EXPERIMENT # 2 IMPACT JET APPARATUS

Objective: To demonstrate the validity of conservation of linear momentum principle by analyzing the force developed by a jet of water impinging on different targets. The apparatus consists of cylindrical transparent Plexiglas housing fabricated with provision for leveling. Water discharged from a nozzle strikes a target that is attached to a lever which carries a jockey weight. The lever is restrained by a light spring. The lever may be set to a balanced position (as indicated by the tally suspended from it) by placing the jockey weight at its zero position and then adjusting the knurled nut above the spring. Any force generated by impact of the jet on the vane may be measured by moving the jockey weight along the lever until the tally shows that the lever has been restored to its original balanced position. Three targets are provided: a flat plate, a 120o cone and a hemispherical cup. The inner diameter of the nozzle exit is 10 mm. Read section 3.4 in Fluid Mechanics 4th Edition, by Frank M. White. PROCEDURE
1.

Apparatus:

Preparation:

Level the Impact Jet apparatus and balance the weigh beam by moving the jockey weight to zero position for no flow condition. Adjust the water flow rate to 12 liters/min by the use of the valve and the flow meter. Using the jockey weight bring the weigh beam to balanced position again and record the position of the jockey weight along with the water flow rate. Using increments of 4 liters/min in the water flow rate, repeat steps 2-3 three more times. Change the target and repeat steps 2-4 for the second target. Change the target and repeat steps 2-4 for the third target.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

THEORY JET DISCHARGE ON A CONE Consider the following system:

R
y

2 y V 1 x VA
1

V control surface

Subject to the following assumptions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Steady flow Incompressible flow Negligible body forces Uniform flow at (1) and (2)
V1 = V 2

Applying the continuity equation

V 1 . A 1 = V 2 .A 2 A 1 : I n l et r ea a A 2 : O u tl et ea ar

bu tV 1 = V 2
A1 = A 2

(1)

Now applying the momentum equation in the y-direction

/ F sy +/b y = y V A F y R V d
CS . .

(2)

(Note that body force Fby is neglected) is equal to zero since all the surfaces of the control volume are exposed to atmospheric pressure.
R y = .V y 1 .(V . A )1 + .V y 2 .( V . A )2 Fsy

Note

V y1 = V

V y 2 = V . Cos

so
R y = .V 2 . A ( 1 Cos )

(3)

Rewriting in terms of mass flow rate ( m =.V . A )

Ry = ( m )2 . ( 1 Cos ) . A

where represents the flow deflection angle. Note: 1. The flat plate corresponds to = 90o . 2. The hemispherical cup corresponds to = 180 o . 3. The 120 o cone corresponds to = 120o .
FLAT PLATE HEMISPHERE 120 DEG CONE

90o

Requirements for lab report: 1. Discuss the following in your report: a. What assumptions or approximations are involved in the theoretical calculations? b. What assumptions or approximations are involved in the measurements? c. 2. What assumptions in the calculations or measurements may not be fully justified?

Determine the experimental force and calculate the corresponding theoretical force. Determine the error percentage between the experimental and theoretical values. Which ones should be considered to be more accurate? Why?

Note: Use SI units throughout your report. 3. For each target, plot the variation of the measured and the computed force against the linear momentum flux into the control volume ( mV1 ) , i.e., each graph containing the curve for experimental and theoretical data.