1 1L^ L> I1 1L1^ DI>

his is Onc O! Ihc !undamcnIa dOCumcnIs O! Out Iimc, a pctiOd

ChataCIctizcd by Ihc COnCcpIs O! `in!OtmaIiOn and `COmmuniCa-
IiOns. OtbctI Yicnct, a Chid ptOdig and a ytcaI maIhcmaIiCian,
COincd Ihc Ictm `CybctncIiCs IO ChataCIctizc a vcty ycncta sCicnCc
O! `COnItO and COmmuniCaIiOn in Ihc anima and maChinc. I
btOuyhI IOycIhcr COnCcpIs !tOm cnyincctiny, Ihc sIudy O! Ihc
nctvOus sysIcm and sIaIisIiCa mcChaniCs (c.y. cnItOpy). 1tOm Ihcsc
hc dcvcOpcd COnCcpIs IhaI havc bcCOmc pcrvasivc IhtOuyh sCicnCc
(cspcCiay biOOgy and COmpuIiny) and COmmOn patanCc: `in-
!OtmaIiOn, `mcssayc, `!ccdbaCk and `COnItO. 1c wtOIc, `Ihc
IhOuyhI O! cvcty ayc is tcHcCIcd in iIs IcChniguc . . . ! Ihc
scvcnIccnIh and caty ciyhIccnIh CcnIutics atc Ihc ayc O! COCks,
and Ihc aIct ciyhIccnIh and nincIccnIh CcnIutics COnsIiIuIc Ihc ayc
O! sIcam cnyincs, Ihc ptcscnI Iimc is Ihc ayc O! COmmuniCaIiOn and
COnItO.
n Ihis vOumc OtbctI Yicnct spcs OuI his IhcOtics !Or Ihc
cncta tcadct and tcHcCIs On Ihc sOCia issucs taiscd by Ihc
dtamaIiCay inCtcasiny rOc O! sCicnCC and IcChnOOyy in Ihc ncw
ayc ~ Ihc ayc in whiCh wc atc nOw dccpy and ptObcmaIiCay
cmbtOicd. 1ts CauIiOnaty tcmatks atc as tccvanI nOw as Ihcy wctc
whcn Ihc bOOk l:tsI appcatcd in Ihc 1Vos.
^rbcr Wccr (1oV+Vb), ltO!cssOt O! aIhcmaIiCs aI Ihc
assaChuscIIs nsIiIuIc O! cChnOOyy !tOm 1V1V Onwatds, wtOIc
numctOus bOOks On maIhcmaIiCs and cnyinccrtny. 1aviny dc-
vcOpcd mcIhOds usc!u IO Ihc miiIaty dutiny YOtd Yat wO, hc
aIct tc!uscd IO dO suCh wOtk dutiny Ihc LOd Yat, whic ptOpOsiny
nOn-miiIaty mOdcs O! CybctncIiCs.
\M M\mAP \S
( M\mAP UPlS
1H!K`!J5
^`I 5I!J1
`OKHLK1YiLNLK
H|/| v:m/v/rso./|sv
S/:c:H:|os

~ assOCiaIiOn in whiCh th0 !rcc dcvcOpmcnt O! caCh is Ihc

COndiIiOn O! thc !rcc dcvcOpmcnt O! a
lI >>IL!^I`1\Ih> /II / Igog
\\
, [``
`_vr
luD!8hcU !n ltc8I Ut!I8ln VV Dy
tcc ^88OC!8!!On UOOk8
IccgIOVc hO8U
OnUOu PJ Vh_
!t8I QuDI8hcU V3U V3, OughIOn N!H!n
LOQyt!ghI V3U V3 Dy POIDcII Vlcnct
nIIOUuCI!On _ >IcVc j. c!m8 VV
Drtsh1/raqCatalauuuu/lratauala
VlcucI, POtDctI, JV1-JV1
hc hum8n u8c O hum8n Dc!ng8: CyDctDcIIC8
8nU 8OC!cIy
. LyDcIncI!C8. >OCIOOg!C8 Qct8QcCI!Vc8
. !Ic
U.
l>UP -3-UJ3-J
lI!uIcU 8nU DOunU !n ltc8I UtII8!n Dy
UOOlCI8!I, N!U8Omct POIIOn, ^VOn
u IhC mCmuIy u my 8IhCI
\ N!1
uImCIly IuCssuI u b8vC 8ngu8gCs
8I 8IV8Id \nvCIsIy
my CusCsI mCnIuI 8nd dC8ICsl 8nI8gunisl
LhIYIb
latI O! a Chap1Ct has atcady appcatcd in Ihc P|i/.p/,}Sioo
hc auIhOt wi5Dcs !O aCknOwcdyc pctmissiOn whiCh Ihc pub>hc.
O! Ihis OutDa Das yivcn him IO tcptinI Ihc maIctia.
[\b
IOGRAPHICAI OTLS IS
L(,
hCI
NTRODLCTION HY OTLVL_. LIMS SI
PPLNDIX /
!IC!8CC J
LyCInCIIC8 In I8IuIy 1o
!
!IuyIC88 8nU nIIuQy Zo
!!!
1IyIUIIy 8nU C8InIny. Vu !8IICIn8
u! LummunIC8II\C Ch8\IuI o
!V
hC CCh8nI8m 8nU I8IuIy u!
8nyu8yC J
V
\Iy8nIZ8IIun 88 IhC C888yC Vo
V
8V 8nU LummunIC8IIun 1o
V!
LummunIC8IIun, bCCICCy, 8nU buCI8
!uICy 11Z
V! 1uC u! IhC !nICCCIu8 8nU IhC
bCICnII8I 1o1
7 hC !II8I 8nU IhC bCCunU !nUu8III8
1C\uuIIun 1o
7 bumC LummunIC8IIun 8ChInC8
8nU hCII !uIuIC 1o
7 8nyu8yC, Lun!u8Iun, 8nU j8m 1oJ
!nUCS
1V
D!IIIl!L1 I>
"ORBLRT !VILNLR, bOrn in JV was cduCaIcd aI u!Is LOcyc,
assaChuscIIs, and larvard \nivcrsiIy, assaChuscIIs, whcrc hc
rcCcivcd his h.. aI Ihc ayc O! nincIccn. lc COnIinucd his sIudics
aI LOrnc, LOumbia, in nyand aI Lambridyc \nivcrsiIy, Ihcn aI
IOIIinycn and LOpcnhaycn. lc IauyhI aI larvard and Ihc \ni-
vcrsiIy O! ainc and in JVJV Oincd Ihc sIa!! O! Ihc assaChuscIIs
!nsIiIuIc O! cChnOOyy, whcrc hc was rO!cssOr O! aIhcmaIiCs.
lc was OinI rcCipicnI O! Ihc DOChcr rizc O! Ihc mcriCan
aIhcmaIiCa >OCicIy in JV and in JV was Onc O! Ihc scvcn
mcriCan dccyaIcs IO Ihc nIcrnaIiOna LOnyrcss O! aIhcmaIi-
Cians in IsO. r Yicncr scrvcd as IcscarCh rO!cssOr O!
aIhcmaIiCs aI Ihc aIiOna siny lua \nivcrsiIy in ckiny in
JV3-, whic On cavc !rOm . uriny YOrd Yar ! hc
dcvcOpcd imprOvcmcnIs in radar and avy prOcCIics and dcviscd
a mcIhOd O! sOviny prObcms O! !rc COnIrO.
n Ihc ycars a!Icr YOrd Yar Yicncr wOrkcd wiIh Ihc cxiCan
physiOOyisI rIurO IOscnbucIh On prObcms in biOOyy, and
!OrmuaIcd Ihc scI O! idcas spanniny scvcra disCipincs whiCh Camc
IO bc knOwn as `CybcrncIiCs. lc wOrkcd wiIh cnyinccrs and
mcdiCa dOCIOrs IO dcvcOp dcviCcs IhaI COud rcpaCc a OsI scnsOry
mOdc. lc anayscd sOmc nOn-incar maIhcmaIiCa prObcms and,
wiIh rmand >icyc, rc!OrmuaIcd guanIum IhcOry as a sIOChasIiC
prOCcss. lc asO bcCamc an arIiCuaIc COmmcnIaIOr On Ihc sOCia
impiCaIiOns O! sCicnCc and IcChnOOg. n JV Yicncr was
rcCipicnI O! Ihc \> aIiOna cda O! >CicnCc.
lis pubishcd wOrks inCudc /ht 0urltr ultgml !IJ Ltr/lu 0j1l
.lltll0us (JV); Lj0tHtllt: (JV); !1lr0lll0u uJ ultI]0lll0u
uJ .m00lhlug 0j .lll0uQ /lmt .trlt: ullh Tugluttrlug .lltll0u:
(JVV); Ihc !rsI vOumc O! an auIObiOyraphy, T1-1r0J_: M,
Lh!lJh00J uJ 10ulh (JV3); 1tmltr (JV3V); and L0J uJ L0ltm
(JV). Yicncrs pubishcd arIiCcs havc bccn asscmbcd and cdiIcd
by .
asani and rcpubishcd in !Our vOumcs as 0r0trl O|tutr.
L0llttltJ H0rks (JV3).
S1rvr). LIMS rcCcivcd his dOCIOraIc in physiCs !rOm >Ian!Ord
\nivcrsiIy, Lai!Ornia. lc cnyaycd in rcscarCh in Ihc branCh O!
X HL UMAN \SL OI UMAN LINGS
physiCs knOwn as sIaIisIiCa mcChaniCs and IauyhI aI scvcra OrIh
mcriCan univcrsiIics. n rcCcnI ycars hc has dcvOIcd himsc! IO
sIudyiny variOus COnIcXIs O! sCicnIiDC wOrk. sOCia, phiOsOphiCa,
pOiIiCa and IcChnOOyiCa. lc is Ihc auIhOr O! _0hu U0u cumuu
uJ 0r0crl Hlcucr. r0m lhcmll(s l0 lhc /c(hu0l0glcs 0l LquJ
{clh ( rcss, Vo). LurrcnIy hc is wriIiny a bOOk dcainy
wiIh Ihc CharaCIcrisIiCs O! sOCia sIudics in Ihc \> duriny Ihc
dcCadc !OOwiny Y Ord Yar !.
II\LI
>Icvc ). lcims
.H. Hardy, Ihc Cambridgc maIhcmaIician andauIhoroI
, 0|hcm0|ttt0ns 00, rcIIccIing on Ihc \aluc oI
maIhcmaIics, insisIcd IhaI iI is a 'harmlcss and innoccnI
occupaIion`. 'Kca maIhcmaIics has no cIIccIs on war`, hc
cxplaincd in a book Ior Ihcgcncralpublic in !90. '^o onc
has ycI disco\crcd any arlikc purposc Io bc scrvcd by Ihc
lhcoryoInumbcrsor rclaIi\iIy. . . A rcamaIhcmaIicianhas
hisconscicncc car. `1cI,inIacI,aIIhaIIimcphysicisIswcrc
alrcady acIi\cly cngagcd in cxpcrimcnIs con\crIing maIIcr
inIocncrgy (apossibiiIyimplicdbyIhcJhcoryoIKclaIi\iIy)
in anIicipaIion oI building an aIomic bomb. I Ihc youngcr
gncraIion which hc IaughI, Hardy wroIc, '! ha\c hcpcd Io
Irain oIhcr maIhcmaIicians, buI maIhcmaIicians oI Ihc samc
kindasmyscI, andIhcirworkhasbccn, soIaraIanyraIcas
ha\c hclpcd Ihcm Io iI, as usclcss as my own . . . `
`orbcrI Wicncr Iook issuc wiIh his mcnIor. Hc IhoughI
Hardy`saIIiIudcIobc'purccscapism`,noIcdIhaIIhcidcasoI
numbcr Ihcory arc applicd in cccIrical cnginccring, andIhaI
'no maIIcr how innoccnI hc may bc in his inncr soul and in
his moIi\aIion, Ihc cIIccIi\c maIhcmaIician is likcly Io bc a
powcrIul IacIor in changing Ihc Iacc oI socicIy. Jhus hc is
rcally as dangcrous as a poIcnIial armourcr oI Ihc ncw
scicnIiIicwaroIIhcIuIurc.`JhcncaI scparaIion oI purcand
applicd maIhcmaIics is ony a maIhcmaIician`s sclI-scrving
illu
sion.
Wicncr camc Io addrcss Ihc alIcrnaIi\c Io innoccncc -
nam
cly, Iaking rcsponsibiliIy. AIIcr hc himscI had during
WorldWar!!workcdonamaIhcmaIicalIhcoryoIprcdicIion
inI
cndcdIocnhanccIhccIIccIi\cncssoIanIiaircraIIhrc,and
dc
\clopcd a powcrIul sIaIisIica Ihcory oI communicaIion
which would puI modcrn communicaIion cnginccring on a
rig
orous
maIhcmaIicalIooIing, anyprcIcncc oI harmlcssncss
w
as
ouI oI IhcqucsIionIorhim. lromIhc IimcoIIhc cndoI
Ihc
war unIil his dcaIh in !9, Wicncr appicd his
xi HL UMAN \SL OI UMAN LINGS
pcnctratingandinnovativcmindtoidcntiIyingand caborat-
ingonarcationoIhightcchnoogytopcopcwhichisbcnign
or, in his words, to thc human- rathcr than thc inhuman-
usc oIhumanbcings. !ndoingsoduring thc ycarswhcn thc
cod war was raging in thc Lnitcd 5tatcs, hc Iound an
audicncc among thc gcncray cducatcd pubic. Howcvcr,
mostoIhisscicntihccocagucs- oIIcndcdorcmbarrasscdby
Wicncr`svicwsandcspcciaybyhisopcnrcIusatocngagcin
any morc work rcatcd to thc miitary - saw him as an
ccccntricatbcstandccrtainynottobctakcnscriousycxccpt
in his undcniaby briiant, strictymathcmatica, rcscarchcs.
Abcrt Linstcin, whorcgardcdWicncr`s attitudctowards thc
miitary as cxcmpary, was inthosc days simiary madc ight
oI as unschoocd in poitica mattcrs.
Lndautcd,Wicncrprocccdcdtoconstructapracticaand
comprchcnsivc attitudc towards tcchnoogy rootcd in his
basic phiosophica outook, and prcscntcd it in ucid
anguagc. lor him tcchnoogics wcrcvicwcdnotsomuchas
appicd scicncc, but rathcr as appicd socia and mora
phiosophy. thcrs havc bccn critica oI tcchnoogica
dcvcopmcnts and sccn thc industria rcvoution as a mixcd
bcssing. Lnikc most oI thcsc critics, Wicncr was simu-
tancousy an irrcprcssiby origina non-stop thinkcr in
mathcmatics,thcscicnccsandhightcchnoogy0nd cquayan
imaginativc critic Irom a socia, historica and cthica
pcrspcctivc oI thc uscs oI his own and his cocagucs`
handiwork. BccauschcgavcrathcrunchcckcdrcintobothoI
thcsc incinations, Wicncr`s writings gcncratc a particuar
tcnsion and havc a spccia Iascination.
^ow, Iour dccadcs atcr, wc scc that thc tcnor oI his
commcnts on scicncc, tcchnoogy and socicty wcrc on thc
whoc prophctic and ahcad oI his timc. !n thc intcrvcning
ycars his sub|cct mattcr, arising out oI thc tcnsion bctwccn
tcchnica Iascination and socia conscicncc, has bccomc a
rcspcctabc topic Ior rcscarch andschoarship. Lvcn cading
univcrsitics havc caught up with it and crcatcd courscs oI
studyandacadcmic dcpartmcnts withnamcssuchas 'scicncc
studics`, 'tccnoogy studics` or 'scicncc, tcchnoog and
1~

c
n

NTRODUCTION XIII
socicty`. His prcdiction oI an immincnt 'communication
rcvoution` inwhich'thcmcssagc` woudbca pivotanotion,
and thc associatcd tcchnoogica dcvcopmcnts woud bc in
lc arca oI communication, computation and organization,
was ccar-sightcd indccd.
Jhc intcrrcation bctwccn scicncc and socicty via tcch-
noogicsisonyoncoIthctwothcmcsundcrying 1hc um0n
L:c 0j um0n ctng:. Jhc othcr dcrivcs as much Irom
Wicncr`s pcrsona phiosophy as Irom thcorctica physics.
Athough hc was a mathcmatician, his pcrsona phiosophy
wasrootcdincxistcntiaism, rathcrthaninthcIorma-ogica
anayticaphiosophy so promincnt in his day and associatcd
withthcnamcsoIKussc,Noorc, Kamscy,Wittgcnstcinand
Aycr. lor Wicncr iIc cntaicd struggc, but it was not thc
cass struggc as a mcans to socia progrcss cmphasizcd by
arxists, nor was it idcntica with thc conict lrcud saw
bctwc

n thc individua and socicty. !n hisownwords

Vc arc swimminy upsIrcam ayainsI a yrcaI IOrrcnI O! disOryaniza-
IiOn, whiCh Icnds IO rcduCc cvcryIhiny IO Ihc hcaI dcaIh O!
cguiibrium and samcncss dcsCribcd in Ihc scCOnd aw O! IhcrmO-
dynamiCs. YhaI axc, DOzmann and Iibbs mcanI by Ihis hcaI
dcaIh in physiCs has a COunIcrparI in Ihc cIhiC O! hicrkcyaard, whO
pOinIcd OuI IhaI wc ivc in a ChaOIiC mOra univcrsc. !n Ihis, Our
main ObiyaIiOn is IO csIabish arbiIrary cnCavcs O! Ordcr and
sysIcm. hcsc cnCavcs wi nOI rcmain Ihcrc indcDniIcy by any
mOmcnIum O! Ihcir Own a!Icr wc havc OnCc csIabishcd Ihcm . ..
Vc arc nOI DyhIiny !Or a dc!niIivc viCIOry in Ihc indc!niIc !uIurc. !I
s Ihc yrcaIcsI pOssibc viCIOry IO bc, IO COnIinuc IO bc, and IO havc
bccn .. . his is nO dc!caIism, iI is raIhcr a scnsc O! Iraycdy in a
wOrd in whiCh ncCcssiIy is rcprcscnIcd by an incviIabc disappcar-
1nCc O! di!!crcnIiaIiOn. hc dcCaraIiOn O! Our Own naIurc and Ihc
1IIc
mpI IO buid an cnCavc O! OryanizaIiOn in Ihc !aCc O! naIurcs
Ovc
rwhcminy IcndcnCy IO disOrdcr is an insOcnCc ayainsI Ihc yOds
1nd Ihc rOn ncCcssiIy IhaI Ihcy impOsc. lcrc ics Iraycdy, buI hcrc
lics
yOry IOO.
g
\
cn
whcnwcdiscountthcromantic,hcroicovcrtoncsinthat
I
statcmcnt, Wicncr is articuating what, as hc saw and
c
cxpcricnccd it, makcs iving mcaningIu. Jhc ad|cctivc
d
'arbitrary` bcIorc 'ordcr and systcm` hcps to makc thc
xiv
HL LMAN \SL OI LMAN LINGS
statcmcntappropriatcIormany itmight havcbccnmadc by
an artistasrcadiyasbyacrcativcscicntist. Wicncrsoutook
on iIc is couchcd in thc anguagc oI conIIict and hcroic
struggcagainstovcrwhcmingnaturatcndcncics.Buthcwas
taking about somcthing vcry diIIcrcnt Irom thc ruthcss
cxpoitation, cvcn dcstruction, oI naturc and succcssIuy
bcnding it to human purposcs, which is part oI thc cgacy,
partoIthcninctccnth-ccnturyhcroiidca, oIWcstcrnman.
Wicncr in his discussion oI human purposcs, rccognizing
Iccdbacksandargcrsystcmswhichincudcthccnvironmcnt,
hadmovcdIar awayIrom thatidca andcoscr to anidcaoI
undcrstanding and, both consciousy and cIIcctivcy, oI
coaborating with naturaproccsscs.
! cxpcct that Wicncr woud havc wccomcd somc morc
rcccntdcvcopmcntsinphysics,as histhinkingwasarcadyat
timcstcndinginthatdircction.5incchisdaydcvcopmcntsin
thc Iicd oI statistica mcchanics havc comc to modiIy thc
idcasabouthowordcrypattcrns- Iorcxampc,thcgrowthoI
pants andanimasandthccvoution oIccosystcms- arisc in
thc Iacc oI thc sccond aw oI thcrmodynamics. As Wicncr
anticipatcd, thc notions oI inIormation, Iccdback and non-
incarity oI thc diIIcrcntia cquations havc bccomc in-
crcasingyimportantin bioogy.
But bcyond that, !ya rigoginc and his co-workcrs in
Bcgium havc morc rcccnty madc a convincing casc that
natura systcms which arc cithcr Iar Irom thcrmodynamic
cquiibrium initiay, or which luctuatc, may not rcturn to
cquiibrium at a (. ^icois and !. rigoginc, .cq
Crg0ut0|t0u tu 0ucqutt0rtum .):|cm:, !9JJ). !nstcad thcy
continuc tomovcstil Iurthcr awayIromcquiibrium towards
a diIIcrcnt, incrcasingy compcx and ordcry, but ncvcrthc-
cssstabcpattcrn- notncccssariystatic, butpossibycycic.
According to thc Amcrican physicist Wiard ibbs` way oI
thinking, thc stabc statc oI a systcm - cquiibrium - is
indcpcndcnt oI its dctaicd initia conditions, yct that
simpiIicationno ongcr hods Iorsystcms Iinding stabiity Iar
Irom cquiibrium. Jhis is an cxpicit mcchanism quitc
diIIcrcnt Irom that oI a 'Naxw dcmon' (cxpaincd in

NTRODLCTION X
haptcr Z), thc mcchanism assumcd ncccssary in Wicncr`s
day. !t is morc ncary rcatcd to Wicncr`s notion oI positivc
Ic
cdb
ack
, which hc tcndcd to scc as ony disruptivc and
dc
stru
ctivc,
rathcr than as cading to compcx stabc struc-
tu
rcs.
Jhcrcsuts obtaincdby thc rigoginc groupshow thc
crcation
oI ordcry pattcrns - natura countcrtrcnds to thc
tcn
dcnc
y towardsdisorganization- to bcstrongcrand morc
ordinar
y and
commonpaccthan a soc rciancc on mcchan-
ism
soIthcNaxwc-dcmontypcwoudsuggcst. 5cnsitivityto
initia
conditionsisasoapromincntIcaturcoI 'chaosthcory`,
currcnty anactivc hcd oI rcscarch.
!I, howcvcr, wc now cxtcnd Wicncr`s anaogy lom
statistica mcchanics and incorporatc thc lndings oI thc
rigoginc group - according to which natura and spon-
tancous mcchanisms othcr than |ust thc Naxwc dcmon
gcncratc organization and diIIcrcntiation - this suggcsts a
shiItin cmphasisIrom 'thc human hght against thc incrcasc
oI cntropy to crcatc oca cncavcs oI ordcr` to a morc
co-opcrativccndcavourwhichtoaconsidcrabccxtcntoccurs
naturay and oI its own accord. !t is a subtc shiIt that can,
howcvcr, makc argc diIIcrcnccs. 1ct to bc cxporcd, thcsc
diIIcrcnccsappcar to ccho disagrccmcnts that somc modcrn
Icminists, nco-Jaoists and ccoogists havc with cassica
rcckconccpts oI thc hcroic andthctragic.
Wicncr`s status, which hc strongy prizcd, was that oI an
indcpcndcnt scicntihcay knowcdgcabc intccctua. Hc
avoidcd acccpting Iunds Irom govcrnmcnt agcncics or
corp
orationsthatmightinanywaycompromisc his compctc
honcsty and indcpcndcncc. ^or didhc idcntiIy himscI with
any
poitica, socia or phiosophica grup, but spokc and
w
rotc simpyas anindividua. HcwassuspiciousoIhonours
and
prizcs givcn Ior scicntihc achicvcmcnt.
AItcr rccciving
thc
accoad
coIccctiontothc^ationaAcadcmyoI5cicnccs,
hcr
csigncd,
cstmcmbcrshipinthatsccct,
cxcusivcbodyoI
scic
ntists
corrupthi autonomousstatusasoutsidcr0t:-u-0t:
thc
Amcric
anscicntic
cstabishmcnt HcwasoIthctradition
inw
hichitisthcintccctua'srcspon
,
ibiityto spcaktruthto
p
ow
cr. Jhis
was in thc
post-war ycars, wh
cn thc L5
x\i HL LMAN \SL OI LXIAN LINGS
govcrnmcnI and many scicnIisIs and scicncc adminisIraIors
wcrccclcbraIingIhcconIinuingparIncrshipbcIwccngovcrn
mcnI and scicncc, govcrnmcnI providing Ihc Iunds and
scicnIisIs cngaging in rcscarch. Wicncr rcmaincd alooI and
highycriIicaoI IhaIpcaccIimcarrangcmcnI.Norcprcciscy,
hc Iricd Io sIay aool buI hc would noI scparaIc himsclI
compcIclybccauscIormanyycarshcrcmaincdaproIcssoraI
Ihc NassachuscIIs !nsIiIuIc oI Jcchnology, an insIiIuIion
hcavily involvcd in IhaI parIncrship. As was his naIurc, hc
conIinucd Io Ialk Io collcagucs abouI his own IcrIic idcas,
whcIhcr Ihcy dcalI wiIh maIhcmaIics, cnginccring or social
conccrns.
1hc umuu C:c 0j umuu cIug:, lirsI pubishcd in !950,
wasascquc Io an carlicrvolumc, C)lcHc|It:. Cr C0u|r0 uud
C0mmuuItu|I0u Iu |hc .uImu uud |hc uthIuc, JhaI carlicr
volumc brokc ncw ground in scvcral rcspccIs. lirsI oI al, iI
was arcporIonncwscicnIilicand IcchnicaldcvcopmcnIsoI
Ihc !90s, cspccially on inIormaIion Ihcory, communicaIion
Ihcory and communicaIions Icchnology, modcls oI Ihc brain
and gcncra-purposc compuIcrs. 5ccondly, iIcxIcndcd idcas
and uscd mcIaphors Irom physics and clccIrica cnginccring
Io discuss a varicIy oI Iopics including ncuropaIhology,
poliIics, socicIy, carning and Ihc naIurc oI Iimc.
WicncrhadbccnanacIivcparIicipanIin prc-war inIcrdis-
cipinary scminars. AIIcr Ihc war hc rcgularly Iook parI in a
scricsoIsmallconIcrcnccsoImaIhcmaIiciansandcnginccrs,
which wcrc also aIIcndcd by biologisIs, anIhropologisIs,
socioogisIs, psychoogisIs and psychiaIrisIs, in which Ihc scI
oI idcas subsumcd undcr cybcrncIics was cxporcd in Ihc
ighI oI Ihcsc various discipincs. AI Ihcsc conIcrcnccs
Wicncr availcd himscI oI Ihc convcnicnI opporIuniIy Io
bccomcacquainIcdwiIhcurrcnIrcscarchonabroadrangcoI
IopicsouIsidc oI his spccialiIy.
Arcady in his C)lcHc|It: Wicncr had raiscd qucsIions
abouI Ihc bcncliIs oI Ihc ncw idcas and Icchnologics,
concluding pcssimisIically,
Ihcrc arc IhOsc whO hOpc IhaI Ihc yOOd O! a bcIIcr undcrs!andiny Ol

NTRODUCTION XII
man a
nd
sOccIy whCh s O!!crcd by Ihs ncw !cd O! wOrk may
nIC
pa
I0
and
OuIwcyh Ihc nCdcnIa COnIrbuIOn wc arc makny
`O Ihc
COn
CcnIraIOn O! pOwcr. ! wrIc n JVJ, and ! am COmpccd
IO say
IhaI I s a \cry syhI hOpc.
Jhc
book
was a rarity aso in that, aong with thc tcchnica
m
atcri
a,hcdiscusscdcthicaissucsatcngth.Thc um0u :c
0j
um0
u cng: isapopuarizationoI C)0cHc|tr: (omittingthc
Iorb
idding mathcmatics), though with a spccia cmphasis on
thc
dcscription oI thc human and thc socia.
Jhc prcscnt voumc is a rcprint oI thc sccond ( !95)
cdition, which diIIcrs signihcanty Irom thc origina hard-
covcrcdition. JhcnotabcrcorganizationoIthcbookandthc
changcsmadc dcscrvc attcntion. !n thc Irst cdition wc rcad
that 'thc purposc oI this book is both to cxpain thc
potcntiaitics oI thcmachinc inIcds which up to now havc
bccn takcn to bc purcy human, and to warn against thc
dangcrsoIapurcyscIshcxpoitationoIthcscpossibiiticsin
a word in which to human bcings human things arc
a-important.` AItcr commcntingcriticay about pattcrns oI
socia organization inwhich aordcrscomcIro abovc, and
nonc rcturn ('an idca hcdbymany lascists, 5trongNcnin
husincss, and ovcrnmcnt`), hc cxpains, '! wish to dcvotc
this
book hrstcdition to a protcst against this inhumanusc
oI
human bcings. ` Jhc sccond cdition, incontrast, as statcd
in
thc rcIacc, is organizcd around Wicncr's othcr ma|or
thc
mc, 'thcimpact oI thcibbsianpoint oIvicv onmodcrn
iIc,
both
through thc substantivc changcs it has madc in
wo
rking
scicncc, and through thc changcs it has madc
ind
irccty
in our attitudc to iIc in gcncra.` Jhc sccond
cd
ition,
whcrc thc Iramcwork is morc phiosophica and css
po
itica, appcars to bcprcscntcdinsuchaway as tomakcit
oI
intcrcstnotonyin !95,butasoIormanyycarstocomc.
Jh
c
writing
and thc organization arc a bit tightcr and morc
or
dcry
than
in thc hrst cdition. !tasoincudcs commcnton
so
mc
cxcmp
iIcations oI cybcrnctics (c.g., thc vork
oI Koss
As
hby)
that had comc to Wicncr`sattcntion ony during thc
ca
rly
!950s. ct
, cvcnthoughscvcrachaptcrsaccsscntiay
u
n
chan
gcd,
somcthing wasostingoing Irom thc hrstto thc
XIII HL LMAN \SL OI LMAN LINGS
sccondcdition.!missthcbuntncssandpungcncyoIsomcoI
thc commcnts in thc caricr cdition, which apparcnty wcrc
'ccancd up` Ior thc sccond.
Jhcmu:c t|clrc in !95inthc\5Awasthcppcnhcimcr
casc.]. Kobcrt ppcnhcimcr, thcphysicistwho haddircctcd
thc buiding oI atom bombs during Word War !!, had
subscqucnty comc to disagrcc with thc potica dominant
Iigurcs in thc govcrnmcnt who wcrc cagcr to dcvcop and
buid with thc grcatcst possibc spccd hydrogcn bombs a
thousand timcs morc powcrIu than thc atom bombs which
had dcvastatcd Hiroshima and `agasaki. ppcnhcimcr
urgcd dcay, ashc prcIcrrcdthat a Iurthcr cIIortbcmadc to
ncgotiatcwiththc 5ovict\nionbcIorcprocccdingwithsuch
an irrcvcrsibc cscaation oI thc arms racc. Jhis poicy
diIIcrcncc ay bchind thc dramatic ppcnhcimcr hcarings,
humiiating procccdingsatthchcightoIthc anti-Communist
'NcCarthycra` (andoIthc\5Congrcssiona'\n-Amcrican
Activitics Committcc'), cading to, absurdy, thc abcing oI
ppcnhcimcr as a 'sccurity risk`.
!n that poitica atmosphcrc it is not surprising Ior a
pubishcr to prcIcr a diIIcrcnt Iocus than thc misusc oI thc
atcsttcchnoogics, orthcdangcrsoI capitaistcxpoitationoI
tcchnoogicsIorproIit. WicncrhimscIwasatthattimcgoing
ona ccturctourto!ndiaandwasthcn occupicdwithscvcra
othcr pro|ccts, such as writing thc sccond voumc oI his
autobiography, thc mathcmatica anaysis oI brain wavcs,
scnsoryprosthcsisandancwIormuationoI quantumthcory.
HcdidnotconccrnhimscIagrcatdcawiththcrcvisionoIa
bookhc hadwrittcn scvcraycars caricr- itwoud bc morc
charactcristic oI him to writc a ncw book or add a ncw
chaptcr,rathcr thanrcvisc a bookarcadywrittcn- athough
hcmust havc agrccd to arcvisions and cditoria changcs.
AtthccndoIthc
book, inbothcditions,Wicncrcomparcs
thc Cathoic Church with thc Communist arty, and both
withcodwargovcrnmcntactiviticsincapitaistAmcrica.Jhc
criticisms oI
Amcrica in thcsc ast Icw pagcs oI thc Iirst
cdition(sccAppcndixtothis!ntroduction)arc,inspitcoIonc
bricIpointcdrcIcrcncctoNcCarthyism,argcyabscntinthc
NTRODLC!ION XIX
ccond cdition. Jhcrc arc othcr diIIcrcnccs in thc two
cditions.Jhc chaptcr'rogrcssand Lntropy`,Iorcxamplc, is
muchlongcrinthchrstcdition. JhcscctiononthchistoryoI
in\cntions withinthatchaptcrismorc dctailcd. Jhc chaptcr
aso dcals with such topicsasthc dcpction oIrcsourccs and
Amcrican dcpcndcncc on othcr nations Ior oil, coppcr and
tin, and thc possibiity oI an cncrgy-crisis unlcss ncw
in\cntions ob\iatc it. !t rc\icws \i\idly thc progrcss in
mcdicinc andanticipatcsncwproblcms, suchasthcincrcas-
inguscoIsynthcticIoodsthat maycontainminutcquantitics
ol carcinogcns. Jhcsc and othcr discursi\c cxcursions,
pciphcra to thc main linc oI argumcnt oI thc book, arc
omittcd in thc prcscnt cdition.
1|tum0u C:c 0j umuu cug: wasnotWicncr'slastword
on thc sub|cct. c continucd to think and tak and writc. !n
1VJV hc addrcsscd and pro\okcd a gathcringoIscicntists by
his rccctions and analysis oI somc mora and tcchnical
conscqucnccs oI automation (.rIcutc, \o. 1 p. 1h,
1VoU), and in his last book (!0d 0ud !0cm, 1ut., 1V0) hc
rcturncd to cthical conccrns Irom thc pcrspccti\c oI thc
crcati\c scicntist or cnginccr.
twasWicncr`siIcongobscssiontodistinguishthchuman
lro
mthcmachinc, ha\ing rccognizcd thcidcntityoI pattcrns
oI organization and oI many Iunctions which can bc
pcrIormcdbycithcr,butin1hc um0u C:c 0j umuu ctug: it
is his intcntion to pacc his undcrstanding oI thc pcopc/
machincs idcntity/dichotomy within thc contcxt oI his
g
cncrous and humanc social philosophy. Cybcrnctics had
o
rig
inatcd Irom thcanalysis oIIormal anaogics bctwccn thc
bc
ha\iouroI organisms andthatoIccctronicandmcchanica
sy
stcms
Jhc mostly miitary tcchnologics ncw in his day,
h
ich
toda
y wc call 'artihcia intcligcncc`, highightcd thc
ot
cnt
ial
rcscmbancc bctwccn ccrtain claboratc machincs
a
n
d
pc
opc.
Acadcmic psycholog in

orth Amcrica was in

th
osc
days
still
prcdominantly bcha\iourist. Jhc cybcrnctic
m
ach
inc
s-
suc
hasgcncral-purposccomputcrs- suggcstcda
os
sib
ility
as t
o thc
naturc oI mind; mind was analogous to
t
h
cor
maI
stru
cturcandorganization, orthcsoItwarcaspcct,
X HL UMAN \SL OF UMAN LINGS
oIa rcasoning-and-pcrcciving machinc that could also issuc
instructions lcading to actions. Jhus thc long-standing
mind-brain duality was ovcrcomc by a matcrialism which
cncompasscd organization, mcssagcs and inIormation in
addition to stuII and mattcr. But thc subjcctivc - an
individual`s cumulativc cxpcricncc, scnsations and Icclings,
including thc subjcctivc cxpcricncc oI bcing alivc - is
bclittlcd, sccnonlywithinthccontcxtoI cvolutionary thcory
asproviding inIormation uscIul Ior survival to thc organism.
!I shorn oI Wicncr`s bcnign social philosophy, what
rcmains oIcybcrncticscanbcuscdwithinahighly mcchani-
cal and dchumanizing, cvcn militaristic, outlook. hc Iact
that thcmctaphor oI a sophisticatcd automaton is so hcavily
cmploycd invitcs thinking about humans as in cIIcct
machincs. Nany who havc lcarncd mcrcly thc tcchnical
aspccts oI cybcrnctics havc uscd thcm, and do so today, Ior
cnds which Wicncr abhorrcd. !t is a dangcr hc Iorcsaw,
wouldhavclikcdtoobviatcand, althoughawarc oIhow littlc
hc could do in that rcgard, valiantly tricd to hcad oII.
Jhc tcchnological dcvclopmcts in thcmsclvcs arc im-
prcssivc,butsinccmostoIusalrcadyhavcto bcarwithaglut
oIpromotionallitcraturcitismorctothcpointhcrctoIramc
dcussion not in thc promotcrs` tcrms (what thc ncw
machinccando),butinamorchumanandsocialIramcwork;
how is thc machinc aIIccting pcoplc`s livcs r still morc
pointcdly who rcaps a bcncIt Irom it Wicncr urgcd
scicntists and cnginccrs to practisc 'thc imaginativc Ioward
glancc`soastoattcmptasscssingthcimpactoIaninnovation,
cvcn bcIorc making it known.
Howcvcr, oncc somc oI thc machincs or tcchniqucs wcrc
put on thc markct, a youngcr gcncration with scnsitivity to
humanandsocialimpactscouldrcportcmpiricallywhcrcthc
shoc pinchcs. Lvcn though such rcports may not succ to
radically changc convcntional pattcrns oI dcploymcnt oI
tcchnologics, which aItcr all cxprcss many kinds oI political
andcconomicintcrcsts,thcyatlcastdocumcntwhathappcns
andhclp,O cducatcthcpublic. Aslong asthcirauthorsavoid
an a priori pro-tcchnology or anti-tcchnoogy bias, thcy
NTRODLCTION

