimize the stray losses, the bars are composed of separately insulated strands which are transposed by 540 in the slot portion and bending, the end turns are likewise bonded together with baked synthetic resin fillers. The bars consist of hollow and solid strands distributed over the entire bar cross-section so that good heat dissipation is ensured.

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At the bar ends, all the solid strands are jointly brazed into a connecting sleeve and the hollow strands into a water box from which the cooling water enters and exits via Teflon insulating connection between top and bottom bars is made by a bolted connection at the connecting sleeve. The water manifolds are insulated from the stator frame, permitting the insulation resistance of the water filled winding to be measured. During operation, the water manifolds are grounded. 2. Micalastic High-Voltage Insulation:High-voltage insulation is provided according to the proven Micalastic system. With this insulating system, several half-overlapped continuous layers of mica tape are applied to the bars. The mica tape is built up from large area mica splitting which are sandwiched between two polyester backed fabric layers with epoxy as an adhesive. The number of layers, i.e., the thickness of the insulation depends on the machine voltage. The bars are dried under vacuum and impregnated with epoxy resin which has very good penetration properties due to its low viscosity. After impregnation under vacuum, the bars are subjected to pressure, with nitrogen being used as pressurizing medium (VPI process). The impregnated bars are formed to the required shape in molds and cured in an oven at high temperature. 3. Bar Support System:To protect the stator winding against the effects of magnetic forces due to load and to ensure permanent firms eating of the bars in the slots during operation, the bars are inserted with a top ripple spring located beneath the slot wedge. The gaps between the bars in the stator end windings are completely filled with insulating material which in turn is fully supported by the frame.

ROTOR:1. Rotor Shaft:The rotor shaft is a single-piece solid forging manufactured from a vacuum casting. Slots for insertion of the field winding are milled into the rotor body. The longitudinal slots poles are obtained. The rotor poles are designed with transverse slots to reduce twice system frequency rotor vibrations caused by deflections in the direction of the pole and neutral axis. To ensure that only high-quality forgings are used, strength tests, material analysis and ultrasonic tests are performed during manufacture of the rotor. After completion, the rotor is balanced in various planes at different speeds and then subjected to an over speed test at 120% of rated for two minutes. 2. Rotor Winding:The rotor winding consists of several coils which are inserted into the slots and series connected such that two coil groups form one pole. Each coil consists of several series connected turns, each of which consists of two half turns which are connected by brazing in the end section.

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The rotor winding consists of silver-bearing deoxidized copper hollow conductors with two lateral cooling ducts. L-shaped strips of laminated epoxy glass fiber fabric with Nomex filler are used for slot insulation. The slot wedges are made of high-conductivity material and extend below the shrunk seat of the retaining ring. The seat of the retaining ring is silver-plated to ensure a good electrical contact between the slot wedges and rotor retaining rings. This system has long proved to be a good damper winding.
3. Retaining Rings:The centrifugal forces of the rotor end windings are contained by single-piece rotor retaining rings. The retaining rings are made of non-magnetic high-strength steel in order to reduce stray losses. Each retaining ring with its shrink fitted Insert ring is shrunk onto the rotor body in an over hung position. The retaining ring is secured in the axial position by a snap ring. 4. Field Connections:The field current is supplied to the rotor winding through radial terminal bolts and two semi circular conductors located in the hollow bores of the exciter and Rotor shafts. The field current leads are connected to the exciter leads at the exciter coupling with Multikontakt plug-in contact which allow for unobstructed thermal expansion f the field current leads.

VARIOUS PARTS OF GENERATOR:-

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CHARACTERISTICS AND SPECIFICATION:TURBINE ARRANGEMENT:-

GENERATOR SPECIFICATION:-

The above specifications are for generators of unit 3 and 4(stage 2).stage 1 is manufactured by NEI.

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RESISTANCE SPECIFICATION OF GENERATORS:-

GENERATOR CAPABILITY CURVE:Variation in system voltage:Variation in system voltage: Voltage drop through system components such as lines and transformers is minimal. Generators may be required to operate with reduced field current, consuming excess Vars from the system. High load Periods: The increased voltage drop caused by flow of Watts and Vars through highly inductive components, causes system voltage to fall The voltage drop caused by an amp of reactive current is greater than that caused by an amp of real current. The system voltage regulation is amplified by the reactive characteristic of the long high voltage (HV) transmission lines. At peak system load, generators operate near full field current, supplying Vars to support system voltage. When the system is in normal configuration, a portion of the generators reactive capability should be held in reserve to boost voltage in the event of a forced outage of a major tie line or generator. Generator capability curve: Nameplate rating defines only one limiting point of operation for the machine. A reduction in MVAR output would allow some increase in MW output and a reduction in MW would allow higher MVAR output.

