Government 2301 Final Review I would suggest you study these terms/concepts for your final: Ideology: John

Locke- Conservatism *** Thomas Paine-Conservatism ***Libertarian- Opposing government intervention in both economic and social affairs, and favoring minimal government in all sections of society. Socialist-People who believe that government should have collective or government ownership of economic enterprise, with the goal being equality of results, not merely equality of opportunity. ***Conservative- wishes to retain our historical commitments to individual freedom from government controls, reliance on individual initiative and effort for self development, free-enterprise economy with a minimum of governmental intervention, and reward for initiative, skill, risk, and hard work. ***Liberal-value in the value of strong government to provide economic security and protection for civil rights, combined with a belief in personal freedom from government intervention in social conduct. ***American core values- individual liberties, economic freedom, political equality, equality of opportunity, equality of results, fairness ***Elitism-political system in which power is concentrated in the hands of a relatively small group of individuals or institutions ****Pluralism- theory that democracy can be achieved through competition among multiple organized groups and that individual can participate in politics through group memberships and elections. Political cultures: ***Traditionalistic- view that political power should be concentrated in the hands of a few elite citizens who belong to established families or influential social groups. Public policy serves there interest Individualistic-view that government should interfere as little as possible in private activities of its citizens while assuring that adequate public Moralistic-view that governments primary responsibility is to promote the public welfare and that it should actively use its authority and power to improve the social and economic well being of its citizens. Constitutions-U.S. and Texas: Provisions of each, Article I, II and III in U.S. (basic topic of), ***representative-governing system in which public decision making is delegated to representatives of the people chosen by popular vote in free, open, and periodic elections. direct democracies-Decisions are made directly by the people usually by popular initiative and referendum voting, as opposed to decisions made by representatives republic- Form of government in which representatives of the people, rather thsn the people themselves, govern. separation of powers and reason for it- Constitutional division of powers among the three branches of national government- executive, legislative, and judicial. *** judicial review- Powers of the court, especially Supreme Court, to declare laws of Congress, laws of state, and actions of the president unconstitutional and invalid. ***Articles of Confederation and its limitations-Under the articles of confederation, Congress was a single house in which each state had 2-7 members but only one vote. Congress appointed all offices. But they could not collect taxes or enforce laws directly. *** New Jersey and Virginia Plans- Virginia wanted representatives from every state based on population and New Jersey wanted it equal. Virginia- House of Reps, New Jersey- Senate *** 1876 Texas Constitution and its writers reservations- Most were scared and felt abuse after reconstruction so they were afraid of government. So they made it strict and formal with little interpretation. length and detail of Texas Constitution- lengthy but bot as bad as the Texas constitution. Federalism: states rights and supportive amendment(s) types of federalism: dual-. This form of government works on the principle that the national and state governments are split into their own spheres, and each is supreme within its respective sphere. Specifically, dual federalism discusses the relationship between the national government and the states' governments. According to this theory, there are certain limits placed on the federal government. These limits are: 1. National government rules by enumerated powers only.

2. 3. 4.

National government has a limited set of constitutional purposes. Each governmental unitstate and federalis sovereign within its sphere of operations. Relationship between nation and states is best summed up as tension rather than cooperation.

***cooperative-is a concept of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately but more or less equally (such as the nineteenth century's dual federalism) or clashing over a policy in a system dominated by the national government. creative- was a form of federalism popular during the Johnson administration from 1963 to 1969. It emphasized that the federal government determined the needs of the states.[1] During the time that Creative Federalism was popular, the federal government worked extensively with the states to provide social services new-New Federalism is a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government to the states. The primary objective of New Federalism, unlike that of the eighteenthcentury political philosophy of Federalism, is the restoration to the states of some of the autonomy and power which they lost to the federal government as a consequence of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.

necessary and proper clause,- The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. powers: ***implied- those powers authorized by a legal document (from the Constitution) which, while not stated, are seemed to be implied by powers expressly stated. Enumerated- In summary, Congress may exercise the powers to which it is granted by the Constitution, and subject to explicit restrictions in the Bill of Rights and other protections found in the Constitutional text Inherent- those powers that a sovereign state holds. ***concurrent- are powers that are shared by the state and the federal government. They may be exercised simultaneously within the same territory ***privileges and immunities clause- No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States full faith and credit clause- Federal statutory law provides that:Such Acts, records and judicial proceedings or copies thereof, so authenticated, shall have the same full faith and credit in every court within the United States and its Territories and Possessions as they have by law or usage in the courts of such State, Territory or Possession from which they are taken.[5]

***types of federal aid ***McCulloch v. Maryland- made it illegal for states to tax a national bank. Ruled in facor of McCulloch, a man who worked at Second National Bank ***Devolution- Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a subnational level, such as a regional, local, or state level. Devolution can be mainly financial, e.g. giving areas a budget which was formerly administered by central government. However, the power to make legislation relevant to the area may also be granted. what creates local government. Local Government: Forms of city government: ***strong mayor-council weak mayor-council council manager ***recall- to vote an official out of office

***initiative- a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote The vote may be on a proposed statute, constitutional amendment, charter amendment or ordinance, or, in its minimal form, to simply oblige the executive or legislative bodies to consider the subject by submitting it to the order of the day ***referendum- a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. partisan or not county and city functions definitions of each city county school district special district ***county commissioners court - The Commissioners Court is the governing body of the county. The Texas Constitution specifies that the court consists of a county judge and four county commissioners elected by the qualified voters of individual commissioners' precincts. Many state administrative responsibilities rest with the court. The Commissioners Court serves as both the legislative and executive branches of county government and has budgetary authority over all county departments, including those headed by other elected officials. tax revenue and cities/counties home rule v. general law- Cities are classified as either "general law" or "home rule". A city may elect home rule status (i.e., draft an independent city charter) once it exceeds 5,000 population and the voters agree to home rule. Otherwise, it is classified as general law and has very limited powers. ***Dillons Rule- It maintains that a political subdivision of a state is connected to the state as a child is connected to a parent. Dillon's Rule is used in interpreting state law when there is a question of whether or not a local government has a certain power. Dillon's Rule narrowly defines the power of local governments. Political Participation: Factors that impact political participation (individual characteristics) weakness of political parties- they do not focus on all the big issues, they will only focus on a few process of redistricting and negatives,- gerrymandering with the US census every 10 yrs. *** interest groups- group of people trying to influence government ****closed and open primaries,- open primaries a person can vote both parties but at a closed the person has to go to the party of their choice and stay with it. ***early voting in Texas- all elections for office have early voting ***type of political system in Texas today- went from early Democratic to mixed Democratic-Republic to now Mostly Republican