cIIcctivcy carry on whcrc Wicncr cIt oI Among such

rcports wc notc ]oscph Wcizcnbaum`s dcscription oI thc
human damagc maniIcstcd in thc `compusivc programmcr`,
whi
ch
poscs qucstions about appropriatc and inappropriatc
u
c
oIcomputcrs(C0mu|cr 10ucr 0nd um0n c0:0n, !9J).
imiary!avid^obchasdocumcntcdhowthcintroduction
oIautomation in thc machinc-too industry has rcsutcd ina
dc
skiingoImachiniststo thcirdctrimcnt,andhasdcscribcd
in
dctai thc poitica proccss by which this dcskiing was
brought about (0rtc: 0j 1r0dut|t0n, !98).
JhcsckindsoI'inhuman`uscssccmncarysubtciIpaccd
ncxttothcpotcntiaymostdamagingusc,war.JhcgrowthoI
ommunication-computation-automation dcviccs and sys-
lcmshadmadcrcativcysmabcginningsduringWordWar
, but sincc thcn has bccn givcn high priority in L5
govcrnmcnt-subsidizcd miitary rcscarch and dcvcopmcnt,
andinthc5ovictLnionaswc; thcirproiIcrationinmiitary
contcxtshasbccncnormousand cxtcnsivc. Apropcrcritiquc
woud cntai an anaysis in dcpth oI word poitics, and
cpcciay thc poitica rcations oI thc two 'supcrpowcrs`.
icncr Icarcd that hc had hcpcd to providc toos Ior thc
ccntraization oI powcr, and indccd hc and his Icow
cicntistsandcnginccrshad. lorinstancc,undcrthcKcagan
govcrnmcntmanybiionsoIdoarswcrcspcntonpansIora
protactcd stratcgic nuccar war with thc 5ovict Lnion. Jhc
tcchnoogica 'chacngc` was sccn to bc thc dcvcopmcnt oI
a cIIcctivc C-cubcd systcm (command, contro and com-
munication) which woud bc uscd to dcstroy cncmy poitica
nd command ccntrcs and at thc samc timc, through a
mutitudc oI mcthods, prcvcnt thc dcstruction oI thc
crrcsponding Amcrican ccntrcs, caving thc L5A Iuy in
command throughout thc nuccar war and victorious. 5omc
principcd scicntists and cnginccrs havc, in a Wicncrian
irit, rcIuscd to work on, orhavcstoppcd working on, such
m
ad schcmcs, or on impcmcnting thc poiticians` '5tar
ars` Iantasics.
Wc havc arcady a|udcd to Wicncr's hcavy usc oI
mct
aphors Irom cnginccring to dcscribcthchumanand thc
ii HL LMAN \SL OI LMAN LINGS
socia, and his ncgcct oI thc sub|cctivc cxpcricncc. !n thc
post-war ycars Amcrican socioogists, anthropoogists, poi-
tica scicntistsandpsychoogists tricdhardcr thancvcrto bc
sccn as 'scicntiIc`. Jhcy rcadiy borrowcd thc cnginccrs`
idiom and many sought to carn Irom thc cnginccrs` or
mathcmaticians` thinking. Contincnta Luropcan social
thinkcrs wcrc Iar morc incincd to attcnd to thc human
sub|cct and to makc css optimistic caims about thcir
scicntiIc cxpcrtisc, but it rcquircd anothcr dccadc bcIorc
Luropcan thought substantiay inIlucnccd thc positivistic or
ogica-cmpiricist prcdicctions oI thc mainstrcam oI Amcr-
ican socia scicntists.
A ma|or dcvcopmcnt in acadcmic psychoogy, promincnt
and wc-Iundcd today, rcics strongy on thc conccpt oI
inIormationproccssing andmodcs bascdonthccomputcr. !t
traccs its origins to thc discussions on cybcrnctics in thc
post-war ycars and thc wartimc work oI thc British psycho-
ogistcnncthCraik. Jhisdcvcopmcnt,knownas 'cognitivc
scicncc`, cntircy ignorcs background contcxts, thc cuturc,
thc socicty, history, sub|cctivc cxpcricncc, human Iccings
and cmotions. Jhus it works with a highy impovcrishcd
modcoIwhatitistobchuman. 5uchmodcshavc,howcvcr,
Ioundthcirchacngcrsandcritics,rangingIromthc|ourna-
istordonKatrayJayor (1hc 0|ur0 t:|0 0j tnd, !9J9)
tothc psychoogist]amcs]. ibson, thcattcrproviding aIar
diIIcrcnt approach to how humans know and pcrccivc (1hc
1crtq|t0n 0j |hc t:u0 H0rd, !950; 1hc .cn:c: C0n:tdcrcd 0:
1crtq|u0 .):|cm:, !9; 1hc 1t00gtt0 .[r00th |0 t:u0
1crtq|t0n, !9J9).
!I wc tracc thc intccctua history oI currcnt thinking in
such divcrsc Icds as ccuar bioogy, mcdicinc, anthropo
ogy, psychiatry, ccoogyandcconomics, wchndthatin cach
discipincconccptscomingIromcybcrncticsconsitutconcoI
thcstrcamsthathavcIcdit. Cybcrnctics, incudinginIorma
tionthcory,systcmswithpurposivcbchaviourandautomaton
modcs,waspartoIthcintccctuadiaogucoIthc !950sand
hassinccmingcdwithmanyothcrscams, hasbccnabsorbcd
and bccomc part oI thc convcnona idiom and praccc.
NTRODUCTION
iii
Joo many writings about tcchnogcs arc disma, narrow
a
poogcticsIorspcciaintcrcsts,andnotvcrycding.1ctthc
s
ub
|cctmattcrisintrinsicaycxtrcmcyvaricdandstimuating
to
an cnquiring mind. !t has proIound impicatios Ior our
day
-to-dayivcs, thcir structurc andthcir uaity. Jhc socia
historyoIscicnccand tcchnoogy is a richrcsourcc, cvcnIor
imagining and rcccting on thc Iuturc. Norcovcr thc topic
highights ccntra dicmmas in cvcry poitica systcm. lor
cxa
mpc, howisthcrocoI 'cxpcrts`inadvisinggovcrnmcnts
rc
atcdtopoiticaproccss rhowisitpossibctorcconcic,
inacapitaistcconomywithinadcmocraticpoiticastructurc,
thcunavoidabcconictbctwccnpubicintcrcstanddccision
by a popuar votc, onthc onc hand, and corporatc dccisions
astowhichcnginccringpro|cctsarcproIitabc,onthcothcr
Wc arc now sccing thc risc oI a rcativcy ncw gcnrc oI
writing about tcchnoogcs and pcopc which is intcrcsting,
concrctc, opcn, cxporatory and conIronts poitica issucs
hcad-on.Wcnccdthiswriting,IorwcarcivinginwhatLu
has appropriatcy cacd a tcchnoogica socicty. Within that
gcnrc, Wicncr`s books, as wc as somc caricr writings by
cwis NumIord, arc among thc Icw pionccring works that
havc bccomc cassics Jhc prcscnt rcissuc oI onc oI thcsc
cassics is causc Ior rc|oicing. Nay it stimuatc rcadcrs to
think passionatcy Ior thcmscvcs about thc human usc oI
human bcings with thc kind oI intccctua honcsty and
compassonWicncr brought to thc sub|cct.
tc\c]. Hcims
hoston, ctobcr !988
ll7
What
Ioows arc two documcnts Irom ^orbcrt Wicncr's
writings
- an opcn lcttcr pubIshcd n thcl0n|t 0nlh( magazinc,
]anuary !9J issuc; and
- thcconcudingpassagcsoI 1hc um0n Csc 0j um0n cng:,
st cdition, Houghton-Niin, 950, pp. //8-9.
i HL LMAN \SL OI LMAN LINGS
. Sttii:.Rir::
Jhc cttcr which Ioows was addrcsscd by onc oI our
ranking mathcmaticians to a rcscarch scicntist oI a grcat
aircraIt corporation, who had askcd him Ior thc tcchnica
accountoI accrtain inc oI rcscarch hc had conductcd inthc
war. roIcssor Wicncr's indignation at bcing rcqucstcd to
participatcinindiscriminatcrcarmamcnt, cssthantwoycars
aItcr victoy, is typica oI many Amcrican scicntists who
scrvcdthcir country IaithIuy during thc war.
roIcssor oI Nathcmatics in onc oI our grcat Lastcrn
institutions, ^orbcrt Wicncr was born in Coumbia, Nis-
souri, in !89, thc son oI Lco Wicncr, roIcssor oI 5avic
Languagcs at Har\ard Lnivcrsity. Hc took his doctoratc at
Har\ard and did his graduatc work in Lngand and in
ttingcn.JodayhciscstccmcdoncoIthcword`sIorcmost
mathcmaca anaysts. His idcas paycd a signihcant part in
thc dcvcopmcnt oI thc thcorics oI communication and
contro which wcrccsscntia in winning thc war.
Jhc Lditor,|un|tr 0n|hq
5ir
!avcrcccivcdIromyouanotcinwhichyoustatcthatyou
arc cngagcd in a pro|cct conccrning controcd missics, and
in whichyourcqucst acopy oI apapcrwhich!wrotcIorthc
^ationa!cIcnscKcscarch Committccduringthcwar.
AsthcpapcristhcpropcrtyoIa govcrnmcntorganization,
you arc oI coursc at compctc ibcrty to turn to that govcrn-
mcntorganizationIorsuchinIormationas!coudgivcyou.!I
itisoutoIprintasyousay,andthcydcsirctomakcitavaiabc
Ior you, thcrc arc doubtcss propcr avcnucs oI approach to
thcm.
Whcn,howcvcr,youturntomcIorinIormationconccrning
controcd missics, thcrc arc scvcra considcrations which
dctcrminc my rcpy. !n thc past, thc comity oI schoars has
madc it a custom to Iurnish scicntiIic inIormation to any
pcrson scriousy sccking it. Howcvcr, wc must Iacc thcsc
Iacts: thcpoioI thcgovcrnmcntitscIduring andaItcrthc
PPLNDIX 11
VJI, SJy H !hC UmH U! IUShmJ JHU `JJSJk, hJS
JUC ! ClCJI !hJ! !U IUYUC SCCH!!C H!UImJ!UH S HU! J
HCCCSSJIly HHUCCH! JC!, JHU mJy CH!Jl !hC IJYCS! CUHSCqu-
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XlII HL UMAN \SE OF LMAN EINGS
poisoningoIdcIcncccsspcopcs- and!mostccrtainydonot
must takc a scrious rcsponsibiity as to thosc to whom !
discosc my scicntiIic idcas. 5incc it is obvious that with
sucicntcIIortyoucanobtainmymatcria, cvcnthoughitis
outoIprint,!canonyprotcstr0 inrcIusingtogivcyou
anyinIormationconccrningmypastwork. Howcvcr,!rc|oicc
atthcIactthatmymatcria isnotrcadiy avaiabc,inasmuch
asitgivcsmcthcopportunitytoraiscthisscriousmoraissuc.
donotcxpccttopubishanyIuturcworkoImincwhichmay
do damagcinthc hands oI irrcsponsibc miitarists.
amtaking thcibcrtyoIcaingthiscttcr to thcattcntion
oI othcr pcopc in scicntiIc work. bcicvc it is ony propcr
that thcy shoud know oI it in ordcr to makc thcir own
indcpcndcnt dccisions, iI simiar situations shoud conIront
thcm
`orbcrtWicncr
PPLNDIX 12
1uI!|++~ |S OF | bcS
!havcindicatcdthatIrccdomoIopinionatthcprcscnttimc
isbcingcrushcdbctwccnthcorigiditicsoIthcChurchand
thc Communist arty. !n thc Lnitcd 5tatcs wc arc in thc
proccss oI dcvcoping a ncw rigidity which combincs thc
mcthods oIbothwhicpartaking oI thccmotionalIcrvouroI
ncithcr. ur Conscrvativcs oI al shadcs oI opinion havc
somchow gottogcthcrto makcAmcrican capitalism and thc
IthIrccdomoI thcbusincssmansuprcmcthroughoutallthc
world.
ur military mcn and our grcat mcrchant princcs havc
lookd upon thcpropaganda tcchniqucoIthc ussians, and
havc Iound that it is good. Jhcy havc Iound a worthy
countcrpart Ior thc L in thc lB!, in its ncw rc oI
politica ccnsor. Jhcy havc not considcrcd that thcsc
wcapons Iorm somcthing Iundamcntally distastcIul to
huanity,andthatthcynccdthcIullIorccoIanovcrwhcm-
ing Iaith and bclicI to makc thcm cvcn tolcrablc. Jhis Iaith
and bclicI cy havc nowhcrc strivcn to rcpacc. Jhus thcy
havcbccnIalsctothcdcarcstpartoIourAmcricantraditions,
without oIIcring us any principlcs Ior which wc may dic,
cccpt a mcrcy ncgativc hatrcd oI Communism. Jhcy havc
succccdcd in bcing unAmcrican without bcing radical. Jo
thiscndwchavcinvcntcdancwinquisition:thc!nquisitionoI
JcachcrsathsandoICongrcssionalCommittcs.Wchavc
snthcsizcd a ncw propaganda, lacking ony onc ccmcnt
whichiscommontothcChurchandtothcCommunistarty,
and that is thc ccmcnt oI BcicI Wc havc acccptcd thc
mcthods, not c idcas oI our possiblc antagonists, ittlc
rcal
izing that it is thc idcals which havc givcn thc mcthods

hatcvcr cogcncy thcy posscss. ursclvcs without Iaith, wc

prc
sumc topunishhcrcsy Naythcabsurdity oI ourposition
so
o
n pcrish amidst thc Homcric laughtcr that it dcscrvcs.
!tisthistripcattackonourlibcrticswhichwcmust rcsist,
|I
co
munication is to havc thc scopc that it propcry
csc
rvcs as thc ccntral phcnomcnon oI socicty, and iI thc
hu

anindividualistorcachandtomaintainhisIullstaturc.
X
HL LMAN \SL O LMAN LINGS
!tisagain thc AmcricanworshipoIknow-howasopposcdto
know-whatthat hampcrsus.Wcrightlyscc grcatdangcrsin
thcttalitaria
nsystcmoI Communism. nthconchand,
wc
havccallcdin tocombatthcscthcassistanccoI atotalitaria
n
Churchwhichis innorcspcct rcady to acccpt, insupportoI
itsstandards, mildcrmcansthanthosctowhichCommunism
appcals. nthcothcrhand, wchavc attcmptcd to synthcsiz
c
arigidsystcmtoIightIrcbyIrc, andtoopposcCommunism
byinstitutionswhichbcarmorcthanaIortuitousrcscmblanc
c
to Communistic institutions !n this wchavcIailcd to rcaliz
c
that thc clcmcnt in Communism which csscntially dcscrvcs
ourrcspcctconsistsinitsloyalticsandinitsinsstcncconthc
dignity and thc rights oI thc workcr. What is bad consists
chicIlyinthc ruthlcss tcchniqucs to whichthc prcscnt phasc
oI thc Communist rcvolutionhasrcsortcd. ur lcadcrsshow
adisquictingcomplaccncyinthciracccptanccoIthcruthlcss-
ncssand adisquictingunwillingncss to rcIcrthciractstoany
guiding principlcs. lundamcntally, bchind our countcr
ruthlcssncss thcrc is no adcquatc basis oI rcal hcartIclt
asscnt.IctushopcthatitisstillpossiblctorcvcrscthctidcoI
thcmomcnt andtocrcatcaIuturcAmcricainwhichmancan
livc and can grow to bc a human bcing in thc Iullcst and
richcst scnsc oI thcword.
IAL
7HL lDLA OFA CON7lNCLN7 CN|LSL
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W88 uCl CCmQClCy uCV CI N8XWC 8uU ClDCI8 D8U
X
HL LMAN SL O LMAN DLINGS
Iisagain IhcAmcricanworshipoIknow-how asopposcdIo
know-whaIIhaIhampcrsus. WcrighIlysccgrcaIdangcrs in
Ihc IotliIariansysIcmoICommunism. nIhconchand,
wc
havccallcd inIo combaIIhcscIhcassisIanccoIa IotaliIaria
n
Church which isinnorcspccIrcadyIoacccpI, in supporI
oI
iIssIandards,mildcrmcansIhanIhoscIowhichCommunism
appcals. nIhcoIhcr hand,wchavcaIIcmpIcdIosynIhcsizc
arigidsysIcmIoIghIIrcbyIrc,andIoopposcCommunism
byinsIiIuIionswhichbcarmorcIhanaIorIuiIousrcscmblanc
c
Io CommunisIic insIiIuIions. nIhis wc havc Iailcd Iorcalizc
IhaI Ihc clcmcnI in Communism which csscnIially dcscrvcs
ourrcspccIconsisIsiniIsloyalIicsandiniIsinsisIcncconIhc
digniIy and Ihc righIs oI Ihc workcr. WhaI is bad consisIs
chicIyinIhcruIhlcss Icchniqucs Io whichIhc prcscnIphasc
oIIhc CommunisIrcvoluIionhasrcsorIcd. urlcadcrsshow
adisquicIingcomplaccncyinIhciracccpIanccoIIhcruIhlcss-
ncssandadisquicIing unwillingncssIorcIcrIhciracIsIoany
guiding principlcs. lundamcnIally, bchind our counIcr-
ruIhlcssncss Ihcrc is no adcquaIc basis oI rcal hcarIIclI
asscnI. IcIushopcIhaIiIissIillpossiblcIorcvcrscIhcIidcoI
IhcmomcnIandIocrcaIc aIuIurc Amcricainwhichman can
livc and can grow Io bc a human bcing in Ihc IullcsI and
richcsI scnsc oI Ihc word.
IAL
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CYBEBNETICS ANb SOIETY 11
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CYEBNETICS ANb SCCIET
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1o 1H HUMAN USE CF HUMAN BEINGS
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DCht8t 8at8aCtCty8CUtCn tCtDC QtCD!Cm8 atCU8Cd
Dy tD8 CXQCtmCnt Wa8 tDat C LCtCntZ, WDC QCntCd
CUt tDat tDCCtCC8 DCdnmattCttCCtDCt WCtC CCn-
CCVCd a8 DCn tDCm8CVC8 CCCttCa Ct CQtCa n
natUtC, WC 8DCUd CXQCCt a nCatVC tC8Ut tCm tDC
NCDC8Cn-NCtCy CXQCtmCnt. 1CWCVCt, Ln8tCn n
1
j
O

ttan8atCd tDC8C dCa8 C LCtCntZ ntC a !Ctm n

WDCDtDCUCD8CtVaDtyCaD8CUtCmCtCnWa8tatDCt
a QC8tUatC C QDy8C8 tDan tDC tC8Ut C any QattCUat
8ttUCtUtC C matCt. Ct CUt QUtQC8C8, tDC mQCttant
tDn 8 tDat n Ln8tCn8 WCtK, Dt and mattCt atC
Cn an CQUa Da88, a8 tDCy Dad DCCn n tDC Wttn8
DCCtC PCWtCn; WtDCUt tDC PCWtCnan 8UDCtdnatCn
CCVCtytDnC8CtCmattCtandmCCDanC8.
n CXQ!an D8 VCW8, Ln8tCn maKC8 aDUndant
U8C C tDC CD8CtVCt WDC may DC at tC8t Ct may DC
mCVn. 1n D8 tDCCty C tCatVty t 8 mQC88DC tC
nttCdUCC tDC CD8CtVCt WtDCUt a8C nttCdUCn tDC
dCa C mC88aC, and WtDCUt, n aCt, tCtUtnn tDC
CmQDa88 CQDy8C8tC a QUa8-LCDntZan8tatC, WDC8C
tCndCnCy 8 CnCC aan CQtCa. Ln8tCn8 tDCCtyCtC-
atVty and LDD8 8tat8tCa mCCDanC8 atC n 8DatQ
CCntta8t, n tDat Ln8tCn, KC PCWtCn, 8 8t taKn
Qtmaty n tCtm8 C an aD8CUtCy td dynamC8 nCt
nttCdUCn tDC dCa C QtCDaDty. LDD8 WCtK, Cn
tDC CtDCt Dand, 8 QtCDaD8tC tCm tDC VCty 8tatt, yCt
DCtD dtCCtCn8 C WCtK tCQtC8Cnt H 8Dt n tDC QCnt
.
C VCW C QDy8C8 n WDCD tDC WCtd a8 t aCtUay

C8t8 8 tCQaCCd n 8CmC 8Cn8C Ct CtDCt Dy tDC WCtd

z
_a8 t DaQQCn8 tC DC qD8Cj, and tDC Cd na1VC tCa8m
o QDy8C8 VCVay tC 8CmCtDn Cn WDCD D8DCQ
DCtKCCymDtDaVC8mCdW1tDQCa8UtC.
AttD8 QCntt8aQQtCQtatCCt U8 tCtCVCWCCttan
nCtCn8 QCttann tC CnttCQy WDCD DaVC atCady DCCn
QtC8CntCd n tDC nttCdUCtCn. A8 WC DaVC 8ad, tDC
dCa C CnttCQ CQtC8Cnt8 CVCta C tDC mC8t mQCt-
_ tant dCQattUtC8 C LDD8an mCCDanC8 tCm PCW-
tCnan mCCDanC8. 1n LDD8 VCW VC DaVC a QDy8Ca
CYBEBNETICS ANb SCCIETY 21
QUantty WDCD DC!On8 nOt tO tDC OUt8dC WOt!d a8
8UCD, DUt tOCCrtan8Ct8OQO88D!C OUt8dC WOt!d8, and
tDCtCOrC tO tDC an8WCt tO CCttan 8QCChC QUC8tOn8
WDCD WC Can a8K COnCCtnn tDC OUt8dC WOt!d.
1Dy8C8 nOW DCCOmC8 nOt tDC d8CU88On O an OUt8dC
UnVCt8C WDCD may DC tCatdCd a8 tDC tOta! an8WCt
tO a!! tDC QUC8tOn8 COnCCrnn t, DUt an aCCOUnt O
tDC an8WCt8 tO mUCD mOrC !mtCd QUC8tOn8. 1n aCt,
WC arC nOW nO !OnCt COnCCrnCd WtD tDC 8tUdy O a!!
QO88D!C OUtOn and nCOmn mC88aC8 WDCD WC
may 8Cnd and CCCVC, DUt WtD tDC tDCOry O mUCD
mOrC 8QCChC OUtOn and nCOmn mC88aC8 and t
nVO!VC8amCa8UtCmCntOtDCnO-!OnCtnhntCamOUnt
OnOrmatOntDattDCyyC!dU8.
NC888 ) tDCm8C!VC8 a Otm O QattCtn and Ot-
unZatOn. 1ndCCd, t 8 QO88D!C tO ttCat 8Ct8 O mC8-
8aC8 a8 DaVn an CnttOQy !KC 8Ct8 O 8tatC8 O tDC
CXtCrna! WOt!d. |U8t a8 CnttOQy 8 a mCa8UrC O d8Ot-
anZatOn, tDC OrmatOn CarrCd Dy a 8Ct O mC8
8aC8 8 amCa8UrC O OranZatOn. 1naCt,t 8 QO88D!C
tO ntCtQtCt tDC nOrmatOn CarrCd Dy a mC88aC a8
C88CntaytDC nCatVC O t8 CntrOQy, andtDC nCatVC

!OartDm O t8 QtODaD!ty. Dat 8, tDC mOrC QtODaD!C

tDC mC88aC, tDC !C88 nOtmatOn t VC8. L!CDC8, Ot
CamQ!C, arC!C88 !!UmnatntDantCatQOCm8.
1 DaVC a!rCady tCCrtCd tO LCDntZ8 ntCrC8t n
aUtOmata, an ntCrC8t nCdCnta!!y 8DatCd y D8 COn-
tCmQOtary, 1a8Ca!, WDO madC rCa! COntrDUtOn8 tO tDC
dCVC!OQmCnt OWDatWCnOWKnOWa8tDCdC8Kaddn
maCDnC. LCDntZ 8aW n tDC COnCOrdanCC O tDC tmC
VCn Dy C!OCK8 8Ct attDC 8amC tmC, tDC mOdC!OttDC
QrC-C8taD!8DCd DatmOny O D8 mOnad8. Ot tDC tCCD-
nQUC CmDOdCdntDC aUtOmataOD8 tmC Wa8 tDat O
tDC C!OCKmaKCt. LCt U8 COn8dCttDCaCtVtyOtDC !ttC
hUtC8 WDCD danCC On tDC tOQ O a mU8C DOX. DCy
mOVC n aCCOtdanCC WtD a QattCrn, DUt t 8 a QattCO
DCD 8 8Ct n adVanCC, and n WDCD UC Qa8t aCtVty
O tDC hUrC8 Da8 QtaCtCa!y nOtDn tO dO WtD tDC
B
22 I BMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
jattCtn O tDCt ututC aCtVty. DC jtODaDty tDat
tDCy Vl dVCtC tOm tD8 jattCO 8 . DCtC 8 a
mC88aC, ndCCd; Dut t OC8 tOm tDC maCDnCty O
tDC mu8C DOX tO tDC hutC8, and 8tOj8 tDCtC. DC h-
utC8 tDCm8ClVC8 DaVC nO ttaCC O COmmunCatOn VtD
tDCOutCtVtld, CXCCjttD8 OnC-Vay 8taC OCOmmun-
CatOnVtDtDC jtC-C8taDl8DCdmCCDan8mOtDCmu8C
DOX. DCy atCDlnd, dCa, and dumD, and CannOt Vaty
tDCt aCtVty u tDC Ca8t tOm tDC COnVCntOnaZCd
jattCtn.
LOntta8t VtD tDCm tDC DCDaVOt O man, Ot ndCCd
O any mOdCtatCly ntCllCnt anmal 8uCD a8 a kttCn.
1 Cal tO tDC kttCn and t lOOk8 uj. 1 DaVC 8Cnt t a
mC88aC VDCD t Da8 tCCCVCd Dy t8 8Cn8Oty Otan,
and VDCD t tC8tCt8 n aCtOn. DC kttCn 8 Dunty
and lCt8 Out a jtul Val. D8 tmC t 8 tDC 8CndCt O
a mC88aC. DC kttCn Dat8 at a 8Vnn 8jOOl. DC
8jOOl 8Vn8 tO t8 Ct, and tDC kttCn CatCDC8 t VtD
t8 Ct jaV. D8 tmC mC88aC8 O a VCty COmjlCatCd
natutC atC DOtD 8Cnt and tCCCVCd VtDn tDC kttCn8
OVn nCtVOu8 8y8tCm tDtOuD CCttan nCtVC Cnd-DOdC8
n t8 jOnt8, mu8ClC8, and tCndOn8; and Dy mCan8 O
nCtVOu8 mC88aC8 8Cnt Dy tDC8C Otan8, tDC anmal 8
aVatC O tDC aCtual jO8tOn and tCn8On8 O t8 t88uC8.
1t 8 Only tDtOuD tDC8C Otan8 tDat anytDn lkC a
manual8kll8jO88DlC.
1 DaVC COntta8tCd tDC jtCattanCd DCDaVOt O tDC
ttlC hutC8 OntDCmu8CDOX OntDC OnC Dand, andtDC
COntnCnt DCDaVOt O Duman DCn8 and anmal8 n
tDC OtDCt. utVC mu8tnOt 8ujjO8C tDattDC mu8CDOX
8tyjCalOamaCDnCDCDaVOt.
DC OdCt maCDnC8, and n jattCulat tDC OldCt at-
tCmjt8 tO jtOduCC autOmata, dd n aCt unCtOn On
ClO8Cd ClOCkVOtk Da88. ut mOdCtn autOmatC ma-
CDnC8 8uCD a8 tDC COnttOllCd m88lC, tDC jtOXmty
u8C, tDC autOmatC dOOt OjCnCt, tDC COnttOl ajjatatu8
Ot a CDCmCa 8CtOty, and tDC tC8t O tDC mOdCO
atmOty O autOmatC maCDnC8 VDCDjCtOtm mtaty
L3?Lb AN SOT 2

Ot ndu8Ual unCtOn8, jO88C88 8Cn8C Otan8; tDat 8,

tCCCjtOt8 OtmC88aC8 COmn tOm tDCOut8dC. DC8C
may DC a8 8mjlC a8 jDOtOClCCttC CCll8 VDCD CDanC
ClCCttCally VDCn a lDt all8 On tDCm, and VDCD Can
tCll lDt tOm datk, Ot a8 COmjlCatCd a8 a tClCV8On
8Ct. DCy may mCa8utC a tCn8On DytDC CDanC t jtO-
duCC8 n tDC COnduCtVty O a VtC CXjO8Cd tO t, Ot
tDCy may mCa8utC tCmjCtatutC Dy mCan8 O a tDCtmO-
COujlC, VDCD 8 an n8ttumCnt COn88tn O tVO d8-
tnCtmCtal8 nCOntaCtVtD OnC anOtDCttDtOuD VDCD
a CuttCnt hOV8 VDCn OnC O tDC jOnt8 O COnt0Ct 8
DCatCd. VCty n8ttumCnt n tDC tCjCttOty O UC
8CCnthC-n8ttumCnt makCt 8 a jO88DlC 8Cn8C Otan,
and may DC madC tO tCCOtd t8 tCadn tCmOtCly
tDtOuD tDC ntCtVCntOn O ajjtOjtatC ClCCttCal aj-
jatatu8. Du8 tDC maCDnC VDCD 8 COndtOnCd Dy
t8 tClatOn tO tDC CXtCtnal VOtld, anO Dy tDC tDn8
DajjCnn n tDC CXtCtnal VOtld, 8 VtD u8 anO Da8
DCCnVtDu8Ot8OmCHmC.
DC maCDnC VDCD aCt8 On tDC CXtCtnal VOtld Dy
mCan8OmC88aC88al8Oamlat.DCautOmatCjDOtO-
ClCCttC dOOt OjCnCt 8 knOVn tO CVCty jCt8On VDO Da8
ja88CO tDtOuD tDC 1Cnn8ylVana btatOn n PCV 1Otk,
anO 8 u8CO n many OtDCt Duldn8 a8 VCll. YDCn a
mC88aC COn88tn O tDC ntCtCCjtOn O a DCam O
lDt 8 8Cnt tO tDC ajjatatu8, tD8 mC88aC aCtuatC8 tDC
OOOt, anOOCn8t8OtDattDCja88CnCtmayOtDtOuD.
DC 8tCj8 DCtVCCn tDC aCtuatOn O a maCDnC O
tD8 tyjC Dy 8Cn8C Otan8 anO t8 jCttOtmanCC Ot a
ta8k may DC a8 8mjlC a8 n tDC Ca8C O tDC ClCCttC
OOOt, Ot t may DC n aCt O any OC8tCd OCtCC O
COmjlCXty VtDn tDC lmt8 O Out CnnCCtn tCCD-
nQuC8. A COmjlCX aCtOn 8 OnC n VDCD tDC Oata
nttOOuCCd, VDCDVC Call tDC inut,tO ODtan an ChCCt
On tDC OutCt VOtld, VDCD VC Call tDC outut, may
nVOlVC a latC numDCt O COmDnatOn8. DC8C atC
COmDnatOn8, DOtD O tDC data jut n at tDC mOmCnt
and O tDC tCCOtd8 takCn tOm tDC ja8t 8tOtCO data
2

TE BUMAN USE OF BUMAN BEINGS

VDCD VC Call tDC memoq. C8C atC tCCOtdCd n tDC
maCDnC. DC mO8t COmjlCatCd maCDnC8 yCt madC
VDCD ttan8Otm njut data ntO Outjut data atC tDC
DD-8jCCd ClCCttCal COmjutn maCDnC8, O VDCD 1
8Dall 8jCak latCt n mOtC dCtal. DC dCtCtmnatOn O
tDCmOdCOCOnduCtOtDC8CmaCDnC88VCntDtOuD
a 8jCCal 8Ott O njut, VDCD tCQuCntly COn88t8 O
junCDCd Catd8 Ot tajC8 Ot O manCtZCd VtC8, and
VDCD dCtCtmnC8tDC Vay nVDCD tDC maCDnC 8 O-
n tO aCt n OnC OjCtatOn, a8 d8tnCt tOm tDC Vay n
VDCD t mDt DaVC aCtCd n anOtDCt. CCau8C O tDC
tCQuCnt u8C O junCDCd Ot manCC tajC n tDC COn-
ttOl, tDC data VDCD atC Cd n, and VDCD ndCatC tDC
mOdCOOjCtatOnOOnCOtDC8CmaCDnC8OtCOmDn-
nnOtmatOn,atCCallCdtDCtoiug.
1 DaVC 8ad tDat man and tDC anmal DaVC a kn-
aC8tDCtC 8Cn8C, Dy VDCD tDCy kCCj a tCCOtd O tDC
jO8tOn andtCn8On8 OtDCt mu8ClC8. Otany maCDnC
8uDjCCt tO a VatCd CXtCtnal CnVtOnmCnt tO aCt ChCC-
tVCly t 8 nCCC88aty tDat nOtmatOn COnCtnn tDC
tC8ult8 Ot8 OVn aCtOn DCutn8DCdtO ta8 jattOtDC
ntOtmatOn OnVDCD t mu8t COntnuC tO aCt. Ot CX-
amjlC, VC atC tunnn an ClCVatOt, t 8 nOt CnOuD
tO OjCn tDC Out8dC dOOt DCCau8C tDC OtdCt8 VC DaVC
VCn 8DOuld makC tDC ClCVatOt DC at tDat dOOt at tDC
tmC VC OjCn t. 1t 8 mjOttant tDat tDC tClCa8C Ot
OjCnn tDC dOOt DC dCjCndCnt On tDC aCt tDat tDC
ClCVatOt 8 aCtually at tDC dOOt; OtDCtV8C 8OmCtDn
mDt DaVC dCtanCd t, and tDC ja88CnCt mDt 8tCj
ntO tDC Cmjty 8Dat. D8 COnttOl O a maCDnC On tDC
Da88 Ot8 acua/jCtOtmanCCtatDCttDant8 exected
jCtOtmanCC 8 knOVn a8 ]eeJbock, and nVOlVC8 8Cn-
8Oty mCmDCt8 VDCD atC aCtuatCd Dy mOtOt mCmDCt8
and jCtOtm tDC unCtOn O te//-to/es Ot mouitos
tDat 8, O ClCmCnt8 VDCD ndCatC a jCtOtmanCC. 1t
8 tDC unCtOn O tDC8CmCCDan8m8 tO COnttOl tDC mC-
CDanCal tCndCnCy tOVatd d8OtanZatOn; n OtDCt
CYBEBETICS ANb SCCIETY 2

VOtd8, tO jtOduCC a tCmjOtaty and OCa tCVCt8al O

tDCnOtmaldtCCtOnOCnttOjy.
1 DaVC ju8t mCntOnCd tDC ClCVatOt a8 an CXamjlC O
CCdDaCk. DCtC atC OtDCt Ca8C8 VDCtC tDC mjOttanCC
O CCdDaCk 8 CVCn mOtC ajjatCnt. Ot CXamjlC, a
un-jOntCt takC8 nOtmatOn tOm D8 n8ttumCnt8 O
OD8CtVatOn, and COnVCy8 t tO tDC un, 8O tDat tDC
lattCtVll jOntn 8uCDa dtCCtOntDattDC m88lC V
ja88 tDtOuD tDC mOVn tatCt at a CCttan tmC. POV,
tDC un t8Cl mu8t DC u8Cd undCt all COndtOn8 O
VCatDCt. 1n 8OmC O tDC8C tDC tCa8C 8 Vatm, and tDC
un 8Vn8 Ca8ly and tajdly. \ndCt OtDCt COndtOn8
tDC tCa8C 8 tOZCn Ot mXCd VtD 8and, and tDC un
8 8lOV tO an8VCttDC OtdCt8 VCn tO t. 1 tDC8C OtdCt8
atC tCnOtCCd Dy an CXtta ju8D VCn VDCn tDC un
al8 tO tC8jOnd Ca8ly tO tDC OtdCt8 and a8 DCDnd
tDCm, tDCn tDC CttOt O tDC un-jOntCt Vll DC dC-
CtCa8Cd. O ODtan a jCtOtmanCC a8 unOtm a8 jO8-
8DlC, t 8 Cu8tOmatytO jutntOtDCun a COnttOlCCd-
DaCk ClCmCnt VDCD tCad8 tDC la O tDC un DCDnd
tDC jO8tOn t 8DOuld DaVC aCCOtdn tO tDC OtdCt8
VCn t, and VDCD u8C8 tD8 dhCtCnCC tO VC tDC un
anCXttaju8D.
1t 8 ttuC tDatjtCCautOn8 mu8t DC takCn 8O tDattDC
ju8D 8nOttOODatd,Ot t 8,tDCunVll 8Vnja8t
t8jtOjCtjO8tOn, andVllDaVCtODCjullCdDaCknU
8CtC8 O O8CllatOn8, VDCD may VCl DCCOmC VdCt
and VdCt, and lCad tO a d8a8ttOu8 n8taDlty. 1 tDC
CCdDaCk 8y8tCm 8 t8Cl COnttOllCd, n OtDCt VOtd8,
t8 OVn CnttOjC tCndCnCC8 atC CDCCkCd Dy 8tll OtDCt
COnttOlln mCCDan8m8and kCjt VtDn lmt8 8um-
CCntly 8ttnCnt, tD8 Vll nOt OCCut, and tDC CX8tCnCC
O tDC CCdDaCk Vll nCtCa8C tDC 8taDlty O jCtOtm-
anCC O tDC un. 1n OtDCt VOtd8, tDC jCtOtmanCC Vl
DCCOmC lC88 dCjCndCnt On tDC tCtOnal lOad; Ot VDat
8 tDC 8amC tDn, On tDC dta CtCatCd Dy tDC 8thnC88
OtDCtCa8C.
bOmCtDnVCty8mlattOtD8OCCut8nDumanaCtOn.
2b Tm BUMAN USE OF BUMAN BEINGS
11 jCk ujmyCat, 1 dO nOtVlltOmOVC any8jCChC
mu8ClC8. 1ndCCd n many Ca8C8, 1 dO nOt knOV VDat
tDO8C mu8ClC8 atC. YDat 1 dO 8 tO tutn ntO aCtOn a
CCttan CCdDaCk mCCDan8m; namCly, a tChCXnVDCD
tDC amOunt Dy VDCD 1 DaVC yCt alCd tO jCk uj tDC
Cat 8 tutnCd ntO a nCV and nCtCa8Cd OtdCt tO UC
lan mu8ClC8, VDCDCVCt tDCy may DC. 1n tD8 Vay,
a atly unOtm VOluntaty COmmand Vll CnaDlC tDC
8amC ta8k tO DC jCtOtmCd tOm VdCly Vatyn n-
tal jO8tOn8, and ttC8jCCtVC O UC dCCtCa8C O COn
UaCtOn duC tO atuC O tDC mu8ClC8. bmlatly, VDCn
1 dtVC a Cat, 1 dOnOt OllOV Out a 8CtC8 O COmmand8
dCjCndCnt 8mjly On a mCnta maC O tDC tOad and
tDCta8k1 am dOn. 1 1 hndtDC Cat8VCtVntOOmuCD
tO tDC tDt, tDat Cau8C8 mC tO jull t tO tDC lCt. D8
dCjCnd8 OntDC aCtual jCtOtmanCC O tDC Cat, and nOt
8mjly On tDC tOad; and t allOV8 mC tO dtVC VtD
nCatly CQua CmCCnCy a Dt Au8tn Ot a DCaVy ttuCk,
VtDOut DaVn OtmCd 8CjatatC DaDt8 Ot tDC dtVn
O tDC tVO. 1 8Dall DaVC mOtC tO 8ay aDOut tD8 n tDC
CDajtCt n tD8 DOOk On 8jCCal maCDnC8, VDCtC VC
8Dall d8Cu88 tDC 8CtVCC tDat Can DC dOnC tO nCutOja-
tOlOy Dy tDC 8tudy O maCDnC8 VtD dCCCt8 n jCt-
OtmanCC 8lat tO tDO8C OCCuttn n tDC Duman
mCCDan8m.
1t 8 my tDC88 tDat tDC jDy8Cal uCtOnn O tDC
lVnndVdualandtDCOjCtatOnO8OmCOtDCnCVCt
COmmunCatOnmaCDnC8 atC jtCC8ClyjatallClntDCt
anaOOu8 attCmjt8 tO COnttOl CnttOjy tDtOuD CCd-
DaCk. OtDOUCmDaVC 8Cn8OtytCCCjtOt8 a8 OnC 8taC
n tDCt CyCC O OjCtatOn: tDat 8, n DOtD O tDCm
tDCtC CX8t8 a 8jCCa ajjatatu8 Ot COllCCtn nOt
matOn tOm tDC OutCt VOtld at lOV CnCty lCVC8, and
Ot makn t aValaDlC n tDC OjCtatOn O tDC ndVd-
ua Ot O tDC maCDnC. 1n DOtD Ca8C8 tDC8C CXtCOa
mC88aC8 atC nOt takCn mut, Dut tDtOuD tDC ntC0
an8Otmn jOVCt8 O tDC ajjatatu8, VDCtDCt t b
aVC Ot dCad. DC nOtmatOn 8 tDCu tutnCd ntO
LXUEUDE1ILb AN bOLIE1X 2
/
nCV Otm aValaDlC Ot tDC uttDCt 8taC8 O jCtOtm-
anCC. 1n DOtD tDC anmal and tDC maCDnC tD8 jCt-
OtmanCC 8 madC tO DC CCCtVC On tDC OutCt VOtld.
1n DOtD O tDCm, tDCt cqormcJ aCtOn On tDC OutCt
VOtld, and nOt mCtCly tDCt intcnJcJ aCtOn, 8 tC-
jOttCd DaCk tO tDC CCnttal tCulatOty ajjatatu8. D8
COmjlCX O DCDaVOt 8 nOtCd Dy tDC aVCtaC man,
and n j0ttCulat dOC8 nOt jlay tDC tOlC tDat t 8DOuld
n Out DaDtual analy88 O 8OCCty; Ot ju8t a8 ndVd-
ual jDy8Cal tC8jOn8C8 may DC 8CCn tOm tD8 jnt O
VCV, 8O may tDC OtaC tC8jOn8C8 O 8OCCty t8Cl. 1
dO nOt mCan tDat tDC 8OCOlO8t 8 unaVatC O UC CX-
8tCnCC and COmjlCX natutC COmmunCatOn8 n
8OCCty,DutuntltCCCntlyDCDa8tCndCdtO OVCtlOOktDC
CXtCnt tO VDCD tDCy atC tDC CCmCnt VDCD Dnd8 t8
0DtCtOCtDCt.
YC DaVC 8CCnn U CDajtCt tDCundamCntal mp
O 8 COmjlCX O dCa8 VDCD untl tCCCntly Dad nOt
DCCn 8uCCntly a88OCatCd VtD OnC anOtDCt, namCly,
tDC COntnCnt VCV O jDy8C8 tDat LDD8 nttOduCCd
a8 8 mOdhCatOn O tDC ttadtOnal, PCVtOnan COn-
VCntOD8, tDC Auu8tnan atttudC tOVatd OtdCt and
COnduCt VDCD 8 dCmandCd Dy tD8 VCV, and tDC
tDCOty O tDC mC88aC amOn mCn, maCDnC8, and n
8OCCty a8 a 8CQuCnCC O CVCnt8 n tmC VDCD, tDOuD
tt8Cl Da8 a CCttan COntnCnCy, 8ttVC8 tO DOld DaCk
natutC8 tCndCnCy tOVatd d8OtdCt Dy adju8tn t8
att8tOVatOu8 jutjO8VCCnd8.
P

lOCLSS AND LN7OlY

A8 VC DaVC 8ad, natutC8 8tat8tCa tCndCnCy tO d8-
OtdCt, tDC tCndCnCy Ot CnttOjy tO nCtCa8C n 8OatCd
8y8tCm8, 8 CXjtC88Cd Dy tDC 8CCOnd aV O tCtmO-
dynamC8. YC, a8 Duman DCn8, atC nOt 8OatCd 8y8-
tCm8. YC takC n OOd, VDCD CnCtatC8 CnCty, tOm
tDC Out8dC, and atC, a8 a tC8ut, jatt8 O tDat atCt
VOtd VDCD COntan8 tDO8C 8OutCC8 O Out Vtaty. ut
CVCn mOtC mjOttant 8 tDC aCt tDat VC takC n n-
OtmatOn tDtOuD Out 8Cn8C Otan8, and VC aCt On n-
OtmatOntCCCVCd.
POV tDC DyC8t 8 atCady !amatVtDtDC 8n:
CanCC O tD8 8tatCmCnt a8 at a8 t COnCCtn8 Out tC-
atOn8 VtD tDC CnVtOnmCnt. A Dtant CXjtC88On O
tDC tOC O nOtmatOn n tD8 tC8jCCt 8 jtOVdCd Dy
LCtk NaXVC, n tDC Otm O tDC 8O-CaCd `NaXVC
dCmOn,VDCDVCmaydC8CtDCa8OOV8.
bujjO8CtDat VC DaVC a COntanCt O a8,VDO8CtCm
jCtatutC 8 CVCtyVDCtC tDC 8amC. bOmC mOCCuC8 O
tD8 a8 V DC mOVn a8tCt tDan OtDCt8. POV Ct u8
8ujjO8C tDat tDCtC 8 a ttC dOOt n tDC COntanCt tDat
Ct tDC a8 ntO a tuDC VDCD tun8 tO a DCat CnnC,
anO tDat tDC CXDau8t O tD8 DCat CnC 8 COnnCCtCd
Dy anOtDCt tuDC DaCk tO tDC a8 CDamDCt, tDtOuD an-
OtDCtdOOt. AtCaCD dOOttDCtC8 a ttC DCnVtDtDC
jOVCt O VatCDn tDC On-COmn mOCCuC8 and O
OjCnn Ot CO8n tDC dOOt8 n aCCOtdanCC VtD tDCt
VCOCty.
DC dCmOn at tDC ht8t dOOt OjCn8 t Ony Ot DD-
8jCCd mOCCuC8 and CO8C8 t n tDC aCC O OV-8jCCd
CYBEBNETICS AN SOIETY 2
j
mOlCCulCs COmn tOm tDC COntanCt. DC tOlC O tDC
dCmOn at tDC sCCOnd OOt s CXaCtly tDC OjjOstC DC
OQCns tDC dOOt Only Ot lOV-sjCCd mOlCCulCs COmn
rOm tDC COntanCt and ClOsCs t n tDC aCC O DD
sQCCd mOlCCulCs. DC tCsult s tDat tDC tCmjCatutC
OCs uj at OnC Cnd and dOVn attDC OtDCt tDus CtCatn
a Q
CrQCtual mOtOn O `tDC sCCOnd knd: tDat s, a
jCrQCtual mOtOn VDCD dOCs nOt VOlatC tDC htst laV
O
tDCtmOdynamCs, VDCD tClls us tDat tDC amOunt O
CnCry VtDn a VCn systCm s COnstant, Dut dOCs
VOlatC tDC sCCOnd laV O tDCtmOdynamCs, VDCD tClls
us tDat CnCry sjOntanCOusly tuns dOVn Dll n tCm
jCraturC. 1n OtDCtVOtds, tDCNaXVClldCmOn sCCms tO
OVCrCOmCtDCtCndCnCyOCntrQytOnCtCasC.
1CrDajs 1 Can llusttatC tDs dCa stllutUCt Dy COn
sdCrn a CtOVd mlln atOund n a suDVay at tVO
turnstlCs, OnC O VDCD Vll Only lCt jCOQlC Out u tDCy
arC ODsCrVCd tO DC tunnn at a CCttan sjCCd, and tDC
OtDCr O VDC Vll Only lCt jCOjlC Out tDCy atC
mOVn slOVly. DCOttutOus mOVCmCnt O tDC jCOjlC
ntDCsuDVayVllsDOVtsClasasttCamOast-mOVn
jCOjlC COmntOm tDC htsttutnstlC, VDCrCas tDC sCC-
OndturnstlCVllOnly lCttDrOuDslOV-mOVnjCOjlC.
1t tDCsC tVO tutnstlCs arC COnnCCtCd Dy a jassaCVay
VtD a trCadmlln t, tDC ast-mOVn jCOjlC Vll DaVC
a tCatCt tCndCnCy tO tutn tDC UCadmll n OnC dtCC-
tOntDan tDC slO jCOjlC tO tuDt n tDC OtDCt, and VC
sDall atDCt a sOutCC O usC!ul CnCty n tDC OttutOus
mlnatOundOtDCCtOVd.
CrC tDCtC CmCtCs a VCty ntCCstn dstnCtOn
DCtVCCn tDC jDysCs O Out tandatDCts and tDat O
tDC jtCsCnt day. 1n nnCtCCnU CCntuty jDysCs, t
sCC
mCdtO COstnOtDntOCtnOtmaOn. DCtCsults
tDat UCtC s nOtDn n NaXVClls jDysCs tO jtCVCnt
OnCODs dCmOnstOmutnsDntsOVnjOVCtsOutCC.
NOdCtn jDysCs, DOVCVCt, tCCOnZCs tDat UC dCmOn
Can Only an tDC nOtmatOn VtD VDCD t OjCns Ot
ClO
sCs tDC dOOt tOm sOmCtDn lkC a sCnsC Otan