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L a g g in g (O

These allowable variations are defined by the generator capability curve which defines the Watt/Var (P/Q) operating limit as a function of coolant pressure. The actual coolant pressure for an operating unit is often less than the design maximum pressure Capability curve is normally plotted at the rated terminal voltage for the generator Capability curve is a composite of three distinct limits as shown in the figure:S a m p le G e n e ra to r C a p a b ility C u rv e 0 .8
A

M V A R (P U )

0 .6 0 .4

0 .8 5 P F

0 .2 0 -0 .2 -0 .4 -0 .6 D
T e r m in a l V o lt a g e = 1 . 0 P U C 0 .9 P F

L e a d in g (U n d e re x c ite d )

-0 .8

0 .2

0 .4 M W

0 .6 (P U )

0 .8

Three distinct sections of the capability curve:Right hand section (B-C): It represents the limit imposed by the ampere rating of the stator winding Top section (A-B): The ampere rating of the field winding limits the output of Vars into the power system termed as lagging Vars Bottom section (C-D): It defines the maximum Vars the generator can consume from the power system termed as leading Vars.  This limit is the result of heating in the end laminations of the stator core which is caused by the flux that flares from the end of the stator when the generator is operating at low field current

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GENERATOR EXCITATION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION:Creating and strengthening the magnetic field of the generator by passing DC through the filed winding is called excitation system. Why it is required? With large alternators in the power system, excitation plays a vital role in the management of voltage profile and reactive power in the grid thus ensuring Stability

PRINCIPLE:The Alternator is working on the principle of Fleming s right Hand rule. As the rule says, When a motional conductor is placed in a magnetic field (direction of motion is perpendicular to the magnetic field), then an induced emf is produced, which circulate a current in the close loop of the motional conductor. Voltage is generated when a coil of wire is moved through a magnetic field. It doesn t matter whether the coil is moving or the magnetic field is moving. Either Configuration works equally well or both are used separately or in combination depending on mechanical, electrical and other objectives. In case of alternators the field is present in rotor and armature windings (conductors) are present in the stator.

FORMULA:Stator induced Voltage:-

E = K. L. d / dt Where K = constant L = length exposed to flux d / dt = rate of change of flux

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Frequency of induced Voltage:F = NP / 120 Magnitude of flux decides generated voltage and speed of rotation decides frequency of generated voltage.

THEROY:Magnetic field is produced by wound a coil on rotor slots. Rotor is either cylindrical type or projected pole type. In cylindrical rotor the windings are placed on rotor slots. In projected poles the coil is placed on the rotor projectors

Let us discuss little about types of poles:In synchronous generator there are two types of poles:1. Salient pole. 2. Non salient pole or wound type.

1. Salient pole:The term salient means protruding or striking type and a salient pole is a magnetic pole that sticks out from the surface of the rotor. The construction is shown in the figure below:-

Salient type poles are used in low speed alternators like in hydro generating plant, where the speed of the rotor is very less. These are not very mechanical strong.

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2. Non Salient pole (wound type):A non salient pole is a magnetic pole constructed flush with the surface of the rotor. Non salient pole rotors are normally used fro two and four pole rotors, while salient pole rotors are normally used for rotors with four or more poles. This mechanically more strong and used for high speed rotors like in steam generators. Its construction is shown below:-

*rotors are subjected to changing magnetic field; it is constructed of thin lamination to reduce eddy current loss.

DESCRIPTION:A DC current must be supplied to the field circuit on the rotor. Since the rotor is rotating, a special arrangement is required to get the DC power to its field windings. These are two common approaches to supplying this DC power:1. Supply the DC power from external DC source to the rotor by means of slip rings and brushes. 2. Supply the DC power from a special DC power source mounted directly on the shaft of the synchronous generator.

SLIP RINGS AND BRUSHES:Slip rings are metals rings completely encircling the shaft of a machine but insulated from it .One end of the dc rotor windings is tied to each of the two slip rings on the shaft of the synchronous machine, and a stationary brush rides on each slip ring. A brush is a block of graphite like carbon compound that conducts electricity freely but has very low friction, so that it doesn t wear down the slip ring. If the positive end of a dc voltage source is connected to one brush and the negative end is connected end is connected to the other, then the same dc voltage will be applied to the field windings at all times regardless of the angular position or speed of the rotor.

