Fundamentals Of Wireless Communications 2011

Lecture #01
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Fundamentals of Wireless Communication EE-472 3+0 M. Ghayas uddin 1) Communication Systems 2) Elementary Mathematics Wireless Communications Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition by Theodore S. Rappaport Mobile & Wireless Networks, Uyless Black. Mobile Communications, 2nd edition , Jochen Schiller. Wireless & Cellula r Telecommunication, 3rd edition , William C.Y. LEE. Satellite Technology and its Applications, 2nd edition, R.R.K. Chetty, McGrawHill. OFDM and MC-CDMA for Broadband Multi-User Communications, WALNs and Broadcasting L.Hanzo, M.Muenster. www.gsmworld.com www.3gpp.org www.3gpp2.org Internet, Library There will be five surprise quizzes. As per University rule, 70% attendance is required to appear in final examination. It is responsibility of students to maintain their attendance. 05 marks 15 marks 80 marks The goal of this course is to provide an in-depth understanding of the major building blocks of modern digital mobile and wireless communication systems. Introduction to wireless communication History of wireless communication Early mobile communication system Modern mobile communication system

Pre-requisite: Text book: Reference books:

Resources: Quizzes : Assessments: Attendance: Quizzes+ Assignment + Attendance: Mid-term Examination Final Examination Aim and objective:

FROM THE DESK OF ENGINEER M. GHAYASUDDIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EED, S.S.U.E.T

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Fundamentals Of Wireless Communications 2011

COMMUNICATION Communication is a process of sharing thoughts, feelings, ideas etc between two or more entities. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Transmission, reception and processing of information through a communication link between two or more locations using electronics means is called communication system. CHANNEL The channel is a medium, through which the transmitter output is sent, such as wire, coaxial cable, waveguide, optical fiber, or a radio-link. What is wireless? Wireless communication operates without a bounded media such as wires or fiber optic cable. As an unbounded network, wireless also operates as an unguided system. Instead of relying on electrons running through wires, wireless systems make use of radio waves.

Wireless transmission has evolved greatly since Guglielmo Marconi successfully initiated the first wireless telegraph transmission in 1895. He also demonstrated radios ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing in English Channel. Marconi proved that electrical waves could be transmitted successfully at a considerable distance through the air. Wireless telecommunications, is the transfer of information between two or more points that are physically not connected. Distances can be short, as a few meters as in television remote control; or long ranging from thousands to millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications.
FROM THE DESK OF ENGINEER M. GHAYASUDDIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EED, S.S.U.E.T Page 2

Fundamentals Of Wireless Communications 2011

It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers or garage doors, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, satellite television and cordless telephones. Wireless operations permits services, such as long range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires.

FROM THE DESK OF ENGINEER M. GHAYASUDDIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EED, S.S.U.E.T

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Fundamentals Of Wireless Communications 2011

Why wireless? The following situations justify the use of wireless technology: To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling, To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure, To link portable or temporary workstations, To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, or To remotely connect mobile users or networks. Wireless networks To connect laptop users who travel from location to location. Another common use is for mobile networks that connect via satellite. To network a LAN segment that must frequently change locations. Wireless communications can be via: radio frequency communication, microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly directional antennas, or short-range communication, Infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from consumer IR devices such as remote controls or via Infrared Data Association (IrDA). Applications may involve communication, broadcasting, point-to-point communication, point-to-multipoint cellular networks and other wireless networks.

Applications of wireless technology Security systems Cellular telephone (phones and modems) Wi-Fi Wireless energy transfer Computer interface devices Mobile Satellite Communications
FROM THE DESK OF ENGINEER M. GHAYASUDDIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EED, S.S.U.E.T Page 4

Fundamentals Of Wireless Communications 2011

Common examples of wireless equipment include: Telemetry control and traffic control systems Infrared and ultrasonic remote control devices Modulated laser light systems for point to point communications Professional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) and SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio) typically used by business, industrial and Public Safety entities. Consumer Two way radio including FRS Family Radio Service, GMRS (General Mobile Radio Service) and Citizens band ("CB") radios. The Amateur Radio Service (Ham radio). Consumer and professional Marine VHF radios. Airband and radio navigation equipment used by aviators and air traffic control Cellular telephones and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and business. Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth. Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless using technology such as Wireless USB or Bluetooth Cordless telephone sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell phones. Satellite television: Is broadcast from satellites in geostationary orbit. Typical services use digital broadcasting to provide multiple channels to viewers.