O TBE BUMAN USE OF BUMAN BEINGS

VDCD Or tDC8C jurjO8C8 8 an CyC. DC lDt tDat
8trkC8 tDC dCmOn8 CyC 8 nOt an CnCry-lC88 8ujjlC-
mCnt O mCCDanCal mOtOn, Dut 8DarC8 n tDC man
jrOjCrtC8 OmCCDanCalmOtOnt8Cl. LDt CannOtDC
rCCCVCd Dy any n8trumCnt unlC88 tDt8t,and CannOt
ndCatC tDC jO8tOn O any jartClC unlC88 t Dt8 tDC
jartClC a8 VCll. D8 mCan8, tDCn, tDat CVCn rOm a
jurCly mCCDanCal jOnt O VCV VC CannOt COn8dCr
tDC a8 CDamDCr a8 COntannmCrC a8, DutratDCr a8
and lDt VDCD may Or may nOt DC n CQulDrum. 1
tDC a8 andtDClDtarCnCQulDrum,tCanDC8DOVn
a8 a COn8CuCnCC O jrC8Cnt jDy8Cal dOCtrnC tDat tDC
NaXVCll dCmOn Vll DC a8 Dlnd a8 tDCrC VCrC nO
lDt at all. YC 8DallDaVC a ClOud OlDt COmnrOm
CVCrydrCCtOn, VnnO ndCatOn OtDCjO8tOnand
mOmCnta O tDC a8 jartClC8. DCrCOrC tDC NaXVCll
dCmOn Vll VOrk Only n a 8y8tCm tDat 8 nOt n CQu-
lDrum. 1n 8uCD a 8y8tCm, DOVCVCr, t Vll turn Out
tDat tDC COn8tant COll8On DCtVCCn lDt and a8 jar-
tClC8 tCnd8 tO Drn tDC 1Dtand jartClC8 tO an CQu-
lDrum. Du8 VDlC tDC dCmOn may tCmjOrarly rC-
VCr8C tDC u8ual drCCOu O CntrOjy, ultmatCly t tOO
VllVCardOVn.
C NaXVCl dCmOn Cau VOrk ndChntCly Only
addtOnal lDt COmC8 rOm Out8dC tDC 8y8tCm and
dOC8 nOt COrrC8jOnd u tCmjCraturC tO tDC mCCDan1Ca
tCmjCraturC O tDC jartClC8 tDCm8ClVC8. D8 8 a
8tuatOn VDCD 8DOuld DCjCrCCtly amlar tO u8, DC-
Cau8C VC 8CC tDC unVCr8C arOund u8 rChCCtn lDt
rOm tDC 8un, VDCD 8 VCry ar rOm DCn n CQu-
lDrum VtD mCCDanCal 8y8tCm8 On tDC CartD. btrCtly
8jCakn, VC arC COnrOuHn jattClC8 VDO8C tCmjCr
aturC 8

O Or . VtD a lDt VDCD CmC8 rOm a

8unatm0nytDOu8and8OdCrCC8.
1n a 8y8tCm VDCD 8 nOt n CQulDrum, Or n jatt
O 8uC a 8y8tCm, CntrO_y uCCd nOt nCrCa8C. 1t may,
naCt, dCCrCa8C OCally. 1CrDa_8 tD8 uOn-CQulDrum
O tDC VOtd aDOut u8 8 mCrCly a 8taC u a dOVuD
CYBERETICS AN SCCIETY

1
COutsCVDCDVllultmatClylCadtOCQulDtum.bOOnC

Ot latCt VC sDall dC, and t s DDly QtODaDlC tDat tDC

VDOlC unVCtsC atOund us Vll dC tDC DCat dCatD, u
VDCD tDC VOtld sDall DC tCduCCd tO OnC Vast tCmQCt-
atutC CQulDtum n VDCD nOtDn tCally nCV CVCt
DaQQCns. DCtC Vll DC nOtDn lCt Dut a dtaD un-
Otmty Out O VDCD VC Can CXQCCt Only mnOt and
nsnhCantlOCalhuCtuatOns.
1ut VC atC nOt yCt sQCCtatOts at tDC last staCs Ot
tDC VOtlds dCatD. 1n aCt tDCsC last staCs Can DaVC
nO sQCCtatOts. DCtCOtC, n tDC VOtld VtD VDCD VC
atC mmCdatCly COnCCtnCd tDCtC atC staCs VDCD,
tDOuD tDCy OCCuQy an nsnhCant taCtOn O CtCt-
nty, atC O tCat snhCanCC Ot Out QutQOsCs, tOt n
tDCm CnttOQy dOCs nOt nCtCasC and OtanZatOn and
tsCOttClatVC,nOtmatOn,atCDCnDultuQ.
YDat 1 DaVC sad aDOut tDCsC CnClaVCs O nCtCasn
OtanZatOn s nOt COnhnCd mCtCly tO OtanZatOn as
CXDDtCd Dy lVn DCns. NaCDnCs alsO COnttDutC
O a lOCal and tCmQOtaty Duldn uQ O nOtmatOn,
nOtVtDstandn tDCt CtudC and mQCtCCt OtanZa-
tOnCOmQatCdVtDtDatOOutsClVCs.
CtC 1 Vant tO ntCt]CCttDC sCmantC QOnttDat suCD
VOtds as lC, QutQOsC, and sOul atC tOssly nadCQuatC
tO QtCCsC sCCnthC tDnkn. DCsC tCtms DaVC anCd
tDCt snhCanCC tDtOuD Out tCCOntOn O tDC unty
O a CCttan tOuQ O QDCnOmCna, and dO nOt n taCt
unsD us VtD any adCQuatC Dass tO CDataCtCtZC tDs
unty. YDCnCVCt VC hnd a nCV QDCnOmCnOn VDCD
QattakCs tO sOmC dCtCC O tDC natutC O tDOsC VDCD
VC DaVC altCady tCtmCd `lVn QDCnOmCna, Dut dOCs
nOt COnOtm tO all tDC assOCatCd asQCCts VDCD dChnC
tDC tCtm `lC, VC atCaCCdVtDtDCQtODlCmVDCtDCt
tO CnlatC tDC VOtd `ltC sO as tO nCludC tDCm, Ot
tO dC

nC t u a mOtC tCsttCtVC Vay sO as tO CXCludC

tDCm. YC DaVC CuCOuntCtCd tDs QtODlCm u tDC Qast
n COnsdCtn VtusCs, VDCD sDOV sOmC Ot tDC tCnd
CuCCs O lC-tO QCtsst, tO multQly, and tO OtanZC

2 TE BUMAN USE OF BUMAN BEINGS

Dut dO nOt CXQrC88 thC8C tCndCnCC8 n a uy-dCVC-
OQCd Orm. POW that CCrtan anaOC8 O DChaVOr arC
DCn OD8CtVCd DCtWCCn thC maChnC and thC Vn
Oran8m, thC jrODCm a8 tO WhCthCr thC maChnC 8
aVC Or nOt 8, Or Our QurQO8C8, 8CmantC and WC arC
atDCrtytO an8WCrtOnCWayOrthCOthCra8 DC8t 8ut8
Our COnVCnCnCC. A8 umQty umQty 8ay8 aDOut 8OmC
O h8 mOrC rCmarKaDC WOrd8, `1 Qay thCm CXtra, and
maKCthCmdOWhat1Want.
WC W8h tO u8C thC WOrd `C tO COVCr a QhC-
nOmCna VhCh OCay 8Wm uQ8trCam aan8t thC
CurrCnt O nCrCa8n CntrOjy, WC arC at DCrty tO dO
8O. OWCVCr, WC 8ha thCn nCudC many a8trOnOmCa
QhCnOmCna WhCh haVC Ony thC 8hadC8t rC8CmDanCC
tO C a8 WC Ordnary KnOW t. t 8 n my OQnOn,
thCrCOrC, DC8t tO aVOd a QuC8tOn-DCn CQthCt8
8uCh a8 `C, `8Ou, `Vta8m, and thC KC, and 8ay
mCrCy n COnnCCtOn Wth maChnC8 that thCrC 8 nO
rCa8On Why thCy may nOt rC8CmDC human DCn8 n
rCQrC8CntnQOCKCt8 O dCCrCa8n CnttOQy n a ramC-
WOrKnWhChthCarCCnttOQytCnd8tOnCrCa8C.
hCn 1 COmQarC thC Vn Oran8m Wth 8uCh a
maChnC, dO nOt Or a mOmCnt mCan that thC 8QCChC
jhy8Ca, ChCmCa, and 8QttuaQrOCC88C8 O C a8VC
Ordnary KnW t arC thC 8amC a8 thO8C O C-mtat-
n maChnC8. mCan 8mQy that thCy DOth Can CXCm-
Qy OCay ant-CntrOQC QrOCC88C8, WhCh QCrhaQ8
may a8O DC CXCmQ!hCd n many OthCr Way8 WmCh WC
8hOud natutay tCrm nCthCr DOOCa! nOr mCChan
Ca.
hC t 8 mQO88DC tO maKC 0ny unVCr8a 8tatC-
mCnt8 COnCCrnn C-mtatn autOmata n a hCd
WhCh 8 rOWn a8 raQdy a8 that O autOmatZatOn,
thCrC arC 8OmC CnCra CaturC8 O thC8C maChnC8 a8
UCyaCtuay CX8t that 1 8hOd !KC tO CmQha8ZC. LnC
8thatthCyarCmaChnC8 tOQCrttm 8OmC dChntC ta8
Or ta8K8, and thCrCOrC mu8t QO88C88 ChCCtOr Oran8
( anaOOu tO arm8 and C8 n human DCng8) U
CYBEBNETICS ANb SCCIETY

VDCD 8uCD ta8k8 Can DC jCrOrmCd. DC 8CCOnd jOnt

8
tDat tDCy mu8t DC cn raort VU UC OutCr VOrld
Dy 8Cn8C Oran8, 8uCD a8 jDOtOClCCtrC CCll8 and tDCr-
OmCtCr8, VDCD nOt Only tCl tDCm VDat UC CX8tn
CrCum8tanCC8 arC, Dut CnaDlC tDCm tO rCCOrd tDC jCr
OrmanCC Or nOnjCrOrmanCC O UCr OVn ta8k8. D8
a8t unCtOn, a8 VC DaVC 8CCn, 8 CalCd ]ccJbmk, UC
jrOjCrty O DCnaDlC tO ad]u8tuturC COnduCtDy ja8t
jCrOrmanCC. CCdDaCkmayDC a8 8mjlCa8 tDat OtDC
COmmOn rChCX, Or t may DC a DDCr OrdCr CCdDaCk,
n VDCD ja8t CXjCrCnCC 8 u8Cd nOt Only tO rCuatC
8jCChC mOVCmCnt8, Dut al8O VDOlC jOlCC8 O DC-
DaVOr. buCD a jOlCy-CCdDaCk may, and OtCn dOC8,
ajjCar tO DC VDat VC knOV undCr OnC a8jCCt a8 a
COndtOnCdrChCX,andundCranOtDCra8lCarnn.
Or al tDC8C Orm8 O DCDaVOr, and jarUCularly Or
tDC mOrC COmjlCatCd OnC8, VC mu8t DaVC CCntra dC-
C8On Oran8 VDCD dCtCrmnC VDat tDC maCDnC 8 tO
dOnCXtOntDCDa88 O nOrmaUOnCdDaCktOt,VDC
t 8tOrC8 Dy mCan8 analOOu8 tO tDC mCmOry O a Vn
Oran8m.
1t8 Ca8y tO makC a 8mjlC maCDnC VDCD Vll run
tOVard tDC lDt Or run aVayrOm t, and 8uC ma-
CDnC8 al8O COntan lDt8 O tDCr OVn, a numDCr O
tDCm tOCtDCr Vll 8DOV COmjlCatCd Orm8 O 8OCa
DCDaVOr 8uCD a8 DaVC DCCn OC8CrDCd Dy 1r. LrCy
YaltCr n D8 DOOk, 7bc Lcng mn. At jrC8Cnt UC
mOrC COmjlCatCd maCDnC8 O tD8 tyjC arC nOtDn
Dut 8CCnthC tOy8 Or tDC CXjlOratOn O tDC jO88D-
tC8 OtDC maCDnC t8Cl and O t8 analOuC, tDC nCrV-
Ou8 8y8tCm. ut UCrC 8 rCa8On tO antCjatC Uat UC
dCVClOjn tCCDnOlOy O tDC nCar uturC Vll u8C 8OmC
OUC8CjOtCntaltC8.
Du8 tDCnCrVOu8 8y8tCm andtDC autOmatC maCDnC
arC undamCntally akC n tDat tDCy arC dCVCC8 VDCD
makC dCC8On8 On UC Da88 O dCC8On8 UCy DaVC
madC n tDC ja8t. DC 8mjlC8t mCCDanCal dCVCC8 Vl
akC dCC8On8 DCtVCCn tVO altCrnatVC8, 8uCD a8 UC
P
34
I BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
ClO8n Ot OjCnn O a 8VtCD. 1n tDC nCtVOu8 8y8tCm,
tDCndVdualnCtVC hDCt al8O dCCdC8 DCtVCCn Catty-
n an mjul8C Ot nOt. 1n DOtD tDC maCDnC and tDC
nCtVC, tDCtC 8 a 8jCChC ajjatatu8 Ot makn ututC
dCC8On8 dCjCnO On ja8t dCC8On8, and n tDCnCtVOu8
8y8tCm a latC jat| O tD8 ta8k 8 OOnC at UO8C CX-
ttCmCly COmjlCatCd jOnt8 CallCO `8ynaj8C8 VDCtC a
numDCt O nCOmn nCtVC hDCt8 COnnCCt VtD a 8nlC
OutOn nCtVC hDCt. 1n many Ca8C8 t 8 jO88DlC tO
8tatCUCDa88OtDC8CdCC8On8 a8atDtC8DOldOaCtOn
OtDC 8ynaj8C, Ot n OtDCt VOtd8, DytClln DOVmany
nCOmn hDCt8 8DOulO htC n OtdCt tDat tDC OutOn
hDCt8mayhtC.
D8 8 tDC Da88 O at lCa8t jat| O tDC analOy DC-
tVCCn maCDnC8 and lVn Otan8m8. DC 8ynaj8C u
UC Vn Otan8m COttC8jOnd8 tO tDC 8VtCDn OC-
VCC n tDC maCDnC. Ot uttDCt dCVClOjmCnt O tDC
dCtalCd tClatOn8Dj DCtVCCn maCDnC8 and lVn
Otan8m8, OnC 8DOulO COn8ult tDC CXttCmCy n8jtn
DOOk8O1t.YaltCtanO1t.Y.1O88A8DDy.'
DC maCDnC, lkC tDC lVn Otan8m, 8, a8 1 DaVC
8ad, a dCVCC VDCD lOCally and tCmjOtatly 8CCm8 tO
tC88ttDC CnCtal tCndCnCyOttDCnCtCa8C O CnUOjy.
y t8 aDlty t makC OCC8On8 t CanjtOduCC atOunO
t OCalZOnC OOtanZatOnn aVOtldVDO8C CnCta
tCndCnCy8tOtundOVn.
DC 8CCnt8t 8 alVay8 VOtkntO O8COVCt UC OtOCt
8nO OtanZatOn O tDC unVCt8C, and 8 tDu8 jlayn
a amC aan8ttDC atCD CnCmy, d8OtanZaHOn. 18 tD8
dCVl NanCDaCan OtAuu8tnanr 18 ta COnttatyOtCC
OjjO8Cd tO OtdCt Ot 8 t tDC VCty aD8CnCC O OtdCt
t8ClrDCdhCtCnCCDCtVCCntDC8CtVO 8Ot|8OdCOn8
Vll makC t8Cl ajjatCnt n tDC taCtC8 tO DC u8CO
aan8t tDCm. DC NanCDaCan OCVl 8 an OjjOnCnt,
1
Y, O88 A8DDy, Deign jm c rcin, YCy, Cw 1Otk,
1g_2, and Y. LtCy Ya\Ct, Tbe Limngrcin, OtlOn, Cw
1Otk, 1g__.
CYBEBNETICS AN SCCIETY
35
lkC any OtDCt OjjOnCnt, VDO 8 dCtCnnCd On VCtOy
and Vll u8C any ttCk O CtatnC88 Ot d88mulatOn tO
ODtan tD8VCtOty. 1njattCulat, DCVllkCCjD8jOlCy
O COnu8OD 8CCtCt, and VC 8DOV any 8n8 O DC-
nnntOd8COVCtD8jOlCy,DCVllCDanCtnOtdCt
tO kCCj u8 n tDC datk. Ln tDC OtDCt Dand, tDC Auu8-
Unan dCVl, VDCD 8 nOt a jOVCt n t8Cl, Dut tDC
mCa8utC O Out OVn VCaknC88, may tCQutC Out ull
tC8OutCC8 tO unCOVCt, Dut VDCn VC DaVC unCOVCtCd t,
VC DaVC n a CCttan 8Cn8C CXOtC8Cd t, and t Vll nOt
altCt t8 jOlCy On a matICt altCady dCCdCd VtD tDC
mCtC ntCntOn O COnOundn u8 uttDCt. DC Nan-
CDaCan dCVl 8 jlayn a amC O jOkCt aan8t u8
and Vll tC8Ott Cadly tO Dlumn; VDCD, a8 VOn PCu-
mannCXjlan8 n D8 7bcmqpCans,8ntCndCd nOt
mCtClytO CnaDlCu8tOVnOn aDluh,DuttOjtCVCnttDC
OtDCt 8dC tOm Vnnn On tDC Da88 O a CCtIanty
tDatVCVllnOtDluh.
LOmjatCd tO tD8 NanCDaCan DCn O tCbnCd ma-
CC, tDCAuu8tnan dCVl88tujd. Cjlay8 a dmCult
amC, Dut DC may DC dCCatCd Dy Out ntCllCnCC a8
tDOtOuDlya8Dya8jtnkCODOlyVatCt.
A8 tO tDC natutC O tDC dCVl, VC DaVC an ajDOt8m
O n8tCn8 VDCD 8 mOtC Dan an ajDOt8m, and 8
tCay a 8tatCmCnt COnCCtnntDCOundaUOn8 O8CCu-
tbC mCUOd. `DC LOtd 8 8uDtlC, Dut DC 8nt 8mjly
mCan. CtC tDC VOtd `LOtd8u8CdtO dC8CtDC UO8C
OtCC8 n natutC VD1CD nCludC VDat VC DaVC atU-
DutCd tO D8 VCty DumDlC 8CtVant, tDC 1CVl, and
n8tCn mCan8 tO 8ay tDat tDC8C OtCC8 dO nOt Dlu.
1CtDaj8 tD8 dCVl 8 nOt at n mCan1n tOm NCjD
8tOjDClC8. YDCn au8t a8kCd NCjD8tOjDClC8 VDat DC
Va8, NCjD8tOjDClC8 tCjlCd, `A jatt O tDat OtCC
VDCD alVay8 8CCk8 CVl and alVay8 dOC8 OOd. 1u
OtDCt VOtd8, tDC dCVl 8 nOt unlmtCd u D8 aDty
tO dCCCVC, and tDC 8CCn8t VDO lOOk8 Ot a jO8UVC
OtCC dCtCtmuCd tO COnu8C u8 n tDC unVCt8C VDC
DC 8 uVC8tatn 8 Va8tu D8 UmC. PatC OCt

3
b I BUMAN USE OI BUMAN BEINGS
rCsstanCC tO CCCOCn, Dut t COCs nOt sDOV nyCnuty
n bnCn nCV anC unCCCQDCraD!C mCtDOCs Or ]am-
mnOurCOmmunCatOnVtDtDCOutCrVOr!C.
Ds CstnCtOn DCtVCCn tDC QassVC rCsstanCC O
naturC anC tDC aCtVC rCsstanCC O an OQQnCnt suy-
yCsts a CstnCtOn DCtCCn tDC rCsCarCD sCCntst anC
tDC VarrOr Or tDC amC Q!ayCr. DCrCsCarCD QDysCst
Das a!! tDC tmC n tDC VOI!C tO Carry Out Ds CXQCr-
mCnts, anC DC nCCC nOt Car tDat naturC V!! n tmC
CsCOVCr Ds trCks anC mCtDOC anC CDanC DCr QO!Cy.
DCrCOrC, Ds VOrk s yOVCrnCC Dy Ds DCst mOmCnts,
VDCrCas a CDCssQ!ayCr CannOt makC OnC mstakC VtD-
Out bnCn an a!Crt aCVCrsary rCaCy tO takC aCVantayC
O t anC tO CCCat Dm. Dus tDC CDCss [!ayCr s OV-
CrnCC mOrC Dy Ds VOrst mOmCnts tan Dy Ds DCst
mOmCnts. may DC QrC]uCCCC aDOuttDs C!am. Or
DaVC OunC t [OssD!C mysC! tO CO CCCtVC VOrk n
sCCnCC, VD!C my CDCss has DCCn COntnua!!y VtatCd
DymyCarC!CssnCssatCrDCa!nstants.
DC sCCntsts tDus CsQOsCC tO rCyarC Ds OQQOnCnt
as an DnOraD!C CnCmy. Ds atttuCC s nCCCssary Or
Ds CCCtVCnCss as a sCCntst, Dut tCnCs tO makC Dm
tDC Cu[C OunQrnCQ!CCQCOQ!C nVar and nQO!tC8.
ta!sO Das tDC CCCt O makny t DarC Or tDC CnCra!
[uD!C tO unCCrstanC Dm, Or tDC yCnCra! QuD!C s
muCD mOrC COnCCrnCC VtD [CrsOna! antaOnsts tDan
VtDnatrCasanantaOnst.
C arC mmCrsCC n a !C n VDCD tDC VOr!C as a
VDO!C ODCys UC sC J tDCn
usOn nCrCasCs anC OrCr CCCrCasCs. 1Ct, as VC DaVC
sCCn, UC sCCOnC !aV O tDCrmOCynamCs, VD!C tma
DC a Va!C statCmCnt aDOut tDC VDO!C O a C!OsCd
systCm,s CCbntC!y nOta!CCOnCCnya nOn-sO!atCd
[art O t. DCrC arC !OCa! anC tCmQOrary s!ands O
dCCrCasnCntrO[yna VOr!C nVDCD tDC CnO[y s
a VDO!C tCnds tOnCrCasC, anC tDC CXstCnCC OtDCsCs-
nCsCnaD!Cs sOmCOustO assCrttDCCXstCnCCO[rOy-
tCss. Dat Can VC say aDOut tDC CnCra! CrCCtOn O
CYBEBNETICS A SCCIETY
37
tDC Datt!C DCtVCCn QIOICss anC nCICasn CntIOQy n
tDCVOI!CmmCCatC!yaDOutus
DC nDtCnmCnt, as VC a!! knOV, OstCICC tDC
CCa O QIOICss, CVCn tDOuD tDCIC VCIC amOn tDC
mCn O tDC CDtCCntD CCntuIy sOmC VDO C!t tDat tDs
QIOICss Vas suDCCt tO a !aV O CmnsDn ICtuIns,
anC tDat tDC LO!CCn AC O sOCCty VOu!C nOt CCI
VCIy muCD IOm VDat tDy saV aDOut tDCm. DC CIaCk
n tDC aDIC O tDC n!DtCnmCnt, maIkCC Dy tDC
ICnCD CVO!utOn, Vas aCCOmQanCC Dy COuDts O
QIOICss C!sCVDCIC. Na!tDus, OI CXamQ!C, sCCs tDC Cu-
tuIC O Ds aC aDOut tO snk ntO tDC s!OuD O an un-
COntIO!!CC nCICasC n QOu!atOn, sVa!!OVn uQ a!
tDCans sOaImaCCDyDumanty.
DC!nC OntC!!CCtua!CCsCCntIOm Na!tDus tO aI-
Vn s C!CaI. aIVns ICat nnOVatOn n tDC tDCOIy O
CVO!utOn Vas tDat DC COnCCVCC O t nOt as a
amaICkan sQOntanCOus asCCnt IOm DDCI tO DDCI
anC IOm DCttCI tO DCttCI, Dut as a QDCnOmCnOn n
VDCD Vn DCns sDOVCd ( a ) a sQOntanCOus tCnC-
CnCy tO CCVC!OQ n many CICCtOns, anC ( D) a tCnC-
Cny tO O!!OV tDC QattCIn O tDCI anCCstOIs. DC
COmDnatOn O tDCsCtVO CCCts Vas tOQIunC an OVCI-
!usD CCVC!OQn natuIC anC tO CCQIVC t O tDOsC OI-
ansms VDCD VCIC !!-aCaQtCC tO tDCI CnVIOnmCnt,
Dy a QIOCCss O natuIa! sC!CCtOn. DC ICsu!t O tDs
QIunn Vas tO !CaVC a ICsCua! QattCIn O OIms O
!C mOIC OI !Css VC!! aCaQtCC tO tDCI CnVIOnmCnt.
Ds ICsCua QattCIn, aCCOICn tO aIVn, assumCs
tDCaQQCaIanCCOunVCIsa!QuIQOsVCnCss.
DC COnCCQt O a ICsCua QattCIn Das COmC tO tDC
OIC aan n tDC VOIk O I. . Oss AsDDy. 1C usC8
t
tO CXQ!an tDC COnCCQt O maCDnCs Uat !CaIn. 1C
QOnts Out tDat a maCDnC O IatDCI IanCOm anC DaQ-
DaZaIC stIuCtuIC V! DaVC CCItan nCaICQu!DIum
QOstOns, anC CCItan OstOns aI IOm CQu!DIum,
anC tDat tDC nCaI-CQu!DIum QattCIns V!! DytDCt
VCIy natuIC ast Or a !On tmC, VD!C tDC OtDCIs V
3
d I BUMAN USE OF BUMAN BEINGS
aQQCaI On!y tCmQOIaI!y. DC ICsu!t s tDat n AsDDy`8
maCDnC, as n aIVns natuIC, VC DaVC tDC aQQCar-
anCC O a QuIQOsC!u!nCss n a systCm VDCD s nOt Qur-
QOsCu!!y COnstIuCtCC smQ!y DCCausC [uIQOsC!CssnCs8
s n ts VCIy natuIC tIanstOIy. L COuIsC, n tDC !On
run, tDC ICat tIVa!QuIQOsCOmaXmum CntIOQy V!
aQQCaI tO DC tDC mOst CnCuIn O a!!. ut n tDC n
tCImCCatC staCs an OIansm OI a sOCCty O OIan-
sm V!! tCnC tOCa!!y!OnCIntDOsC mOCCs O aCtVty
nVDCDtDCCCICnt[aItsVOIktOCtDCI, aCCOICntO
amOICOI!CssmCannu!QattCIn.
DC!CVC tDat AsDDys DI!!ant CCa O tDC unQuI-
QOsCu! IanCOm mCCDansm VDCD sCCks OI ts OVn
QuIQOsCtDIOuDaQIOCCss O!CaInnsnOtOn!yOnCO
tDC ICat QD!OsOQDCa! COntIDutOns O tDC QICsCnt
Cay, Dut V!! !CaC tO DD!y usC!u! tCCDnCa! CCVC!OQ-
mCnts n tDC task O autOmatZatOn. POt On!y Can VC
Du!C QuIQOsC ntO maCDnCs, Dut n an OVCIVDC!mn
ma]OIty O CasCs a maCDnC CCsnCC tO aVOC CCItan
Qta!!s O DICakCOVn V!! !OOk OI [uIQOsCs VDCD t
Canu!b!!.
aIVns nUuCnCC On tDC CCa O QIOICss Vas nOt
COnbnCC tO tDC DO!OCa! VOI!C, CVCnntDCnnCtCCntD
CCntuIy. A!!QD!OsOQDCIs anC a!! sOCO!Osts CIaVtDCI
sCCntbC CCas IOm tDC sOuICCs aVa!aD!C at tDCItmC.
Dus t s nOt suIQIsn tO bnC tDat NaIX anC Ds COn-
tCmQOIaIy sOCa!sts aCCCQtCC a aIVnan QOnt O
VCVntDC mattCIO CVO!utOn anCQIOICss.
n QDysCs, tDCCCa O QIOICss OQQOsCs tDat O Cn-
tIOQy, a!tDOuD tDCIC s nO aDsO!utC COntIaCCtOn DC-
tVCCn tDC tVO. n tDC OIms O QDysCs CICCt!y CC-
QCnCCntOntDCVOIkOPCVtOn, tDC n!OImatOnVDCD
COntIDutCs tO QIOICss anC s CICCtCC aanst tDC n-
CICasC O CntIOQy may DC CaIICC Dy CXtICmC!y sm!!
QuanttCs O CnCIy, OI QCIDaQs CVCn Dy nO CnCIy at
a!!. Ds VCV Das DCCn a!tCICC n tDC QICsCnt CCntuIy
Dy tDC nnOVatOnnQDysCsknOVnas quantumtbcorq.
`uantum tDCOIy Das !CC, OI OuI QuIQOsCs, tO a nC
CYBEBNETCS AN SOCuTY
39
assOCatOn O CnCry anC nOrmatOn. A CruCC Orm
O tDs assOCatOn OCCurs n tDC tDCOrCs O !nC nOsC
n a tC!CDnC ut Or an amQ!bCr. bu

aC-
rOunC nOsC may DC sDOVn tO

C un

OCaD!C, as t
CCQCnCs On tDC CsCrCtC CDaraCtCr O tDC C!CCtrOns
VDCD Carry tDCCurrCn, anC yCtt OVCr
O CstrOy nOrmtOn. DC CrCut tDCrCOrC CC-
manCs a CCrtan amOunt O COmmunCatOn QOVCr n
OrCCr tDat tDC mCssaC may nOt DC sVamQCC Dy ts
OVn CnCry. NOrC unCamCnta! tDan tDs CXamQ!C s
tDC aCt tDat !Dt tsC! Das an atOmC struCturC, anC
tDat !Dt O a VCn rCQuCnCy s raCatCC n !umQs
VDCD arC knOVuas !Dt Quanta, VDCD DaVC a CCtCr-
mnCC CnCry CCQCnCCnt On tDat rCQuCnCy. Dus
tDCrC Can DC nO raCatOn O !Css CnCry tDan a sn!C
!Dt Quantum. DCtransCrOnOrmatOn CannOttakC
Q!aCC VtDOut a CCrtan CXQCnCturC O CnCry, sO tDat
tDCrC snO sDar[DOunCaryDCtVCCnCnCrCtC COuQ!n
anC nOrmatOna! COuQ!n. PCVCrtDC!Css, Or mOst
QraCtCa! QurQOsCs, a !Dt Quantum s a VCry sma!!
tDn, anCtDCamOuntO CnCry transCrVDCD snCC-
Cssary Or an CCCtVC nOrmatOna! COuQ!n s QutC
sma!!. tO!!OVstDatnCOnsCCrn suCD a !OCa! QrOCCss
as tDC rOVtD O a trCC Or O a Duman DCn, VDCD
CCQCnCs CrCCt!y Or nCrCCt!y On raCatOn rOm tDC
sun, an CnOrmOus !OCa! CCCrCasC n CntrOQy may DC
assOCatCC VtD QutC a mOCCratC CnCry transCr. Ds
s OnC O tDC unCamCnta! aCts O DO!Oy, anC n Qar-
tCu!ar O tDC tDry O QDOtOsyntDCss, Or OtDC CDCm-
Ca![rOCCss DyVDCDa Q!antsCnaD!CCtO usCtDC suns
rays tO Orm starCD, anC OtDCr COmQ!CatCC CDCmCa!s
nCCCssary Or !C, Out O tDC VatCr anC tDC CarDOn
COXCCOtDCar.
Dus tDC QuCstOn OVDCtDCr tOntCrQrCttDC sCCOnC
!aV O tDCrmOCynamCs QCssmstCa!!y Or nOt CCQCnCs
On tDC mQOrtanCC VC VC tO tDC unVCrsC at !arC, On
tDC OnC DanC, anC tO tDC s!anCs O !OCa!!y CCCrCasn
CntrOQy VDCD VC bnC n t, On tDC OtDCr. CmCmDCr

O Tm BUMAN USE OI BUMAN BEINGS

Uat VC OuIsC!VCs COnsttutC suCD an s!anC O CCCICasC-
n CntIOQy, anC tDat VC !VC amOn OtDCI suCD s!anCs.
DC ICsut s tDat tDC nOIma QIOsQCCtVC CCICnCC
DCtVCCn tDC nCaI anC tDC ICmOtC CaCs us tO VC aI
ICatCI mQOItanCC tO tDC ICOns O CCCICasn Cn-
tIOQy anC nCICasn OICCI tDan tO tDC unVCIsC at
aIC. OI CXamQC, t may VCIy VC! DC tDat !C s a
IaIC QDCnOmCnOn n tDC unVCIsC COnbnCC QCIDaQs tO
tDC sO!aI systCm, OI CVCn, VC COnsCCI !C On any
!CVC! COmQaIaDC tO tDat n VDCD VC aIC QInCQay
ntCICstCC, tO tDC CaItD aOnC. PCVCItDCCss, VC !VC On
tDs CaItD, anC tDC QOssDC aDsCnCC O C CsCVDCIC
n tDC unVCIsC s O nO ICat COnCCIn tO us, anC CCI-
tany O nO COnCCIn QtOQOItOnatC tO tDC OVCIVDCm
nsZCOlDCICmanCCIOtDCunVCIsC.
Aan, t s QutC COnCCVaDC tDat C DCOns tO a
!mtCC stICtCD O lmC tDat DCOIC tDC CaCst CO!O-
Ca! aCs t CC nOt CXst, anC Uat tDC tmC may VC!
COmC VDCn tDC CaItD s aan a !CCss, DuIntOut, OI
IOZCn Q!anCt. O tDOsC O us VDO aIC aVaIC tDC
CXltCmC!y mtCC IanC O QDysCa COnCtOns unCCI
VDCD C CDCmCa ICaCtOns nCCCssaIy tO C as VC
knOV t Can takC Q!aCC, t s a OICOnC COnCusOn tDat
tDC !uCky aCCCCnt VDCD QCImts tDC COntnuatOn O
C n any OIm On tDs CaItD, CVCn VtDOut ICslICtn
C tO sOmCtDn !kC Duma C, s DOunC tO COmC tO
a COmQ!CtC anC CsastIOus CnC. ACt VC may suCCCCC n
Iamn OuI VauCs sO tDat tDs tCmQOIaIy aCCCCnt O
!Vn CXstCnCC, anC Us muCD mOIC tCmQOIaIy aCC-
CCnt ODuman CXstCnCC, mayDCtakCn as amQOItant
QOstVC Va!uCs, nOtVtDstanCn tDCI utVC CDaIaC-
tCI.
n a VCIy ICa! sCnsC VC aIC sDQVICCkCC QassCnCIs
On a COOmCC Q!anCt. ACt CVCn a sDQVICCk, Duman
CCCCnCCs anC Duman VauCs CO nOt nCCCssaI!y VansD,
anCVCmustmakCtDC mOstOtDCm.YCsDa!! OCOVn,
Dut!Ct tDCn a mannCI tO VDCD VC may !OOkOIVaIC
asVOItDyOOUICnty.

t
. +

CYBEBNE1ICS AND SCCu1Y

1
L[tO tDs [OntVC DaVC DCCnta!kngOa QCssmsm
VDCD s muCD mOIC thC ntC!!CCtua! QCssmsm O tDC
[IOCssOna! sCCntst tDan an CmOtOna! QCssmsm
VDCD tOuCDCs tDC !ayman. YC DaVC a!ICaCy sCCn tDat
tDC tDCOIy O CntIOQy, anC tDC COnsCCIatOns O tDC '
u!tmatC DCat-CCatD O tDC unVCIsC, nCCC nOt DaVC
suCD QIOOunC!y CCQICssn mOIa! COnsCQuCnCCs a8
tDCy sCCm tO DaVC at bIst !anCC. 1OVCVCI, CVCn tD
!mtCC COnsCCIatOn O tDC utuIC s OICgn tO tDe
CmOtOna! CuQDOIa O tDC aVCIaC man, anC QaItC
!ay tDa OtDC aVCIaC AmCICan. DC DCstVC Ca
DO[C OI tDC I

!C O QIOICss n a unVCIsC Iunnng

COVnD!! as a VDO!C s tDat tDC VsOn O OuI attCQ

8
tO QIOICss n tDC aCC O OVCIVDC!mng nCCCssty may
DaVCtDC QuIgng tCIIOI O LICC tIaCCy. 1CtVC !VC
nanaCnOtOVCI-ICCC[tVCtOtIaCCy.
DC CCuCatOn O tDC aVCIagC AmCICan CD!C O tDC
u[[CI mCC!C C!ass s suCD as tO uaIC Dm sO!CtOus!y
aganst tDC aVaICnCss O CCatD anC COOm. 1C
s DIOuDt uQ n an atmOs[DCIC O anta L!aus anC
VDCn DC !CaIns tDat banta L!aus s a mytD, DC CIC8
DttCI!y. nCCCC, DC nCVCI u!!y aCCC[ts tDC ICmOVa! O
tDs CCty IOm Ds 1antDCOn, anC sQCnCs muCD O Ds
!atCI !C n tDC sCaICD OI sOmC CmODOna! suDsttutC
DC aCt O nCVCua! CCatD, tDC mmnCnCC O Ca-
!amty, aIC OICCC uQOn Dm Dy tDC CXQCICnCCs O D8
!atCI yCaIs. PCVCItDC!Css, DC tICs tO IC!CatC tDCsC un-
OItunatC ICa!tCs tO tDC IO!C O aCCCCnts, anCtO Du!C
uQ a 1CaVCn On aItD nVDCD unQ!CasantnCss Das nO
Q!aCC. Ds 1CaVCn On aItD COnssts OI Dm n an
CtCIna! QIOICss, anC a COntnua! asCCnt tO CI anC
CttCIDns
LuIVOIsDQ OQIOgICss may DC CsCussCC IOm tVO
QOntsOVCV aaCtua! OnC anC an CtDCa!OnCtDat8,
OnC VDCD uInsDCs stanCaICs OI aQQIOVa! anC CsaQ-
[IOVa!. aCtua!!y, t assCIts tDat tDC CaI!CI aCVanCC O
COIa[DCa! CsCOVCIy, VDOsC nCCQtOn COIICsQOnC8
tO tDC DCgnnn O mOCCIn tmCs, s tO DC COntnuCC
'
2 I BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
utO au nCCbtC QCIOC Ol uVCuDOu, Ol UC CsCOVCry
Ol uCV tCCDuQuCs lOI COutIO!!u tDC Duman CuVIOu-
mCnt. Ds, tDC DC!CVCIs n QIOICss say, V!! O Ou
auC OnVtDOut any VsD!C tCImnatOu u a luUICuOt
tOO ICmOtC lOI Dumau COntCmQ!atOn. DOsC VDO uQ-
DO!C tDC CCa OlQIOICss as au CtDCa!QIuCQ!CICaIC
tDs un!mtCC anC Quas-sQOutanCOus QIOCCss Ol
CDanC as a CooJ 7bing, anC as tDC Dass On VDCD
tDCy uaIantCC tO lutuIC CnCIatOus a 1CaVCn On
aItD. tsQOssD!CtODC!CVCnQIOICss as alaCtV-
Out DCCVn n QIOICss as an CtDCa! QInCQ!C, Dut u
tDC CatCCDsm Ol many AmCICans, tDC OnC OCs VtD
tDC OtDCI
NOst Ol us aIC tOO C!OsC tO tDC CCa Ol QIOICss tO
takC COnZanCC CtDCI Ol tDC laCt tDat tDs DC!Cl DC-
Ons On!y tO a sma!!QaItOlICCOICCC DstOIy, OIOl tDC
OtDCI laCt, tDat t ICQICsCuts a sDaIQ DICak VtD Our
OVn IC!Ous QIOlCssOns anC tIaCtOns. PCtDCI lOI
tDC LatDO!C, tDC 1IOtCstant, uOI lOI tDC |CV, s tDC
VOI!C a goUJ QaCC n VDCD an CnCuIn DaQQnCss s
tO DCCXQCCtCC. DCCDuICDOCIs ts QaylOIVItuC,nOt
n any COn VDCD QassCs CuIICnt amOn tDC ns Ol
tDCaItD,DutasaQIOmssOIynOtCOu 1CaVCn.
n CssCnCC, tDC La!Vnst aCCCQts tDs tOO, VtD tDC
aCCtOna! CaIk nOtC tDat tDC !CCt Ol LOC VDO sDa!!
Qass tDC CIC bna! CXamnatOn Ol |uCmCnt ay aIC
lCV, anC aIC tO DC sCCCtCC Dy1s aIDtIaIy CCCICC. O
sCCuICtDs, nOVItuCs OnCaItD,nOmOIa!IDtCOusnCss,
may DC CXQCCtCC tO DC O tDC s!DtCst aVa!. Nany a
OOC man V!! DC CamnCC. DC D!CssCCnCss VDCD tDC
La!Vnsts CO nOt CXQCCt tO bnC lOI tDCmsCVCs CVCn n
1CaVCn,tDCyCCItanyCOnOtaVatOnCaItD.
DC 1CDICV QIOQDCts aIC laI lIOm CDCCIlu! u tDCr
CVauatOn Ol tDC lutuIC Ol mankuC, OI CVCn Ol tDCr
CDOsCnsIaC!, auCUC ICat mOIa!ty Q!ay Ol |OD, VD!C
1t Iants Dm a VCtOIy OltDC sQIt, anC VDC tDC OIC
CCus tO ICtuIu tO Dm Ds OCks anC Ds sCIVants auC
Ds V1VCs uCVCIC!Css VCs nO assuIauCC tDat suCD

CYBEN1ICS A SCCu1Y
43
tC!aDVC!y DaQQy OutCOmC V!! takC Q!aCC CXCCQt
rOuDtDCarDarnCssOLOC.
DC LOmmunst, !kC tDC DC!CVCr n QrOrCss, !OOks
Or Ds 1CaVCn On artD, ratDCr tDan as a QCrsOna! rC-
VatC tO DC CraVn On n a QOst-CarU!ynCVCua! CXst-
CnCC. CVCrtDC!Css, DC DC!CVCs Uat Us 1CaVCn On
artD V!! nOt COmC O tsC! VtDOut a sDu!C. 1C s
]ust as skCQDCa O tDC OCk LanCy NOuntans O
UC uturC as O tDC 1C n tDC bky VDCn yOu C.
Or s s!am, VDOsC VCry namC mCans rCsnatOn tO
tDCV!! O LOC, anymOrC rCCCQtVC tOtDC CCa! OQtO-
tCss. L uCCDsm, VtD ts DOQC Or rVana anC a
tC!CasC rOm tDC CXtCrna! DCC! O LrCumstanCC,
nCCC saynOtDntsnCXOraD!y OQQOsCC tOUCCCa O
QrOrCss, anC Us s CQua!!y DuC Or a!! UC knCrCC
tC!OnsOnCa.
CsCCs tDC COmOrtaD!C QassVC DC!C n QrOrCss,
VDCD many AmCICans sDarCC at tDC CnC O UC nnC-
tCCntD CCntury, tDCrC s anOUCr OnC VDCD sCCms tO
DaVC a mOrC masCu!nC, VOrOus COnnOtatOn. O UC
aVCraC AmCrCan, QrOrCss mCans tDC Vnnn O UC
Cst. t mCans tDC COnOmC anarCDy O tDC rOntCr,
anC UC VOrOus QrOsC O LVCn stCr anC DCOCOrC
OOsCVC!t. 1stOrCa!!y tDC rOntCr s, O COursC, a QCr-
CCt!y CnunC QDCnOmCnOn. Or many yCars, tDC CC
VC!OQmCnt OtDC LntCC btatCs tOOk Q!aCC aanst UC
DaCkrOunC O UC CmQty !anC tDat a!Vays !ayurtDCr
tO tDC Cst. CVCrtDC!Css, many O tDOsC VDO DaVC
VaXCC QOCtC COnCCrnn tDs rOntCr DaVC DCCn Qrs
Crs O tDC Qast. A!rCaCy n 1b

