Form Gregorian Chant Ternary Form (ABA) Mass Proper and Mass Ordinary

Melody Church Modes

Rhythm Flexible Without Meter

Has a little sense of beat

Harmony May have a drone a one or more long sustained tones to accompany the melody

Texture Monophonic

Table 1 Middle Ages

Form Estampie a medieval dance: aa bb cc etc.

Melody

Rhythm Triple Meter Strong, fast beat

Harmony Drone 2 repeated notes 5th interval

Texture Monophonic Heterophonic Melody played by rebec and a pipe

Table 1.1 Secular Music in the Middle Ages

Form Songs

Rhythm Rhythmic Modes: - Anapaestic - Dactylic - Trochaic - Iambic - Some form of triple meter Table 1.2 Troubadors and Trouveres, jongleurs

Melody Modes with tendency towards major and minor range within an octave

Harmony Harmonized and sung to an accompaniment

Texture Homophonic

Form Madrigals

Melody Rhythm Gently flowing rhythm; the beat are not clearly defined. - Each melodic line has great rhythmic independence Melody moves along a scale with only few large leaps which makes the pitch patterns easy to sing.

Mass - Kyrie - Gloria - Credo - Sanctus - Agnus Dei Motets

Transition period from Church Modes to Major and Minor scales - Church Modes with tendency towards major and Minor Scales

Harmony Stable, consonant chords like triads are favoured. - Makes music sound mild and relaxed Dissonances are played down.

Texture Polyphonic Homophonic is also used Sounds fuller than medieval music.

A cappella accompanied choral music. Imitation is common in choral pieces

Balett Instrumental Music Passamezzo and Galliard Polychoral Motet Table 2 Renaissance Music

Form Dances

Prelude - is a short piece of music, the form of which may vary from piece to piece. It may stand on its own or introduce another work.

Fugues a compositional technique in two or more voices, built on a subject (theme) that is introduced at the beginning in imitation (repetitio n at different pitches) and recurs frequently in the course of the composition. Suites Toccatas Theme and Variation Binary Form Ternary Form

Melody Trills a musical ornament that consists of two rapid alternation of adjacent notes Grace Notes - is a kind of music notation used to denote several kinds of musical ornaments . When occurring by itself, a single grace note normally indicates the intention of either an appoggiatura or an acciaccatura. When they occur in groups, grace notes can be interpreted to indicate any of several different classes of ornamentation, depending on interpretation. Turns and rapid scale passages

Rhythm Emphasi s on strong beats, upbeats and fast changing rhythmic motion.

Harmony Chords and Inversion s of chords Used basic cadences and replaced the older cadences

Texture Counterpoint - is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and rhythm and are harmonically interdependent

Table 4 Classical Period Form Sonata Form (Sonata Allegro) Melody *Balanced *Symmetrical *Elaborate Rhythm Unexpected pauses, syncopations, and frequent changes from long notes to shorter notes. It is a single continuous figure, varied, changing and flexible Harmony Prominent Chromaticism Texture Homophonic, flexible as rhythm

Classical Form (Fast Slow Dance Related Fast) Theme and Variation a musical idea, the theme (A) is repeated over and over and is changed each time. Minuet and Trio (or just Minuet) often used as the 3rd movement of classical symphonies Rondo (ABACA or ABACABA form) a tuneful main theme which returns several times in alternation with other themes

Lyrical and individualized

More Dissonant

Predominantly polyphonic but basically homophonic

Table 5 Romantic Period Form Classical Forms Melody Used Chromatic scales and asymmetric melodies Timbre Dynamics ff and pp were expanded (ffff or pppp) Greater ranges of tone color, dynamics and pitch Harmony Chromatic harmony tones come from the chromatic scale (12 tones) Frequent shifts in harmony making tonic key less clear compared to classical works Used diminished seventh frequently Augmented sixth chord on the flattened submediant or German sixth is another chord used frequently Use of higher dissonances, a more innovative treatment of chromatic harmony Greater interest in modal techniques are the other characteristics of Romantic Harmony

Miniature

Symphonic poems

Monumental

Song cycles

Stressed emotion, imagination and individuality Thematic Transformation a melody returns in a later movement or section of a romantic work.

Music dramas Strophic form repeating music for each stanza of the poem Through-composed form writing new music for each stanza. Modified Strophic form it is in ABA form

Musical Styles Impressionism stresses atmosphere fluidity and color Minimalism msuci characterized by its steady pulse, clear tonality and insistent repetition of short melodic fragments Serialism very organized use of the 12 tone system

Melody (The whole 20th Century characteristic) Tecniques of pitch and rhythmic organization had strong impact on the melody Use of the whole tone scale made up of 6 different notes each a whole step away.