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Slip rings and brushes create a few problems when they are used to supply DC power to the field windings of a synchronous machine. They increases the amount of maintenance required on the machine, since the brushes must be checked for wear regularly. In addition, brush voltage drop can be the cause of significant power losses on the machines with large field currents. Despite these problems, slip rings and brushes are used on all smaller synchronous machines, because no other method of supplying the DC field current is cost effective.

The above figure shows brushes and gears

BRUSHLESS EXCITER:In all the excitation systems discussed so far, the D.C. power generated or derived from different means is fed to the generator fielded throw brushes to slip ring. The brush gear and slip ring are vital parts that required high maintenance. These are a source of failures, thus they forming week links in the system. With the advent of mechanically robust silicone diode capable of converting A.C. to D.C. at a high power levels, brushless excitation system has become popular and being employed. The basic arrangement of a typical brushless excitation system presently used in BHEL machines are discuss below. This system consists of main components as listed below:1. 3 phase pilot exciter. 2. 3 phase main exciter. 3. Rotating rectifier wheels. 4. Cooler. 5. Control system (AVR).

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Three Phase Pilot Exciter:Three phase pilot exciter has a revolving field with permanent magnet poles. The controlled rectified D.C. is fed to the main exciter field. The induced Three Phases A.C voltage is rectified in the rotating rectifier bridge and is fed to the generator rotor winding through the D.C. leads in the shaft. The pilot exciter has 16 poles. The output is 220V + - 10%, 400 Hz. Ten magnets are housed together in a non magnetic enclosure and this make one pole. These magnets are braced between the hub and external pole shoe with bolts.

Three Phase Main Exciter:Windings are arranged in the stator frame. Laminated magnetic poles are arranged to form the field winding. To measure the exciter current a quadrature axis coil is fitted between two poles. The winding conductors are transposed within the core length, and the end turns of the rotor windings are secured with steel bands. The connections are made at rectifier wheel end. A ring bus formed at the winding end and leads to rotating rectifier wheel are also connected to the same. The complete rotor is shrunk fit on the shaft. The rotor is supported on a journal bearing positioned between the main and the pilot exciters. Lubrication of the bearing is formed from the turbine oil system.

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Rotating Rectifier Wheels:The silicon diodes are arranged on the rectifier wheels in three configurations. The diodes are so made that the contact pressure increases during rotation due to the centrifugal force.

In above figure the rectifier diodes are arranged in the rotor shaft.

EXCITER ROTOR ARRANAGEMENT:-

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Coolers:Because of these properties, hydrogen will extract more heat per unit volume/min. Thus for a given rise of temperature, machine capacity can be increased. It has been estimated that by use of Hydrogen 20% reduction in active construction materials can be affected. At 0.035 kg/cm of hydrogen, machine rating is increased by 22-25% and at 2.109 kg/cm the rating increase is 35%. EXCITER COOLING ARRANGMENT:-

EXCITATION POWER REQUIREMENT:-

Unit capacity MW

Excitation Current at Full Load

Excitation Voltage at full load

Ceiling Volts

200/ 210

2600

310

610

500

6300

600

1000

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DIAGRAMMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF EXCITATION SYSTEM IN ROTOR 1.pilot exciter:-

2.main exciter:-

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BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM (500 MW):-

Control System:Varying the amount of current through the stationary exciter field coils controls the strength of the magnetic field in the exciter. This in turn controls the output from the exciter. The exciter output is fed into the rotating field of the main alternator to supply the magnetic field for it. The strength of the magnetic field in the main alternator then controls its output. The result of all this is that a small current, in the field of the exciter indirectly controls the output of the main alternator. Excitation control is mainly done through the AVR or AVR panel.

AVR:AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic Voltage Regulator. An AVR serves the same function as the voltage regulator in an automobile or the regulator or controller in a home power system. AVR and AVR panel are essential requirements of generators. In all brushes less excitation generators these panels are used.LT generators up to 1MW without synchronizing with grid will use AVR where as generators to be synchronized wit each other or to be synchronized with grid will use AVR panels. Generally all AVR S will work on closed loop control principal i.e. all AVR S will take generator out put voltage as feedback and they will maintain the terminal voltage constant from NO load to FULL load. In LT generators the feedback voltage is 110v i.e. (3.3v/110 V or 6.6KV/110 or 11KV/110) depends upon the generators rating.