, tDC CCnsus takCs

COnZanCC O UC CnC O tDC truC rOntCr COnCtOns.
DC COraQDCa! !mts O thC rCat DaCk!O O unCOn-
sumCC anC unDCsQOkCn tCsOurCCs O tDC COuntry DaC
C!Car!yDCCnsCt.
1 s CmCu!t Or tDC aVCraC QCrsOn tO aCDCVC an
DstOrCa! QCrsQCCDVC n VDCD QrOrCss sDa!! DaVC
DCCn tCCuCCC tO ts QrOQCr CmCnsOns. DC muskCt
Vth VDCD mOst O tDC L! ar Vas OuDt Vas
44
I BUMAN USE OI BUMAN BEINGS
On!y a s!yDt mQIOVCmCnt OVCI tDat CaIICC at atCI-
!OO, anC tDat n tuIn Vas nCaI!y ntCICDanyCaD!C VtD
tDC IOVn Css O NaI!DOIOuyDs aImy n tDC OV
LOuntICs. PCVCItDC!Css, DanC hICarms DaC CXstCC
s:nCC tDC htCCntD CCntuIy OI CaI!CI, anC CannOn mOC
tDan a DunCICC yCaIs CaI!CI st!. t s COuDtu!
VDCtDCI tDC smOOtDDOIC muskCt CVCI muCD CXCCCCCC
nIanyC tDC DCst O tDC !OnyDOVs, aCts CCItan tDat
t nCVCI CQua!CC tDCm n aCCuIaCynOI n sQCCC O IC,
yCt tDC !OnyDOV s tDC a!mOst unmQIOVCC nVCntOn
OCbtOnCAyC.
Ayan,VD!CtDCaItOsDQDu!CnyDaCDynOmCans
DCCn COmQ!CtCy staynant, tDC VOOCCn man-O-VaI,
]ust DCOIC t !Ct tDC sCas, Vas O a QattCIn VDCD DaC
DCCn ar!y unCDanyCC nts CssCnta!s snCC tDC ar!y
sCVCntCCntD CCntury, anC VDCD CVCn tDCn CsQ!ayCC
an anCCstry yOny DaCk many CCntuICs mOIC. LnC
LO!umDussa!OIsVOu!CDaVCDCCn aVa!uaD!CaD!CsCa
man aDOaIC aIIayuts sDQs. VCn a sa!OI IOm tDC
sDQ tDat tOOk bant 1au! tO Na!ta VOu!C DaVC DCCn
QutCrCasOnaD!yatDOmCas a OICCast!CDanC OnOnCO
|OsCQD LOnIaCs DaIks. A Oman CattCman IOm tDC
aCan IOntCI VOuC DaVC maCC QutC a COmQCtCnt
6u tO CIVC !OnyDOIn stCCIs IOm tDC Q!ans O
CXas tO tDC tCImnus O tDC Ia!IOaC, a!tDOuyD DC
VOu!C DaVC DCCn stIuCk VtD astOnsDmCnt VtD VDat
DC OunC VDCn DC yOt tDCIC. A aDy!Onan aCmnstIa
tOI O a tCmQ!C CstatC VOu!C DaVC nCCCCC nO tIanny
CtDCI n DOOkkCCQny OI n tDC DanC!ny O s!aVCs tO
rn an CaI!y bOutDCIn Q!antatOn. n sDOIt, tDC QCIOC
CuIny VDCD tDC man COnCtOns O !:C OI tDC Vast
ma]OIty O mCn DaVC DCCn suD]CCt tO ICQCatCC anC
ICVO!utOnaIy CDanyCs DaC nOt CVCn DCyun unt! tDC
CnassanCC anC tDC yICat VOyayCs, anC CC nOt as-
sumCanytDny!CtDCaCCC!CIatCC QaCCVDCDVCnOV
takCOI yIantCCunt!VC!!ntO tDCnnCtCCntD CCntury.
LnCCI tDCsC CICumstanCCs, tDCIC s nOusCn!OOkny
anyVDCIC:n CaI!CIDstOIy OIQaIa!!C!s tO tDC suCCCss-
CYBEBNE1ICS AND SCCIE1Y
45
IuI InventIons oI the steam engIne, the steamboat, the
IocomotIve, the modern smeItIng oI metaIs, the teIe
graph, the transoceanIc cabIe, the IntroductIon oIeIec-
trIc power, dynamIte and the modern Igh expIosIve
mIssIIe, the aIrpIane, the eIectrIcvaIve, andthe atomIc
bomb. The InventIons In metaIIurgy whIch heraIded
theorIgIn oI the Bronze Age are neIther so concen
trated IntIme nor so manIIoId as to oher a good coun-
ter-exampIe. !t Is veryweII Iorthe cIassIcaI economIst
to assure us suaveIy that these changes are pureIy
chane In degree, and that changes In degree do not
vItIate hIstorIc paraIIeIs. The dIherence between a
medIcInaIdoseoIstrchnIneandaIataIoneIsaIso onIy
oneoIdegree.
Now, scIentIhc hIstory and scIentIhc socIoIogy are
based on the notIon that the varIous specIaI cases
treatedhave a sumcIentsImIIarItyIorthe socIaImech-
anIsms oI one perIod to be reIevant to those oI an
other. However,ItIscertaInIytruethatthewhoIescaIe
oIphenomenahaschangedsumcIentIysIncethebegIn-
nIng oI modern hIstory to precIude any easy transIer
to the present tIme oI poIItIcaI, racIaI, and economIc
notIons derIvedIrom earIIer stages. What Is aImost as
obvIous Is that the modern perIod begInnIngwIth the
sgeoIdIscoveryIsItseIIhIghIyheterogeneous .
!nthe age oI dIscovery Lurope had become aware
Iorthe hrst tIme oIthe exIstenceoIgreatthInIy-settIed
sreas capabIeoItakIngupapopuIatIonexceedIngthat
oI Lurope ItseII a Iand IuII o nexpIored resources,
notonIyoIgoIdandsIIverbutoIheoercommodItIes
oI commerce as weII. These resources seemedInex-
haustIbIe,andIndeedonthescaIeonwhIchthesocIety
oI
5
oo moved, theIrexhaustIon and the saturatIonol
thepopuIatIonoIthe newcountrIeswerevery remote.
Iourhundred andbItyyears IsIarther than mostp
-
IechoosetoIookahead.
However, theexIstenceoIthenewIandsenuraged
n attItude not unIIke that olAIIces Mad Tea arty
P

b 1BE mMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS

DCn lDC lCa anC CakCs VCrC CXDauslCC al OnC sCal,
lDC nalUra! lDn Or lDC NaC 1allCr anC lDC NarCD
1arC Vas lO mOVC On anC OCCu[y lDC nCXl sCal. DCn
A!CC nQurCC VDal VOu!C DaQ[Cn VDCn lDCy CamC
arOunC lO lDCr Orna! [OslOns aan, lDC NarCD
1arC CDanCC lDC suDCCl. O lDOsC VDOsC Qasl s[an
O DslOry Vas !Css lDan hVC lDOusanC yCars anC VDO
VCrC CX[CCln lDal lDC N!!Cnnum anClDC na! ay
O|uCmCnlmDl OVCrlakC lDCmnar !Css lmC, lDs
NaC 1allCr [O!Cy sCCmCC mOsl sCnsD!C. As lmC
[assCC, lDC lCa laD!C O lDC AmCrCas DaC QrOVCC nOl
lO DCnCXDauslD!C, anC as a mallCr O aCllDCralCal
VDCD OnC sCal Das DCCn aDanCOnCC Or lDC nCXl Das
DCCn nCrCasn al VDal s [rODaD!y a sl!! nCrCasn
[aCC.
Dal many O us a! lO rCa!ZC s lDal lDC !asl Our
DunCrCCyCars arCaDD!y sQCCa![CrOCnlDCDslOry
O lDC VOr!C. DC [aCC alVDCD CDanCs Curn lDCsC
yCars DaVC lakCn [!aCC s unCXamQ!CC n Car!Cr Ds-
lOry, as s lDC VCry nalurC O lDCsC CDanCs. Ds s
[arl!y lDCrCsu!l OnCrCasCC COmmunCalOn, Dul a!sO
OannCrCasCCmaslCryOVCrnalurCVDCD, On a!mlCC
[!anCl kC lDC CarU, may[rOC n lDC !On run lO DC
an nCrCasCC s!aVCry lO nalurC. Or lDC mOrC VC Cl
Oul O lDCVOr!CtDC !Css VC !CaVC, anCnlDC !On run
VC sDa!! DaVC lO _ay Our CCDls al a lmC lDal may DC
VCry nCOnVCnCnl Or Our OVn surVVa!. C arC lDC
s!aVCs O Our lCCDnCa m[rOVCmCnl anC VC Can nO
mOrC rClurn a CV 1am[sDrC arm lO lDC sC!-COn-
lanCC slalC n VDCD l Vas manlanCC n 1bOO lDan
VC Can, Dy lakn tDOuDl, aCC a CuDl lO Our slalurC
Or, VDal s mOrC lO lDC QOnl, CmnsD l. C DaVC
mOChCC Our CnVrOnmCnl sO raCCa!!y lDal VC musl
nOVmOCy OursC!VCs n OrCCr lO CXsl n lDs nCV Cn- \
VrOnmCnl. C Can nO !OnCr !VC n lDC O!C OnC. 1rO
rCss m[OsCs nOl On!y nCV [OssD!lCs Or lDC ulurC
Dul nCV rCslrClOns. l sCCms a!mOsl as [rOrCss l-
sC anC Our bDl aansl tDC nCrCasC O CnlrOQy n
CYEBNETCS A SOuT
/
nsCa!!y must CnC n tDC COVnD!! [aU IOm VDCD
VC aIC tIyn tO CsCa[C. 1Ct tDs QCssmstC sCntmCnt
s Ony COnCtOna! u[On OuI D!nOnCss anC naCtVty,
OI am COnVnCCC tDat OnCC VC DCCOmC aVaIC O tD
nCV nCCOs tDat a nCV CnVIOnmCnt Das mQOsCC uQOn
us, as VC!! as tDC nCV mCans O mCCtn tDCsC nCCCs
tDat aIC at OuI CsQOsa!, t may DC a !On tmCyCt DC-
OIC OuICVZatOn anCOuIDumanIaCCQCIsD, tDOuD
[CIsD tDCy V!! CVCn as a!! O us aIC DOIn tO OC. 1OV-
CVCI, tDC QIOs[CCt O a bna! OCatD s aI IOm a COm-
Q!CtC IustIatOn O !C anO tDs s Cua!!y tIuC OI a
CV!ZatOn anC OI tDC Duman IaCC as t s OI any O
ts COmQOnCnt nOVCua!s. NayVCDaVC tDCCOuIaCtO
aCC tDC CVCntua! OOOm O OuI CV!ZatOn as VC DaVC
tDC COuIaCtOaCCtDC CCItanty O OuI[CIsOna! COOm
DC smC atD n QIOICss s nOt a COnVCtOn DC-
!Onn tO stICnD, DutOnCDC!Onn tO aCQuCsCCnCC
anCDCnCCtOVCaknCss.

lClDl7YAND LLANlNC 7WO

lA77LNS OF COMMCNlCA7lVL LHAVlO8
CertaInkIndsoImachInesand someIIvIngorganIsms
partIcuIarIy the hIgher IIvIng organIsms~can, as we
have seen, modIIy theIr patterns oI behavIor on the
basIs oI past experIence so as to achIeve specIhc antI
entropic ends. !n these hIgherIorms oIcommunIcatIve
organIsms the envIronment, consIdered as the past ex-
perIence oI the IndIvIduaI, can modIIy the pattern oI
behavIor Into one whIch In some sense or other wIII
deaI more ehectIveIy wIth the Iuture environment
!n other words, the organIsm Is notIIke the cIockwork
monad oI IeIbnItz wIth Its pre-estabIIshed harmony
wIththeunIverse,butactuaIIyseeksaneweguIIIbrIum
wIththeunIverseandItsIuturecontIngencIes. !tspres-
ent Is unIIke Its pat and Its Iuture unIIke Its present.
!n the IIvIng organIsm as In the unIverse ItseII, exact
repetItIonIsabsoIuteIyImpossIbIe.
TheworkoIOr.W. IossAshbyIsprobabIythegreat-
estmoderncontrIbutIontothIssubjectInsoIarasItcon-
cerns the anaIogIes between IIvIng organIsms and
machInes. IearnIng, IIkemoreprImItIveIorms oIIeed-
back, Is a process whIchreads dIherentIyIorwardand
backward IntIme ThewhoIeconceptIonoIthe appar-
entIy purposIve organIsm, whether It Is mechanIcaI,
bIoIogIcaI,orsocIaI,IsthatoIanarrowwIthapartIcuIar
dIrectIon In the stream oI tIme rather than that oI a
IIne segment IacIng both ways whIch we may regard
as goIng In eIther dIrectIon. The creature that Iearns
Is not themythIcaI amphIsbaena oI the ancIents, wIth
CYBEN1ICS AN SCCu1Y

a DCad at CaCD Cnd and nO COnCCD VtD VDCtC t 8

gOng. t mOVC8 aDCad tOm a knOVn ja8t ntO an un-
knOVn ututC and tD8 ututC 8 nOt ntCtCDangCaDlC
VtDtDatja8t.
LCtmC gVC 8tllanOtDCt CXamjlC OCCdDaCk VDCD
Vll Cl0ty t8 unCtOn V tC8jCCt tO lCang. YDCn
tDC gtC0t COnttOl tOOm8 at tDC lOCk8 O tDC 18nama
Lanal atC n u8C, tDCy atC tVO-Vay mC88agC CCntCt8.
POt Only dO mC88agC8 gO Out COnttOllngtDC mOtOn O
tDC tOV lOCOmOtVC8, tDC OjCnng and ClO8ng O tDC
8luCC8, and tDC OjCnng and ClO8ng O tDC gatC8, Dut
tDC COnttOl tOOm 8 ull O tClltalC8 VDCD ndCatC nOt
mCtCly tDat tDC lOCOmOtVC8, tDC 8luCC8, and tDC gatC8
DaVC tCCCVCd tDCt OtdCt8, Dut tDat tDCy DaVC n aCt
ChCCtVCly CattCd Out tDC8C OtdCt8. 1tD8 VCtC nOttDC
Ca8C, tDC lOCk ma8tCt mgDt VCty Ca8ly a88umC tDat a
tOVng lOCOmOtVC Dad 8tOjjCd and mgDt tu8D tDC
DugCma88 Oa DattlC8DjntOtDC gaC8, OtmgDt Cau8C
any OnC O a numDCt O 8mlat Cata8ttOjDC8 tO takC
jlaCC.
D8 jtnCjlC n COnUOl ajjlC8 nOt mCtCly tO UC
1an0ma lOCk8, Dut tO 8tatC8, atmC8, and ndVdual Du-
man DCng8. YDCn n tDC AmCtCan 1CVOlutOn, OtdCt8
0ltCady dtaVn uj Dad alCd, tDtOugD CatClC88nC88, tO
gOtOmnglandCOmmandng0 tt8D0tmytOmatCD
dOVn tOm Lanada tO mCCt anOtDCt tt8D atmy
matCDng uj tOm PCV 1Otk 0t batatOga, utgOynC8
OtCC8 mCt a Cata8ttOjDC dCCat VDCD a VCll COn-
CCVCd jtOgtam O tVO-Vay COmmunC0tOn8 VOuld
DaVC aVOdCd. 1t OllOV8 tDat admn8UatVC OmC08,
VDCtDCt O 0 gOVCCnt Ot a unVCt8ty Ot 0 CtjOt0-
On, 8DOuld takCj0ttn0tVO-Vay 8UCam O COmmun-
C0tOn, and nOt mCtCly n OnC dC8CCndng tOm tDC
tOj. LUCtV8C,UCtOjOmCal8 mayhndtD0ttDCyD0VC
Da8Cd UCt _OlCy On a COmjlCtC m8COnCCjUOn O tDC
aCt8 tDat tDCt undCtlng8 jO88C88. Ag0n, tDCtC 8 nO
t0 DatdCt Ot a lCCtutCt tD0n tO 8jCm tO a dC0d-jan
audCnCC. DC jutjO8C O 0jjlau8C nUC UCatCt-and
5
o I BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
t 8 C88Cnta!-8 tO C8taD!8D n tDC QCIOImCI8 mnd
8OmCmOOCumOtWO-WayCOmmunCatOn.
D8 mattCI O 8OCa CCODaCk 8 O VCIy ICat 8O-
CO!OCa! anO antDIOQO!OCa! nCIC8t. DCQattCIn8O
COmmunCatOn n Duman 8OCCtC8 VaIy WC. DCIC
aIC COmmuntC8 !kC tDC 18kmO8, amOn WDOm tDCIC
8CCm8 tO DC nO CDCtan8D anO VCIy !tt!C 8uDOIO-
natOn, 8OtDattDCDa88OtDC 8OCa COmmunty8 8m-
Q!y tDC COmmOn OC8IC tO 8uIVVC aan8t nOImOu8
OOO8 O C!matC anO OOO 8uQQ!y. DCIC aIC 8OCa!y
8tIathCO COmmuntC8 8uCD a8 aIC OunO n 1nOa, u
WDCD tDC mCan8 O COmmunCatOn DCtWCCu tVO n-
OVOua!8 aIC C!O8C!y IC8DCtCO anO mOOhCO Dy tDCI
anCC8tIy anO QO8tOn. DCIC aIC COmmuntC8 Iu!Cd Dy
OC8QOt8, u WDCD CVCIy ICatOu DCtWCCn tWO 8uDCCt8
DCCOmC8 8CCOuOaIytO tDCIC!atOn DCtWCCu tDC 8uDCC
anO D8 kn. DCIC aIC tDC DCIaICDCa! CuOa! COm-
muutC8 O !OIO and Va88a!, anO tDC VCIy 8Ca tCCD-
uQuC8O8OCaCOmmuCatOnWDCDtDCyuVO!VC.
NO8t O u8 n tDC 1ntCO btatC8 QICCI tO VC u a
mOOCIatC!yOO8C8OCaCOmmunty,nWDCDtDCD!OCK8
tO COmmunCatOn amOn nOVOua!8 anO C!a88C8 atC
uot tOO ICat. V!nOt 8ayUat tD8 OCa! OCOmmuu-
CatOn 8 attanCO n tDC 1ntCd btatC8. 1nt WDtC
8uQICmaCy CCa8C8 tODCOutOtDC CICCO Oa aICa
O tDC COunDy t DC an OCa! IOm WDCD WC a
8DOIt. ACtCVCn tD8 mOdhCdOtm!C88 dCmOCIaCy 8 tOo
auaICDC Otmany O O8C VDO makC CmCCnCy tDC
t8t dCa. DC8C VOI8DI8 O CCCnCy WOuO !kC to
DaVC CaCD mau mOVC ua 8OCa OIDt mCtCd Out tO D
tOm D8 CDODOOd, and _CIOIm a uuCtOu tO VDCD
DC 8DOuud a8 tDC 8CI Va8 DOund tO tDC C!Od. tDD
tDC mCtCau 8a CtuIC, t 8 8DamCu tO DaVo
tDC8C yCatn8, aud tD8 dCna O OQItuDC8
Cd Dy aD uuCCItau utuIC. CCOIdn!y, auy o
UO8C VDo aIC mO8t atlaCDCO to U8 OIOCI!y 8tatC o
tmauCuty aOttCd uuCtOn8 VOuO DC CoDouudC
UCy CtC otCCd tO admt tD8 _uDCy. DCy o
CYBENE1ICS A SOIE1Y
On!y n a QO8lOn lO C8Q!ay lDCI C!CaI QICCtCnCC8
tDIOuD lDCI aClOn8. ACl lDC8C aClOn8 8lanC Oul C8-
lnCl!y CnOuD. DC Du8nC88man WDO 8CQaIalC8 Dm-
8C! IOm D8 CmQ!OyCC8 Dy a 8DC!C O yC8-mCn, Ot lDC
DCaC O a D !aDOIalOIy WDO a88n8 CaCD 8uDOICnalC
a QaIlCu!aI QIOD!Cm, anC DCIuCC8 Dm lDC QIV!CC
OtDnknOIDm8C! 8O lDalDC Can mOVCDCyOnC D8
mmCCalCQIOD!Cm anCQCICCVCl8 CnCIa!IC!CVanCC,
8DOW lDal lDC CCmOCIaCy lO WDCD UCy Qay UCI tC-
8QCCl8 8 nOl ICa!!y lDC OICCI nWDCD lDCy WOu!C QIC
CI lO !VC. DC ICu!aI!y OICCICC 8lalC O QIC-a88CC
unClOn8 lOWaIC WDCD lDCy IaVlalC 8 8uC8tVC O
lDC 1CDnlZan aulOmala anC COC8 nOl 8uC8l lDC I-
ICVCI8D!C mOVCmCnl nlO a COnlnCnl uluIC WDCD
8lDClIuCCOnClOnODuman!C.
n lDC an COmmunly, CaCD WOIkCI QCIOtm8 l8
QIOQCIunClOn8.DCICmayDCa 8CQaIalC Ca8lCO8O!-
CCI8. LCIlan DD!y 8QCCa!ZCC nCVCua!8 QCIOIm
lDC unCtOn8 O kn anC QuCCn. manWCIC lO aCOQl
U8 COmmunly a8 a QallCIn, DC WOu!C !VC u a a8C8l
8lalC, n WDCD CCa!!y CaCD nCVCua! 8 COnCtOnCC
IOm DIlD OI D8 QtOQ

I OCCuQalOn: n WDCD Iu!CI8

aICQCIQClua!!y Iu!CI8, 8O!CCI8 QCIQClua!!y8O!CCI8, lDC
QCa8anl 8 nCVCI mOIC lDan a QCa8anl, anC lDC WOtkCt
8COOmCClODCaWOIkCI.
l 8 a lDC88 OlD8 CDaQlCIlDallD8 a8QIaOn OtDC
a8C8lOI a Duman8lalCDa8CCOn lDCmOCC!OUC anl
IC8u!l8 IOm a QIOOunC m8aQQICDCn8On DOlD O lDC
natuIC O lDC anl anC O lDC naluIC O man. W8D lO
QOnl Oul lDal lDC VCIy QDy8Ca! CCVC!OQmCnl O lDC
n8CCl COnClOn8 l lO DC an C88Cnla!!y 8luQC anC un-
!CaInn nCVCua!, Ca8l n a mO!C WDCD CannOl b
mOChCC lO any ICal CXlCnl. a!8O W8D 1O 8DOW DOW
UC8C QDy8O!OCa! COnClOn8 makC l nlO a CDQ
ma88-QIOCuCCC aIlC!C, O nO mOtC nCVCua! Va!u
tDan a QaQCI QC Q!aC lO DC lDIOWn aWay alCt l 8
OnCC u8CC. Ln tDC OlDCI DanC, W8D lO 8DOW UaltDC
Duman nCVCua!, CaQaD!C O Va8l !CaInn anC 8tuCy,

2 I HUMAN USE CF HUMAN BEINGS

WDCD may OCCuQy a!mOst Da! O Ds !C, s QDysCa!!y
CQuQQCO, as tDC ant s nOt, OI tDs CaQaCty. aICty
anO QOssD!ty aIC nDCICnt n tDC Duman sCnsOIum
anO aIC nOCCOtDC kCy tO mans mOst nOD!C DtsDC-
CausC VaICty anO QO8sD!ty DCOn tO tDC VCIy stIuC-
tuICOtDCDumanOIansm.
!Cts QOssD!C tO tDIOW aWaytDs CnOImOus aO-
VantaC tDat WC DaVC OVCI tDC ants, anO tO OranZC
tDC asCst ant-statC WtD Duman matCIa!, 1 CCItan!y
DC!CVC tDat tDs s a OCIaOatOn O mans VCIy natuIC,
anO CCOnOmCa!!y a WastC O tDC ICat Duman Va!uCs
WCDmanQOssCssCs.
1 am aIaO tDat 1 am COnVnCCO tDat a COmmunty
ODuman DCns s a aI mOIC usCu! tDntDan a COm-
munty O ants anO tDat tDC Duman DCn s COn
OCmnCO anO ICstICtCO tO QCIOIm tDC samC unCOns
OVCI anO OVCI aan, DC W!! nOt CVCn DC a OOO ant,
nOttO mCntOn a OOO DuanDCn. DOsC WDO WOu!O
OIanZC us aOIOn tO QCImanCnt nOVOua! unC-
tOns anO QCImanCnt nOVOua! ICstICtOns COnOCmn
lDC Duman IaCC tO mOVC at muCD !Css tDan Da!-stCam.
DCytDIOW aWaynCaI!ya!OuIDumanQOssD!tCs anO
Dy!mtntDCmOOCsnWDCDWCmayaOaQtOuIsC!VC8
tO utuIC COntnCnCCs, tDCy ICOuCC OuI CDanCC8 OI a
ICasOnaD!y !OnCXstCnCCOntDsCaItD.
Ct us nOWtut tO a OsCussOn O tDC ICslICtOns Ou
tDCmakC-uQOtDC antWDCDDaVCtuInCOtDCantm-
munty ntO tDC VCIy sQCCa! tDn t s. DC8C ICstIC-
tOns DaVC a OCCQ-sCatCO OIn n tDC anatOmy anO tDC
QDysO!Oy OtDC nOVOua! nsCCt. OtDtDC nsCCt auO
tDC man aIC a-DICatDn OIms, anO ICQICsCnt tDC CuO
Oa!OntIanstOnIOmtDCCasyOn!COtDCWalCI-
DOC auma! tO tDC muCD mOIC CXaCtn OCmanO8 O
tDC !anO-DOunO. Ds tIanstOn IOm WatCI tO !anO,
WDCICVCI t Das OCCuIICO, Das nVO!VCO IaOCa m-
QIOVCmCnt8 n
DICatDn, n tDC CICu!alOu _CuCIa!!y,
u tDC mCCDanCa! 8uQQOIt O tDC OI_ansm, auO u tDC
8Cu8COIau8.
CYEBNETCS A SOuT
53
DC mCChauCa tCuOtCCmCut O thC DOdCs O aud
aumas has taKCu gaCC aOu sCVCt0 udCgCudCut
uCs. 1u thC CasC O mOst O thC mOusKs, as VC as u
lhC CasC O CCttau OthCt tOugs VhCh, thOuh uutC-
atCd, haVC taKCu Ou a CuCtay mOusK-KC Otm,
gatt O thC OutCt sutaCC sCCtCtCs a uOu-Vu mass O
CaCatCOus tssuC, thC shC. hs tOVs Dy 0CCtCtOu
tOm au Caty staC u thC auma uul thC Cud O t8
uC. hC sgta aud hCCa Otms O thOsC tOugs uCCd
Ouy ths gtOCCss O aCCtCtOu tO aCCOuut Ot UCm.
1 thC shC s tO tCmau au adCQuatC gtOtCCtOu Ot
thC auma, aud thC auma tOVs tO auy COusdCtaDC
sZC u ts atCt stagCs, thC shC must DC a VCty aggtC-
CaDC DutdCu, sutaDC Ouy Ot aud aumas O thC
sOVy mOVu aud uaCtVC C O thC sua. 1u OthCt
shC-DCatu aumas, tDC shC s htCt aud Css O a
Oad, Dut at thC samC tmC muCh Css O a gtOtCCtOu.
hC shC sttuCtutC, VtD ts hCaVy mCChauCa DutdCu,
has had Ouy a mtCd suCCCss amOu 0ud aumas.
Nau hmsC tCgtCsCuts auOthCt dtCCtOu O dCVC-
OgmCut-a dtCCt:Ou Ouud thtOuhOut thC VCttCDtatCs,
aud at Cast udCatCd u uVCttCDtatCs as hhy dCVC-
OgCd as thC muus aud thC OCtOgus. 1u a thCsC Otms,
CCtt0u utCtua gatts O UC COuuCCUVC tssuC 0ssumC
a COusstCuCy VhCh s uO OuCt hDtOus, Dut tathCt that
O a VCty hatd, sth jCy. hCsC gatts O thC DOdy atC
Ca1Cd cani/ge, aud thCy sCtVC tO attaCh thC gOVCtu
musCCs VhCh 0umas uCCd Ot au aCtVC :C. 1u thC
hhCt VCttCDtatCs, tDs gtmaty CatlauOus sKCCtOu
sCtVCs as a tCmgOtaty sCahOdu Ot a sKCCtOu O muCh
hatdCt matCta . uamCy, DOuC, VhCh s CVCu mOtC sat-
saCtOty Ot thC attaChmCut O gOVCtu musCCs.
hCsC sKCCtOus, O DOuC Ot CattaC, COutau 0 tCat
dCa O tssuC VhCh s uOt u auy sttCt sCusC aVC, Dut
thtOuhOut ths mass O utCtCCuat tssuC thCtC s
Vu sttuCtutC O CCs, CCuat mCmDtauCs, aud uutt-
UVC DOOd VCssCs.
hC VCttCDtatCs haVC dCVCOgCd uOt Ou1y utCtua

I BUMAN USE OF BUMAN BEINGS

8kCCtCu8, Dut OtDCt C8tutC8 88 WC WDCD 8ut tDCm
Ct8CtVCC. DCttC8t8tCty8y8tCm,WDCtDCttt8kCS
tDC Ctm C 8 Ct uu8, 8 DC8utuy 8U8tCU tO tDC
8CtVC utCtCD8uC C CXyCu DCtWCCu UC CX!Ctu8
mCUum8uU 8 DCCU, 8uU tDC8ttCt8 m8UC muCDmCtC
CCCut t8u tDC 8VCt8C uVCttCDt8tC DCCU DyD8Vu
t8 CXyCu-C8ttyu tC8t8tCty mCut CCuCCutt8tCU
u CCtu8CC8. D8 DCOU 8 umCU DtCuD 8 CC8CU
8y8tCm C VC88C8, t8!DCt tD8u tDtCuD 8u CCu 8y8tCm
C ttCu8t 8uu8C8, Dy 8 DC8tt C tC8tVCy DD C-
DCCuCy.
DC u8CCt8 8uU Ctu8t8CC8u8, 8uU u 8Ct 8 tDC 8t-
tDtCCU8, 8tC Dut Ct QutC 8uCtDCt kuU C tOD.
DC CutCt 8 C tDC DCUy 8 8uttCuuUCU Dy 8 8yCt C
CDtu 8CCtCtCU Dy tDC CC8 CtDCCUCtm8. D8 CDDu
8 8 8t 8uD8t8uCC t8tDCt CC8CytC8tCU tC CCuC8C. 1u
tDC jCut8 tDC 8yCt C CDtu 8 tDu 8uU mCUCt8tCy
CXDC, Dut CVCt tDC tC8t CUC 8um8 tDCCCmC8 tD8t
D8tU CXtCO8 8kCCtCu WDCD WC 8CC OutDC CD8tCt 8uU
tDC COCktC8CD. u utCO8 8kCCtCu 8uCD 88 m8u8 C8u
tOWWtDtDC 8B1m8. uCXtCO88kCCtCu [ uuC88,kC
tDC 8DC O tDC 8u8, ttOW8 Dy 8CCtCtOu) C8uuCt. 1t
8 UC8U t88uC, 8uU O88C88C uO uu8C C88Dty O
tCWtD. 1t 8CtVC8 tO VC 8 Dtm tCtCCtCu tC tDC DOUy
8uU 8u 8tt8CDmCut OttDCmu8CC8, Dut t 8mCuut8 tC 8
8tt8tj8CkCt.
1utCtu8 tOWtD 8mCu tDC 8ttDtOCU8 C8u DC CCu-
VCttCU utO CXtCO8 tCWtD Ouy Dy U8C8tUu tDC CU
8tt8t j8CkCt, 8uU Dy UCVCOu uuUCt t 8 uCW CuC,
WDCD8mt8y8Ct8uU8DC8uUC8ut8kC8 8Dty
uCW 8uU 8tCtCtm, DutWDCD VCty 8COu 8CQutC8 tDC
tUty C t8 tCUCCC88Ot. 1u OtDCt WCtU8, tDC 8t8CS
C tCWtD 8tCm8tkCU DyUChutCmOut8,tC8DVCytC
QuCut u tDC Ctu8t8CC8u, 8uU muCD C88 8C u tDC u8CCt.
DCtC8tC8CVCt88uCD 8t8C8 O88DCUutu!DC8tV8
CtCU. DC u8CtCU tCtC8Cut8 8 tt8u8tCu mCut,
u WDCD tDC Wu8, tD8t D8VC uCt DCCu uuCtCu8 u
tDC8tV8, UCVCO utCO8y tCW8tU 8 uuCtCu8 CCu-

l
CYEBNE1IC AND SOuT
55
dtOn. D8 CCOmC8 ICa!ZCd VDCn UC QIC-hna! QuQa
8taC, and tDC mOu!t WDCD tCImnatC8 t VC8 I8C tO
aQCICCt aOu!t. DCaOu!tnCVCImOu!t8aan. t8nt8
8CXua! 8taC anO a!tDOuD n mO8t Ca8C8 t ICman8 Ca-
QaD!C OtaknnOuI8DmCnt, tDCIC aICn8CCt8 nVDCD
tDC aOut mOutD-QaIt8 anO tDC OC8tVC tuDC aIC
aDOItCO,8OtDattDCimago,a8t8Ca!!CO, CanOn!ymatC,
!ayC8,andOC.
DCnCIVOu8 8y8tCmtakC8aItntD8IOCC88 tCaI-
n dOVn anO Du!On uQ. !C tDCIC 8 a CCItan
amOunt O CVOCnCC tDat 8OmC mCmOIy QCI88t8 IOm
tDC !aIVa tDIOuD tO tDC maO, tD8 mCmOIy CannOt
DC VCIy CXtCn8VC. 7bc bqsio/ogica/ conJition ]or
mcmorq anJ bcnc ]or /carning sccms to bc o ccrtoin .
continuitqo]organiation,ubicba//ousthca/tcratum;
roJuccJ bqoutcr scnsc imrcssions to bc rctaincJU
morc or/css cnncnt cbangcs o] stracturc or]un-
tion. NCtamOIQDO888tOOIaOCa!tO!CaVCmuCD!a8tn
ICCOIO O tDC8C CDanC8. t 8 nOCCO DaIO tO COnCCVC
O a mCmOIy O any QICC8On VDCD Can 8uIVVC tD8
QIOCC88OIaOCa!ntCa!ICCOn8tIuCtOn.
DCIC 8 anOtDCI !mtatOn On tDC n8CCt, VDCD 8
duC tO t8 mCtDOO O IC8QIatOn anO CICu!atOn. DC
CaIt O tDC n8CCt 8 a VCIy QOOI anO VCak tuDu!aI
8tIuCtuIC,WDCD OQCn8, nOtntOVC!!-OChnCOD!OOO VC8
8C!8, Dut ntO VauC CaVtC8 OI 8nu8C8 COnVCyn tDC
D!OOO tO tDC t88uC8. D8 D!OOd 8 VtDOut QmCntCd
COIQu8C!C8, anO CaIIC8 tDC D!OOO-mCnt8 n 8O!u-
tOn. D8 mOOC O tIan8CIIn OXyCn 8CCm8 tO DC
dChntC!ynCIOItOtDCCOIQu8Cu!aImCtDOO.
naOOtOn, tDC n8CCtmCtDOO O OXyCnatOn O tDC
t88uC8 makC8 at mO8t On!y !OCa! u8C O tDC D!OOO. DC
DOOy O tDC anma! COntan8 a 8y8tCm O DIanCDCO tu
Du!C8, CaIIyn aI OICCt!y IOm tDC Out8OC ntO tDC
t88uC8 tO DC OXyCnatCO. DC8C tuDu!C8 aIC 8thCnCO
aan8t CO!!aQ8C Dy 8QIa! hDCI8 O CDtn, and aIC tDu8
Qa88VC!y OQCn, Dut tDCIC 8 nOVDCIC CVOCnCC O an

b TE HUMAN USE CF HUMAN BEINGS

aC!VC anO ChCC!VC 8y8!Cm O aIQumQn. C8Ia!On
OCCuI8DyOhusOna!OnC.
PO!CC !Da! !DC 8amC !uDu!C8 CaIIy Dy Ohu8On !DC
OOO aI n anO !DC 8QCn! aI, Q!!u!CO W!DCaIDOn O-
OXOC, Ou! !O !DC 8uIaCC. 1n a OhusOn mCCDan8m, !DC
!mC O OhusOn VaIC8 nO! a8 !DC !Cn!D O !DC !uDC,
Du! a8 !DC 8QuaIC O !DC !Cn!D. Du8, n CnCIa!, !DC
CmCCnCy O !D8 8ys!Cm !CnO8 !O a!! Oh VCIy IaQO!y
W!D !DC 8ZC O !DC anma!, anO a!!8 DC!OW !DC QOn!
O 8uIVVa! OI an anma! O any COn8OCIaD!C 8ZC. bO
nO! On!y 8 !DC n8CC! 8!IuC!uIa!!y nCaQaD!C O a I8!
Ia!C mCmOIy, DC 8 a!8O 8!IuC!uIa!!y nCaQaD!C O an C-
CC!VC8ZC.
O knOW !DC 8nhCanCC O !D8 !m!a!On n 8ZC,
!C!u8COmQaIC !WO aI!hCa! s!IuC!uIC8-!DC CO!!aC anO
!DC 8ky8CIaQCI. DC VCn!!a!On O a CO!!aC 8 Qu!C
aOCQua!C!y !akCn CaIC O Dy !DC !Cak O aI aIOunO !DC
WnOOW IamC8, nO! !O mCn!On !DC OIa! O !DC CDm-
nCy. PO 8QCCa! VCn!!a!On 8y8!Cm 8 nCCC88ay. Ln !DC
O!DCIDanO, n a 8kysCIaQCI W!D IOOm8 W!Dn IOO8, a
8Du!OOWn O !DC 8y8!Cm O OICCO VCn!!a!On WOu!O
DC O!!OWCO n a VCIy CW mnu!C8 Dy an n!O!CIaD!C
Ou!nC88 O !DC aI n !DC WOIk 8QaCC8. hu8On anO
CVCn COnVCC!On aIC nO !OnCI CnOuD !O VCn!!a!C 8uCD
as!IuC!uIC.
DC aD8O!u!C maXmum 8ZC O an nsCC! 8 8ma!!CI
!Dan!Da1a!!anaD!CDya VCI!CDIa!C. Ln!DCO!DCIDanO,
!DC u!!ma!C C!CmCn!8 O WDCD !DC nsCC! 8 COmQO8Cd
aIC nO! a!Way8 8ma!!CI !Dan !DCy aIC n man, OI CVCn
n a WDa!C. DC nCIVOu8 8y8!Cm QaI!akC8 O !D8 sma!!
8ZC, and yC! COn88!8 OnCuIOn8 nO! muCD 8ma!!CI !Dan
!DOsCn!DCDumanDIan,!DOuD !DCIC aICmanyCWCI
O !DCm, anO !DCI 8!IuC!uIC 8 aI !C88 COmQ!CX. n !DC
ma!!CI O n!C!!CnCC, WC 8DOu!O CXQCC! !Da! ! 8 nO!
On!y!DC IC!a!VC 8ZC O!DC nCIVOu8 8y8!Cm !Da!COun!8,
Du!na !aIC mCa8uIC!8 aD8O!u!C 8ZC. DCIC 8 8mQy
nO IOOm n !DC ICOuCCd 8uC!uIC O an n8CC! OI
CYBEBNE1ICS AND SCCIE1Y
57
uCtVCu8 8y8tCm C tC8t CCmCXty, uCt Ct 8 8tC
8tCtCUmCmCty.
1u VCW C tDC mC88Dty C 8 8tC 8tCtCU mCm-
Cty, 88 WC 88 C tDC 8Ct tD8t tDC yCutD C 8u u8CCt
8uCD 88 8u 8ut 8 8]Cut u 8 Ctm WDCD 8 u8u8tCU
tCm tDC 8Uut ]D88C Dy tDC utCtmCU8tC C8t88ttCDC
C mCt8mCtDC88, tDCtC 8 uC C[Cttuuty Ct tDC 8ut
tC C8tu muCD. UU tC tD8, tD8t t8 DCD8VCt u tDC
8Uut 8t8C mu8t DC 8uD8t8ut8y CtCCt tCm tDC DC-
uuu, 8uU ttCuDCCCmC8 CC8ttD8t tDC u8ttuCtCu8
tCCCVCU Dy tDC u8CCt uCtVCu8 8y8tCm mu8t DC [tCtty
muCD 8 tC8ut C tDC W8y t 8 Dut, 8uU uCt C 8uy
]Ct8Cu8 CXCtCuCC. u8 tDC u8CCt 8 t8tDCt kC tDC
kuU C CCmutu m8CDuC WDC8C u8ttuCtCu8 8tC 8
8CtCttDu 8UV8uCC Cu tDC `t8C8, 8uU WDCDD88 uCXt
tC uC CCUD8Ck mCCD8u8m tC 8CC ttDtCuD tDC uuCCt-
t8u ututC. DC DCD8VCt C 8u 8ut 8 muCD mCtC 8
m8ttCt C u8tuCt tD8u C utCCuCC. 7bc bqsica/
strait jackct in ubicb an inscct grous u is Jircct/q
7
rcsonsib/c]ortbcmcnta/straitjakctubicbrcgu/aIcs
itsattcrno]bcbacior.
mCtC tDC tC8UCt m8y 88y: `YC, WC 8tC8Uy kuCW
tD8t tDC 8ut 88 8u uUVUu8 8 uCt VCty utCCut, 8C
WDy 8 tD8 u88 8DCut CX8uu WDy t C8uuCt DC
utCCut DC 8u8WCt 8 tD8t Cqbcrnctics takcs tbc
7
ticutbat tbc structurc o] tbc mcbinc or o]tbcorgan-
im is an inJcx o] tbc cr]ormancc tbut mq be cx-
cctcJ]romit.DC 8Ct tD8t tDC mCCD8uC8 tUty C
tDC u8CCt 8 8uCD 88 tC mt t8 utCCuCC WDC tDC
mCCD8uC8 uUty C tDC Dum8u DCu tCVUC8 Ct
D8 8mC8t uUCbutC utCCCtu8 CX[8u8Cu 8 DDytC
CV8ut tC tDC Cut C VCW C tD8 DCCk. DCCtCtC8y,
WC CCuU DuU 8 m8CDuC WDC8C mCCD8uC8 8ttuC-
tutC UuC8tCU Dum8u Dy8CCy, tDCuWC CCuUD8VC
8 m8CDuC WDC8C utCCCtu8 C88CtC8 WCuU Uu-
C8tC tDC8CCDum8uDCu8.
1u tDC m8ttCt C tUty C DCD8VCt, tDC tC8tC8t
CCutt88t tC tDC 8ut 8 uCt mCtCy tDC m8mm8 u Cu-
5
d I HMAN U8E OF B MAN BEING8
Ct8, Dut m8u u [8ttCu8t. 1t D88 tCQuCuty DCCu CD-
8CtVCU tD8t m8u 8 8 uCCtCuC Ctm: tD8t 8, tD8t u WC
CCm[8tC m8u WtD UC tC8t 8[C8, D8 CC8C8t tC8tVC8,
WC huU tD8t m8tutC m8u u D8t, DC8U, 8D8[C, DCUy
[tC[CttCu8, DCuy8ttuCtutC, mu8CC8, 8uU8C Cu, 8mCtC
kC tDC uCWDCtu 8[C tD8u tDC 8Uut u[C. mCu tDC
8um88,m8u881CtCt18uWDCuCVCttCW8u[.
D8 mm8tutty C 8u8tCmC8 8ttuCtutC CCttC8[CuU8
tC m8u8 tCCuCU CDUDCCU. 1Dy8CCC8y, m8u
UCC8uCttC8CD [uDCtty uut DCD88 8tC8Uy CCm[CtCU
8 htD C D8 uCtm8 88u C C. 1Ct u8 CCm[8tC tD8
WtD tDC t8tC utDC C88C C 8 mCu8C, WDCD VC8 tDtCC
yC8t8 8uU 8t8tt8 DtCCUu 8t tDC CuU C tDtCC mCutD8.
D8 8 8 t8tC C tWCVC tC CuC. DC mCu8C8 t8tC 8
muCDmCtCuC8tyty[C8CtDC8tC m8]Ctty Cm8m-
m88tD8u8tDCDum8ut8tC.
1uDCtty Ct mC8tm8mm88 CtDCttCtC8Cut8 tDC CuU
C tDCt C[CCD C tutC8C, Ct 8 WC DCyCuU t. 1u Cut
CCmmuuty, m8u 8 tCCCu12CU 88 mm8tutC uut tDC
8C CtWCuty-CuC, 8uU DCmCUCtu[CtCUCCUuC8tCu
CttDCDDCtW8k8 C CCCutuuC8 uut 8DCut Utty,
8Ctu8y DCyCuU UC tmC C tC8tC8t [Dy8C8 8ttCutD.
N8u tDu8 8[CuU8 WD8t m8y 8mCuut tC Ctty [Ct CCDt
C D8 uCtm8 C 88 8 C8tuCt, 88u Ct tC88Cu8 tD8t
D8VC tC UC WtD D8 [Dy8C8 8ttuCtutC. 1t 8 88 CCm-
CtCy u8tut8 Ct 8 Dum8u 8CCCty tC DC D88CU Cu
C8tuu 88 Ct 8u 8ut 8CCCty tC DC D88CU Cu 8u uDCt-
tCU[8ttCtu.
N8u kC 8 CtDCt Ct8u8m8 VC8 u 8 CCutuCu
uuVCt8C, Dutm8u8 8UV8ut8C CVCt tDCtC8t C u8tutC8
tD8t DCD88tDCDy8CCC8 8uC utCCCtu8
CQu[mCut tC 8U8[t Dm8C tC UC8 CD8uC8 u m
CuVtCumCut. DC Dum8u 8[CCC8 8 8ttCu Cuy u8C8t
88 t t8kC8 8UV8ut8C C tDC uu8tC 8U8[tVC, C8tuug
8CutC8 tD8tt8 [Dy8CCC88ttuCtutCm8kC8 [C88DC.
YC D8VC 8tC8Uy uUC8tCU tD8t CCCtVC DCD8VCt
mu8t DC uCtmCU Dy 8CmC 8Ctt C CCUD8Ck tCCC88,
tCu t WDCtDCt t D88 CQu8CU t8 C8 Ct 8CD
CYBERNEIIC8 A 8OIEIY