Rhythm (The whole 20th Century characteristic) The rhythmic vocabulary of music was expanded with increased emphasis on irregularity and unpredicatblity. Rapidly changing meters. Beats are grouped irregularly, and the accented beat comes at unequal time intervals

Harmony (The whole 20th Century characteristic) Used polychords more instead of using triads as often as the Romantic composers. Tone cluster a chord made up of tones only half step or whole step apart.

May be based on a wide variety of scales or it may freely use all twelve chromatic tones and have no tonal center

Composers use meters with 5 or 7 beats to the measure

Chance Music Often contains wide Chooses pitches, leaps that are difficult to tone colors and sing rhythms by random methods Expressionism Unpredictable stresses intense emotion Neoclassicism Consists of a series of Makred by phrases that are emotional irregular in length. restraint, balance and clarity Primitivism Deliberate evocation of unsophisticated power through insistent rhythm and percussive sounds Electronic Music uses technological advances to create music Table 6 20th Century Music

Often has two or more contrasting independent rhythms at the same time; it is called poly rhythm Different Meters are used at the same time. Rhythmic repetition of a group of pitches is a unifying technique widely used.

Use of chordal structures not based on triads. One used commonly is the fourth chord, in which the tones are a fourth apart instead of a third. Traditional relationship between dominant and tonic triads is replaced by other chord relationships Atonality absence of key

Ostinato a motive or phrase that is repeated persistently at the same pitch throughout a section.

Musical Style Ragtime Dance hall and saloon composed piano music Blues - characterized by specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues chord progression is the most common New Orleans Style also called as Dixieland -mostly improvised arrangements Swing written music primarily for dancing More organized than improvised Bebop jazz music that was meant for listening and not dancing Rhythms were more varied and unpredictable Cool Jazz related to bop but far more calm and relaxed Relied heavily on arrangements Free Jazz similar to chance music Not based on regular chord patterns or forms Jazz Rock style combined improvisations with rock rhythms. Table 7 Jazz -

Harmony (Whole Jazz Melody (Whole Jazz Characteristcs) Characteristcs) Flexible in pitch as in rhythm Major Scale where the 3rd, 5th, 7th notes are flattened or lowered. Known as bent or blue

Rhythm (Whole Jazz Characteristcs) Irregular and difficult to notate accurately Syncopation and rhythmic swing Swing combinationof steady beat with a feeling of precision and relaxed vitality and series of notesplayed frequently.

Beat usually provided by bassist or percussionist Accents usually on weak beats (1 -2 3 4)

American Musical y Originated form Operatta which is a combination of song, spoken dialogue and dance and Vaudeville which is a variety show with songs, comedy, juggling, acrobats and more.

Music for Film y From Live Performances for Silent films (until music could be integrated in celluloid film)

For both music for film and musicals, the style ranges from all musical periods, from medieval, folk and classical, to 20th century, rock and pop Both types of music of changes and heightens the mood as the moods of each scene changes. Sometimes, Silence is needed to heighten the emotion of a specific scene. Table 8 American Musical and Music for Film

Form 12 bar blues form/ 32 bar AABA form

Rhythm Almost always in 4/4 meter Simple subdivisions of beats (1&2&3&4& ) Late 70s and 80s music More rhythmically complex Result of polyrhythmic influences of African music

Melody Short and repeated, usually built on modes

Harmony Simple

Styles Soul rock by black performers Motown blended R&B with mainstream white music US English Group Folk social issues Jazz Jazz Fusion Acid psychedelic rock Country blend of country music and rock Reggae West Indies Funk with electrification and jazz like rhythms Punk (new wave) a primitive of rock n roll Heavy Metal sexually explicit lyrics and costumes

Usually 3 or 4 (or less) chords, often uses chord progressions

Rap developed among young urban blacks Alternative known as grunge Grinding guitar sounds and angry lyrics

Table 9 Rock

Composers: Middle Ages: Hilegard von Bingen -One of the earliest known female composers; Roman Catholic abbess, also called Hildegard of Bingen, "Sybil of the Rhine" and St. Hildegard.Although she hasn't been formally canonized, she is often referred to as St. Hildegard. In Germany, her feast day is celebrated on September 17.She is particularly known for the plainsong setting of her poetry; she also left behind works of theology and visionary writings. In total, she wrote 77 chants and what is considered the earliest known musical drama titled "The Ritual of the Virtues."