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TYPES OF AVR SYSTEM:1. Single channel AVR system:Here we have two controllers one is automatic and the other is manual and both the controllers are fed from the same supply. The AVR senses the circuit parameters through current transformers and voltage transformers and initiates the control action by initiating control pulses, which are amplified and sent to the circuit components. The gate controller is used to vary the firing angle in order to control the field current for excitation. In case of any fault in the automatic voltage regulator the control can be switched on to the manual controller.

2. Dual channel AVR system:Here also we have two controllers in the same manner as the previous case i.e. one automatic voltage controller and one manual controller But here in contrary to the previous case we have different power supply, gate control and pulse amplifier units for each of the controllers. Reliability is more in this case than previous one since a fault in either gate control unit or pulse amplifier or power supply in single channel AVR will cause failure of whole unit, but in dual channel AVR this can be avoided by switching to another channel.

3. Twin channel AVR system:This system almost resembles the dual channel AVR but the only difference is that here we have two automatic voltage regulators instead of one automatic voltage regulator and one manual Voltage regulator This system has an edge over the previous one in the fact that in case of failure in the AVR of the Dual voltage regulator the manual system is switched on and it should be adjusted manually for the required change in the system and if the fault in AVR is not rectified in reasonable time it will be tedious to adjust the manual voltage regulator. In Twin channel AVR both the AVRs sense the circuit parameters separately and switching to other regulator incase of fault is much easier and hence the system is more flexible than the other types. Generally switching to manual regulator is only exceptional cases like faulty operation of AVR or commissioning and maintenance work and hence we can easily manage with one AVR and one manual regulator than two AVRs. So Twin channel AVR is only used in very few cases and generally Dual channel AVR is preferred.

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CONTROL OF AVR:There are mainly two types of control:1. Auto control:The turbine is coupled to the generators rotor, when the turbine is rotated to the rated RPM the rotor is also rotating at its rated RPM and AC exciter winding is also rotating at rated RPM. To the field of exciter when a small DC voltage is fed from the AVR panel it will induce magnetic flux surrounding the field. This magnetic flux is cut by the AC exciter hence the AC voltage is induced in the exciter. This AC voltage is fed to the Rotating diode rectifier assembly to convert three phase AC voltage to the DC voltage. This DC voltage is fed to the main field of the generator; hence the flux is induced surrounding this main field and also this main field is rotating this flux will be cut by stator winding. To produce terminal voltage this terminal voltage is fed to the AVR panel will use this terminal voltage as a power as well as sensing supply. Once the AC supply of 50% is available in the terminal voltage external DC source from the AVR panel will be cuts off and the AVR panel will convert the available AC supply from generator to the DC supply and supplied to the field of exciter. Now the terminal voltage once again increased, once the terminal voltage is reached the regularly level the AVR controls the field supply at this level t maintain constant terminal voltage. If load is applied upon the generator the terminal voltage is automatically reduce which will sense by AVR panel and increases the excitation voltage is automatically reduce which will sense by AVR panel and increases the excitation to maintain the terminal which will sense by AVR panel and increases the excitation to maintain the terminal voltage constant i.e. by increasing os decreasing the load on generator the terminal voltage of the generator will vary hence the AVR panel will sense the variation of terminal voltage and corrects the supply voltage to the field of exciter to maintain terminal voltage constant. This method of operation in AVR is called as AUTO mode operation. 2. Manual control:This mode of operation is used in the event of failure of auto mode (or failure of sensing PT) or while testing of generator. In this mode the AVR panel will not sense the terminal voltage but it will be sensing the field current of the exciter i.e. if suppose the field current is varied it will correct the field current only hence the terminal voltage will vary as the load is varied, hence this mode can t be used for continuous running operation of generator.

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PF or VAR CONTROL MODE:When the generator parallel with grid voltage the power factor will be varied according to the grid voltage variation hence auto power factor controller mode will sense the generator power factor and connects the excitation to maintain constant power factor. Excitation Control

14 12 1 08 06 04 02 0

Ex

L v

Power in per unit

P1 P2 P3 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Power Angle (delta), in degrees

FAULT INDICATIONS:The following alarms are issued from the voltage regulator to the control room. AVR fault AVR automatic change over to MANUAL AVR loss of voltage alarm

LIMITERS:The current feedback is utilized for active and reactive power compensation and for limiters:1. Over excitation limiter:Line voltage drops due to more reactive power requirement, switching operations or faults AVR increases generator excitation to hold the voltage constant Line voltage drops, thermal over loading of generator can result OEL is automatic limitation of generator excitation by lowering the generator voltage (otherwise the set point of generator voltage is reduced in time or the transformation ratio of the GT is to be adjusted).