8DCI!. DC 8m[C8!CCUD8Ck8 UC8 W!D IC88 8uCCC88C8

CI 8uIC8 C [CICIm8uCC, 8uCD 88 WDC!DCI WC D8VC
8C!u8y 8uCCCCUCU u I88u 8uCDjCC! !D8! WC D8VC
!ICU !C Ck u[, CI WDC!DCI !DC 8UV8uCC u8IU C 8u
8Imy 8 8! !DC 8[Cu!CU [8CC 8! !DC 8[[Cu!CU !mC.
mCWCVCI, !DCIC 8IC m8uy C!DCICIm8 CCCUD8Ck C 8
mCIC8uD!Cu8!uIC.
1! 8 C!Cu uCCC888Iy CI u8 !CkuCWWDC!DCI 8 WDCC
[OCy C CCuUuC!, 8 8!I8!Cy 8C !C 88y, D88 ICVCU 8uC-
CC88u CI uC!. DC 8um8 WC !C8CD !C !I8VCI8C 8 m82C
u CIUCI !O buU CCU CI !C 8VCU CCC!IC 8DCCk8, mu8!
DC 8DC !C ICCCIU WDC!DCI !DC CuCI8 [8u C Iuuuu
!DICuD !DC m82C D88 DCCu Cu !DC WDCC 8uCCC88u CI
uC!, 8uU ! mu8!DC 8DC !C CD8uC!D8 [8u u CIUCI !C
Iuu !DC m82C CmCCu!y. D8 CIm C C8Iuu 8 mC8!
CCI!8uy 8 CCUD8Ck, Du! ! 8 8 CCUD8Ck Cu 8 DDCI
CVC, 8 CCUD8Ck C [CCC8 8uU uC! C 8m[C 8C!Cu8.
1!UCI8ICm mCIC CCmCu!8IyCCUD8Ck8 uWD8! 1CI-
!I8uU1u88CWCuUC8!8`CC8!y[C.
D8 [8!!CIu C DCD8VCI m8y 88C DC CuuU u m8-
CDuC8. ICCCu! uuCV8!Cu u !DC !CCDuQuC C
!CC[DCuC 8W!CDu [ICVUC8 8u u!CIC8!u mCCD8u-
Cu 8u8Cy !C m8u8 8U8[!VC 8Cu!y. DICuDCu! !DC
!CC[DCuC uUu8!Iy, 8u!Cm8!C 8W!CDu 8 I8Uy
CCm[C!u !8 VC!CIy CVCI m8uu8 8W!CDu, 8uU !
m8y 8CCm !C u8 !D8! !DC CX8!u CIm8 C 8u!Cm8!C
8W!CDu CCu8!!u!C 8 uC8Iy CICC! [ICCC88. CVCI-
!DCC88, 8 !!C !DCuh! W 8DCW!D8! !DC [IC8Cu! [ICC-
C88 8 VCIy V88!Cu C CQu[mCu!. DC uumDCI C
CC[C V!D WDCm 1 8C!u8y W8D !C !8k CVCI !DC !CC-
[DCuC 8 m!CU, 8uU u 8IC mC88uIC 8 !DC 88mCm-
!CU ICu U8y 8!CI U8y 8uU WCCk 8!CI WCCk. 1 u8C
mC8! C !DC !CCDCuC CQumCu! 8V88DC !C mC !C
CCmmuBC8!C W!D mCmDCI8 C !D8 ICu[. CW, 88 !DC
[IC8Cu! !CCDuQuC C 8WI!CDu CuCI8y CC8, !DC
[ICCC88 C IC8CDu CuC C !DC [CC[C WDCm WC C8 u
CuICIbVC!mC8 8 U8y 8 u uC W8y UCICu! ICm !DC
[ICCC88 C IC8CDu UC8C [CCC WI!D WDCm WC m8y
I HUMAN U8E OF HUMAN BEING8
uCVCt D8VC 8 CCuVCt88tCu. tCm tDC 8t8uUCut CD8-
8uCCU 8CtVCC, WC 8tC u8u CtDCt tCC ttC CQumCut
tC D8uUC tDC tCQuCut C88 Ct tOO muCD tC D8uUC !DC
utCQuCutC88,8 8tu8tCuWDCDtCmuU8 mCCLVCt
YCuUC mCmC8 CCm Cu tDC `CuC-DC88 8D8y. D8
DC8ty VCDCC, 88 yCutCCCCCt, 8tCt CuCDuuUtCU yC8tS
C 8CtVCC, 8DCWCU t8C tC DC 8C C8tCuy UC8DCU
tD8t uCtDCt WDCC, uCt tC, uCt 8D8!t8, uCt 8C8t CCu-
t8uCU 8uy 8tt WDCD m8uC8tCU 8uuuCCCuCmC8CX-
CC88 C WC8tu CWCt CVCt 8uy CtDCt 8tt. Ctu8y,
tDC CuC-DC88 8D8y tCtC8Cut8 tDC uu8CC C Cu-
uCCtu, 8uU 8 uC mCtCy 8 DumCtCu8 8ut88y. 1 tDC
ttC8 D8U 88tCU mOmCutCuCt tD8u tDC 8CkC8 Ct
tDC U88DDC8tU tD8u tDC 8D8t8, tDC8C 8tt8 WOuU D8VC
C8ttCU utC U8u8C CCtt8u CCCuCmC V8uC8. DC8CV8-
uC8 CCuU CtDCt D8VC DCCu tCUuCCU WtDCut Duttu
tDC Uut8Dty C !DC VCDCC 88 8 WDCC, Ct tDCy CCuU
D8VC DCCu tt8u8CttCU CQu8y tDtCuDCut tDC Cutt
VCDCC tC m8kC tDC WDCC tDu 88t CuCt. 1uUCCU,
8uy 8tIuCtutCuCtCtDCu8tutC CtDC`CuC-DO88 8D8y 8
W88tCuyUC8uCU.
D8 mC8u8 tD8tCt tDC tC8tC8t CCCuCmy O 8CtVCC
t 8 uOt UC8t8DC !D8t tDC tCCC88 C my CCuuCCtCu
WtD Nt. A., WDCm 1 C8 u tDtCC tmC8 8 U8y, 8uU
WtD Nt. . WDC 8 Ct mC Cuy 8u uuuCtCCU tCm u
!DC tCCDCuC UtCCtCty, 8DCuU DC C tDC 88mC CtUCt.
1 1 WCt.: 8CttCU 8 8Dty mCtC UtCCt mC8u8 C CCu-
uCCtCuWtD Nt. A.,tDCu tDC tmC W88tCU u D8Vu tC
W8ttWCC 88 CuCt Nt. .WCuUDCmCtC tD8u CCm
Cu88tCU Ct. 1 tDCu, t 8 C88DC WtDCut CXCC88VC
CC8t tC UCV8C 8u 88t8tu8 WDCD WtCCCtU my 88t
CCuVCt88tCu8, 8uU tC8CttCu tC mC 8 UCtCC C 8CtV-
CC CCttC8CuUu tC tDC tCQuCuCy C my 88t u8C C
!DC tCCDCuC CD8uuC8, 1 8DCuU CDt8u 8 DCttCt 8CtV-
CC, Ct 8 C88 CXCu8VC CuC, Ct DCtD. DC 1D8 18m
LCm8uy u mC8uU D88 8uCCCCUCU u UOu tD8. DC
Qu8ty C t8 8CtVCCD88 DCCu mtCVCU Dy mC8u8 C 8
CCUD8Ck C u88C8 8C-C8CU `DDCt CC8 tyC. 1t
'

'
`
CYBEBNE1ICS AND SOIE1Y
Is capabIe oI greater varIety, more adaptabIIIty, and
deaIs more ehectIveIy than conventIonaI eguIpment
wIth the entropIc tendency Ior the more probabIe to
overwheImtheIessprobabIe.
!repeat,IeedbackIsamethodoIcontroIIIngasystem
by reInsertIng Into It the resuIts oI Its past perIorm-
ance. !ItheeresuItsaremereIyusedasnumerIcaIdata
Ior the crItIcIsm oI the system and Its reguIatIon, we
have the sImpIe Ieedback oI the controI engIneers !I,
however, the InIormatIon whIch proceeds backward
Irom the perIormance Is abIe to change the generaI
methodandpatternoIperIormance,wehaveaprocess
whIchmayweIIbecaIIedIeaIng.
AnotherexampIe oI the IearnIngprocess appears In
connectIon wIth the probIem oI the desIgn oIpredIc-
tIon machInes. Atthe begInnIngoIWorIdWar !!, the
comparatIve InemcIency oI antIaIrcraIt bre made It
necessary to Introduce apparatus whIch wouId IoIIow
the posItIon oI an aIrpIane, compute Its dIstance, de-
termIne the Iength oI tIme beIore a sheII couId reach
It, andbgure outwhereItwouId be attheend oIthat
tIme. !I Ue pIane were abIe to take a perIectIy arbI-
traryevasIve actIon, no amount oI skIII wouId permIt
us to bII In the as yet unknown motIon oI the pIane
betweenthetImewhenthegunwasbredandtheome
whenthesheIIshouIdarrIve approxImateIy atIts goaI.
However,undermanycIrcumstancesthe avIatoreIther
does not, or cannot, takearbItraryevasIve actIon. HeIs
IImIted bytheIactthatIIheakes a rapId turn, cen
IgaIIorcewIIIrenderhIm unconscIous, andbythe
otherIactthatthe controImechanIsmoIhIspIaneand
thecourseoIInstructIons whIch hehas receIve prac
ocaIy Iorce on hIm certaIn reguIar habIts oI contro!
whch show UemseIves even In hIs evasIve actIon.
These reguIarItIes are not absoIute but are rather sta
tIstIcaI preIerences whIch appear most oI the tIme.
Theymy be dIerent Ior dIerentavIators, and they
W certaIn!ybe !ordIerentgIanes eturemember
b I HUMAN U8E OF HUMAN BEING8
lD8t u lDC ut8ut C 8 l8tCt 88 t8U 88 8u 8t[8uC,
tDCtC 8 uCl lmC Ct lDC CCmutCt lC t8kC Cut D8 u-
8ltumCul8 8uU hutC WDCtC lDC 8uC 8 Cu tC DC.

lDChutumu8tDCDutulC tDC uu CCultC l8C.
D8 hutu mu8t uCuUC U8l8 WDCD UCCuU Cu C
[88t 8l8l8lC8 CX[CtCuCC C 8t8uC8 C 8 VCu tyC
uuUCt V8tyu Dl CCuUlCu8. DC tC8Cut 8t8C C
8ut-8tCt8t htC CCu88t8 u 8u 8[8t8lu8 WDCD u8C8
ClDCt hXCU U8t8 C lD8 8Ctt, Ct 8 8CCClCu 8mCu 8
mlCU uumDCt C 8uCD hXCU U8l8. DC [tCCt CDCCC
8mCu lDC8C m8y DC 8WlCDCU u Dy mC8u8 C tDC VC-
uul8ty8ClCuClDCuuuCt.
mCWCVCt, lDCtC 8 8uCtDCt 8l8C C tDC CCuUC tCD-
Cm WDCD m8y 88C DC UC8l WlD mCCD8uC8y. DC
tCDCm C UClCtmuu tDC Dt 8t8l8tC8 C 8 8uC
tCm lDC 8Clu8 CD8CtV8tCu C l8 Dl, 8uU lDCu C
tt8u8Ctmu tDC8C ulC tuC8 Ct CCuUCu tDC uu, 8
l8C 8 UChutC 8uU m8lDCm8lC8 CuC. LCm[8tCU WU
tDC 8Ctu8 ut8ut C tDC 8uC, u 8CCCtU8uCC WU
VCu tuC8, t 8 8 tC8lVCy 8CW 8ClCu, 8uU uVCVC8 8
CCu8UCt8DC CD8CtV8lCu C tDC 88t Dt C lDC 8t-
8uC. 1l 8 uCVCtlDCC88 uCt mC88DC tC mCCD8uC
tD8 Cu-tmC 8CtCu 88 WC 88 lDC 8DCtt-lmC 8CtCu.
YC tDu8 m8y CCu8ltuCt 8u 8ul-8tCt8t uu WDCD CD-
8CtVC8 Dy t8C lDC 8t8l8lC8 CCuCCtuu lDC mCtCu C
lDC l8tCt 8uC, WDCDlDCu WCtk8 lDC8C utC 8 8y8tCm
C CCuUC, 8uUWDCD hu8y 8UCl8 tD8 8y8tCm C CCu-
ttC 88 8 QuCk W8y Ct 8Uju8tu l8 C8tCu tC tDC
CD8CtVCUC8tCu8uUmCtCuCtDC8uC.
CmykuCWCUCtDD88 uClyCtDCCuUCuC,Dutt8
8 tCDCm WDCD C8 8Cu uC8 WC 8tC CCu8UCtug,
8uU CX[CCt tC u8C uCtDCt tCDCm8 CtCUClCu. DC
8U]u8tmCut C lDC CuCt8 [8u C _utu 8uU btug
tDC uu 8CCCtUu lC tDC [8ttCu8t 8y8tCm C mCCu
WDCDlDCl8tCtD88 m8UC 8 C88Cul81y 8u8CtCC-
u. 1l8 8 CD8uC u lDC taingC lDC uu8 CCmutug
mCCD8u8m, WDCD 8tCt8 uCt 8C muCD tDC uumCtC8
U8t8, 88UCtCCC88DyWDCD tDCy 8tC utCttClCU. 1t8,
CYBEC8 A SuT
u aCt, a VCty gCnCta sOtt O CCdDaCk, aCCUng thC
WhOCmCthOdODChaVOtOthCn8ttumCut.
hC adVauCCd gtOCC8s O Catuug Wh:Ch WC h8VC
hCtC d8Cu88Cd s st mtCd Dy thC mCChanCa COu-
dtOus O thC 8ystCm u WhCh t OCCuts, and CC8ty
dOCs uOt COttC8gOud tO UC uOtma gtOCCss O Catung
n man. uttOm ths _tOCC8s WC CauuCtgutC d Ct-
Cut Ways u WhCh Catuug O a COmgCX sOtt Cau DC
mCChauZCd. hC8C udCatOns atC gVCu tCsgCCtVCy
Dy thC OCkCau thCOty O a8sOCatOu, aud Dy 1aVOVs
thCOtyOthC COndtOnCd tCbCX. COtC1 takCthCsC u[,
hOWCVCt,1 W8htOmakC sOmC gCnCtatCmatkstOCOVCt
u adVanCC CCttau CtUCsms O thC suggCsUOu that
shagtC8Cut.
Ct mC tCCOuut thC Dass On WhCh t s gO8sDC tO
dCVCO[ a thCOty O Catuug. yatthC gtCatCt _attOt
thCWOtkOthC nCtVCghysOOgsthasDCCu OuthCCOu
duCtOn Om_usCsDyuCtVCbDCtsOtuCutOus,audths
gtOCCss sgVCua8 aua-Ot-uOuC_hCnOmCuOu.hats,
a stmuus tCaChCs thC gOut Ot thtCshOd WhCtC t
WDaVCaOng a uCtVC bDCt at 8, aud uOt dC Out H
8tCatVCy shOtt dstau, thCCCCtWhChtgtOduCC8
at a COmgatatVCy tCmOtC gOut Ou thC uCtVC bDCt
suD8tautayudCgCudCutOtsutasttCugth.
hCsCuCtVCmgusCs aVCtOmbDCttO bDCt8CtO88
COnuCCtOns knOWu as Q888, u WhCh OnC ugOug
bDCt may COmC n COutaCt wth mauy OutgOug bDCt8,
8ud OuC OutgOug bDCt n COntaCt Wth mauy ugOug
bDCts. 1u thCsC syuagsC8, thC m_usC gVCu Dy a sugC
uCOmuguCtVCbDCtsOtCuuOtCuOughtO[tOduau
CCCtVC OutgOug m_u8C. 1u gCuCta, UC mgusC8
8ttVug at a gVCu OutgOug bDCt DyuCOmug syua_t
uuCCtOus atC tOO CW, UC OutgOng bDCt W uOtt
sud. hCu 1 say tOO CW, 1 dO uOt uCCCssaty mC8u
that a uCOm:ug bDCts aCt a:kC, uOt CVCu U8t W
auy sCt O uCOmug aCtVC syuagUC COCCtOus U
uCstOu O WhCthCt thC OutgOug bDCt w tCs[Oud
m8yDCsCttCdOuCCOta. 1 8sOdOuOtutCudtOguOt
b M HUMAN U8F CF HUMAN BFING8
lDC aCt tDat sOmC nCOmn hDCrs, nstCaU O tCnUn
lOQrOOuCC astmuusn lDC OulOn hDCrsVtDVDCD
lDy COnnCCl, may tCnO tO QrCVCnt tDCsC hDCrs rOm
aCCCQlnnCVslmu.
C tDat as t may, VDC lDC QrODCm O tDC COnUuC-
lOn O mQusCs aOn a hDCr may DC OCsCrDCU n a
ralDCr smQC Vay as an aOrnOnC QDCnOmCnOn, tDC
QrODCm OlDCUansssOnOanmQusCaCrOss aayCr
O synaQtC COnnCCtOns UCQCnUs On a COmQCatCU Qat-
tC O rCsQOnsCs, n VDCD CCrlan COmDnalOns O n-
COmn hDCrs, hrn VlDn a CCrlan mtCO tmC, V
CausC tDC mCssaC tO O urtDCr, VDC CCrtan OlDCr
COmDnatOns V nOl. DCsC COmDnatOns arC nOt a
tDnhXCU OnCCOr a, nOr UOtDCy CVCn UCQCnO sOCy
On lDC Qast DstOry O mCssaCs rCCCVCU ntO tDat syn-
aQlC ayCr. DCy arC knOVn tO CDanC VtD tCmQCr
aturC, anU may VC CDanC VtD many OtDCr tDns.
Ds VCV O tDC nCrVOus syslCm COrrCsQOnUs tO tDC
tDCOry O tDOsC maCDnCs tDat COnsst n sCQuCnCC O
sVlCDn UCVCCs n VDCD tDC OQCnn O a atCr
sVtCD UCQCnUs On tDC aCtOn O QrCCsC COmDnatOns
O CarCr sVtCDCs CaUn ntO t, VDCD OQCn at tDC
samC tmC. Ds a-Or-nOnC maCDnC s CaCU a digito/
maCDnC t Das rCat aUVanla Or lDC mOst VarCU
QrODCms O CmmunCatOn anU COntrO. n QartCuar,
tDC sDarQnCss O tDC UCCsOn DCtVCCn `yCs anU nO
QCrmtsttO aCCumuatC nOrmatOnnsuCD aVayastO
aOW us tO UsCrmnatC VCry sma UhCrCnCCs n Cry
arCnumDCrs
CsUCs tDCsCmaCDnCs VDCDVOrk On a yCsanUnO
sCaC, UCrC arC OtDCrCOmQutn anU COntrO maCDn
VDCD mCasurC ratDCr tDan COunt. DCsC arC knOVn as
anamgq maCDnCs, DCCausC tDCy OQCratC On tDC Dass
OanaOOus COnnCCtOns DCtWCCn tDC mCasurCU Quan
tUCs anU tDC numCrCa QuanttCs suQQOsCU tO rCQrC-
sCnttDCm. An CXamQCOan anaOymaCDnCs a sUC
ruC, nCnastVtD a UCsk COmQutngmaCDnCVDCD
OQCratCs tay. DOsC VDO DaVC usCU a sUC C
CYFRNFIIC8 AN 8Ou
uOW that thC 8CaC Ou WhCh thC mark8 haVC tO DC
grutCd aud thC aCCuraCy OOur CyC8 gVC 8harg mt8
tO tDCgrCC8OuWthWhCh thC ruC CauDC rCad. hC8C
mt8 arC uOt a8 Ca8y CXtCudCd a8 OuC mght thuk, Dy
makug tDC 8dC ruC argCr. tCu-OOt 8dC ruC W
gVC OuyOuC dCCma gaCC mOrCaCCuaCy thauU OuC-
OOt 8dC ruC, aud u OrdCr tO dO U8, uOt Ouy mu8t
CaChOOtOthCargCr8dCruCJCOu8DuCtCdWththC
8amC grCC8Ou a8 thC 8maCr OuC, Dut tDC OrCutatOu
O tDC8C 8uCCC88VC CCt mu8t COuOrm tO UC dCgrCC O
aCCuraCy tO DC CXgCCtCd Or CaCh OuCOOt 8dC ruC.
urthCrmOrC, thC grODCm8 O kCCgug thC argCr ruC
rgd arCmuCh grCatCr tDau thO8CWhCDWC bud uthC
Ca8COthC 8maCr ruC, aud 8CrVC tO mt thC uCrCa8C
u aCCuraCy WhCh WC gCt Dy uCrCa8ug thC 8ZC. 1u
OthCr WOrd8, Or graCtCa gurgO8C8, maChuC8 that
mCa8urC, a8 OggO8Cd tO maChuC8 that COuut, arC VCry
grCaty mtCd u thCr grCC8Ou. Add U8 tO tDC grC]u-
dCC8 O thC ghy8OOg8t u aVOr O a-Or-uOuC aCUOu,
aud WC 8CC Why thC grCatCrgartOtDC WOrkWhChha8
DCCu dOuC Ou thC mCChauCa 8muaCra O thC Dra
ha8 DCCu Ou maChuC8 WhCh arC mOrC Or C88 Ou a dg
taDa88.
OWCVCr, WC u88t tOO 8trOugy Ou tDCDrau a8 a
gOrbCd dgta maCDuC, WC 8ha b 8uDCCt tO 8OmC
VCry ]u8t CrtC8m, COmug u gat rOm tDC gDy8OO-
g8t8 aud u _artrOm tDC 8OmCWhat O[gO8tC Cam[ Ot
thO8C g8yChOOg8t8 WhO grCCr uOt tO makC u8C O t
maChuC COmgar8Ou. 1 haVC 8ad that u a dgta ma-
CDuCUCrC8a taing,WhCh dCtCrmuC8 UC 8CguCuCC
O OgCratOu8 tO DC gCrOrmCd, aud that a ChaugC H
U8 tagug Ou thC Da88 O ga8t CXgCrCuCC COrrC8gOud8
tO a CaruuggrOCC88. 1u thC Drau, thC CCarC8t auaOgy
tO tagug 8 tDC dCtCrmuatOu O thC 8yuagtC thrC8h-
Od8, O hC grCC8C COmDuatOu8 O thC uCOmug uCu-
rOu8 WhCh W brC au OutgOug uCurOu WU WDCD
thCy arC COuuCCtCd. C haVC arCady 8CCu tD8t thC8C
thrC8hOd8 arCVaraDCWtDtCm[CaturC, aud WC D8V
I BM U8E OF BMAN BEING8
nO rOasOn lO DOlOVO lhal lhOy may nOl DO VaraDlO
Wlh lhO ChOmslry O lhO DlOOO anO wlh many O!hOr
QhOnOmOna WhCh arO nOl lhOmsOlVOs Orynally O an
allOrnOnO nalurO. 1lslhOrOOrO nOCOssary lhalnCOn-
sOOrny lhO QrODlOm O lOarnny, WO shOulO DO mOst
WaryO assumny an a!!Or-nOnO lhOOry O lhO nOrVOus
syslOm, WlhOul haVny maOO an nlO!lOClual CrlCs
O lhO nOlOn, anO WlhOul sQOChC OXQOrmOnlal OV-
OOnCOlODaCkOurassumQlOn.
1lWllOlOnDOsaOlhallhOrOsnOlhOOryOlOaDny
WhalOVOr lDal W!l DO rOasOnaDlO Or lhO maChnO. 1t
W! alsODOsaO lhaln lhO QrOsOnlslayO OOurknOWl-
OOyO, any lDOOry O lOarnny WhCh 1 may OdOr Wll DO
QrOma!urO, anO WllQrODaDlynOl COrrOsQOnOlOlhO aC-
tual unClOnny O lhO nOrVOus syslOm. 1 ws lO Wa!k
a mOOlO Qalh DOlWOOn lhOsO lWO CrlCsms. Ln lhO
OnOhanO, 1WshlOyVOa mOlhOO OCOnslruClnylOarn-
nymaChnOs, a mOlhOO WhChW!! nOl Only OnaDlO mO
tODulO COrlan sQOCal maChnOs Olhs lyQO, Dulw
yVO mOa yOnOralOnynOOrnylOChnQuO Or COns!ruCl-
ny a VOry laryO Class OsuCh maChnOs. Lnly 1 rOaCh
Us OOyrOO O yOnOrally Wll 1 haVO OOOnOOO mysO!
nsOmOmOasurOrOmlhOCrlCsm lhallhOmOChanCal
QrOCOss WhCh 1 Clam s smlar lO lOany, s, n aCl,
sOmOlhnyO an OssOnl!y O OrOnlnalurOrOmlOaD-
ny.
LnlDOOlDOrhanO, 1 Wsh lOOOsCrDOuChmaChnOs
n lOrms WhCh arO nOl lOO OrOyn lO lhO aClual OD-
sOrVaDlOs OlhO nOrVOus syslOm, anOO human anO an-
mal COnOuCl. 1 H QulO aWarO lDal 1 CannOlOXQOCllO
DOryhlnOOlalnQrOsOnlnylhOaClualhumanmOCh-
ansm, anO lhal 1 may OVOn DO WrOny n QrnCQlO.
OVOrlhOlOss, 1 yVO a OOVCO WhCh Can DOVOrDally
OrmulalOO n lOrms O lhO COnCOQls DOlOnyny lO lhO
human mnO anO lhOhuman Dran, 1 shall yVO a QOnl
OOOQarlurOOrCrlCsm, anO a slanOarOWlhWhChlO
mQarO tDO OrOrmanCO lO DO OxQOClOO On hO Dass
OOlDOrlhOOrOs.
CENEC AN 8OCIEIY
OCkC, at tDC Cud O tDC 8CVCutCCutD CCututy, COu-
8dCtCd tDat tDC COBtCBt O tDC mBd Wa8 madC u[ O
WDat DC Ca8 idca. DC mud Ot Dm 8 CuttCy [a8-
8VC, a CCau DaCkDOutd, tabu/a raa, Ou WDCD tDC
CX[CtCuCC8 O tDC BdVdua WttC tDCt OWu m[tC8-
8OB8. 1 tDC8C mQtC88Ou8 a[[Cat OtCu, CUCt uudCt
CtCum8tauCC8 O 8mutaBCty, Ot u a CCttau 8CguCuCC,
Ot u 8tuatOB8 WDCD WC OtdBaty atUDutC tO Cau8C
aud CCCt, tDCu aCCOtdBg tO OCkC, tDC8C mQtC88Ou8
Ot dCa8 W Otm COm[CX dCa8, WtD a CCttau [O8tVC
tCudCuCy Ot tDC COm[OuCut CCmCBt8 tO 8tCk tOgCUCt.
C mCCDau8m Dy WDCD tDC dCa8 8tCk tOgCUCt C
u UC dCa8 tDCm8CVC8, Dut UCtC 8 UtOugDOut OCkC8
Wttug a 8uguat uuWuguC88 tO dC8CtDC 8uCD 8
mCCDau8m. M8 tDCOty Cau DCat OBy tDC 8Ott O tCa-
tOu tO tCaty tDat a CtUtC O a OCOmOtVC DCat8 tO a
WOtkBg OCOmOtVC. 1t 8 a dagtam WtDOut auy WOtk-
ug [att8. D8 8 uOt tCmatkaDC WDCu WC COu8dCt tDC
datC O OCkC8 tDCOty. 1t Wa8 u a8ttOuOmy, aud uOt u
CugBCCtug Ot u [8yCDOOgy, tDat tDC dyuamC gut
O VCW, tDC [Out O VCW O WOtkug [att8, Dt8t
tCaCDCd t8 m[OttauC, aud tD8 Wa8 at UC Daud8 O
CWtOu, WDO Wa8 uOt a [tCdCCC88Ot O OCkC, Dut 8
COutCm[Otaty.
Ot 8CVCta CCBtUtC8, 8CCuCC, dOmuatCd Dy tDC tS-
tOtCau m[u8C tO Ca88y, uCgCCtCd tDC mOdCO m-
[u8C tO 8CatCD Ot Way8 u WDCD [DCuOmCua DuCUOu.
1udCCd, WU UC [aut8 aud aBma8 yCt tO bCX[OCU,
t 8 Datd tO 8CC DOW DOOgCa 8CCBCC COud DaVC Cu-
tCtCd 8 [tO[Cty dyuamC [CtOd CXCC[t tDtOugD tDC
COutuua gatDCtBg O mOtC dC8Ct[tVC uatuta D8tOty.
DC gtCat DOtaB8t BuaCu8 W 8CtVC u8 a8 au CXam-
[C. Ot uuaCu8, 8[CC8 aud gCuCt8 WCtC bXCd tS-
tOtCau Otm8, tatDCt tDau 8g[O8t8 Ot a [tOC88 O
CVOutOu, Dut t Wa8 OBy Ou tDC Da88 O a OtOugDy
uuaCau dC8C[tOu Uat auy COgCut Ca8C COud CVCt
DC madC Ot CVOutOu. DC Caty uatuta D8tOtauS
WCtC tDC [taCtCa tOuUCt8mCu O tDC utCCCt tO
I BUMAN USE OF BUMAN BEINGS
muCh unOCr thC COmgusOn tO sCZC anO OCCugy nCW
tCrrtOry tO DC VCry grCCsC n UCatng thC grODCm O
CX_anngthC nCWOrms thatthCyhaO ODsCrVCO. AtCr
thCrOntCrsman COmCs thC OgCratVC armCr, anO atCr
thCnatrastCOmCs thCmOOCrnsCCntst.
1n thC ast guartCr O! thC ast CCntury anO thC rst
guartCr O thC grCsCnt OnC, anOUCr Cat sChOar,
1aVOV, COVCrCO n hs OWn Way CssCntay hC samC
grOunO that OCkC haO COVCrCO CarCr. 1s stuOy O
thC COnOtOnCd rCbCXCs, hOWCVCr, grOgrCssCO CXgCr
mCntay, nOt thCOrCtCay as OCkCs haO. NOrCOVCr,
hC trCatCO t as t aggCars amOng thC OWCr anmas
rathCr than as t aggCars n man. hC OWCr anmas
CannOtsgCakn mans anguagC, DutnthC anguagCO
DChaVOr. NuCh O thCr mOrC COnsgCuOus DChaVOr s
CmOtOna u ts mOtVatOn anO muCh O thCr CmOtOn
s COnCCOCO Wth OOO. 1t Was Wth OOO that 1aVOV
DCgan, and WththC _hysCa symgtOm O saVatOn. 1t
s CasytO nsCrta CanuantOthCsaVatyOuCtOa OOg
anO tO ODsCtVC thC sCCrCtOn that s stmuatCO Dy thC
_rsCnCCOOOO.
rOnary many thngs unCOnnCCtCO Wth OOO, as
ODCts sCCn, sOunOs hCarO, CtC., grOOuCC nO CCCt On
saVatOn, Dut1aVOVODsCrVCOthata CCrtan gattCrn
Or a CCrtan sOunO haO DCCn systCmatCay ntrOOuCCO
tO a OOg at CCOng tmC, thCn thC Osgay O thC gat-
tCrn Or sOunO aOnC Was suCCnt tO CXCtC saVatOn.
hat s, thC rCbCX O saVatOn Was COnOtOnCO Dy
_astassOCatOn.
1CrCWChaVCOnthCCVCOthCanmarCbCX, sOmC-
thng anaOgOus tO OCkCs assOCatOn O OCas, an as-
sOCatOn WhCh OCCs n rCbCX rCsgOnsCs WhOsC
CmOUOna COntCnt s _rCsumaDy VCty sOng. Ct us
nOtCC thC rathCr COmgCatCO naturC O thC antCCCd-
Cnts WhCh arC nCCOCO tO grOOuCC a COnOtOnCd rC-
bCX O thC 1aVOV qy. O DCgn Wth, thCy gCnCr y
CCntCr aDOut sOmCthng mgOrtanttO thC C OthC an-
ma: nths CasC, OOO, CVCnthOughnthCrCbCXs bna

-

.
-
CYEBNE1ICS AN SO
>
OrmthCOOdCCmCntmayDCCntrCy CdCd. Cmay,
hOWCVCr, ustratC thC mQOrtanCC O thC nUa stm-
uus O a aVOVan COndtOnCd rCbCX Dy thC CXamQC
OCCCtrC!CnCCsCnCOsngaCattCarm.
Ln CattC arms, thC COnstruCtOn O WrC CnCCs
sUOng CnOugh tO tu a stCCrs nOt Casy. s thus CCO-
nOmCa tO rCQaCC a hCaVy !CnCC O ths tyQC Dy OnC
WhCrC OnC Or tWO rCatVCy thn strands O WrC Carry
a sumCCnty hgh CCCtrC VOtagC tO mgrCss ugOn an
anma a gutC aQQrCCaDC shOCK WhCn th anma
shOrt-CrCuts t Dy COntaCt Wth ts DOdy. buCh a CnCC
may haVC tO rCsst thC QrCssurC O thC stCCr OnCC Or
tWCC Dut a!tCr that thC CnCC aCts, nOt DCCausC t Can
hOd uQ mCChanCay undCr QrCssurC, Dut DCCausC thC
stCCr has dCVCOQCd a COndtOnCd rCbCX WhCh tCnds
tO QrCVCnt t !rOm COmng ntO COntaCt Wth thC CnCC
at a. 1CrC thC Orgna trgyCr tO thC rCbCX s Qan
andthC WthraWa!rOmgan sVtaOrthC COntnuCd
C O! any anma. hC trans!CrrCd trggCr s thC sght
O thC !CnCC. hCrC arC OthCr trggCrs WhCh Cad tO
COndtOnCd rCCXCs DCsdCs hungCr and Qan. t W
DC usng anthrOgOmOrQhC anyuagC tO Ca thCsC CmO
tOna stuatOns, Dut thCrC s nO suCh anthrOQOmOr
ghsmnCCdCdtO dCsCrDCthCmasstuatOnsWhChgCn
CrayCarry an Cmghass and mgOrtanCC nOtDCOnyng
tO many OthCr anma CXgCrCnCCs. buCh CXgCrCnCCs,
WhCthCr WC may Ca thCm CmOtOna Or nOt, grOduCC
strOngrCCXCs. nthC !OrmatOn O! COndtOnCdrCCCs
n gCnCra thC rCCX rCsgOnsC s trans!CrrCd tO OnC O!
thCsC trygCr stuatOns. hs trggCr suatOn s OnC
WhCh !rCuCntyOCCurs COnCurrCnty Wth thC Orgna
tggCr. h ChangC n thC stmuus !Or WhCh a gVCn
rCsgOnsCtaKCs QaCC must haVC sOmC suCh nCrVOus COr-
rCatC as thC OQCnng O a synaQtC QathWay Cadng tO
thC rCsQOnsC WhCh Wud OthCrWsChaVC DCCn COsCd,
OrthCCOsng OOnCWhChWOud OthCrWsChaVC DCCn
OgCn and thus COnsttutCs What LyDCrnCtCs Cas a
cbangciutaing.

0 I BM U8E OF BM BEING8
buCD 8 CD8ugC u t8ug 8 tCCCUCU Dy tDC CCutu-
uCU 888O8tCu C tDC CU, 8ttCug, u8tut8 8tmuu8 Ct
B 8ttCu8t tC8CUCu 8uU tDC uCW CuCCmt8ut CuC. 1t
88 tDC CU 8tmuu8 D8U tDC CCt tC CD8ugC tDC
_CtmC8Dty C tDC8C 8tDW8y8 WDCD WCtC C8ttyug 8
mC888gC8ttDC 88mC mC 88tW88 8CtVC. DCutCtC8t-
ug tDug 8 tD8t tDC uCW, 8CtVC 8tmuu8 uCCU D8VC
8mC8t uCtDug tCUCtCtmuCU 8DCut t CXCC[t tDC 8Ct
C tCC8tCU CCuCCmt8uCC WtD tDC Ctu8 8tmuu8.
Du8 tDC Ctgu8 8tmuu8 8CCm8 tC tCUuCC 8 Cug-
tmC CCCt u 8 tDC8C 8tDW8y8 WDCD WCtC C8ttyug
8 mC888gC 8t tDC tmC C t8 CCCuttCuCC Ct 8t C88t u 8
8tC uumDCt C tDCm. DC u8gubC8uCC O tDC 8uD-
8UtutC 8Umuu8 uUC8tC8 tD8t tDC mCUyu CCCt C
tDCCt
g
8 8tmuu8 8 WUC8tC8U, 8uU8 uCt CCubuCU
tC 8 CW 8CC8 8tDW8y8. Du8 WC 888umC tD8t tDCtC

m8y DC 8CmC kuU C gCuCt8 mC888C tCC88CU Dy tDC

Ctgu88tmuu8,DuttD8tt88CtVCCuyutDC8CCD8u-
uC8 WDCD WCtC C8ttyug 8 mC888C 8t 8DCut tDC tmC
C UC Ctgu8 8tmuu8. DC CCCt C tD8 8CtOu m8y
CtD8[8 uCt DC Ctm8uCut, Dut 8 8t C88t 8ty Cug-
VCU. DC mC8t CgC8 8tC 8t WDCD tC 8u[[C8C U8
8CCCuU8ty8CtCutC t8kC [8CC8 utDC8yu8[8C8,WDCtC
tmC8ttCD8Dy8CCt8tDCttDtC8DCU8.
DCCCuCCtO 8uuuUtCCtCU mC888C8[tC8UuCut
uutt buU8 8 tCCCVCt, WDCD 8 tDCu 8tmu8tCU Dy t,
8 uCt 8u uu8m8t CuC. NC888C8 C tD8 8Ctt 8tCu8CU
VCty tCQuCuty 88 88tm8. DC btC 8tCu 8 8 C8tC 8
tDC Ct2Cu8 C tDC tCWu, 8uU u 8ttCu8t tC mCmDCt8
C tDC btC UC[8ttmCut, WDCtCVCt tDCy m8y DC. 1u 8
muC, WDCu WC W8D tC CC8t Cut 8 tCmCtC ]8888C8
DCC8u8C CtDCtC8CuCC C btC U8m, WC DtC8k 8 tuDC
CCtDymCtC8t8u utDC 8t-ut8kC. DCtC 8 uC tC88Cu
tC 8u[jC8C tD8t 8uCD mC888C8 m8y uCt CCCut u tDC
uCtVCu8 8y8tCm. 1 1 WCtC tC CCu8ttuCt 8 C8)u m8
CDuC C8 gCuCt8tyC, 1 WCuUDC VCtymuCD U8[C8CU
tC CmCy D8 mCtDCU C tDC CCujuuCtCu C CuCt8
8[tC8Uug `C-WDCm-t-m8y-CCuCCtu mC888gC8 WtD
CYFNIC8 A 8OCH y1
!OCa!zOO ChannO!OO mOssayOs. 1l Ouyhl nOl lO DO lOO
OmCu!l lO OOVsO O!OClrCa!mOlhOOs OQOrOnnylhs
lask. hs s VOry OdOrOnl, O COursO, rOm sayny lhal
!OaDny n lhO anma! aClua!!y OCCurs Dy suCh a COn-
]unClOn O sQrOaOny anO O ChannO!OO mOssayOs.
1rank!y, 1 lhnkls QulOQOssD!OlhallOOOs,DulOur
OVOOnCO s as yOlnOl OnOuyhlOmakOlhsmOrOlhana
COnOClurO.
As lO lhO nalurO O lhOsO `OWhOml-may-COnCO
mOssayOs, suQQOsny lhOm lO OXsl, 1 am On sl!! mOrO
sQOCu!alVO yrOunO. hOy myhl nOOOO DO nOrVOus,
Dul 1 am ralhOr nC!nOO lO allrDulO lhOm lO lhO nOn-
Oyla!, ana!Oyy sOO O lhO mOChansm rOsQOnsD!O Or
rObOXOs anO!hOuyhl. 1ls alrusmlO allrDulO synaQlC
aClOn lO ChOmCa! QhOnOmOna. AClua!!y, n lhO aClOn
O a nOrVO, l s mQOssD!O lO sOQaralO ChOmCa! QO-
lOnla!s anO O!OClrCa! QOlOnla!s, anO lhO slalOmOnl
lhalaCOrlanQarlCu!araClOnsChOmCa!s a!mOslOO-
VOO O mOanny. POVOrlhO!Oss, l OOOs nO VO!OnCO lO
CurrOnl lhOuyhl lO suQQOsO !hal al !Oasl OnO O O
CausOs Or COnCOmlanls O synaQlC ChanO s a ChOm-
Ca! ChanyO WhCh manOsls lsO! !OCa!!y, nO mallOr
Whal Oryn may DO. hO QrOsOnCO O suCh a ChanyO
may VOry WO!! DO !OCa!!y OOQOnOOnl On rO!OasO syna!s
WhCh arO lransmllOO nOrVOus!y. 1l s al !Oasl OQua!!y
COnCOVaD!O lhal ChanyOs O lhO sOrl may DO OuO n
QarllO ChOmCa!ChanyOslransmllOO yOnOra!!ylhrOuyh
lhO D!OOO, anO nOlDylhO nOrVOs. 1l s COnCOVaD!O lhal
`O-WhOm-lmay-COnCOD mOssayOs arO lransmllOO
nOrVOus!y, anO makO lhOmsO!VOs !OCa!!y aQQarOnl H
lhO Orm O lhal sOrl O ChOmCa! aClOn WhCh aCCOm-
QanOs synaQlC ChanyOs. O mO, as an OnynOOr, lhO
lransmssOn O `O-WhOm-lmay-COnCOD mOssayOs
WOu!O aQQOar lO DO mOrO OCOnOmCa!!y QOrOnOO
!hrOuyh lhO D!OOO lhan lhrOuyh lhO nOrVOs. MOWOVOr,
1haVOnOOVOOnCO.
LOl us rOmOmDOr lhal lhOsO O-WhOml-mayCOn-
COD nbuOnCOs DOar a COrlan sm!ar!y lO O sOrl O

/
2 I HUMAN U8E OF HUMAN BEINGS
ChanyOs n lhO anl-arCral COnlrO! aQQaralus WhCh
Carry a!! nOW slalslCs lO lhO nslrumOnl, ralhOr lhan
lO lhOsO WhCh OrOCl!y Carry On!y sQOChC numOrCa!
Oala 1nDOlh CasOs, WO haVO an aClOn WhCh has QrOD-
aD!y DOOn Q!ny uQ Or a !Ony lmO, anO WhCh W!!
QrOOuCOOdOClsOuOlOCOnlnuOOra!OnylmO.
hO raQOly Wlh WhCh lhO COnOlOnOO rObOx rO-
sQOnOs lO ls slmu!us s nOl nOCOssar!y an nOOx lhal
lhOCOnOlOnnyOlhOrObOxs aQrOCOssOCOmQaraD!O
sQOOO. hus l sOOms lO mO aQQrOQralO Or a mOssayO
CausnysuCh a COnOlOnny lO DO CarrOO Dy lhO s!OW
DulQOrVasVOnbuOnCOOlhOD!OOOslrOam.
1l s a!rOaOy a COnsOOraD!O narrOWny O Whal my
QOnl OVOW rOQurOs lO suQQOsO lhal lhOhxny nbu-
OnCO O hunyOr Or Qan Or WhalOVOr slmu!us may OO-
lOrmnO a COnOlOnOO rObOx QassOs lhrOuyh lhO D!OOO.
1l WOu!O DO a sl!! yrOalOr rOslrClOn 1 shOu!O lry lO
sQOCy lhO nalurO O lhs unknOWn D!OOO-DOrnO nbu-
OnCO, any suCh Oxsls. hal lhO D!OOO CarrOs n l
suDslanCOs WhCh may a!lOr nOrVOus aClOn OrOCl!y Or
nOrOCl!y sOOms lO mOVOry !kO!y, anO lO DO suyyOslOO
Dy lhO aCUOns O sOmO al !Oasl O lhO hOrmOnOs Or n-
lOrna!sOCrOlOns. hs,hOWOVOr, snOllhO samO as say-
ny lhal lhO nbuOnCO On lhrOshO!Os WhCh OOOrmnOs
!Oarnny s lhO QrOOuCl O sQOChC hOrmOnOs. Ayan, l
slOmQlny lO hnOlhO COmmOn OOnOmnalOr OhunyOr
anO lhO Qan CausOO Dy lhO O!OClrhOO OnCO n sOmO-
lhny lhal WO may Ca!! an OmOlOn, Dul l s COrlan!y
yOny lOO ar lO allaCh OmOlOn lO a!! COnOlOnOrs O
rObOxOs, WlhOul any urlhOr OsCussOn O lhOr QarlC-
u!arnalurO.
POVOrlhO!Oss, l s nlOrOslny lO knOW lhal lhO sOrl
O QhOnOmOnOn WhCh s rOCOrOOO suDOClVO!y as OmO-
lOn may nOl DO mOrO!y a usO!Oss OQQhOnOmOnOn O
nOrVOus aClOn, Dul ma COnlrO! sOmO OssOnla! slayO n
!Oarnny, anO nOlhOr sm!arQrOCOssOs. 1 OOhnlO!y OO
nOl say lhal l OOOs, Dul 1 OO say lhl lhOsO QsyChO!O-
ysls WhO OraW sharQ anO unCrOssaD!O OslnClOns b-
'

CYERNEIIC8 AN 8OCIEIY
73
lWOOn man`s OmOlOns anO lhOsO O OlhOr !Vng
Organsms anOlhOrOsQOnsCs O lhOmOOODlyQO O au-
lOmaUC mOChansms, shOu!O DO ]usl as CarOul n lhOr
OOnalsas1shOulODOnmyassOrlOns.