Guillaume de Machaut - An avantgarde composer, poet and most known representative of the Ars Nova tradition. He wrote sacred and secular polyphonic music.Among his works are 42 ballads, 33 virelais, 21 rondeaux, 19 lais, 1 complainte, 1 chanson royale, 23 motets; most known of which is "Messe de Nostre Dame" and a hocket titled "David."

Leonin and Perotin - Leonin, who worked in Paris during the second half of the 12th century,
and Perotin, who continued after Leonin, developed polyphonic organum. This was a type of music composition the was developed into counterpoint. Prior to organum, music was very simple, with a single melodic line, sung in unison. There were possible additions, such as a drone, which stuck to a single tone.

Renaissance Period

JosquinDesprez - One of the most important composers of this period. His music was widely published and appreciated in Europe. Desprez wrote both sacred and secular music, focusing more on motets of which he wrote over a hundred. Claudio Monteverdi - One of the great contributors to operaand transitional figure from the Renaissance to the Baroque era.He wrote secular voice music, church music and stage music.He wrote numerous operas, including his famous "La favolad'Orfeo" (premiered in 1607), "L'Arianna" (premiered in 1608), "The Return of Ulysses to His Country," "The Coronation of Poppea" and other stage works. He also wrote secular vocal music including 4 books ofmadrigals, sacred vocal music including church music for vespers, motets, psalms, masses and magnificats.

Baroque Period Johann Sebastian Bach- a keyboard virtuoso, master of the fugue, a Konzertmeister (concert master), Kappelmeister (chapel master)and Kantor at the Thomasschule.He wrote among others, passions, almost 200cantatas, concertos and orchestral suites.He was taught by his father how to play the violinand harpsichord. During his brother's (Johann Christoph} wedding when he was just 9 years old, Bach met Johann Pachelbel. Later on, when his father died, Johann Christoph adopted him and taught Bach how to play the organ. Bach's friend, Georg Bhm, introduced him to Hamburg's organ traditions.

George Handel - Considered the creator of the English oratorio, one of the great composers of concerto grosso, one of the most important composers of the late Baroque period and master of polyphony. He also worked as music director for the duke of Chandos beginning in 1718. In 1726, he became composer of the Chapel Royal.He composed about 40 operas, 20 oratorios,songs and other vocal works. He also wrote orchestral music, chamber music and church music.

Arcangelo Corelli - Virtuoso violinist, accomplished composer, teacher, nicknamed "Il Bolognese," considered as the one who perfected the concerto grosso style as well as the solo sonata and trio sonata. He taught Francesco Geminiani and PietroLocatelli.Instrumental music especially the concerti grossi (singular form: concerto grosso), solo and triosonatas. The concerti grossi is an orchestral music during the Baroque period which remained popular until 1750 when the solo concerto became favored.

Henry Purcell- One of the great composers of the Baroque period and one of the great English composers. He wrote among others, operas, incidental stage music, chamber music including suites and sonatas, church music and court music.

Antonio Vivaldi- He is believed to have invented the ritornello form; he was a virtuoso violinist, composer and maestro de concertin who influenced instrumental music during the later part of the Baroque period. Vivaldi also worked at the Ospedaledella Piet, first as a violin master, then as instrumental music director and later, as a contributor of compositions.

Classical Period Ludwig Van Beethoven a musical genius and one of the great composers of the Classical era known for his improvisation and expressive music. He began his career by playing at parties attended by wealthy people. He is also described as being moody and not too concerned about his appearance. As his popularity grew, so was the opportunity to travel to various European cities and perform. Beethoven's fame grew by the 1800s.He wrote chamber music, sonatas, symphonies, songs and quartets, among others. His works include an opera, a violin concerto, 5 piano concerti, 32 piano sonatas, 10 sonatas for violin and piano, 17 string quartets and 9 symphonies.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - one of the most important classical composers in history. He worked as Kapellmeisterfor the archbishop of Salzburg. In 1781, he requested release from his duties and started working freelance. He wrote concertos, operas, oratorios, quartets,symphonies and chamber, vocal and choral music. He wrote over 600 compositions.Mozart was a gifted musician who was capable of hearing complete pieces in his head. His music had simple melodies yet rich orchestration. Mozart's father was a huge influence on the budding musician. At age 3, Wolfgang was already playing the piano and had perfect-pitch. By the age of 5, Mozart already wrote a miniature allegro (K. 1b) and andante (K. 1a). When Wolfgang was 6, Leopold decided to take him and his sister, Maria Anna (who was also a music prodigy), on tour to Europe. The young musicians performed at various locations such as royal courts where queens, emperors and other prestigious guests were in attendance.Mozart s' popularity grew and soon they were traveling to perform in France, England, and Germany. While traveling, Wolfgang met Johann Christian Bach and other composers who would later influence his compositions.