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OEL permits excitation values above the normal excitation and extended to max excitation (for field forcing) for a limited time, so as to permit the generator to perform the grid stabilization in response to short drops in line voltage When IF >110% of Ifn , the OEL and Field forcing limiter are active 2. under excitation limiter:Function is to correct the reactive power when the excitation current falls below minimum excitation current value required for stable operation of generator Activation of UEL takes over the control from the closed loop voltage control, acting via a max selection The limit characteristic is adjustable (shifted parallel) I reactive ref is compared with the measured I reactive, the error is fed to P- amplifier. When the value drops below the characteristic the amplified diff signal causes the field current to increase For commissioning purpose provision is made to mirror the characteristic in the inductive range, this allowing both the direction in which the control signal acts and the blocking of the set point generators is to be changed 3. Rotor angle limiter:Stable operation rotor angle <90 , for higher degree of stability a further margin of 1012% is normally provided RAL gives the o/p as Permissible I reactive =F (I active) Characteristic is shifted linearly as a function of generator voltage Permissible I reactive is compared with the measured value and is fed to the limit controller when the I reactive achieved value drops below the permissible value then the limiter comes in action. 3. Stator current limiter:During operation at high active power P and / low voltage the stator current of the generator tends to rise beyond its rated value and can cause the thermal overloading of stator, in spite of the action of the UEL. An additional stator current limiting controller acting on the generator excitation is provided as a safe guard against such states of operation. SCL always monitors the stator current measured value for crossing the rated stator current.SCL permits small time over load but comes in action thereafter and influences the effective generator voltage set point- to reduce the Q till the stator current is brought down below the rated value. Change in generator voltage set point is not blocked when SCL active.CL does not operate near the unity PF because near this value any limiter would cause oscillations.

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3. V/F limiter:It is known as over fluxing limiter. It is the protection function for the GT V/F ratio , eddy current , the local eddy current causes thermal over loading of GT. In DVR mode V/F ratio is continuously monitors the limit violation. In case V/F ratio crosses the limit characteristic, the upper limit as the effective AVR set point is reduced as a function of V/F ratio. This limiter is used when it is required to keep the unit operating even in case of substantial frequency drops , for instance in order to prevent complete breakdown of the system, a V/F limiter is used to lower the voltage proportional with frequency drop. PRIORITY STRUCTURE OF AVR

Field failure protection:Loss of generator field excitation under normal running conditions may arise due to any of the following condition. 1. Failure of brush gear. 2. Unintentional opening of the field circuit breaker. 3. Failure of AVR. When generator on load loses its excitation, it starts to operate as an induction generator, running above synchronous speed. Cylindrical rotor generators are not suited to such operation, because they don't have damper windings able to carry the induced currents, consequently this type of rotor will overheat rather quickly.

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CONCLUSION
In my report so far i have gone through both advantages and disadvantages of brushless excitation system and brush excitation system. Using of brush and slip rings in excitation system is more economical and effective for generator having less capacity of generation, and for generator having bulk power generation capacity, brushless excitation is more efficient. More over brushless excitation have much more advantages over brush excitation system. Eliminates Slip Rings, Brush gear and all problems associated with transfer of current via sliding contacts Simple, Reliable and increasingly popular system the world over, Ideally suited for large sets Minimum operating and maintenance cost Self generating excitation unaffected by system fault/disturbances Because of shaft mounted pilot exciter Multi contact electrical connections between exciter and Generator field Stroboscope for fuse failure detection Rotor Earth fault monitoring system Which over method it may be, excitation is required for voltage build up. We can say excitation system is the heart of the generators. So it needs to be maintained periodically and control it perfectly. To control the field voltage AVR technology is used. It should be noted that it is digital AVR system. This is abbreviated for AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR. In which by controlling the firing angle for thyristers we can vary excitation voltage. Controlling of firing angle is done through closed loop controls, which adjust according to load variation. The future of excitation system lies with the AVR technology. With fast progress of power electronics it may be hope that new technology could improve the efficiency of excitation system.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL MACHINE by Stephen j.chapman. 2. pdf and ppt of lecture class of EDC, NTPC RIHAND. 3. Machine manuals from EMD Department, NTPC RIHAND. 4. Internet.