7HL MLCHANlSM AND HlS7OY

OF LANCCACL
Palura!!y, nOlhCOryOCOmmunCalOn Can aVOOlhO
OsCussOn O !anyuayC. LanyuayC, n aCl, s n OnO
sCnsCanOlhCrnamCOrCOmmunCalOn lsC!, as WC!! as
a WOrO usCOlO OCsCrDC lhC COOCs lhrOuyh WhCh COm-
munCalOn lakCs Q!aCC. YC sha!! sCC !alCr n lhs ChaQ
lCr lhal lhC usC O CnCOOCO anO dCCOOCO mCssayCs s
mQOrlanl, nOl mCrC!y Or human DCnys, Dul Or OlhCr
!Vny Oryansms, anO Or lhC maChnCs usCdDyhuman
DCnys. Drds COmmunCalCWlh OnC anOlhCr, mOnkCys
COmmunCalC Wlh OnC anOlhCr, nsCCls COmmunCalO
Wlh OnC anOlhCr, anO n a!! lhs COmmunCal sOmO
usC s maOC O syna!s Or symDO!s WhCh Can DC unOCr-
slOOd On!y Dy DCny QrVy lO lhC syslCm O COOCs n-
VO!VCO.
Yhal OslnyushCs human COmmunCalOn rOm lh
COmmunCalOn O mOsl OlhCr anma!s s a lhC OC-
CaCy anO COmQ!CXly O lhC COdC usCd, anO D thO
hyh OCyrCC O arDlrarnCss Olhs COOC. Nanyanmas
Can syna! hCr CmOlOns lO OnC anOlhCr, anO n syna-
ny lhCsC CmOlOns ndCalC lhC QrCsCnCC O an CnCmy,
Or O an anma! OlhC samC sQCCCs DulOOQQOslC sCx,
anO QulC a VarCly O OCla!Cd mCssayCs O lhs sOrt.
NOslO lhCsC mCssayCs arC uylVC anO unslOrCO. hO

yrCalCr Qarl WOu!d DC lrans!alCO n human !anyua

O
nlO CXQ!ClVCs and CXC!amalOns, a!lhOuyh sOmC myht
DC rCndCrCO CrudC!y Dy WOrOs lO WhCh WC shOu!O D
!kC!y lO yVC lhC Orm O nOuns anO adjCClVCs,
D
t
WhChWOu!dDCusCO DylhCanma!nQuCslOnWlhOt
CYBERNEIIC8 AN 8OCIEIY

5
n
y
CO
rr
CsQO
nOn slnClOn O rammalCa! Orm. n
,Cn
C
ra!,
OnC
VOu!O CXQCCt tDC !anuaC O anma!s tO
OnV
Cy
Cm
OlOns hrsl, lDns nCXt, anO tDC mOrC COm-
'

'
alC
O
rC!alOnsOtDnsnOlata!!.
`
C
sOC
s lDs !mlalOn O lDC !anuaC O anma!s as
l
COnC
Crns
lDC CDaraClCr O VDat s COmmunCatCd,
tD
Cr
!an
uaC s VCry CnCra!!y hXCO Dy tDC sQCCCs
O
tDC
anma!
, anO unCDann n DslOry LnC Ons
rOa
r s
VCry nCar!y anOtDCr !Ons rOar. 1Ct lDCrC arC
anma!s
suCD as lDC QarrOt, lDC myna, anO tDC CrOV,
VD
CD sCCm lO DC aD!C lO QCk uQ sOunOs rOm tDC sur-
rOu
nOn
CnVrOmCnt, and QartCu!ar!y rOm tDC CrCs
O
OtDCr
anma!s anO Oman, anO tO DC aD!C lO mOOy
Or lO aumCnt lDCr VOCaDu!arCs, a!DCt VtDn VCty
narrOV !mts. 1Ct CVCn tDCsC OO nOt sCCm tO DaVC any-
lDn !kC mans rCCOOm tO usC any QrOnOunCCaDC
sOunO as a COOCOr sOmC mCann Or OtDCr, anOtO Qass
On tDs COOC tO tDC surrOunOn rOuQ n suCD a Vay
tDat tDC OOhCalOn Orms an aCCCQlCd !anuaC un-
OCrstOOO VtDn tDC rOu_, and a!mOstmCann!Css On
lDCOulsOC.
YlDntDCrVCry rCalmtatOns,lDCDrOstDat Can
mlalC Duman sQCCCD DaVC sCVCra! CDaraClCrstCs n
COmmOn lDCy arC sOCa!, tDCy arC ratDCr !On-!VCd,
anO lDCy DaVC mCmOrCs VDCD arC CXCC!!Cnt Dy any-
tDn
!Css lDan lDC CXaCtn Duman stanOarO. DCrC s
nO
OOuDt
tDat a la!n DrO Can !Carn tO usC Duman
r
anma! sOunds al tDC aQQrOQratC CuCs, and VU
VDatV!! a_QCar at !Casl lO tDC Casua! !slCnCr as sOmC
C!C
mC
nt O unOCrslanOn. 1Ct CVCn tDC mOst VOCa
mC
mDC
rs OlDC suD-Duman VOr!O a! lO COmQCtCVlD
man
n
Cas
C O Vn snhCanCC tO nCV
sOunOs, n
r
CQ
Crl
Ory
O sOunOs Carryn a sQCChC COOhCatOn n
CXt
Cnt
O!n
ustCmCmOry, anO aDOVCa!!ntDCaDly
t
Or
m s

!sOrrC!alOns,C!assCs,andOtDCrCnttCs,
O
u

sCs DDCrOCa!
tyQC.
1
sD
tO
QO
nt Out nCVCrtDC!Css tDat !anuaC s nOl
C
C!

VC!y
an
attrDutC OVnDCns
Dut OnC
VDCD
7
b I HUMAN U8E OF HUMAN BEING8
tDOy may sDarO lO a COrlan OOyrOO WlD lDO maCDnOs
manDas COnslruClOO. WsDlO sDOWurlDOrlDalman`s
QrCCuQalOn WlD!anyuayO mOsl COrlan!y rOQOsOnls
a QOssD!ly WDCD s Du!l nlO Dm, anO WDCD s nOl
Du!lnlOhsnOarOslrO!alVOs,lhOyrOalaQOs. POVOrlDO-
Oss, sDa!! sDOW lhal ls Du!l n On!y as a QOssD!!y
WDCDmuslDOmaOOyOOODy!OaDny.
O OrOnar!ylhnk OCOmmunCalOnanO !anyuayO
asDOnyOrOClOOrOmQOrsOnlO QOrsOn. MOWOVOr,ls
QulO QOssD!OOr a QOrsOn lO la!k lO a maCDnO, a ma-
CDnO lO a QOrsOn, anO a maCDnO lO a maChnO. 1Or
OXamQ!O, n lDO W!OOr slrOlCDOs O Our OWnOsl anO
O POrlDOrn LanaOa, lDOrO arO many QOssD!O QOWOr
slOs ar rOm any sOll!OmOnl WDOrO lDO WOrkOrs Can
VO, anO lOO sma!!lO ]uslylDOOunOalOn O nOW sOl-
l!OmOnls On lDOr OWn aCCOunl, lDOuyD nOl sO sma
lDal lhO QOWOr syslOms arO aD!O lO nOy!OCl lDOm. l s
lDus OOsraD!O lO OQOralO lDOsO slalOns n a Way lDat
OOOs nOl nVO!VO a rOsOOnl slad, anO n aCl !OaVOs lDO
slalOns unallOnOOO Or mOnlDs DO!WOOn lDO rOunOs O
asuQOrVsnyOnynOOr.
O aCCOmQ!sD lhs, !WO lhnys arO nOCOssary. LnO
lDOsO s lDO nlrOOuClOn O aulOmalC maCDnOry
maknylmOssD!OlO sWlCDa yOnOralOr On lO a Dus-
Dar Or COnnOClny mOmDOr unl! l Das COmO nlO lDO
ryDl rOQuOnCy, VO!layO, anO QhasO anO QrOVOnyn
a sm!ar mannOr ayansl OlhOr OsaslrOus O!OClrCa!,
mOCDanCa!, anO hyOrau!C COnlnyOnCOs. Ds lyQO O
OQOralOn WOu!O DO OnOuyh lhO Oa!y CyC!O O lDO
slalOn WOrO unDrOkOnanO una!lOraD!O.
Ds, DOWOVOr, s nOl lDO CasO. DO !OaO On a yOnOr-
alny syslOOOQOnOs On many VaraD!OaClOrs. AmOny

lDOsO arO lDO buClualny nOus!ra! OOmanO OmOryOn-

COsWDCD may rOmOVO a Qarl OlDO syslOm rOm OQr-
alOn anO OVOn Qassny C!OuOs WhCD may makO lOn
OlDOusanOs O OmCOs anO DOmOs lurn On lDOr O!OC
!yDls n lDO mOO!O O lDO Oay. l O!!OWs lhal lDO a-
lOmalC slalOns,asWO!! aslDOsO OQOralOODy a WOrkn
CYBERNEIC8 A 8OCuIY
//
rC
m
ust
DC VtDn COnstant rCaCD O tDC OaU U8-
'
at
'

Cr,
VDO must DC aDC tO yVC OrUCts tO Ds ma-

D
nC
s
anU
tDs DC UOs Dy sCnUny aQQrOQratCy
`O
UC
U
s
ynas tO tDC_OVCrstatOn, CtDCr OVCra sQCCa
n
C
UCs
ynCU Or tDC _ur_OsC, Or OVCr CXstny tCC-
yra
QD
O
r
tCC_DOnC nCs, Or OVCr a CarrCr systCm mak-

n
usC
O tDC _OVCr nCs tDCmsCVCs. Ln tDC OtDCt
D
,U,
D
COrC tDC OaU UsQatCDCr Can yVC Ds OrUCt8

ntC
yC
nty, DC must DC aCQuantCU VtD tDC statC O
a
hars a
ttDC yCnCratny stalOn. n _artCuar, DC must
knO
V
VDCtDCr tDC OrUCrs DC Das yVCn DaVC DCCn CX-
CCutC
U,
Or DaVC DCCn DCU uQ tDrOuyD sOmC aurC n
tDC
CQuQ
mCnt Dus tDC maCDnCs n tDC yCnCratny
statOn
must DC aDC tO sCnU rCturn mCssayCs tO tDC
OaU
UsQatCDCr. ]CrC,tDCn,s OnCnstanCC OanyuayC
Cmanatny rOm mananUUrCCtCUtOVarU tDCmaCDnC,
anUVCCVCrsa.
tmay sCCm CurOustOtDC rCaUCrtDatVCaUmtma-
CDnCs tO tDC hCU O anuayC anU yCt amOst tOtay
UCny !anyuayC tO tDC ants. PCVCrtDCCss, n COnstruCt-
nymaCDnCs,ts OtCnVCrym_OrtantOrus tO CXtCnU
tO tDCm CCrlan Duman attrDutCs VDCD arC nOt OunU
amOny tDC OVCr mCmDCrs O tDC anma COmmunty.
tDC rCaUCr VsDCs tO COnCCVC tDs as a mCtaQDOrC
CXtCnsOn O OurDuman QCrsOnatCs, DC s VCCOmC tO
UO sO Dut DC sDOuU DC CautOnCU tDat tDC nCV ma-
CDnCs V! nOt stO, VOrkny as sOOn as VC DaVC
stOQQ
CUyVnytDCmDumansuQQOrt.
DC
anyuayC UrCCtCU tOVarU tDC maCDnC aCtua!!y
C

nsst
s O mOrC tDan a snyC stCQ. rOm tDC _Ont O
CV
O tDC
nC CnynCCr aOnC, tDC COUC UansmttCU
aO
ny tDC nC s COm_CtC n tsC. O tDs mCssagC VC
may
a__y a tDC nOtOns O LyDCDCtCs, Or tDC tDCOry
O
m
Css
ayCs.
YC may CVauatC tDC amOunt O nOtma-
tO
n t
Carr
Cs Dy UCtCrmnny ts _rODaD!t
y n tDC Cn-
C
mD
C
O
a
_OssDC mCssayCs anU tDCn
takny tDC
n

y
atV
C
Oy
artDm
O tDs _rOD.Dty, n aCCOrUanCC
t

t
DCtDC
Ory
CX_OunUCUnLDa_tCt1. OVCVCr, 8
/
I BMA U8E CF BMA BEING8
tC[tC8Cut8 uOt UC BOOuatOu aCtuay CattCd Dy UC
C, Dut tDC maXmum amOuut t mDt Catty, t WCtC
tO Cad utO [tO[Ct tCtmua Cgu[mCut. DC amOuut
O uOtmatOu CattCd WtD aCtua tCOuua Cgu[mCut
dC[Cud8 Ou tDC aDty O tDC attCt tO Uau8mt Ot tO
Cm[Oy tDC uOODatOu tCCCVCd.
YC atC tDu8 Cd tO a uCW COuCC[tOu O tDC Way u
WDCD tDC CuCtatu 8tatOu tCCCVC8 tDC OtdCt8. 1t8
aCtua [CtOmauCC O O[Cuu aud CO8u 8WtCDC8, O
[uu CuCtatOt8 utO _Da8C, O COuttOB tDC hOW
O WatCt u 8uCC8, aud O tutuu tDC tutDuC8 Ou Ot
O, may DC tCatdCd a8 a auuaC u t8C, WtD a
8y8tCm O [tODaDtC8 O DCDaVOt VCu Dy t8 OWu
D8tOty. YtDu tD8 tamC CVCty [O88DC 86uCuCC O
OtdCt8 Da8 t8 OWB [tODaDty, aud DCuCC CattC8 t8
OWu amOuut O BOtmatOu.
1t 8, O COut8C, [O88DC tDat tDC tCatOu DCtVCCu tDC
uC aud tDC tCtmua maCDuC 8 8O [CtCCt tDat tDC
amOuut O uOtmatOu COutauCd u a mC88aC, tOm
tDC [Out O VCW O tDC Cattyu Ca[aCty O tDC uC,
aud tDC amOuut O BOtmatOu O tDC ubCd OtdCt8,
mCa8utCd tOm UC [Out O VCW O tDC O[CtatOu O
tDC maCDuC, W DC dCutCa WtD tDC amOuut O u-
OtatOu ttau8mttCd OVCt tDC COm[Ouud 8y8tCm COu-
88tu O tDC uC OOWCd Dy tDC maCDuC. 1u CuCta,
DOWCVCt, tDCtC W DC a 8taC O ttau8atOu DCtWCCu
UC uC aud tDC maCDuC; aud u tD8 8taC, uOtmatOu
may DC O8t WDCD Cau uCVCt DC tCauCd. 1udCCd, tDC
[tOCC88 O Uau8mttu uOtmatOu may uVOVC 8CVCta
COu8CCutVC 8taC8 O ttau8m88Ou OOWu OuC au-
OtDCt u addtOu tO tDC bua Ot CCCtVC 8taC; aud
DCtWCCu auy tWO O tDC8C tDCtC W DC au aCt O ttau8-
atOu, Ca[aDC O d88[atu uOtmatOu. Dat uOt-
matOu may DC d88[atCd Dut uOt auCd, 8, a8 WC DaVC
8CCu, tDC CyDCtuCtC Otm O tDC 8CCOud aW O tDCOBO-
dyuamC8.
\[ tO tD8 [Out u tD8 CDa[tCt WC DaVC DCCu d8-
Cu88u COmmuuCatOu 8y8tCm8 tCtmuatu u ma-

'
'
'
1
'
CYBERNEIIC8 ANU 8OCIEIY
7
ChnOs n a COr!an sOnsO, a!! COmmunCa!On sys!Oms
!Ormna!O n maChnOs, Du! !hO OrOnary !anyuayO
sys!Oms!Ormna!On!hOsQOCa! sOr! OmaChnOknO
as a human DOny. hO Duman DOny as a Ormna!
maChnO Das a COmmunCa!On nO!WOrk WhCh may DO
COnsOOrOO a!!hrOO Os!nC! !OVO!s. OrOrOnary sQOkOn
!anyuayO, !hO hrs! human !OVO! COnss!s O !hO Oar, anO
O !ha! Qar! O !hO COrODra! mOChansm WhCh s n
QOrmanOn! anO ryO COnnOC!On W!h !hO nnOr Oar.
hs aQQara!us,WhOn ]OnOO !O !hO aQQara!us O sOunO
Vra!Ons n !hO ar, Or !hOr OQuVa!On! n O!OC!rC
CrCu!s rOQrOsOn!s !hO maChnO COnCOrnOO W!h !hO
boncticasQOC!O!anyuayO,W!hsOunO!sO!
hO semantic Or sOCOnO asQOC! O !anyuayO s COn-
COrnOO W!h mOanny, anO s aQQarOn!, Or OXamQ!O, n
OCu!!Os O!rans!a!nyrOm OnO !anyuayO!O anO!hOr
WhOrO !hO mQOrOC! COrrOsQOnOOnCO DO!WOOn !hO
mOannys O WOrOs rOs!rC!s !hO OW O nOrma!On
rOm OnO n!O !hO O!hOr. LnO may yO! a rOmarkaD!O
sOmD!anCO O a !anyuayO !kO Lny!sh Dy !akny a sO-
QuOnCO OWOrOs, Or Qars OWOrOs, Or !raOs OWOrOs,
aCCOrOny !O !hO s!a!s!Ca! rOQuOnCy W!h WhCh !hOy
OCCurn!DO !anyuayO, anO!hO yDDOrsh !hus OD!anOO
W!! haVO a rOmarkaD!y QOrsuasVO sm!ar!y !O yOOO
Lny!sh hs mOanny!Oss smu!aCrum O n!O!!yOn!
sQOOCh sQraC!Ca!!y OQuVa!On! !O synhCan! !anyuayO
rOm !hO QhOnO!C QOn! O VOW, a!!hOuyh ! s sOman-
!Ca!!y Da!OOrOash, Wh!O !hO Lny!sh O an n!O!!yOn!
OrOynOrWhOsOQrOnunCa!OnsarkOODy!hOCOun!ry
O hs Dr!h, Or WhO QOaks !!Orary Lny!sh, W!! DO
sOman!Ca!!y yOOO anO QhOnO!Ca!!y DaO. Ln !hO O!hOr
DanO, !hO aVOrayO syn!hO!C a!OrOnnOr sQOOCh
QhOnO!Ca!!yyOOOanOsOman!Ca!!yDaO.
n human COmmunCa!On aQQara!us, ! s QOssD!O
Du! OmCu!! !O OO!OrmnO !hO CharaC!Ors!Cs O !
QhOnO! mOChansm, anO !hOrOOrO a!sO QOssD!O Du!
OmCu!! !O OO!OrmnO Wha! s hOnO!Ca!!y synhCan
nOrmalOn, anO !O masurO !. !s C!Oar, Or OXamQ!O
I HUMAN U8E CF HUMAN BEING8
that thC Cat aud thC Dtau aVC au CCCtVC tCguCuCy
CutO gtCVCutug thC tCCCgtOu O sOmC hgh tCguCu-
CCs WhCh Cau gCuCtatC thC Cat aud Cau DC Daus-
mttCd Dy thC tCCghOuC. 1u OthCt WOtds, thCsC hgh
tCguCuCCs, WhatCVCt uOtmatOu thCy may gVC 8u
a_gtOgtatC tCCCgtOt, dO uOt Catty auy sgubCaut
amOuut O uOtmatOu Ot thC Cat. ut t s CVCu mOtC
dmCut tO dCtCtmuC aud mCasutC sCmautCay sg-
ubCautuOtmatOu.
bCmaut tCCCgtOu dCmauds mCmOty, aud ts COu-
sCguCut Oug dCays. hC tygCs O aDsttaCtOus DCOug-
ug tC thC mgOttaut sCmautC stagC atC uOt mCtCy
thOsC assOCatCd Wth Out-u gCtmauCut suDassCm-
DCs OuCutOs u thCDtau, suCh as thOsCWhChmust
gay aatgCtOCuthCgCtCCgtOu O gCOmCttCaOtm
Dut Wth aDsttaCtOu-dCtCCtOt-aggatatus COusstug O
gatts OUCimcruunu/uuthats, OsCts OuCutOus
WhCh atC aVaaDC Ot atgCt assCmOCs, Dut atC uOt
gCtmauCuty OCkCd utO thCmWhCh h8VC DCCu tCm-
gOtatyassCmOCdOtthCgutgOsC.
CsdCs thC hghy OtgauZCd aud gCtmauCut assCm-
DCsuthC Dtau thatuudOuDtCdyCXst, aud atC Ouud
u thOsC gatts O UC Dtau assOCatCd Wth thC Otgau8
O sgCCa sCusC, as WC as u OthCt gaCCs, UCtC atC
gattCuat swtChugs aud COuuCCtOus WhCh sCCm t
haVC DCCu OtmCd tCmgOtaty Ot sgCCa gut_OsCs,
suCh as CatuCd tCbCXCs aud thCkC. 1u OtdCt tO Otm
suChgttCuatsWtChugs,tmustDCgOssDCtO assCm-
DCsCguCuCCs OuCutOus aVaaDCOtthCgutgOsCthat
atC uOt atCady u usC. hs guCstOu O assCmDug
COuCCtus, O COutsC, thC syuagtC thtCshOds O thC sC-
guCuCCOuCutOusassCmDCd. buCCuCutOusCXstWhCh
Cau CthCt DC Wthu Ot OutsdC O suCh tCmgOtaty as-

sCmDCs, t s dCstaDC tO haVC 8 sgCCa uamC Ot

tDCm.As 1 haVC atCadyudCatCd, 1 COusdCtthatthCy
COttCsgOud tathCt COsCy tC What thC uCutOghysO-
Ost8CautCOuuCagOOs.
s satCastatCasOuaDCthCOty OtDCtDCD8VOt.
CYBERNEIIC8 AN 8OIEIY 1
hO sOmanlC rOCOVny aQQaralus nOlhOr rOCOVOs nOr
lrans!alOslhO!anyuayOWOrODyWOrO, DulOOaDyOOa,
anO OlOn sl! OrO yOnOra!!y n a COrlan sOnsO, l
s n a QOslOn lO Ca!! OnlhOWhO!O O Qasl OXQOrOnCO
n ls lransOrmalOns, anO lhOsO OnylmO Carry-OVOrs
arOnOlalrVa!QarlOlsWOrk.
hOrO s a lhrO OVO! O COmmunCalOn, WhCh rOQ
rOsOnls a lrans!alOn Qarl!yrOm lhO sOmanlC OVO anO
QarlyrOmlhOOar!OrQhOnOlC OVO.hss lhOlrans-
alOn O lhO OXQOrOnCOs O lhO nOVOua!, WhOlhOr
COnsCOus Or unCOnsCOus, nlO aClOns WhCh may DO
ODsOrVOOOXlOa!!y.YOmayCa!lhsthbehtur/ete/
O anyuayO. n lhO OWOr anma!s, l s lhO Ony OVO
O!anyuayOWhChWOmayODsOrVO DOyOnOlhOQhOnOlC
nQul. AClua!!y lhs s lruO n lhO CasO O OVOry human
DOny OlhOr lhan lhO QarlCu!ar QOrsOn lO WhOm any
yVOn QassayO s aOOrOssOO n OaCh QarlCuar CasO n
thO sOnsO lhal lhalQOrsOn Can haVO aCCOss lO lhO n-
lOrna lhOuyhls O anOlhOr QOrsOn On!y lhrOuyh lhO
aClOns OlhOallOr hOsOaClOns COnsslOWO Qarls
namO!y, OrOCl yrOss aClOns, O lhO sOrl WhCh WO a!sO
ODsOrVO n lhO !OWOr anma!s anO n COOOO anO
symDOCsyslOmOaClOnsWhChWOknOWOas sQOkOn
OrWrllOnanyuayO.
l s lhOOrOlCa!!y nOl mQOssD!O lO OOVO!OQ lhO
slalslCs O lhO sOmanlC anO DOhaVOr !anyuayOs lO
suh a OVO! lhal WO may yOl a ar mOasurO O lhO
amOunl O nOrmalOn lhal lhOy COnlan. nOOOO WO
Cn shOW Dy yOnOra ODsOrValOns lhal QOnOlC an-
yuayO rOaChOs lhO rOCOVny aQQaralus Wlh Oss OVOr-
a! nOrmalOn lhan Was Oyna!!y sOnl, Or al any ralO
Wlh nOl mOrO Uan lhOlransmssOn syslOm OaOny lO
thO Oar Can COnVOy anO thal DOlh sOmanlC anO DO-
haVOr anyuayOCOnlan !Oss nOrmalOn sl saCt
ayans a COrO!aryOlhO sOCOnOaWOlhOrmOOynam-
Cs, anO s nOCOssary lruO al OaCh slayO WO rOyarO
lhO nOrmalOn transmllOO as lhO maXmum nOr
b IHE HUMAN U8E OF HUMAN BEING8
malOn lDalCOu!CDClIansmllCCVlDanaQQIOQIalC!y
COCCC ICCCVny syslCm.
Cl mC nOV Ca!!lDC allCnlOn O lDCICaCCI lO sOmC-
lDny VDCD DC may nOl COnsCCI a QIOD!Cm al a!!
namC!y, lDC ICaOn lDal CDmQanZCCs CO nOl la!k. DC
DCDaVOI O CDmQanZCCs Das OI a !Ony lmC DCCn a
QuZZ!C lO lDOsC syCDO!Oysls VDO DaVC COnCCInCC
lDCmsC!VCs VlD lDCsC nlCICslny DCasls. DC yOuny
CDmQanZCC s CXlIaOICnaI!y !kC a CD!C, anC C!CaI!y
Ds CQua! OI QCIDaQs CVCn Ds suQCIOI n nlC!!CClua!
mallCIs. DC anma! QsyCDO!Oysls DaVC nOl DCCn aD!C
lOkCCQIOmVOnCCInyVDy a CDmQanZCC DIOuyDluQ
n a Duman am!y anC suD]CCl lO lDC mQaCl O Duman
sQCCCD unl! lDC ayC O OnC OI lVO, COCs nOl aCCCQl
!anyuayC as a mOCC O CXQICssOn, anC lsC! DuIsl nlO
DaDyla!k.
OIlunalC!y, OI unOIlunalC!y as lDC CasC may DC,
mOsl CDmQanZCCs, n aCl a!! lDal DaVC as yCl DCCn
ODsCIVCC, QCIssl n DCny yOOC CDmQanZCCs anC CO
nOl DCCOmC QuasDuman mOIOns. PCVCIlDC!Css lDnk
lDal lDC aVCIayC anma! QsyCDO!Oysl s IalDCI !Ony-
ny!yDOQny OI lDal CDmQanZCC VDO V!! CsyIaCCDs
sman anCCslIy Dy aCDCIny lO mOIC Duman mOCCs O
COnCuCl. DC a!uIC sOaI s nOl a mallCI O sDCCIDu!k
O nlC!!yCnCC, OI lDCIC aIC CCCClVC Duman anmas
VDOsC DIans VOu!C sDamC a CDmQanZCC. l usl COCs
nOl DC!Ony lO lDC naluIC O lDC DCasl lO sQCak, OI lO
VanllOsQCak.
bQCCCD s suCD a QCCu!aI!y Duman aClVly lDal t
s nOl CVCn aQQIOaCDCC Dy mans C!OsCsl IC!alVCs anC
Ds mOsl aClVC mlalOIs. DC CV sOunCs CmlCC Dy
CDmQanZCCs DaVC, l s lIuC, a yICal CCa! OCmOlOna
COnlCnl, Dul lDCy DaVC nOl lDC bnCnCss O C!CaI anC
rCQCalCCaCCuIaCyOOIyanZalOnnCCCCClOmakClDCm
nlO a COCC muCD mOIC aCCuIalC lDan lDC yOV !nys O
a Cal. NOICOVCI [ anClDs CCICnlalCs lDCm sl!!mOIC
IOmDumans[CCCD) , allmCs lDCyDC!OnylO lDC CDm
QanZCC as an un!CaInCC nDOIn manCslalOn, ralDCt

i
CYBFRNFIIC8 ANU 8OCuIY
tDan as tDC !CaCU DCDaVOI O a mCmDCI O a VCn
sOCa!COmmunty.
DC aCt tDat sQCCCD DC!Ons n CnCIa! tO man as
man, Dut tDat a QaItCu!aI OIm O sQCCCD DC!Ons tO
man as a mCmDCI O a QaItCu!aI sOCa! COmmunty, s
mOst ICmaIkaD!C. n tDC hIst Q!aCC, takn tDC VDO!C
VUC IanC O man as VCknOV Dm tOUay, t s saC tO
say tDat tDCIC s nO COmmunty O nUVUua!s, nOt
mut!atCU Dy an auUtOIy OI a mCnta! UCCCt, VDCD
UOCs nOt DaVC ts OVn mOUC O sQCCCD. n tDC sCCOnU
Q!aCC, a!! mOUCs O sQCCCD aIC !CaInCU, anU nOtVtD-
stanUn tDC allCmQts O tDC nnCtCCntD CCntuIy tO
OImu!atC a CnCtC CVO!utOnstC tDCOIy O !anuaCs,
tDCIC s nOt tDC s!DtCst CnCIa! ICasOn tO QOstu!atC
any sn!C natVC OIm O sQCCCD IOm VDCD a!! tDC
QICsCnt OIms aIC OInatCU t s QutC CCaI tDat
!Ct a!OnC, DaDCs V!! makC attCmQts at sQCCCD. DCsC
attCmQts, DOVCVCI, sDOVtDCIOVnnC!natOns tO uttCI
sOmCtDn, anU UO nOt O!!OV any CXstn OIm O !an-
uaC. t s a!mOstCua!!yC!CaI tDat a COmmunty O
CD!UICn VCIC !Ct Out O COntaCt VtD tDC !anuaC O
tDCI sCnOIs tDIOuD tDC CItCa! sQCCCD-OImn yCaIs,
tDCy VOu!U CmCIC VtD sOmCtDn, VDCD CIuUC as t
mDtDC,VOu!UDCunmstakaD!ya!anuaC.
YDy s ttDCntDatCDmQanZCCs CannOtDC OICCU tO
\
ta!k, anU tDat Duman CD!UICn CannOt DC OICCU nOt
tOr YDys t tDattDC CnCIa! tCnUCnCCs tO sQak an
tDC CnCIa! Vsua! anU QsyCDO!OCa! asQCCts O !an-
uaCaICsOunOImOVCI!aICIOuQs OQCOQC,VD!C
tDC QaIlCu!aI !nustC manCstatOn O tDCsC asQCCts
s VaICUr At !Cast QaIta! unUCIstanUn O tDCsC mat-
tCIs s CssCnta! tO any COmQICDCnsOn O UC!anuaC-
DasCU COmmunty. YC mCIC!y statC tDC unUamCnta
aCts Dy sayn tDat n man, un!kC tDC as, tDC -
Qu!sC tO usC sOmC sOtt O !anuaC s OVCIVDC!mng
Dut tDat tDC_attCu!aI!anuaCusCUs a mattCIVDCD
Das tO DC !CaInCU n CaCD sQCCa! CasC. t aQQaICnt!y
Du!t ntO tDC DIan tsC!, tDat C atC tO DaVC a _IC
d
4
I HUMAN U8E OF HUMAN BEING8
OCCuQatOn Wth COOOs anO Wth thO sOunOs O sQOOCh
anOthatthOQrOOCCuQatOnWthCOOOs CanDOOXtOnOOO
rOm thOsO OOa!ny Wth sQOOCh tO thOsO that COnCOrn
thOmsO!VOs Wth Vsua! stmu!. MOWOVOr, thOrO s nOt
OnO raymOnt O thOsO COOOs WhCh s DOrn ntO us as a
QrOOstaD!shOO rtua!, !kOthO COurtny OanCOs Omany
O thO DrOs Or thO systOm Dy WhCh ants rOCOynzO
anO OXC!uOO ntruOOrs ntO thO nOst. hOytO sQOOCh
OOOs nOt yO DaCk tO a unVOrsa! AOamtO !anyuayO Os-
ruQtOO n thO OWOr O DaDO!. t s strC!y a QsyChO-
!OyCa! mQu!sO, anO s nOt thO yt O sQOOCh, Dut thO
ytOthOQOWOrOsQOOCh.
n OthOr WOrOs, thO D!OCk QrOVOntny yOuny Chm-
QanzOOsrOm !OarnnytOta!ks aD!OCkWhChCOnCODs
lhO sOmantC anO nOt thO QhOnOtC stayO O !anyuayO.
Tbe cbimanee bos m/q H bui/t-in mecbanism
ubicb/eoJs it totrau/atetbesounJstbtitbearsinto
th basis arounJ ubicb to unite its oun iJeas O into
ocomp/exmoJeo]bebotior. LthOhrstOthOsO statO-
mOnts WO CannOt DO surO DOCausO WO haVO nO OrOCt
Way O ODsOrVnyt. hO sOCOnO s smQ!y a nOtCOaD!O
OmQrCa! aCt t may haVO ts !mtatOns, Dut that
thOrO s suCh a Du!t-n mOChansm n man s QOrOCt!y
C!Oar.
n ths DOOk, WO haVO a!rOaOy OmQhaszOO man
OXtraOrOnary aD!ty tO !Oa as a Ostnyushny Char
aCtOrstC O thO sQOCOs, WhCh makOs sOCa! !O
QhOnOmOnOn O an OntrO!y OdOrOnt naturO rOm thO
aQQarOnt!y ana!OyOus sOCa! !O amOny thO DOOs anO
ants anO OthOr sOCa! nsOCts. hO OVOOnCO COnCOrnny
Ch!OrOnWhO haVODOOn OOQrVOO O COntaCt Wth thOr
OWnraCOOVOrthOyOarsnOrma!!yCrtCa!nthOOrOnary
aCQustOn O !anyuayO, s QOrhaQs nOt COmQ!OtO!y un-
amDyuOus. hO O! Lh!O stOrOs, WhCh haVO !OO
tO Q!ns maynatVO)ung/e ooks, Wth thOr QuD
!C-sChOO DOars anO banOhurst WO!VOs, arO a!mOst as
!lt!O tO DO rO!OO On n thOr Oryna! stark sQua!Oly
as n UO )ung/e ooks OOa!zatOns MOWOVOr, What
CEBEIC Au 8OuI g
CVdCuCC thCtC s OCs tO 8hOV that thCtC 8 8 CtUCa
gCtOd dutu VhCh 8gCCCh s mOst tCady CaDCd
aud that ths gCtOd s gassCd OVCt VtDOut COutaCt
Vth OuCs COV humau DCus, O VhatCVCt sOtt thCy
may DC, thC Catuu O auuaC DCCOmCs mtCd,
8OV, aud hhy mgCtCCt.
h8 s gtODaDy ttuC O mOst OUCt aDtCs VhCD
VC COusdCt uatuta sks. 1 a Chd dOCs uOt Vak uut
t s thtCC Ot Out yCats Od, t m8y haVC Ost a thC
dCstC tO Va!k. Ltduaty OCOmOtOu may DCCOmC 8
hatdCt task thau dtVu a Cat Ot thC uOtma adut.
a gCtsOu has DCCu D!ud tOm ChdDOOd, aud thC
DuduCss has DCCu tCsOVCd Dy a CataraCt OgCtatOu Ot
UC mgautatOu O 8 ttausgatCut COtuCa sCCtOu, thC
V8Ou that CusuCs V, Ot a tmC, CCttauy Dtu
uOthu Dut COuusOu tO thOsC aCUVtCs VhCh h8VC
uOtmay DCCu CattCd Out u datkuCss. hs VsOu may
uCVCt DC mOtC thau a CatCuy CaDCd uCV attau-
mCut O dOuDtu VauC. OV, VC may aty takC t
that thC VhOC O humau sOCa C u ts uOtma mam-
CstatOu8 CCutCts aDOut sgCCCh, aud that sgCCCD 8
uOt CaDCd at thC gtOgCt tmC, thC VhOC sOCa asgCC
O thC udVdua V DC aDOttCd.
O sum ug, thC humau utCtCst u auuaC 8CCms tO
DC au uuatC utCtCst u COdu aud dCCOdu, aud U8
sCCms tO DC as uCaty sgCChCay humau as auy utCtC8t
Cau DC. Scccb is thc grcmcst imcrcst am most -
tinctiabicccmcnto]mn.
Va8 DtOuht ug as thC sOu O 8 ghOOst, aud
guCstOus COuCCDu thC uatutC aud tCChuguC O au-
uaC haVC utCtCstCd mC tOm my ChdhOOd. 1t 8
1mgOssDC Ot as UOtOuh a tCVOutOu u UC thCOty Ot
auuaC as s OhCtCd Dy mOdCtu COmmuuCatOu UC-
Oty tO takC ChCCt VthOut ChCCtu gast uustC dCa8.
^s my athCt Vas a VCty hCtCtCa ghOO18t VhO8C
uuCuCC tCudCd tO Cad ghOOy u muCh thC samC
dDCCtOu as thC mOdCtu uuCuCC8 O COmmuuCaUOD
thCOty Vsh tO COutuuC th8 ChagtCt Vth 8 CW
db IE HUMAN U8E OF HUMAN BEING8
amatOursh rObOCtOns On thO DstOry O lanyuayO anO
lhOhstOryOOurthOOryOlanyuayO.
Nan has hOlO thO nOtOn that lanyuayO s a mystOry
snCO VOry Oarly tmOs. hO rOOlO O thO bQhnX s a
QrmtVO COnCOQtOn OWsOOm 1nOOOO, thOVOryWOrO
rOOlO s OOrVOO rOm thO rOOt `tO rOOO, Or t QulO
Out. AmOny many QrmtVO QOOQlO Wrtny anO sOr-
COry arO nOt ar aart. hO rOsQOCt Or Wrtny yOOs sO
ar n sOmO Qarts O hna that QOOQlO arO lOath tO
thrOW aWay sCraQs O OlO nOWsQaQOrs anO usOlOss ray
mOntsODOOks
lOsO tO all thOsO manOstatOns s thO QhOnOmOnOn
O`namO mayC n WhChmOmDOrs O COrtan CullurOs
yO rOm Drth tO OOath unOOr namOs that arO nOt QrOQ-
Orly thOr OWn, n OrOOr that thOy may nOt yVO a sOr
COrOrthO aOVantayO OknOWnythOrtruO namOs NOst
amlar tO us O thOsO CasOs s that O lhO namO O
|OhOVahOthO|OWs,nWhCh thO VOWOls arOtakOnOVOr
rOm that OthOr namO O LOO AOOna, sO that thO
PamO O OWOr may nOt DO DlasQhOmOO Dy DOny QrO
nOunCOOnQrOanOmOuths.
1rOm thO mayCOnamOs t sDut a stOQ tO a OOOQOr
anO mOrO sCOnthCntOrOst n lanyuayO As an ntOrOst
ntOXtualCrtCsm nthO authOntCty O OraltraOtOns
anO O WrllOn tOXts t yOOs DaCk tO thO anCOnts O all
CVlatOns. A hOly tOXt must DO kOQt QurO. YhOn
UOrO arO OVOryOnt rOaOnys thOy must DO rOsOlVOO
Dy sOmO CrtCal COmmOntatOr. ACCOrOnyly, thO DDlO
OthO hrstans anOthO|OWs, thO saCrOO DOOks O thO
Orsans anO thO MnOus, thO DuOOhst sCrQturOs, thO
Wrtnys O OnuCus, al haVO thOr Oarly COmmOnta
tOrs. Yhat has DOOn lOarnOO Or thO mantOnanCO O
truO rOlyOn has DOOn CarrOO Out as a ltOrary OsC
QlnO, anO tOXtual CrtCsm s OnO O thO OlOOst O
ntOllOCtualstuOs.
1Or a laryOart OthO last COntury QhlOlOyCa Ds
tOry Was rOOuCOO tO a sOrOs OOOymas WDCD attms
sDOW a surrsng nOranCO O thO naturO O anuaO
CYBEBNEIIC8 ANu 8OIEIY
hO mOOOl O UO Larwnan OVOlulOnsm O lhO lmOs
was lakOn lOO sOrOusly anO lOO unCrlCally. As lhs
WhOlO suD]OClOOQOnOs nlhO mOsl nlmalO mannOr On
Our VOws OlhOnalurOO COmmunCalOn, 1 shall COm-
mOnlOnlalaCOrlanlOnylh.
hO OarlysQOCulalOnlhal MODrOWWas lhO lanyuayO
O man n araOsO, anO lhal lhO COnusOn O lanyuayO
OrynalOO al lhODulOny O lhOOwOrO DaDOl, nOOO
nOl nlOrOsl us hOrO as anylhny mOrO lhan a QrmUVO
QrOCuOr O sCOnlhC lhOuyhl. MOwOVOr, lhO lalOr OO-
VOlOQmOnls O QhlOlOyCal lhOuyhl haVO rOlanOO Or
a lOny lmO a smlar naVOl. hal lanyuayOs arO rO-
lalOO, anO lhal lhOyunOOryO QrOyrOssVO ChanyOs lOaO
ny n lhO OnO lO lOlally OOrOnl lanyuayOs, wOrO
ODsOrValOns WhCh COulO nOl lOny rOman unnOlCOd
Dy lhO kOOn QhlOlOyCal mnOs O lhO OnassanCO A
DOOk suCh as LuCanyOs Cmssarium McJiac atquc l n-
]mac Latinitatis COulO nOl OXsl wlhOul ls DOny ClOar
lhal lhO rOOls O lhO OmanCO lanyuayOs arO nOl Only
n Laln, Dl n Vulyar Laln. hOrO musl haVO DOOn
many lOarnOO raDDs WhO WOrO WOll awarO O lhO rO-
sOmDlanCOOMODrOW,AraDC, anObyraC. YhOn,unOOr
lhO aOVCOOlhO muCh malynOO YarrOnMaslnys, lhO
Lasl 1nOa LOmQany OunOOO ls bChOOl O LrOnlal
bluOOs al 1Orl Yllam, l was nO lOnyOr QOssDlO lO
ynOrO lhal LrOOk anO Laln On lhO OnO hanO, anO
banskrl On lhO OlhOr, WOrO Cul rOm lhO samO ClOlh.
Al lhO DOynnny O lhO lasl COnlury lhO wOrk O lhO
DrOlhOrs Lrmm anO O lhO LanO, ask, shOwOO nOl
Only lhal lhO OulOnC lanyuayOs CamO wlhn lhO Or
Dl O lhs sO-CallOO 1nOOLurOQOan yrOuQ Dul wOnl
urlhOr lO makO ClOar lhO lnyuslC rOlalOns O lhOsO
lanyuayOs lO OnO anOlhOr, anO lO a suQQOsOO Oslanl
COmmOnQarOnl.
hus OVOlulOnsm n lanyuayO anlOOalOs lhO rOnOd
Larwnan OVOlulOnsm n DOlOyy. Nal as lhs OV-
OlulOnsm s, l VOry sOOn DOyan lO OulOO DOlOyCal
OVOlulOns n QlaCOs WhOO lhO lalOr wa nOl aQl
T HUMN U8E CF HUMN BEING8
CaDlO. t assumOO, tDat s, tDat tDO lanyuayOs WOrO
nOOQOnOOnt, Quas-DOlOyCal OnllOs, WlD lDOr OO-
VOlOQmOnls mOOhOO OnlrOly Dy nlODal OrCOs anO
nOOOs. n aCl, lDOy arO OQQDOnOmOna O Duman n-
tOrCOursO, suD]OCltOalllDOsOCalOrCOs OuOlO CDanyOs
nlDOQallOrnOtDalnlOrCOursO.
ntDOaCO OUOOXslOnCOOMschracbcn, Olan-
yuayOs suCD as Lnyua 1ranCa, bwaD!, OOsD, LD-
nOOk |aryOn, anO OVOn tO a COnsOOraDlO OXlOnt
ny!sD, lDOrO Das DOOn an allOmQl lO lraCO OaCD lan-
yuayO lO a snylO lOylmalO anCOslOr, anO lO lrOat UO
OlDOr QarlCQanls n ls Oryn as nOlDny mOrO lDan
yOOQarOnls O lDO nOwDOrn CDlO. DOrO Das DOOn a
sCDO!ars OslnClOn DOlwOOn lOylmalO QDOnOlC Or-
malOns !!OWny aCCOQlOO laws, anO suCD rOyrOllaDlO
aCCOOnls as nOnCO wOrOs, QOQu!ar OlymO!OyOs, anO
slany. LnlDO yrammalCal sOO, lDO Orynal allOmQltO
OrCO a!! !anyuayOs O any Oryn WDalsOOVOr nlO lDO
slral ]aCkOl manuaClurOO Or Laln anO LrOOk Das
DOOn suCCOOOOO Dy an allOmQl a!mOst as ryOrOus tO
Orm Or OaCD O lDOm ls Own QaraOyms O COnslruC-
tOn.
l s sCarCOly unll lDOrOCOnlWOrk O LllO |OsQOrsOn
lhal any COnsOOraD!O yrOuQ O QDlOlOysls DaVO DaO
OD]OClVly OnOuyD lO makO O lDOr sCOnCO a rOQrO
sOnlalOn O !anyuayO as l s aClually sQOkOn anO
WrllOn, ralDOr lDan a COQyDOOk allOmQl lO lOaCD lDO
skmOsDOwlO sQOakLskmO, anOlDOLDnOsODOwlO
WrlO LDnOsO. DO OdOCls O msQlaCOO yrammalCal
Qursm arO lO DO sOOnWO!l OulsOO OlDO sCDOOls. 1rst
amOny lDOsO, QOrDaQs s lDO way n WDCD lDO Latn
lanyuayO, !kO lDO OarlOr yOnOralOn O ClassCal yOOs,
DasDOOnslanDylsOWnCDlOrOn.
Lurny lDO NOOlO AyOs Laln O a Varyny Qually,
tDO DOsl Ol QulO aCCOQlaDlOtO anyOnO Dul a QOOanl,
rOmanOO lDO unVOrsal lanyuayO O lDO ClOryy anO O
all lOarnOO mOn tDrOuyDOut OstOD urOQO, OVOn as
AraDCDas rOmanOO ntDO OslOm wOrlO OOWntO tDO
CYEBEIC8 A 8OuI