Franz Joseph Haydn - Transitional composer of the Baroque to the Romantic period. He is known as the "Father of the Symphony" due to his contributions (over 100 symphonies) to this musical

style. Haydn's work includes symphonies, arias,cantatas, concertos, chamber music, operas,oratorios, overtures, piano sonatas, string quartets, songs and serenades. He became music director for Count Morzin in 1757 and in 1761 began working for Prince Nichloas "the Magnificent" Esterhazy. He spent nearly 30 years working for the wealthy Esterhazy family as Kapellmeister.

Antonin Dvorak- He was a composer, conductor and teacher, whose later works reflected Brahmsian Classicism, Czech nationalist style and American folk influences. He has honorary degrees from several prestigious universities including Cambridge University.Dvorak's initial influence came from his father, Frantisek, who played the zither. He began taking violin and voice lessons when he was 6 years old under Joseph Spitz. Dvorak furthered his studies in violin, voice and other instruments under the guidance of Antonin Leihmann and Joseph Toman.

Romantic Period Franz Listz- is regarded as the greatest pianist of his time. He was a "superstar" who thrilled audiences with his dramatic technique. Liszt was also a teacher, guiding many of the great pianists of the following generation. He changed the concept of the sonata, and influenced other Romantic Period composers, includingWagner and Strauss. Johannes Brahms- This German composer is considered one of the masters of the Romantic Period. His conservative style was at odds with some of the more dramatic composers of his day. His four symphonies are regarded as among the greatest in music. He composed in almost every genre but opera, and he devoted special attention to his chamber music and songs. Felix Mendelssohn - This German is considered a major Romantic Period composer. He was a child prodigy, and composed his first major work at age 17. At age 20 he conducted a performance of Bach's St. Matthew Passion, that sparked a renewed interest in J.S. Bach. Mendelssohn's works are characterized by restraint, refinement and sensitivity. He wrote symphonies, concertos, oratorios and piano pieces. Robert Schumann - This German is considered a leader of the Romantic Period composers. He wrote primarily piano music until 1840, when he began composing orchestral works and songs. His works had great emotional intensity, which foreshadowed his later nervous breakdown. He was an influence on Chopin and Brahms. Frederic Chopin- Born in Poland, Chopin settled in Paris. His piano music is known for its unprecedented heights of expressiveness. Chopin established the piano as a solo instrument, or as a dominating force in his piano concertos. He had an enduring relationship with female author George Sand. Chopin had a long illness that developed into tuberculosis. He wrote concertos, preludes, etudes, and sonatas.

Peter Tchaikovsky - This Russian composer is one the most popular and influential of the Romantic Period composers. An annuity from a wealthy patroness allowed him to devote years to his music. His compositions are melodious, richly orchestrated, often melancholy and emotional. He is known for his symphonies, ballets, operas and concertos. Richard Wagner- This German composer's operas are regarded as the finest musical expression of German Romanticism, and were a great influence on following composers. He employed the use of continuous flow of melody, and called his operas "music-dramas." He wrote his own librettos, which are taken from German mythology.

20th Century Bela Bartok Used harsh dissonances, polychords and tone clusters with a tonal center Claude Debussy - Captured the impressionist feel from painters to music. Igor Stravinsky Pioneer of Primitivism. Also used Polytonal Harmony, which is the use of two or more keys at one time.

Arnold Schoenberg Pioneer of Expressionism. Used the twelve tone system, which gives equal importance to all 12 pitches in the octave and Sprechstimme or speech singing, which is the combination of speaking and singing.

Edgard Varese Composed the Electronic Poem. Made major contributions in electronic music. George Gershwin Blended popular music, musical theatre and serious concert music into a single style. Philip Glass Made major contributions in minimalist musical style

Jazz Scott Joplin a composer and pianist. He is the king of ragtime. He is known for songs such as The Entertainer and the Maple Leaf Rag Bessie Smith an American Blues singer. She is sometimes referred to as The Empress of Blues .Smith was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. She is often

regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era and, along with Louis Armstrong, a major influence on subsequent jazz vocalists.

Louis Armstrong nicknamed as Satchmo or Pops , was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana.Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an "inventive" cornet and trumpet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the music's focus from collective improvisation to solo performance.With his instantly recognizable deep and distinctive gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. Duke Ellington the most important swing band composer, arranger and conductor. He is known for the C-jam Blues