FROM THE DESK OF ENGINEER M. GHAYASUDDIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EED, S.S.U.E.T

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Fundamentals Of Wireless Communications 2011

Microwave transmission Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting information by the use of radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of centimeters; these are called microwaves. This part of the radio spectrum ranges across frequencies of roughly 1.0 gigahertz (GHz) to 30 GHz. These correspond to wavelengths from 30 centimeters down to 1.0 cm.

Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do. Another advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it. A disadvantage is that microwaves are limited to line of sight propagation; they cannot pass around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio waves can. Microwave radio transmission is commonly used by communication systems on the surface of the Earth, in satellite communications, and in deep space radio communications.
FROM THE DESK OF ENGINEER M. GHAYASUDDIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EED, S.S.U.E.T Page 6

Fundamentals Of Wireless Communications 2011

Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars, radio navigation systems, sensor systems, and radio astronomy. Suitable over line-of-sight transmission links without obstacles Provides large useful bandwidth when compared to lower frequencies (HF, VHF, UHF) Affected by the refractive index (temperature, pressure and humidity) of the atmosphere, rain (see rain fade), snow and hail, sand storms, clouds, mist and fog, strongly depending on the frequency. Microwave transmission is used for wireless transmission of information 1. One-way (eg. TV broadcasting) and two-way telecommunication using satellites 2. Terrestrial microwave radio relay links in broadcasting and telecommunications networks including eg. backbone or backhaul carriers in cellular networks linking BTS-BSC and BSC-MSC.

Parabolic antenna To direct microwaves in narrow beams for point-to-point communication links or radiolocation, a parabolic antenna is usually used. This is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector to direct the microwaves. To achieve narrow beamwidths, the reflector must be much larger than the wavelength of the radio waves. The relatively short wavelength of microwaves allows reasonably sized dishes to exhibit the desired highly directional response for both receiving and transmitting.
FROM THE DESK OF ENGINEER M. GHAYASUDDIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EED, S.S.U.E.T Page 7

Fundamentals Of Wireless Communications 2011

Microwave radio relay Microwave radio relay is a technology for transmitting digital and analog signals, such as long-distance telephone calls and the relay of television programs to transmitters, between two locations on a line of sight radio path. In microwave radio relay, radio waves are transmitted between the two locations with directional antennas, forming a fixed radio connection between the two points. Long daisy-chained series of such links form transcontinental telephone and/or television communication systems.

FROM THE DESK OF ENGINEER M. GHAYASUDDIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EED, S.S.U.E.T

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Fundamentals Of Wireless Communications 2011

Microwave link A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit video, audio, or data between two locations, which can be from just a few feet or meters to several miles or kilometers apart. Microwave links are commonly used by television broadcasters to transmit programs across a country, or from an outside broadcast back to a studio. Uses of microwave links 1. In communications between satellites and base stations 2. As backbone carriers for cellular systems

3. In short range indoor communications Mobile radio Mobile radio or mobiles refer to wireless communications systems and devices which are based on radio frequencies, and where the path of communications is movable on either end. Mobiles may include hand-carried, (sometimes called portable), equipment. An obsolete term is radiophone. The word mobile to mean vehicle-mounted: a transmitter-receiver (transceiver) used for radio communications from a vehicle. Mobile radios are mounted to a motor vehicle usually with the microphone and control panel in reach of the driver. Some mobile radios are mounted in aircraft, (aeronautical mobile), shipboard, (maritime mobile), on motorcycles, or railroad locomotives.
FROM THE DESK OF ENGINEER M. GHAYASUDDIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EED, S.S.U.E.T Page 9

Fundamentals Of Wireless Communications 2011

FROM THE DESK OF ENGINEER M. GHAYASUDDIN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, EED, S.S.U.E.T

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