gtC8Cutday.h8COutuuCdgtC8tgCOaUuVa8madC
gO88DlC Dy thC VlluguC88 O WttCt8 aud 8gCakCt8 O
thC lauguagC CthCttODOttOVtOm OthCt lauguagC8, Ot
tO COu8ttuCt Wthu thC tamC O atu t8Cl, all that
Va8 uCCC88aty Ot thC d8Cu88Ou O thC lVC _hlO8Ogh-
Cal gtODlCm8 O thC agC. hC atu O baut hOma8
8uOt thC atuO LCCtO, DutLCCtOVOuldhaVCDCCu
uuaDlC tO d8Cu88 hOm8tC dCa8 u thC LCCtOuau
atu.
1t may DC thOught that UC t8C O thC Vulgat lau-
guagC8 O utOgC mu8t uCCC88atly haVC matkCd thC
Cud O thC uuCtOu O atu. h8 8 uOt 8O. 1u 1uda,
uOtVth8taudug thC gtOWth O thC uCO-bau8kttC lau-
guagC8, bau8ktt ha8 8hOWu a tCmarkaDlC Vtalty la8t-
ug dOVu tO thC gtC8Cut day. hC NO8lCm VOtld, a8 1
haVC 8ad, 8 uutCd Dy a ttadtOu O Cla88Cal AtaDC,
CVCu thOugh thC ma]Otty O NO8lCm8 atC uOt AtaDC
8CakCt8 aud thC 8gOkCu AtaDC O thC _tC8Cut day ha8
dVdCd t8ClutO a uumDCt O VCty dCtCut dalCCt8.
1t 8 gutC gO88DlC Ot a lauguagC VhCh 8 uO lOugCt
thC lauguagC O Vulgat COmmuuCatOu tO tCmau UC
lauguagC O 8ChOlat8hg Ot gCuCtatOu8 aud CVCu Ot
CCututC8. NOdCtu CDtCV has 8utVVCd Ot tVO thOu-
8aud yCat8 thC laCk O u8C O CDtCW u thC tmC O
Lht8t, aud udCCd ha8 COmC DaCk a8 a mOdCO lau-
guagC O daly lC. 1uWhat 1 am d8Cu88ug uOV, 1 am
tCCttug Ouly tO thC lmtCd u8C Oatua8 a lauguagC
OlCaOCdmCu.
th thC COmug O thC 1Cua88auCC, thC att8tC
8taudatd8 O thC atu8t8 DCCamC hghCt, aud thCtC
Wa8mOtC aud mOtC a tCudCuCy tO thtOV Out all _O8t-
Cla88Cal uCOlOg8m8. 1u thC haud8 O thC gtCat 1talau
8ChOlat8 O thC 1Cua88auCC, th8 tCOtmCd atu COuld
DC, aud OtCu Va8, a VOtk O att Dut thC Dauug
uCCC88aty tO VCld 8uCh a dClCatCaudtCbuCdtOOlVa8
DCyOud thatVhChVOuld DCuCdCutal tO thC ttauug
OthC 8CCut8t, VhO8C mauVOtk mu8t alVay8 COuCCO
t8ClVth COutCut tathCt thau Vth gCtCCtOu OOtm.
go T IR MAN U8E CF IR MAN BEING8
hO rOsull Was lhal lhO OQlO WhO taugbt aln and
lhO QOOQlO WhO eJ aln DOCamO OVOr mOrO WOOly
sOQaralOO ClassOs, unll lhO lOaChOrs COmQlOlOly Os-
ChOWOO lhO QrODlOm O lOaChny lhOr OsCQlOs any-
lhny Dul lhO mOsl QOlshOO anO unusaDlO LCOrOnan
sQOOCh. 1n lhs VaCuum lhOy ullmalOly OlmnalOO any
unClOn Or lhOmsOlVOs OlhOr lhan lhal O sQOCalsls
anO as lhO sQOCally O alnsm lhus CamO lO DO lOss
anO lOss n yOnOral OOmanO, lhOy aDOlshOO lhOr OWn
unClOn. 1Or lhs sn O QrOO, WO nOW haVO lO Qay
n lhO aDsOnCO O an aOOQualO nlOrnalOnal lanyuayO
ar suQOrOr lO lhO arlhCal OnOs suCh as LsQOranlO,
anO WOll sulOO Or lhO OOmanOs O lhO QrOsOnl Oay.
Alas, lhO allluOOs OlhOClassCsls arO OlOnDOyOnO
lhOunOOrslanOny O lhO nlOllyOnl layman 1 rOCOnlly
haO lhO QrVlOyO O hOarny a COmmOnCOmOnl aOOrOss
rOm a ClassCsl WhO DOWalOO lhO nCrOasOO COnlr-
uyalOrCO OmOOOrn lOarnny, WhChOrVOs lhO nalural
sCOnlsl, lhO sOCal sCOnlsl, anO lhO llOrary man OVOr
arlhOrrOm OnO anOlhOr. MOQul l nlO lhOOrm O an
maynary lrQ WhCh hO lOOk lhrOuyh a mOrn un-
VOrsly, as lhO yuOO anO mOnlOr lO a rOnCarnalOO
ArslOllO. Ms lalk DOyan Dy QrOsOnlny n lhO QllOry
Dls O lOChnCal ]aryOn rOm OaCh mOOOrn nlOllOClual
hOlO, WhCh hO suQQOsOO hmsOl lO haVO QrOsOnlOO lO
ArslOllO as hOrrDlO OXamQlOs. Nay 1 rOmark lhal all
WO QOssOss O ArslOllO s Whal amOunls lO lhO sChOOl
nOlODOOks O hs OsCQlOs, WrllOn n OnO O lhO Osl
CraDDOO lOChnCal ]aryOns n lhO hslOry O lhO WOrlO,
anO lOlally unnlOllyDlO lO any COnlOmQOrary LrOOk
WhO haO nOl DOOn lhrOuyh lhO OsCQlnO O lhO
yCOum hal lhs ]aryOn has DOOn sanClhOO Dy hs-
lOry, sO lhal l has DOCOmO lsOl an ODjOCl O ClassCal
OOuCalOn, s nOl rOlOVanl Or lhs haQQOnOO alOr
ArslOllO, nOl COnlOmQOranOOuslyWlh hm hO mQr-
lanl lhny s lhal lhO LrOOk lanyuayO O lhO lmO O
ArslOllO Was rOaOy lO COmQrOmsO Wlh lhO lOChnCal
]aryOn O a Drllanl sChOlar, WhlO OVOn lhO Lnylsh O
LJDLb AD bLLJ g1
Ds !CaInCC anC ICVCICnC suCCCssOIs s nOt V!!n tO
COmQIOmsC VtD tDC sm!aI nCCCs O mOCCIn sQCCCD
YtD tDCsCaCmOntOIyVOICs,!CtusICtuIntO amOC-
CIn QOnt O VCV VDCD assm!atCs tDC OQCIatOn O
!nustC tIans!atOn anC tDC IC!atCC OQCIatOns O tDC
ntCIQICtatOn O !anuaC Dy CaI nC Dy DIan tO tDC
QCIOImanCC anC tDC COuQ!n O nOnDuman COmmu-
nCatOn nCtVOIks. t V!! DC sCCn tDat tDs s ICa!!y n
aCCOICanCC VtD tDC mOCC anC OnCC DCICtCa! VCVs
O |CsQCIsCn anC Ds sCDOO!. LIammaI s nO !OnCI
QImaI!y nOImatVC 1t Das DCCOmC aCta!. DC QuCs-
tOn s nOtVDatCOCC sDOu!CVC usC, DutVDat COCC CO
VC usC. 1t s QutC tIuC tDat n tDC hnCI study O !an
uaC, nOImatVC QuCstOns CO nCCCC COmC ntO Q!ay,
anC aIC VCIy CC!CatC. PCVCItDC!Css, tDCyICQICsCnt tDC
!ast hnC UOVCI O tDC COmmunCatOnQIOD!Cm, anCnOt
tsmOstunCamCnta!staCs.
YC DaVC tDus CstaD!sDCC tDC Dass n man OI tDC
smQ!Cst C!CmCnt O Ds COmmunCatOn. namC!y, tDC
COmmunCatOn O manVtD manDytDCmmCCatC usC
O !anuaC, VDCn tVO mCn aIC aCC tO aCC VtD OnC
anOtDCI. DC nVCntOns O tDC tC!CQDOnC, tDC tC!C-
IaQD, anC OtDCI sm!aI mCans OCOmmunCatOn DaVC
sDOVn tDat tDs CaQaCty s nOt ntInsCa!!y ICstICtCC
tO tDC mmCCatC QICsCnCC O tDC nCVCua!, OI VC
DaVC many mCans tO CaIIy tDs tOO! O COmmunatOn
tOtDCCnCs OtDCCaItD.
AmOn QImtVC IOuQs tDC sZC O tDC COmmunty
OI an CCCtVC COmmuna! C ICstICtCC Dy tDC Cm-
Cu!ty O tIansmttn !anuaC. OI many m!!Cnna,
tDs CmCu!ty Vas CnOuD tO ICCuCC tDC OQtmum sZC
O tDCstatC tO sOmCtDn O tDCOICCIO a CVm!!On
QCOQ!C, anC CnCIa!y CVCI. t V!! DC nOtCC tDat tDC
ICat CmQICs VDCD tIansCCnCCC tDs !mtCC sZCVCIC
DC!C tOCtDCI Dy mQIOVCC mCans O COmmunCatOn.
DC DCaIt O tDC 1CIsan mQIC Vas tDC Oya! OaC
anC tDCIC!ay O mCssCnCIs VDO COnVCyCd tDC Oya
YOIC a!On t DC ICat CmQIC O OmC Vas QOssD!C
g2 1m M2fD b OF M2fD DLb
On!DCCausC OOmCsQrOyrCss nrOaODu!Ony. hCsC
rOaOs sCrVCO lO Carry nOl On!y lhC !CyOns, Dul lhC
WrllCn aulhOrly O lhC LmQCrOr as WC!!. Ylh lhC
arQ!anC anO lhC raOO lhC WOrO O lhC ru!Crs CXlCnOs
lO lhC CnOs OlhC Carlh, anO VCry many O lhC aClOrs
WhCh QrCVOus!y QrCC!uOCO a Or!O blalC haVC DCCn
aDrOyalCO. 1ls CVCn QOssD!C lO manlanlhal mOOCD
COmmunCalOn, WhCh OrCCs us lO aOuOCalC lhC n-
lCrna!Ona! C!ams O OdCrCnl DrOaOCaslny syslCms
anO OdCrCnl arQ!anC nCls, has maOC lhC YOr!O blalC
nCVlaD!C.
Dul as CmCCnl as COmmunCalOns mCChansms DC-
COmC, lhCy arC s!!!, as lhCy haVCa!Ways DCCn suD]CCl
lO lhC OVCrWhC!mny lCnOCnCy Or CnlrOQy lO nCCasC,
OrnOrmalOnlO!Caknlransl,un!CssCCr!anCX!Crna
ayCnls arC nOOuCCO lO COnlrO! l. 1 haVC a!rCaOy rC-
CrrCO lO an nlCrCslny VCW O !anyuayC maOC Dy a
CyDCrnClCa!!y-mnOCO Qh!O!Oysl-lal sQCCCh s a
]Onl yamC Dy lhC la!kCr anO lhC !slCnCr ayansl lhC
OrCCs O COnusOn. Ln lhC Dass O lhs OCsCrQlOn,
Lr. DCnOl NanOC!DrOl has maOC CCrlan COmQula-
lOns COnCCrnny !hC OslrDulOn O lhC !Cnylhs O
WOrOs nanOQlma!!anyuayC, anOhas COmarCO lhCsC
rCsu!ls Wlh Whal hC has OunO n CXs!ny !anyuayCs.
NanOC!DrOls rCsu!ls nOCalC lhal a !anyuayC OQlm
aCCOrOny lO CCrlan QOslu!alCs W!! VCry OChnlC!y CX
hDl CCrlan OslrDu!On O !Cny!h amOny WOrOs. hs
OslrDulOn s VCry OdCrCnl rOm Whal W DC OunO
n an arlhCa!!anyuayC, suCh as LsQCranlOOrNO!aQk.
Ln lhC OlhCr hanO, s rCmarkaD!y C!OsC lO Whal s
OunO n mOsl aClua! anyuayCs lhal haVC WlhslOOO
lhC allrlOn O usC Or CCnlurCs. hC rCsu!ls O Nan-
OC!DrOl OO nOl, l s lruC, yVC an aDsO!ulC!y hXCO Os-
DulOn OWOrO !Cnylhs nhsOrmu!as lhCrC sl OC-
Cur CCrlan QuanllCs WhCD musl DC assynCO, Or, as
lDC malhCmalCan Ca!!s lhCm, arcntcrs. MOWCVCr,
Dy a QrOQCr ChOCC O UCsC aramClCrs, NanOC!DrOl`s
lDCOrC!Ca! rCsu!ls hlVCry C!OsC!y lhC WOrO OslrDulOn
n ma aClua anyuayCs, nOCalny lhat lhCrC s a
CYBEBNE1ICS AN SOIE1Y

CCrlan nalura sCCClOn amOn lDCm, anU lDat tDC

Orm O a anuaC VDCD surVVCs Dy lDC VCry aCt
ts usC anU surVVa Das DCCn UrVCn tO takC sOmClDng
nOl lOO rCmOlCy rCsCmDn an OQlmum Orm O Us-
lrDulOn.
DC atlrlOn O anuaC may DC UuC tO sCVCra
CausCs. anuaC may strVC smQy aanst naurCs
tCnUCnCy lO COnusC t Or aansl Vu Duman at-
tCmQls tO suDVCrl ls mCann.' POrma COmmunCa-
UVC UsCOursC, VDOsC majOr OQQOnCnt s tDC CntrOQC
tCnUCnCy OnalurC lsC,s nOt COnrOnlCU Dy an aCtVC
CnCmy, COnsCOus O ls OVn QurQOsCs. OrCnsC Us-
COursC, On lDC OlDCr DanU, suCD a VC hnU n lDC aV
COurt n CsalVC UCDalCs anU sO On, CnCOunlCrs a
muCD mOrC OrmUaDC OQQOslOn, VDOsC COnsCOus
am s lO QuayanU CVCn lO UCslrOyls mCann. Dus
an aUCQualC lDCOry O anuaC as a amC sDOuU Us-
lnusD DClVCCn lDCsC tVO VarClCs O anuaC, OnC
O VDCD s nlCnUCU Qrmary lO COnVCy nOrmatOn
anU tDC OlDCr Qrmary lO mQOsC a QOnt O VC
aanst a Vu OQQOslOn. UO nOl knOV any
QDOOslDasyCtmaUClDClCCDnCaODsCrValOns anU
tDCOrClCa QrOQOslOns VDCD arC nCCCssary lO Us-
tnusDtDCsCtVOCassCs OanuaCOrOurQurQOsCs,
Dut am QutC surC tDal lDCy arC suDslanlay UhCr-
Cnt Orms. sDa lak urtDCr aDOut OrCnsC anuaC
n a atCr CDaQtCr, VDCD UCas VlDanuaC anUaV.
DC UCsrC lO aQQy LyDCrnCtCs O sCmanlCs, as
UsCQnClO COnlrOtDCOss OmCanng rOm anuaC,
Das arCaUy CsulCU n CCrtan QrODCms t sCCms
nCCCssary tO makC sOmC sOrt OUslnCtOnDCtVCCnn-
OrmalOn takCn Drutay anU Dunty, anU tDat sOrt O
nOrmalOn On VDCD VC as Duman DCns Can aCt
ChCClVCy Or, mutatismutamis, On VDCD tDCmaCDnC
Can aCt ChCClVCy. n my OQnOn, tDC CCnUa Us-
nCUOn anU UCuty DCrC arsCs rOm tDC aCt tDat t
^ CCVant DCtC a8O u8tCu8 aQDOt8m, 8CC LDaQtCI
, Q. __ aDoVC.
94
IHE HUMAN U8E L HUMAN BEING8
s nOt thC Quantty O nOrmatOn sCnt tat s mQOr-
tant Or aCtOn, Dut rathCr thC Quantty O nOrmatOn
WhCh Can QCnCtratC ntO a COmmunCatOn and stOrayC
aQQaratus sumCCnt!y tO sCrVC as tDCtryyCr Or aCOn.
1 haVC sad that any transmssOn O, Or tamQCrny
Wth, mCssayCs dCCrCasCs thC amOunt O nOrmatOn
thCy COntan, un!Css nCW nOrmatOn s Cd n, CthCr
rOm nCW sCnsatOns Or rOm mCmOrCs WhCh DaVC
DCCnQrCVOus!y CXC!udCdrOm thC nOrmatOn systCm.
hsstatCmCnt, WC haVC sCCn, anOthCrVCrsOn O thC
sCCOnd !aW O thCrmOdynamCs. POW !Ct u COnsdCr
an nOrmatOn systCm usCd tO COntrO! tDC sOrt O
C!CCtrC QOWCr suDstatOn O WhCh WC sQOkC Car!Cr
n thC ChaQtCr. Yhat s mQOrtant s nOt mCrC!y thC
nOrmatOn that WC Qut ntO tDC !nC, Dut What s !Ct
Ot WhCn t yOCs thrOuyh thC hna! maChnCry tO OQCn
Or C!OsC s!uCCs, tO synChrOnC yCnCratOrs, and tO dO
sm!ar tasks. 1n OnC sCnsC, ths tCrmna! aQQaratus may
DC rCyardCd as a h!tCr suQCrmQOsCd On thC trans-
mssOn !nC. bCmantCa!!y synhCant nOrmatOnrOm
thCCyDCrnCtCQOnt O VCW s thatWhCDyCts thrOuyh
thC !nCQush!tCr, rathCr than thatWhCD yCts thrOuyD
thC !nC a!OnC. 1n OthCr WOrds, WhCn 1 DCar a QassayC
OmusC,tDCyrCatCrQartO tDC sOundyCtstO my sCnsC
Oryans anO rCaChCs my Dran. MOWCVCr, 1 !aCk thC
QCrCCQtOn an tranny nCCCssary Or thC aCsthCtC
unOCrstandny O musCa! struCturC, ths nOrmatOn
W!!mCCta D!OCk, WhCrCas 1 WCrC a lranCOmusCan
t WOu!d mCCt anntCrQrCtny struCtuC Or OryanatOn
WDCh WOu!O CXhDt tDC QattCrn n a synhCant Orm
WDCD Can !CaO tO aCsthCtC aQQrCCatOn anO urtDCr
unOCrstandny. bCmantCa!y synhCant nOrmatOn H
thC maChnC as WC!! as n man s nOrmatOn WhCh
yCts rOuyD tO an aCtVatny mCChansm n thC systCm
lhat rCCCVCs t, OCsQtC mans anOOr naturCs attCmQts
tO suDVCrt t. 1rOm thC QOnt O VCW O LyDCCtCs,
sCmantCs OChnCs tDC CXtCnt O mCanng anO nlrO!s
tslOssnaCOmmunCatOnssstCm.
N
OCANlZA7lON AS 7HE MESSACE
hC QrCsCn! ChaQ!Cr Wll COn!an an ClCmCnl O
Qhan!asy. han!asy has alWays DCCn al lhC sCrVCC O
QhlOsOQhy, anO la!O Was nO! ashamCO lO ClO!hC hs
CQs!CmOlOyy n !hC mC!aQhOr O !hC CaVC. Lr. .
DrOnOWsk amOny O!hCrs has QOn!CO Oul !ha! ma!h-
Cma!Cs, WhCh mOsl O us sCC as !hC mOsl aC!ual O
all sCCnCCs, COns!!u!Cs !hC mOs! COlOssal mC!aQhOr m-
aynaDlC, anO musl DC ]uOyCO, aCs!hC!Cally as WCll as
n!CllCC!ually, n !Crms O !hC suCCCss O !hs mC!aQhOr.
hC mC!aQhOr lO WhCh 1 OCVO!C !hs ChaQlCr sC ,
nWh s CCn as mCssayC. Lryansm s
OQQOsC lO ChaOs, !O Osn!CyralOn, lO OCalD, as mCs-
sayCs !O nOsC. OOCsCrDCanOryansm,WCOO nOl!ry
!O sQCCy CaCh mOlCCulC n l, anO Ca!alOyuC l Dl Dy
D!, Dul ra!hCr !O ansWCr CCr!an QuCs!Ons aDOul l
WhCh rCVCal !s Qa!!Crn a Qa!lCrn WhCh s mOrC sy
nhCan! anO lCss QrODaDlC as !hC Oryansm DCCOmCs,
sO!OsQCak,mOrCullyanOryansm.
YC haVC alrCaOy sCCn !hal CCrlan Oryansms, suCD
as man, !CnO Or a !mC !O manlan anO OlCn CVCn lO
nCrCasC lhC lCVCl O !hCr OryanzalOn, as lOCal Cn-
ClaVC n lhC yCnCral sCam O nCrCasng CnlrOQy, O
nCrCasny ChaOs anO OC-OdCrCnla!O. LC s an s
anO DCrC and nOW n a Oyng WOrlO. hC QrOCCss Dy
WhCh WC lVny DCnys rCssl lhC yCnCral s!rCam O
COrruQlOnandOCCaysknOashcmeoda.
C Can COnlnuC lO lVC n lhC VCry sQCCal CnVrOn
mCnl WDCD WC Carry OrWard lD O Only unll WC
DCynlO dCCaymOrCuCkly lDan WC CanrnsllC
9
I BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
OursOlVOs. hOn WO OO. 1Our DOOly lOmQOralurOrsOs
Or snks OnO OOyrOO rOm !s nOrmal lOVOl O

.
aOnhOl, WODOynlO lakOnOlCO Ol, anO lrsOs
Or snks lOn OOyrOOs, WO arO all Du! surO lO OO. hO
OXyyOn anO CarDOn OOXOO anO sal! n Our DlOOO, lhO
hOrmOnOs OWny rOm Our OuC!lOss ylanOs, arO al
rOyulalOO Dy mOChansms WhCh lOnO lO rOssl any un-
lOWarO ChanyOs n !hOr lOVOs. hOsOmOChansms COn-
sllulO Whal s knOWn as hOmOOslass, anO arO nOyalVO
OOODaCk mOChansms O lyQO lhal WO may hnO OX-
OmQlhOOnmOChanCalau!Omala.
1l s !hO Qa!lCrn man!anOO Dy lhs hOmOOslass,
WhCh s lhO lOuChs!OnO O Our QOrsOnal OOnlly. Lur
lssuOs ChanyO as WO lVO lhO OOO WO Oal anO lhO ar
WO DrOalhO DOCOmO Osh O Our Osh anO DOnO O Our
DOnO, anO lhO mOmOn!ary OlOmOnls O Our Osh anO
DOnOQass Ou! O Our DOOyOVOryOayW!hOur OXCrO!a.
O arODu! WhrlOOls n a rVOrOOVOrOWnyWalOr.
O arO nOl slud lhal aDOOs, Dul QallOrns lhal QOrQOl-
ualOlhOmsOlVOs.
A Qa!lOrn s a mOssayO, anO may DO lransmllOO as
a mOssayO. MOW OlsO OO WO OmQlOy Our raOO lhan lO
ansml Qa!!ODs O sOunO, anO Our lOlOVsOn sOl
than lO lransm!Qa!lOrnsOlyhl1l s amusnyasWOll
as nslruClVO lO COnsOOr Whal WOulO haQQOn WO
WOrOlOlransm! !hOWhOlOQal!ODOlhOhumanDOOy,
OlhODumanDranW!hlsmOmOrOsanOCrOss COnnOC-
lOns, sO lhal a hyQOlhOlCalrOCOVny ns!rumOnl COulO
rOOmDOOy lhOsO mOssayOs n aQQrOQralO mallOr, Ca-
QaDlO O COnlnuny !hO rOCOssOs alrOaOy n lhO DOOy
anO lhO mnO, anO O manlanny !hOnlOyrlynOOOOO
OrsCOnlnualOnDyaQrOCOssOhOmOOslass.
Ol us nVaOO lhO rOalm O sCOnCO hClOn. bOmC
Orly-hVO yOars ayO, Qlny WrOlO a mOsl rOmarkaDlO
!llO slOry. hs Was al lhO lmO WhOn lhO yhls O
lhO ryhl DrOlhOrs haODOCOmO amlar lO lhO WOrlO,
ulDOOrO aValOn Was an OVOryOaymallOr. MO CallOO
ths slOrylh lhOyhl al, anO lQurQOrls lOC
CYBEBNE1ICS ANb SCCIE1Y

an aCCOunl Oa WOr!O lkOlhalO lOOay, WhOn aValOn

shOu!O haVO DOCOmO a mallOr O COursO anO lhO Al
!anlC a !akO lO DO CrOssOO n OnO nyhl. MO suQQOsOd
lhal aOra!lraVO!haO sO unlOO lhO WOr!O lhalWarWas
ODsO!OlO, anO lhal a!! lhO WOr!Os rOa!!y mQOrlanl a-
ars WOrO n lhO DanOs O an AOra! DOarO O LOnlrOl
whOsO Qrmary rOsQOnsD!ly OXlOnOOO lO ar lramC
Wh!O ls sOCOnOary rOsQOnsD!ly OXlOnOOO lO `a!! lhal
lhalmQ!Os.1nlhs Way, hO maynOO lhallhOVarOus
!OCa!aulhOrlOs haO yraOua!!yDOOn COmQO!!OO lOOrOQ
lhOr ryhls, Or haO a!!OwOO lhOr !OCa! ryhls lO !aQsO
anO lhal lhO COnlra! aulhOrly O lhO AOral DOarO O
LOnlrOl haO lakOn lhOsO rOsQOnsD!lOs OVOr. 1l s
ralhOr a asCsl QClurO WhCh Q!ny yVOs us, anO
lhs s unOOrslanOaD!O n VOW O hs nlO!lOClua! QrO-
suQQOslOns, OVOn lhOuyh asCsm s nOl a nOCOssary
COnOlOnOlhOslualOnWhChhO OnVsayOs. Ms ml-
!Onnum s lhO m!!Onnum O a Drlsh CO!OnOl DaCk
rOm 1nOa NOrOOVOr, wlh hs !OVO Or lhO yaOyOl as
a CO!!OClOn OWhOO!s lhal rOlalO anO makO a nOsO, hO
has OmQhaszOO lhO OXlOnOOO QhysCal lransQOrlalOn
O man, ralhOr lhan lhO lransQOrlalOn O !anyuayO and
OOas. MO OOOs nOl sOOm lO rOa!zO lhal WhOrO a mans
WOrO yOOs, anO WhOrO hs QOWOr O QOrCOQlOn yOOs, lO
lhal QOnl hs COnlrO! anO n a sOnsO hs QhysCal OX
slOnCO s OXlOnOOO. O sOO anO lO yVO COmmanOs l
lhO whO!O WOr!O s a!mOsl lhO samO as DOny OVOry-
WhOrO. LVOn hs lmlalOns Q!ny, nOVOrlhO!Oss, had
a QOOls nsyhl, anO lhO slualOn hO OrOsaW sOOms
raQO!yCOmnylOQass.
O sOO lhO yrOalOr mQOrlanCO O lhO lransQOrlalOn
O nOrmalOn as COmQarOO Wlh mOrO QhysCal lrans-
QOrlalOn, lOl us suQQOsO lhal WO haVO an arChlOCl n
LurOQO suQOrVsny lhO COnslruClOn O a Du!Ony n
lhO
\nlOO blalOs. 1 am assumny, O COursO, an aOO
ualOWOrknyslaOCOnslruClOrs, ClOrks OlhOWOrks
OlC., On lhO slO O lhO COnslruClOn. \nOOr lhOsO COn-
OUOns OOn WlhOut ansmllng Or rOCOVng any

o I BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS

malCral OmmOOlCs, lhC arChlCCl may lakC an aClVC
Qarl n lhC COnslruClOn O lhC DulOny. LCl hm OraW
uQDs Qlans anO sQCChCalOns as usual. LVCn al QrCs-
Cnl, lhCrCs nO rCasOnWhylhCWOrkny COQCs O lhCsC
Qlans anOsQCChCalOnsmuslDClransmllCOlOlhCCOn-
slruClOn slC On lhC samC QaQCr On WhCh lhCy haVC
DCCn OraWn uQ n lhC arChlCCls Oralny-rOOm. \la-
aX yVCs a mCans Dy WhCh a aCsmlC O all lhC
OOCumCnls COnCrnCO may DC lransmllCO n a raClOn
O a sCCOnO, anO lhC rCCCVCO COQCs arC QulC as yOOO
WOrkny Qlans as lhC Orynals. hC arChlCCl may DC
kCQluQlO OalCWlh lhCQrOyrCss OlhCWOrkDyQhOlO-
yraQhCrCCOrOs laCn CVCryOayOrsCVCral lmCs a Oay
anO lhCsC may DC OrWarOCO DaCk lO hm Dy \llraaX.
Any rCmarks Or aOVCC hC CarCs lO yVC hs rCQrCsCnla-
lVC On lhC ]OD may DC lransmllCO y lClCQhOnC,
\llraaX, Or lClClyQCWrlCr. 1n shOrl, lhC DOOly lrans-
mssOn O lhC arChlCCl anO hs OOCumCnls may DC
rCQlaCCO VCry CdCClVCly Dy lhC mCssayClransmssOn
OCOmmunCalOns WhCh OO nOl Cnlal lhC mOVny O
a QarlClC O mallCr rOm OnC CnO O lhC lnC lO lhC
OlhCr.
1 WC COnsOCr lhC lWO lyQCs O COmmunCalOn
namCly, malCral lransQOrl anO lransQOrl O nOrma-
lOn alOnC, l s al QrCsCnl QOssDlC Or a rsOn lO yO
rOm OnC QlaCC lO anOlhCr Only DylhCOrmCr, anO nOl
as a mCssayC. MOWCVCr,CVCn nOW lhClransQOrlalOn O
mCssayCs sCrVCs lO OrWarO an CXlCnsOn O mans
sCsCs anO hs CaQallCs O aClOn rOm OnC CnO O
lhC WOrlO lO anOlhCr. C haVC alrCaOy suyyCslCO n
lhs ChaQlCr lhal lhC OslnClOn DClWCCn malCral
lransQOrlalOn anO mCssayClransQOrlalOns nOl nany
lhCOrClCalsCnsCQCrmanCnlanOunDrOyCaDlC.
hs lakCs usVCryOCCQlynlOlhCQuCslOnOhuman
nOVOually. hCQrODlCm O lDC nalurCODuman n-
dOually anO O lhC DarrCr WhCD sCQaralCs OnC
QCrsOnallyrOmanOlhCrs as OlOashslOry. hCLhrs-
an rCgO anO ls COlCrranCan anlCCCOCnls DaV
LWLb ANb bL

C
mD
OOCO ! n thC nO!On O sou/. hC nOua! QOs-
sCssCs a sOu!, sO say !hC Lhrs!ans, hh has COmC
n!O DCny Dy !hC aC! O COnCCQ!On, ut hCh W!!
COn!nuC nOXs!CnCC Or a!! C!Crn!y, CeramOny !hO
D!CssCO Or amOny !hC LamnCO, Or n oe !hC !!!!C
n!CrmCOa!O !aCunaC O LmDO WhCh !h Lhrs!an
a!
ha!!OWs.
hC DuOOhs!s O!!OW a !raO!On Whh ayrCCs W!D
!hC Lhrs!an !raO!On n yVny !O !hC ou aCOn!nu!y
a!Cr OCa!h, Du!!hs COn!nu!ysnthCOanO!hCr
anma! Or anO!hCr human DCny, ra!he thn n sOmO
MCaVCn Or MC!!. hCrC arC nOCCO Duh! MCaVCns
anO MCs, a!!hOuyh !hC s!ay O !hC na! !hCrC s
yCnCra!!y !CmQOrary. 1n !hC mOs! hna! eaVCn O !DO
DuOOhs!s, hOWCVCr, !hC s!atC OPrVanath sOu! !OsCs
!s sCQara!C OCn!!y anO s aDsOrDCO nt !hC LrCa!
bOu!O!hCYOr!O.
hCsC VCWs haVC DCCn W!hOu! !hC DeCh! O !DO
nbuCnCC O sCCnCC. hC mOs! ntCrCs! ar!y sCCn-
!hC aCCOun! O !hC COn!nu!y O !hC so! LCDn!zs
WhChOnCVCs !hC sOu! as DC!Onyny d aryCr C!ass
O QCrmanCn! sQr!ua! suDs!anCC Whh hC Ca!!CO
uomJs. hCsC mOnaOs sQCnO !hCr ho Cxs!CnCC
rOm !hC CrCa!On On n !hC aC! O QCrey OnC an-
O!hCr a!!hOuyh sOmC QCrCCVC W!h yat ar!y anO
Os!nC!nCss, anOO!hCrs naD!urrCOanOonusCOman-
nCr. hs QCrCCQ!On OOCs nO! hOWCVC rCsCn! any
!ruC n!CraC!On O !hC mOnaOs. hC on haVO nO
nOOWs anO haVC CC WOunO uQ OO a! !hO
CrCa!On O !hC WOr!O sO !ha!!hCy shaan!an !hCr
OrCOrOanCOrC!a!OnshQsW!hOnCanOtherhrOuyha!l
C!Crn!yhCyarCnOCs!ruC!D!C.
DChnOLCDn!zs Qh!OsOQhCa!VCWCmOnaOs
!hCrC !C sOmC VCry n!CrCs!ny DO!OyCa CCu!a!Ons.
1!
Was n LCDn!zs !mO !ha! LCCuWChk hrs! aQ-
Q!CO !hC smQ!C mCrOsCOQC !O !hC s! o VCry m
nu!C anma!s anO Q!an!s. AmOny !hC !s tha! hO
saW WCrC sQCrma!OzOa. 1n !hO mamm, Crma!OzOa
1OO I BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
arO nhnlOly OasOr lO hnO anO lO sOO lhan OVa. hO
human OVa arO OmllOO OnO al a lmO, anO unOrllZOO
ulOrnO OVa Or VOry Oarly OmDryOs WOrO unll rOCOnlly
rarlOs n lhO analOmCal COllOClOns. hus lhO Oarly
msCrOsCOQsls WOrO unOOr lhO VOry nalural lOmQlalOn
lO rOyarO lhO sQOrmalOZOOn as lhO Only mQOrlanl OlO
mOnl n lhO OOVOlOQmOnl O lhO yOuny, anO lO ynOrO
OnlrOly lhO QOssDlly O lhO as yOl unODsOrVOO QhO
nOmOnOn O OrllZalOn urlhOrmOrO, lhOr mayna
lOn OsQlayOO lO lhOm n lhO rOnl sOymOnl OrhOaO O
lhO sQOrmalOZOOn a mnulO Olus, rOllOO uQ Wlh hOaO
OrWarO hs Olus Was suQQOsOO lO COnlan n lsOl
sQOrmalOZOa WhCh WOrO lO OOVOlOQ nlO lhO nOXl
yOnOralOnOOlusOs anOaOulls,anOsOOn0innitum.
hO OmalO Was suQQOsOO lO DO mOrOly lhO nursO O
lhOsQOrmalOZOOn.
L COursO, rOm lhO mOOOrn QOnl O VOW, lhs DOl
Oyy s smQly alsO. hO sQOrmalOZOOn anO lhO OVum
arO nOarly OQual Qar!CQanls n OOlOrmnny nOVOua
hOrOOly. 1urlhOrmOrO, lhO yOrm COlls O lhO ulurO
yOnOralOn arO COnlanOO n lhOm In u886, anO nOl
t 8886. NallOr s nOl nhnlOly OVsDlO, nOr nOOOO
rOm any aDsOlulO slanOQOnl s lVOryhnOly OVsDlO
anO lhO suCCOssVO OmnlOns rOQurOO lO Orm lhO
OOuWOnhOOk sQOrmalOZOOn O a mOOOralOly hyh Or-
OOr WOulO VOry QuCkly lOaO us OOWn DOyOnO OlOC-
lrOnClOVOls.
1n lhO VOW nOW QrOValOnl, as OQQOsOO lO lhO
ODnlZanVOW, lhO COnlnuly O annOVOual has a
VOry OOhnlO DOynnny n lmO, Dul l may OVOn haVO
a lOrmnalOn n lmO QulO aQarl rOm lhOOOalh OlDO
nOVOual 1l s WOll knOWn lhal lhO hrsl COll OVsOn
OlhOOrllZOOOVumOarOylOaOslOlWOCOlls,WhCD
Can DO sOQaralOO unOOr aQQrOQralO COnOlOns 1 lhOy
arO sO sOQaralOO, OaCh Wll yrOW nlO a COmQlOlO rOy.
hs s nOlhny Dul lhO nOrmal QhOnOmOnOn O OOnl-
CallWnnny n a CasO n WhChlhOanalOmCal aCCOss-
lly O lhO OmDryO s sumCOnl lO QOrml
CFNTC W 8OI I0I
OXQOrmOnlalOn. 1l s OXaClly Whal OCCurs n human
OOnlCallWns,anOs lhOnOrmalQhOnOmOnOnnlhOsO
aaOllOs lhal DOar a sOl O OOnlCal QuaOruQOls at
OaCh Drlh. l s !hO QhOnOmOnOn, mOrOOVOr WhCh
yVOs rsO !O OOuDlO mOnslOrs, WhOn lhO sOQaralOn O
lhOlWOQar!sO!hOOmDryOsnCOmQ!O!O.
hs QrOD!Om O lWnnny may nOl hOWOVOr aQQOar
as mQOr!an! al hrs! syh! as lrOa!!y s, DOCausOl OOOs
nOl COnCOrn anma!s Or human DOnys Wlh Whal may
DO COnsOOrOO WO!!OOVO!OQOO mnOs anO sOuls. POl
OVOn !hO QrODlOm O lhO OOuDlO mOnslOr, lhO mQOr-
OC!!y sOQara!OO lwns, s lOO sOrOus n !hs rOsQOCl.
NaD!O OOuD!O mOnslOrs musl a!ways haVO O!hOr a
snylO COn!ra! nOrVOus sys!Om Or a WO!!OOVO!OQOO Qar
OsOQaralO Drans. hO OmCu!!y arsOs a! anOlhOr lOVOl
n!hOQrOD!OmOsQ!!QOrsOna!!Os.
A yOnOralOn ayO, Lr. NOr!On rnCO O MarVarO
yaVO lhO CasODslOry O a yr!, w!hn WhOsO DOOy sOV-
Ora! O!!OrOrWOrsOOOVO!OQOO QOrsOna!!Os sOOmOO lO
suCCOOO OnO anO!hOr, anO OVOn !O a COr!an OX!Onl lO
COOXsl. 1!s lhOashOnnOwaOays Or !hO QsyChalrsls
lO lOOk OOWn lhOr nOsOs a !!!!O D! whOn Lr. rnCOs
WOrk s mOn!OnOO, anO lO a!!rDu!O !hO QhOnOmOnOn
lO hyslOra. l s Qu!O QOssD!O !ha! !hO sOQara!On O
lhOQOrsOnal!OsWasnOVOrasCOmQ!OlOas rnCOsOmO-
UmOs aQQOars !O haVO lhOuyh!l!O DO, Dul Or a!! !hat
l Was a sOQaralOn. hO WOrO `hyslOra rOOrs lO a
QhOnOmOnOn WO!! ODsOrVOODylhOOOC!Ors, DulsOllllO
OXQ!anOO lhal l may DO COnsOOrOO Dul anO!hOr QuOs-
!OnDOyynyOQlhOl.
nO lhny al any ralO s ClOar. hO QhysCal OOnlly
O annOVOua!OOOs nOl COnssln!hO ma!lOr OWhCh
l
s maOO. NOOOrn mO!hOOs O layyny lhO OlOmOnls
Qar!CQa!nynmO!aDO!sm haVO shOWn a muCh hyhOr
!urnOVOr lhan Was lOny lhOuyhl QOssD!O, nOl On!y O
lhO DOOy as a WhOlO, Dul O OaCh anO OVOry COmQOnOnt
| Qar! O l. hO DOlOyCal nOVOua!ly O an Oryansm
sOO
ms lO !O n a COrlan COnlnuly O QrOCOss, anO n
1O2 I BUMAN USE CF HUMAN BEINGS
!hC mCmOry Dy !hC Oryansm O !hC CdCC!s O !s Qas!
OCVC!OQmCn! hs aQQCars !O hO!O a!sO O !s mCn!al
OCVC!OQmCn!. 1n !Crms O !hC COmQu!ny maChnC, !hC
nOVOua!!yOamnO!Cs n !hCrC!Cn!OnO!s Car!Cr
!aQnys anO mCmOrCs, anO n !s COn!nuCO OCVC!OQ-
mCn!a!Ony!nCsalrCaOylaOOu!.
\nOCr!hCsC COnO!Ons, ]us! as a COmQu!ny maChnC
may DC usCO as a Qa!!Crn On WhCh !O !aQC O!hCr COm-
Qu!ny maChnCs, anO ]us! as !hC u!urC OCVC!OQmCn!
O !hCsC !WO maChnCs W!! COn!nuC Qara!!Cl CXCCQ!Or
u!urC ChanyCs n !aQny aO CXQCrCnCC, sO !OO, !hCrC
s nO nCOnss!CnCy n a !Vny nOVOua! Orkny Or
OVarCa!nyn!O!WOnOVOua!s sharn!hCsamCQas!,
Du! yrOWnymOrCanOmOrC OdCrCn! hssWha!haQ-
QCns W!h OCn!Ca! !Wns Du! !hCrC s nO rCasOn Why
! COu!O nO! haQQCnW!h Wha! WC Ca!! !hC mnO W!h-
Ou! a sm!ar sQ!! O !hC DOOy. O usC COmQu!ny-ma-
ChnC !anyuayC ayan, a! sOmC s!ayC a maChnC WhCh
Was QrCVOus!y assCmD!CO n an a!!-OVCr mannCr may
hnO !s COnnCC!Ons OVOCO n!O Qar!a! asCmD!Cs
W!h a hyhCr Or !OWCr OCyrCC O nOCQCnOCnCC. hs
WOu!ODCa COnCCVaD!CCXQ!ana!OnOrnCCsODsCrVa-
!Ons
NOrCOVCr, ! s !hnkaDlC !ha! !WO laryC maChnCs
WhCh haO QrCVOus!y nO! DCCn COuQ!CO may DCCOmC
COuQ!CO sO as !O WOrk rOm !ha! s!ayC On as a sny!C
maChnC. 1nOCCO !hs sOr! O !hny OCCurs n !hC unOn
O !hC yCrm CC!!s, a!!hOuyh QCrhaQs nO! On Wha! WC
WOu!OOrOnar!yCa!!aQurC!ymCn!a!!CVC!. hCmCn!al
OCn!!y nCCCssary Or !hC LhurCh`s VCW O !hC nO
VOua!!y O !hC sOu! CCr!an!y OOCs nO! CXs! n any
aDsO!u!C sCnsC WhCh WOu!O DC aCCCQ!aD!C !O !hC
LhurCh.
O rCCaQ!u!a!C !hC nOVOual!y O !hC DOOy s !ha!
O a bamC ra!hCr !han !ha! O a s!OnC, O a Orm ra!hCr

!han O a D! O suDs!anCC hs Orm Can DC !rans-

m!!CO Or mOOhCO anO OuQ!Ca!CO, a!!hOuyh a!QrCsCn!
WCknOWOnlyDOW!O OQlCa!C!OVCra shOr! Os!anCO.
CYEBNE1ICS ANb 8OuI
I0_
hCn OnC CCll dVdCs ntO tWO, Or WDCn OnC O thC
gCuCs WhCh CarrCs Our COrgOrCal and mCntal Drth-
ght s sglt u OrdCr tO makC rCady Or a rCduCtOn
dVsOu O a gCrm CCll, WC haVC a sCgaratO n mattCr
WhCh s COndtOuCdDythC gOWCrOa_attCrnOlVng
tssuC tO duglCatC tsCl. uCC ths s sO, thCrC s nO
asOutC dstnCtOn DCtWCCn thC tygCs O transmssOu
WhChWC Can usC Or sCudng a tClCgram rOmCOunt
tO COuutry aud thC tygCs O trausmssOn WhCh at lCast
arC thCOrCtCaly gOssDC Or transmttug a lVng Or
gausmsuChasahumauDCug.
Ct us thCnadmtthatthC dCa that OnC mght COn-
CCVaDly traVCl Dy tCCgragh, n addtOu tO traVClng
Dy trau Or arglanC, s nOt utrusCally aDsurd, ar as
t may DC rOm rCalZatOu. hC dCultCs arC, O
COursC, CuOrmOus. 1t s gOssDC tO CVauatC sOmCthng
kC thC amOuut O sgnhCant uOrmatOn COuVCyCd Dy
al thC gCns n a gCrm CCl, and thCrCDy tO dCtCrmnC
thC amOunt O hCrCdtary nOrmatOn, as COmgarCd
Wth CarnCd uOrmatOn, that a human DCng gOs-
sCssCs. n OrdCr Or ths mCssagCtO DC sgnhCant at all,
tmustCOuVCyatlCastasmuCDuOrmatOnasanCutrC
sCt O thC Lncqc/oeJia ritannica. 1u aCt WC COm-
garC thC numDCr O asymmCtrC CarDOu atOms n all
thC mOCCulCs O a gCrm CCll Wth thC numDCr O dOts
aud dashCs nCCdCd tO COdC thC LncqceJia ritan
nica, WC hnd that thCy COusttutC au CVCn mOrC CuOr-
mOus mCssagC, aud ths s stll mOrC mgrCssVC WhCu
WC rCalZC What thC COndtOns Or tCCgra_hC trans-
mssOn O suCh a mCssagC must DC. Auy sCannng O
thC human Organsm must DC a grODC gOug thrOugD
all ts _arts, and Wll, aCCOrdngly, tCnd tO dCstrOy thC
tssuCOutsWay. O hOldan Organsm staDlCWhlCgart
C
t
s DCng slOWly dCstrOyCd, Wth UC ntCntOn O
rC-
CrC
atng t Out O OthCr matCral ClsCWhCrC, nVOlVCs
a lOWCrug Ots dCgrCCOaCtVty, WhChn mOst CasCs
OulddCstrOylCnthCtssuC.
1uOthCrWOrds,thCaCtthatWCCauuOttClCgraghth
1Oq I IRMAN USE CF mMAN BEINGS
QallOrn O a man rOm OnO QaCO lO anOlhOr sOOms lO
DOOuOlO lOChnCa OmCulOs, anOnQarlCuar, lO lDO
OmCuly OkOOQny an Oryansm nDOny Ourny suCD
a raOCa rOCOnslruClOn. hO OOa lsO s yhy Qau-
sDO. As Or lhO QrODOm O lhO raOCa rOCOnslruClOn
O lhO Vny Oryansm, l WOuO DO harO lO nO any
suCh rOCOnslruClOn muCh mOrO raOCa lhan lhal O a
DullOrbyOurnylsQOrOOasaQuQa.
haVO slalOO lhOsO lhnys, nOl DOCausO Wanl lO
WrO a sCOnCO hClOn slOry COnCOrnny lsO WlD lhO
QOssDly O lOOyraQhny a man, Dul DOCausO l may
hOQ us unOOrslanO lhallhOuOamOnla OOaO COm-
munCalOns lhal OlhO lransmssOn OmOssayOs, anO
lhal lhO DOOy lransmssOn O mallOr anO mOssayOs s
Ony OnO COnCOVaDO Way Oallannylhal OnO. lW
DO WO lO rOCOnsOOr Qnys lOsl O UO mQOrlanCO
O lramC n lhO mOOOD WOrO rOm lhO QOnl O VOW
O a lramC WhCh s OVOrWhOmnyy nOl sO muCh lhO
ansmssOn O human DOOOs as lhO lransmssOn O
DumannOrmalOn.
N
IAW AND COMMCNlCA7lON
LaW may DO OOhnOO as lhO OlhCa! nlrO! aQQOO
tO
COmmuCalOn, anO lO !anyuayO as a Orm O COm-
munCalOn, OsQOCa!!y WhOn lhs nOrmalVO asQOCt s
unOOr lhO COnlrO! O sOmO aulhOrly sumCOnl!y slrOng
tO yVO ls OOCsOns an OdOClVO sOCa! sanClOn. 1t s
thO QrOCOss OaOjuslny lhOCOuQ!nysCOnnOClnythO
DOhaVOr O O OrOnl nOVOua!s n suC a Way Uat
Whal WO Ca!! jslCO may DO aCCOmQ!shOO, anO Os-
QulOs may DO aVOOOO, Or al !Oasl aO]uOCalOO hus
lhO lhOOry anO QraClCO O lhO !aW nVO!VOs lWO sOls
O QrOD!Oms lhOsO O ls yOnOra! QurQOsO, O ls COn-
COQlOnOjuslCO anO lhOsO OlhOlOChnQuO DyWhCh
lhOsOCOnCOQlsOjuslCOCanDOmaOOOdOClVO.
LmQrCa!!y, lhO COnCOQls O uslCO WhCh mOn haVO
manlanOO lhrOuyhOul hslOry arO as VarOO as lhO rO-
!yOns O lhO WOr!O, Or lhO Cu!lurOs rOCOynOO Dy
anlhrOQO!Oysls. 1 OOuDll s QOssD!OlO]usly lhOm
Dy any hyhOr sanClOn lhan Our mOra! COOO lsO,
WhCh s nOOOO On!y anOlhOr namO Or Our COnCOQlOn
O juslCO. As a QarlCQanl n a !DOra! Oul!OOk WhCh
has ls man rOOls n lhO OsOD lraOlOn, Dut WhCh
has OXlOnOOO lsO! lO lhOsO LaslOrn COunlrOs WhCh
haVO a slrOng nlO!!OClua!-mOra! lraOlOn, anO has H
OOOODOrrOWOO OOOQ!yrOmlhOm, 1CanOn!yslalOWhat
mysOanOlhOsO aDOut mO COnsOOr nOCOssaryOrthO
OXslOnCO O ]uslCO. hO DOsl WOrOs lO OXQrOss lhOsO
rOQurOmOnls arO lhOsO O lhO 1rOnCh OVO!utOn
Liberte, Egohte, Frateruite. OsO mOan lhO !DOrty
OOaCh human DOny tO OOVO!OQ nhs rOOOOm Ou
ob 7 BUMAN USE OF BUMAN BEINGS
mCa8uIC O tDC Duman QO88DtC8 CmDOOCO n Dm
tDCCQuatyDyWDCD WDat 8 u8tOIA anO ICman8
]u8t WDCn tDC QO8tOn8 O A anO aIC ntCICDanCO
anO a OOO WDCtWCCnman anO man tDatknOW8 no
mt8 8DOIt O tDO8C O Dumanty t8C. DC8C ICat
QInCQC8 O u8tCC mCan anO OCmanO tDat nO QCI8On,
Dy VIItuC O tDC QCI8Ona 8tICntD O D8 QO8tOn, 8Da
!
CnOICC a 8DaIQ DaIan Dy OuIC88. YDat COmQu8On
tDC VCIy CX8tCnCC O tDC COmmunty anO tDC 8tatC may
OCmanO mu8tDCCXCIC8COn 8uCD a Waya8 tO QIOOuCC
nOunnCCC88aIynInCmCntOICCOOm.
ut nOt CVCn tDC ICatC8t Duman OCCCnCy anO DCI-
a8mW,nt8C, a88uIC aaI anOaOmn8tIaDCCa
COOC. C8OC8 tDC CnCIa InCQC8 O u8tCC, tDC aW
mu8t DC 8O CCaI anO ICQIOOuCDC tDat tDC nOVOua
CtZCn Can a88C88D8IDt8 anOOutC8 n aOVanCC, CVCn
WDCIC tDCy aQQCaI tO COnCt WtD tDO8C O OtDCI8. C
mu8t DC aDC tO a8CCItan WtD a ICa8OnaDC CCItanty
WDat VCW a uOC OI a uIy W takC O D8 QO8tOn.
1 DC CannOt OO tD8, tDC Ca COOC, nO mattCI DOW
WC ntCnOCO, W nOt CnaDC Dm tO CaO a C ICC
IOmtatOn anOCOnu8On.
Ct u8 OOk at tDC mattCI IOm tDC 8mQC8t QOnt O
VCWtDat OtDC COntIaCt. CIC A takC8 On a IC8QOn8
Dty O QCIOImIn a CCItan 8CIVCC WDCD n CnCIa
W DC aOVantaCOu8 tO , WDCICa8 a88umC8 n IC-
tuIn tDC IC8QOn8Dty O QCIOImn a 8CIVCC OI
makn a QaymCnt aOVantaCOu8 tO A. 1 t 8 unam-
DuOu8y CCaI WDat CaCD ta8k anO CaCD QaymCnt s
tODC, anOOnCOtDCQaItC8OOC8nOtnVOkmCtDOO8
O mO8n D8 W On tDC OtDCIQaIty WDCD aIC OI-
Cn tO tDC COntIaCt t8C, tDCn tDC OCtCImnatOn O
WDCtDCI tDC DaIan 8 CQutaDC may 8aCy DC Ct
tO tDC uOmCnt O tDC tWO COntIaCtn QaItC8. 1 t
8 manC8ty nCQutaDC, at Ca8t OnC O tDC COntIaCt
n QaItC8 may DC 8uQQO8CO tO DC n tDC QO8tOn O
DCn aDC tO IC]CCt tDCDaIanatOCtDCI.YDat, DOW
CVCI, tDCy CannOt DCCXQCCtCO tO 8CttC WtD any u8tCC
LJDLb fD bLJ 1O
/
aOny lDCmsCVCs s lDC mCanny O lDC DaIyan
lDC lCIms CmQOyCC DaVC nO CslaDsDCC synhCanCC,
OI I! lDC sIynIhCanCC VaIICs IOm COuIl lO COuIl. Dus
l Is lDC hIslCuly O lDC aV lO sCC lDal lDC ODyalIOns
anC IIDls yVCn lO an nCIICua In a CCIlan slalCC
sIl
ualIOn DC unamDyuOus. NOICOVCI, lDCIC sDOuC DC
a
DOCy O! Cya nlCIQIClalOn VDICD Is as aI as QOs-
sIDC InCCQCnCCnl O lDC V anC lDC nlCIQIClalOn
O! lDC QaIlCuaI aulDOIlCs COnsulCC. CQIOCuCIDIly
Is
QIIOI lO CQuIly, OIVlDOulIl lDCIC CanDCnO CQuIly.
l aQCaIs IOm lDs VDy QICCCCCnl Das a VCIy m-
QOIlanl lDCOIClCa VCyDl n mOsl Cya syslCms, anC
VDy n a Cya syslCms Il Das an IQOIlanl QIaClCa
VCIyDl. DCIC aIC lDOsC Cya syslCms VDCD QuIQOrt
lO DC DasCC On CCIlan aDslIaCl QIInCIQCs O uslCC.
C Oman aV anC ls CCsCCnCanls, VDCD nCCCC
COnslIlulC lDC yICalCI QaIl O lDC aV O lDC uIOQCan
COnlInCnl, DCOny lO lDs Cass. DCIC aIC OlDCI syslCms
IkClDal OlDC nyIsDaV, nVDICD lsOQCnyslalCC
lDal QCCCCCnl s lDC man Dass Cya lDOuyDl. n
CIlDCI CasC, nO nCV CyalCIm Dasa COmQClCy sCCuIC
mCanny unl l anC ls mlalOns DaVC DCCn CClCI-
nCC In QIaClCC anC lDs s a mallCI O QICCCCCnl.
O Uy n lDC aCC O a CCCsOn VDCD Das DCCn maCC
n an aICaCy CXslny CasC s lO allaCk lDC unQuCnCss
OlDCnlCIQIClalOnO Cya anyuayC anC sIpcjato
a CausC O nCClCImInalCnCss anC VCIy QIODaDy O a
COnsCQuCnl nuslCC. VCIy CasC CCCCCC sDOuC aC
VanCC lDC CChnlOn O lDC Cya lCIms nVOVCC n a
annCI COnsslCnl VlD Qasl CCCsOns, anC l sDOuC
CaC naluIay On lO nCV OnCs. VCIy QICCC O QDIasC-
OOyy sDOuC DC lCslCC Dy lDC CuslOm O lDC QaCC anC
O
lDC hCC O Duman aClVly lO VDCD l s ICCVanl.
DC uCyCs, lDOsC lO VDOm s COnhCCC lDC lask O lDC
nlCIQIClalOn OlDC aV, sDOuCQCIOImlDCIunClOn
n s
uCD a sQIl lDal juCyCA s ICQaCCC y juCyC ,
lDC CXCDanyC CannOl DC CXQCClCC lO makC a malCa
CDanyC n lDC COuIls nlCrQIClalOn O CuslOms anC o
t '
1Oo I BUMAN USE CF HUMAN BEINGS
8t8tutC8. D8 u8tut8y mu8t tC)8u tC 8CmC CXtCut B
UC8 t8tDCt tD8u 8 ]ait accom/i; Dut uuC88 WC 8t
CC8CCCWCt8 CtDC8C UC88,C 8D8 D8VC CD8C8, 8D
WD8t 8 WCt8C, 8 uC-m8u8 8uU u WDCD U8DCuC8t mC
[tCy Cu tDC UCtCuCC8 u [CS8DC utCt[tCt8tCu
tDC8t8tutC8.
CtD8 8VCty CDVCu8 u DC m8ttCt CCCutt8Ct!
Dut u 8Ct t CXtCuU8 QutC 8t utC CtDCt Dt8uCDC8 U
tDC 8W, 8uU [8ttCu8ty C tDO CV 8W. 1Ct mC V
8u CX8m[C. , DCC8u8C C tDC C8tCC88uCs8 C 8u Cu
[CyCC 1, U8m8C8 8 [CCC C [1C[Ctty DCCuu tC L
YDC 8 tC t8kC tDC C88, 8uU u WD8t [tC[CttCu
tDC8C m8ttCts 8tC kuCWu CQu8y u 8UV8uCC tC CVCt
DCUy, tDCu t 8 [C88DC Ct tDC _Ct8Cu uCtm8y t8ku
tDC tC8tC8t t8ktC CD8tC8 tCatCt [tCCCt D8 uuUCt
t8ku8 8uU tDu8 tC usutC DmSC. 1y tDC8C mC8u8 D
m8y C8uCC 8CmC CCu8UCt8DC[8tt CD8 U88UV8ut8t
DC CuCt8 CCCt C tD8 8 tC S[tC8U tDC C88 CVCt tD
CCmmuuty, 8CtD8tuCm8u88DutCCt 8D8DCtuuCD
Du8 tDC 8W C tCtt8 tCuU8 tO [8tt8kC 8CmCWD8t U
tDC 88mC u8tutC 88 tDC 8W C CCutt8Ct8. uy C8 t6
8[Cu8Dty WDCD uVCVC8 CXOtDt8ut [C88DtC8 U
C88 W CuCt8y m8kC tDC [Ct8Cu uCuttu tDC C8
[888 D8 t8k Cu tC tDC CCmmuuty 8t 8tC u tDC C
C 8u uCtC88CU [tCC Ct D8 OCU8, Ct uCtC88CU CC
CtD8 8CtVCC8. mCtC, 88WC 88 utDC C88C CCCutt8Ct
uu8mDuty, [tCCCUCut, 8uU 8 CCU CC8t tt8UtCu U
utCt[tCt8tCu8tCWCttDmCtC tD8u8tDCCtCtC8 CQuty
[8ttCu8tyutDC888C88mCutCtC8[Cu8DtC8.
DCtC 8tC, C COut8C, CXCC[tOu8 tC tDC8C 8t8tCmCut!
Ct CX8m[C, tDC CU 8W C m[t8CumCut Ct UCD
W88 uCQut8DC u tD8t t [ut tDC uUVUu8 tC8[CB
8DC Ct [8yu tDC UCDt u CX8Cty tD8t [C8tCu I
DCD DC W88 C88t C8[8DC C aCQutu tDC mC8u8 t
[8y. DCtC 8tC m8uy 8W8 8t [tC8Cut WDCD 8tC B
CQut8DC, DCC8u8C, Ct CX8m[C, tDCy 888umC 8 tCC
UCm C CDCCC Cu tDC [8tt C OuC [8tty WDCD uuUC
CX8tu 8CC8 CtCum8t8uCC8 S uCt tDCtC. YD8t D8
CYENCS AN SOu1Y
D
Cn

ad
aDOut mgr8OnmCntOr dCDt8Cguay
Vald
.
C
t
(
Ca8C O gCOnagC, and O many OthCr 8mlary

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(u
8O
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Cu8tOm8.
a

C
arC tO Carry Outa ghlO8Oghy O lDCrty,
Cgual-
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a
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ratC
rnty, thCn n addtOn tO thC dCmand
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C8gO
n8D!ty 8hOuld DC unamDguOu8, WC mu8t
a
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dCmandthatt 8hOu!d nOt DC O 8uCh a naturC
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garty aCt8 undCr durC88, lCaVng thC OthCr
r
CC.
hC
h8tOry O Our dCalng8 Wth thC 1ndan8 8
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n8t
anCC8 n_Ont, DOthOrthCdangCr8 OdurC88
and
IC
dangCr8 O amDguty. rOm thC VCry Cary
tm
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thC COlOnC8, thC 1ndan8 had nCthCr thC Dulk

O
0
u!atOn nOr thC Cgua!ty O arm8 tO mCCt thC

Wh
Ic
OnaarDa88,C8_CCa!lyWhCnthC8O-Cal!Cdland
trCa
(8 DCtWCCn thC WhtC8 and thC 1ndan8 WCrC DC-

ng
0c
gOtatCd. C8dC8 th8 grO88 n]u8tCC, thCrCWa8 a
8Cm
a0
IC nu8tCC, WhCh Wa8 gCrhag8 CVCn grCatCr.
hC
dan8 a8 a huntng gCOglC had nO dCa O and
a8 gr
vatC grOgCrty. Or thCm thCrC Wa8 nO 8uCh OWu-
Cr8h a8 OWnCr8hg n CC 8mglC, thOugh thCy dd
haVe
IhC nOtOn O huntng rght8 OVCr 8gCCbC tCrr-
tOre. 1n thC trCatC8 WtD thC 8CttlCr8, What thCy
W8h(d tO COnVCy WCrC huntng rght8, and gCnCrally
On
!y cOnCOmtant huntng rght8 OVCr CCrtan rCgOu8.
Ln I0C OthCr hand, thC WhtC8 DClCVCd, WC arC tO
gVC IhCr COnduCt thC mO8t aVOraDlC ntCrgrCtatOu
that can DC a88gnCd tO t, that thC 1ndan8 WCrC COn-

VCy0 tO thCm a ttlC tO OWnCr8hg n CC 8m_C.

nr thC8C CrCum8tanCC8, nOt CVCn a 8CmDlanCC O
]u8tceWa8gO88DlC,nOrddtCX8t.

0CrC thC laW O C8tCrn COuntrC8 8 at grC8Cut

i !Ca8Iat8aCtOry 8 On thC Crmna 8dC. aW 8CCm8 tO
1 COnuCr gun8hmCnt, nOW a8 a thrCat tO d8COutagC
OthegO88DlCCrmnal8,nOWa8a rtualaCtOCXgatOu
On C _art O thC gulty man, nOW a8 dCVCC Ot
rCvng hm rOm8OCCty and OrgrOtCCtng
thC lattCt
rO thC dangCr O tCgCatCd m8COnduCt, aud uO
a8
an
aCnCy Or thC 8OCal and tC mOra tCO
O Uc
11O I BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
ndVdual. hCsC arC Our ddCrCn! !asks, !O DC aC
COmQlshCd Dy Our ddCrCn! mC!hOds and unlCss WC
knOW an aCCura!C Way O QrOQOr!Onny !hCm, Our
WhOlCa!!!uC !O!hCCrmnalWllDCa! CrOssQurQOsCs
A! QrCsCn!, !hC Crmnal laW sQCaks nOW n OnC lan '
yuayC, and nOW n anO!hCr n!l WC n !hC COmmun!y
haVC madC uQ Our mnds !ha! Wha! WC rCally Wan! s
CXQa!On, Or rCmOVal, Or rCOrm, Or !hC dsCOurayC
mCn! OQO!Cn!al Crmnals, WC shall yC! nOnC O!hCsC,
Du!Onlya COnusOnnWhCh CrmCDrCCsmOrC CrmC.
AnyCOdCWhCh s madC, OnC-Our!h On!hC Cyh!CCn!h-
CCn!ury Dr!sh QrCudCC n aVOr O hanyn, OnC
Our!h On !hC rCmOVal O !hC Crmnal rOm sOCC!y,
OnC-Our!h On a halhCar!Cd QOlCy O rCOrm and OnC
Our!h On !hC QOlCy O hanyny uQ a dCad CrOW !O
sCarCaWay!hCrCs!,syOny!O yC!usQrCCsClynOWhCrC.
LC!usQu!!!hs Way !hC hrs!du!y O!hC laW, Wha!
CVCr !hC sCCOnd and !hrd OnCs arC, s !O knO Wha! !
Wan!s hChrs! du!y O !hC lCysla!Or Or !hC udyC s !O
makC ClCar, unamDyuOus s!a!CmCn!s, WhCh nO! Only
CXQCr!s, Du! !hC COmmOn man O !hC !mCs Wll n-
!CrQrC!n OnC Wayandn OnCWayOnly. hC!CChnQuC
O !hC n!CrQrC!a!On O Qas! udymCn!s mus! DC suCh
!ha! a laWyCr shOuld knOW, nO! Only Wha! a COur! has
sad, Du! CVCn W!h hyh QrODaDl!y Wha!!hC COur! s
yOny !O say. hus !hC QrODlCms O laW may DC COn-
sdCrCd COmmunCa!VC and CyDCrnC!C!ha! s, !hCy
arC QrODlCms O OrdCrly and rCQCa!aDlC COn!rOl O CCr
!anCr!Cals!ua!Ons.
hCrC arC Vas! hClds O laW WhCrC !hCrC s nO sa!s
aC!Ory sCman!C ayrCCmCn!DC!WCCn Wha! !hC la n-
!Cnds !O say, and !hC aC!ual s!ua!On !ha! ! COn!Cm-
Qla!Cs. CnCVCr suCh a !hCOrC!Cal ayrCCmCn! als !O
Cxs!,WC shallhaVC !hC samC sOr! OnO-mans land !ha!
aCOs us WhCn WC haVC !WO CurrCnCy sys!Cms W!hOu!
an aCCCQ!Cd Dass O CXChanyC. n !hC zOnC O unCOn-
Orm!yDC!WCCn OnC COurl and anO!hCrOrOnO COnayC
and anO!hCr,lhCrC s alWays a rCuC Or !hC dshOnCs!
CYBEBNE1ICS ANb SCCIETY 111
OO!Cman, WhO W!! aCCCQ! QaymCn! nC!hCr hnan-
Ca!!y nOr mOra!!y CXCCQ! n !hC sys!Cm mOs! aVOraD!C
!O hm, anO W!! yVC ! On!y n !hC sys!Cm n WhCh hC
sa
Cr
CCs !Cas!. hC yrCa!Cs! OQQOr!un!y O !hC Crm-

na!
n !hC mOOCrn COmmun!y !Cs n !hs QOs!On as a
Os
hOnCs! DOkCr n !hC n!Crs!CCs O !hC !aW. haVC
QOn!COOu!nanCar!CrChaQ!Cr!ha!nOsC, rCyarOCO as
a COnusny aC!Or n human COmmunCa!Ons, s Oam
ayny Du! nO! COnsCOus!y ma!COus. hs s !ruC as ar
as sCCn!hC COmmunCa!On yOCs, anO !O a !aryC CX!Cn!
n OrOnary COnVCrsa!On DC!WCCn !WO QCOQ!C. ! s
mOs!CmQha!Ca!!y nO!!ruC n !anyuayC as ! s usCOn
!hC!aWCOur!s.
hC WhO!C na!urC O Our !Cya! sys!Cm s !ha! O a
COnC!. ! s a COnVCrsa!On n WhCh a! !Cas! !hrCO
Qar!Cs !akC Qar!-!C! us say, n a CV! CasC, !hC Q!an-
!d, !hC OCCnOan!, anO !hC !Cya! sys!Cm as rCQrCsCn!CO
DyuOyCanOury.!sa yamCn!hCu!!NOnPCumann
sCnsC a yaC n WhCh !hC !!yan!s !ry Dy mC!hOOs
WhCh arC !m!CO Dy !hC COOC O !aW !O OD!an !hO
uOyC anO !hC ury as !hCr Qar!nCrs. n suCh a yamO
!hC OQQOsny !aWyCr, un!kC na!urO !sC!, Can anO
OC!DCra!C!y OOCs !ry !O n!rOOuCC COnusOn n!O !hO
mCssayCs O!hC sOC hC s OQQOsny. MC!rCs !O rCOuCO
!hCr s!a!CmCn!s !O nOnsCnsC, anO DC OC!DCra!C!y am
!hCmCssayCsDC!WCCnhsan!ayOns!anO!hCuOyCanO
ury. n !hs ammny, ! s nCV!aD!C !ha! D!ud shOu!O
OCCasOna!!y DC a! a rCmum. MCrCWC OO nO! nCCO !O
!akC !hC Lr!C b!an!Cy LarOnCr OC!CC!VC s!OrOs a
!hCr aCC Va!uC as OCsCrQ!Ons O !Cya! QrOCCOurC !O
sCC !ha! !hCrC arC OCCasOns n !!yaOn WhCrC D!u
Or!hCsCnOnyOmCssayCsW!ha OC!DCra!CQurQOsCO
COnCCa!ny !hC s!ra!Cyy O !hO sCnOCr s nO! On!y Cr
m!!CODu!CnCOurayOO.

COMMCNlCA7lON, SLCLCY,
AND SOClAL lOLlCY
1n thO WOr!d O adars, thO !astOWyOars haVO DOO
CharaCtOrzOd Dy tWO OQQOstO, OVOn COntradCtOry
trOnds. Ln thO OnO hand, WO haVO a nOtWOrk O COm-
munCatOn ntranatOna and ntOrnatOna!,mOrOCOm-
Q!OtO than hstOry has OVOr DOOrO sOOn Ln thO OthOr
hand undOr thO mQOtus O bOnatOr NCLarthy anO m
mtatOrs, thO D!nd and OXCOssVO C!asshCatOn O
m!tary nOrmatOn, and thO rOCOnt allaCks On thO
btatO LOQartmOnt, WO arO aQQrOaChny a sOCrOtVO
ramO O mnd Qara!O!Od n hstOy On!y n thO NOnCO
OthOOnassanCO.
hOrO thO OXtraOrdnary QrOCsO nOWs-yathOrny
sOVCOs OthONOnOtan amDassadOrs WhChOrm OnO
OOurChOsOurCOs OLurOQOanhstOry aCCOmQanOO
a natOna! ]Oa!Ousy O sOCrOts OXayyOratOO tO suCh an
OXtOnt that thO statO OrdOrOd thO QrVatO assassnalOn
O Omyrant artsans tO mantan thO mOnOQOy O COr-
tan ChOsOn arts anO Crats. hO mOdOD yamO O COQs
anO rODDOrs WhCh sOOms tO CharaCtOrzO DOth ussa
anO thO \ntOO btatOs, thO tWO QrnCQa COntOstants
Or WOrO QOWOr O ths COntury, suyyOsts lhO OO
1ta!anCOakanddayyOrmOOdramaQayOOOna muCh
!aryOrstayO.
hO 1tay O thO OnassanCO Was asO thO sCOnO O
thO rthQanys O mOdOrn sCOnCO. MOWOVOr, lhO sC
OnCO O thO QrOsOnt day s a muCh aryOr unOOlakng
Uan that O OnassanCO 1tay. 1t shOu!O DO QOssDOtO
OxamnO a thO OOmOnts OnOrmatOn anO sOCrOCyn
CYEBETICS AN SOIETY
t

C
O
OCrn
WOrlO Wth a sOmCWhat yrCatCr maturty
a
n
O
OD]
CCtVt
y than DClOny tO thC thOuyhtO thOtmCs
O

aCh
aVCll. hs s QartCularly sO n VCW O thC
a
Ct
tha
t, as
WC haVC sCCn, thC stuOyO COmmunCatOn

as
nO rCaChCO a OCyrCC O nOCQCnOCnCO anO au-
t
Or
ty
makny t a sCCnCC n ts OWn ryht. at OOCs
OOC
rn
sCCnCC haVC tO say COnCCrnny thC status anO
un
CtOnsOCOmmunCatOnanOsCCrCCy
1 am Wrtny ths DOOk Qrmarly Or mCrCans H
WhOsC CnVrOnmCnt QuCstOns O nOrmatOn Wll DC
CValuatCO aCCOrOny tO a stanOarO mCrCan CrtCrOn
a thny s ValuaDlC as a COmmOOty Or What t Wll
Drny n thC OQCn markCt. hs s thC OmCal OOCtrnO
O an OrthOOOXy WhCh t s DCCOmny mOrC anO mOrC
QCrlOus Ora rCsOCntOthC \ntCO btatCs tO QuCstOn
1ts QCrhaQs WOrth WhlC tO QOnt Out that t OOCs nOt
rCQrCsCnt a unVCrsal Dass O human ValuCs that t
COrrCsQOnOs nCthCr tO thC OOCtrnC O thO LhurCh,
WhCh sCCks Or UC salVatOn OthOhman sOul, nOrtO
that O NarXsm, WhCh ValuCs a sOCCty Or ts rCal-
zatOn O CCrtan sQCChC OCals O human WCllDCny.
hC atC O nOrmatOn n thO tyQCally mCrCan
WOrlO s tO DCCOmC sOmCthny WhCh Can DC DOuyht
OrsOlO.
1t s nOt my DusnCss tO CaVl WhCthCr ths mOrCan
tlC atttuOC s mOral Or mmOral Crass Or suDtlC. t s
my DusnCss tO shOW that t lCaOs tO thC msunOCr
stanOny anO thC mstrCatmCnt O nOrmatOn anO ts
assOCatCO COnCCQts. 1 shall takO ths uQ n sOVOral
hClOs,DCynnnyWththatOQatCntlaW.
hC lCttCrs QatCnt yrantny tO an nVCntOr a lmtOO
mOnOQOly OVr thC suD]CCt mattOr O hs nVCntOn ar
Or hm What a ChartCr s tO a ChartCrCO COmQany
ChnO Our QatCnt laW anO Our QatCnt QOl s a
mQlCt QhlOsOQhy O rVatO QrOQCrty anO O Uc
ryhts thCrCtO. hs QhlOOQhy rCQrCsOntCO a aly
ClOsC aQQrOXmatOn tO thO aCtual stuatOn n thO nO
OnOny CrOO WhCn nVCntOns WCrO yOnCrally aOO
IIq I BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
n !hC shOQ Dy sk!!CO hanOCra!smCn. 1! OOCs nO! rC
rCsCn! CVCn a QassaD!C C!urC O !hC nVCn!Ons O !D
C

QrCsCn!Oay.

hC s!anOarO Qh!OsOQhy O !hC Qa!Cn! OmCC QrC

suQQOsCs !ha! Dy a sys!Cm O !ra! anO CrrOr mQ!yn

g

Wha!s yCnCra!!y Ca!!COmCChanCa! nyCnu!y, a Cra!s

man has aOVanCCO rOm a yVCn !CChnQuC !O a ur!hCr
s!ayC, CmDOOCO n a sQCChC aQQara!us hC !aW Os
!nyushCs !hC nyCnu!y WhCh s nCCCssary !O makC }
!hs nCW COmDna!On rOm !hC O!hCr sOr! O nyCnu!y
WhCh s nCCCssary !O hnO Ou! sCCn!hCaC!s aDOu! !hC
WOr!O. hs sCCOnO sOr! OnyCnu!y s !aC!CO !hC Jis
cocrq o] a /a o] naturc; anO n !hC ntCO b!a!Cs,
as WC!! as n many O!hCr COun!rCs W!h sm!r n-
Ous!ra! QraC!CCs, !hC !Cya! COOC OCnCs !O !hC Os
COVCrCr any QrOQCr!y ryh!s n a !aW O na!urC WhCD
hC may haVC OsCOVCrCO. ! W!! C sCCn !ha! a! OnC
!mC !hs Os!nC!On Was ar!y QraC!Ca!, Or !hC shOQ
nVCn!Orhas OnCsOr! O!raO!OnanODaCkyrOunO, anO
!hCmanOsCCnCChasa!O!a!!yOdCrCn!OnC.
hCLanC!LOyCCOLCkCnsLitt/cDorrit,sC!Car!y
nO! !O DC ms!akCn Or !hC mCmDCrs O !hC NuOOy
AssOCa!On WhCh LCkCns !rCa!s C!sCWhCrC. hC hrsl,
LCkCns y!OrhCs as !hC COmmOn sCnsC Cra!sman W!D
!hC DrOaO !humD O !hC hanO WOrkCr, anO !hC hOnCs!y
O !hC man WhO s a!Ways aCny aC!s WhCras !hC
NuOOy ssOCa!On s nO!hny Du! a OCrOya!Ory a!as
Or !hC Dr!sh AssOCa!On Or !hC AOVanCCmCn! O
bCCnCC n !s Car!y Oays. LCkCns rCV!Cs !hC !a!!Cr as
an assCmD!ayC O ChmCrCa! anO usC!Css OrCamCrs, n
!anyuayCWhChbW!WOu!OnO!haVCOunOnaOCQua!C

lOOCsCrDC!hCQrOCC!OrsOLaQu!a.
POW a mOOCrn rCsCarCh !aDOra!Ory suCh as !hal O
lhC DC!!C!CQhOnC LOmQany, Wh!C ! rC!ans LOyCC`s
QraC!Ca!!y, aC!ua!!y COnss!s O !hC yrCa!-yranOCh!-
OrCn O!hC NuOOy AssOCa!On. WC lakC 1araOay as
anOu!s!anOny yC! !yQCa! mCmDCr !DC Car!y Dr!sD
AssOCa!On Or!hC AOVanCCmCn! O bCCnCC, lhC CDan
CYBEBNE1ICS ANb SOE1Y
l
O
lD
C
ICs
CaICD mCn O lDC C!! C!CQDOnC aDOIalO-
I
C
s O
lDC
QICsCnl Cay s COmQ!ClC, Dy Vay O NaXVC!
a
n
d
CaVsCClOLamQDC!!anCbDannOn.
n
lDC
CaI!y Cays O mOCCD nVCnlOn, sCCnCC Vas

aI
aD
CaC O lDC VOIkman. DC !OCksmlD sCl lDC !CVC!
O

m
CCDanCa! COmQClCnCC. A QslOn Vas COnsCCICC
l
O
hl
an
CnnC-Cy!nCCI VDCn, aCCOICn lO all, a
lDn sXQCnCC COu!C usl DC s!QQCC DClVCCn lDC lVO.
lCC!Vas a CIalsmans _IOCuCl, OI sVOICs anC aImOI
IOn Vas lDC slIny, s!ab!!CC QIOCuCl O lDC QudC!CI.
a
nC! OyCC DaC a !On Vay nCCCC lO O DCOIC sO
QIaClCa! a sCCnlsl as aIaCay COu!CDCnlO suQQ!anl
D
m. l s nOl slIanC lDal lDC QO!Cy O LICal Ilan,
CVCn VDCn CXQICsCC lDIOuD suCD a QuID!nC OIan
as CkCns LICum!OCulOn LmCC, Vas CICClCC lO-
VaId OyCC as lDC lIuC nVCnlO, IalDCI lDan lO lDC
Cnl!CmCn O lDC NuCO bOCCly. DC aDaC!Cam!y
O DCICClaIy DuICauCIals mDl VCaI OyCC lO a
sDaCOV, DCOIC lDCy CCasCC lO ICCI Dm IOm OmCC lO
OCC, Dul lDCy sCCICl!y CaICC Dm, as lDC ICQICsCnla-
lVC O lDC CV nCuslIa!sm VDCD Vas CsQ!aCn
lDCm. DCy nClDCI CaICC, ICsQCClCd, nOI unCCIslOOC
lDCCnlCmCnOlDCNuCOAssOCalOn.
n lDC nlCC blalCs, CsOn ICQICsCnls lDC QICCsC
lIanlOn DClVCCn lDC OyCCs anC lDC mCn O lDC
NudO AssOCalOn 1C Vas DmsC! VCIy muCD O a
OyCC, and Vas CVCn mOIC CCsIOus O aQQCaIn lO DC
OC. PCVCIlDC!Css, DC CDOsC muCODs sla IOm lDC
NudO CamQ 1s ICalCsl nVCnlOn Vas lDal O lDC
nduslIa! ICsCaICD !aDOIalOIy, luInn Oul nVCnlOn8
as a DusnCss. DC LCnCIa! !CClIC LOmany, lDC
CslnDOusC nlCICsls, anC lDC C!! C!CQDOnC aD-
OI
alOI
Cs O!!OVCC n Ds OOlslCQs, CmQ!Oyn sCCn-
ls
ls
Dy DunCICCs VDCIC CsOn CmQ!OyCC lDCm Dy
lC
ns.
nVCnlOn CamC lO mCan, nOl lDC aCClnsDl
O
a
sDO_-VOIkCI, Dul lDC ICsu!l O a CaICu!, COmQIC-
C
nsV
CsCaICDDyalCamOCOmQClCnlsCCnl8
l8.
Al [IC8Cnl, lDC nVCnlOn 8 !Osn l8 CCnlly a8 a
11b I BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BENGS
COmmOOly n lhO aCO O lhO yOnOra! nlO!!OClua
slruClurO O OmOryOnl nVOnlOns Yhal makOs a lhny
a yOOO COmmOOly LssOnla!!y, lhal l Can Qass rO
hanOlO hanOWlhlhO suDslanla!rOlOnlOnOls Va!uO,
anO lhal lhO QOCOs Olhs COmmOOly shOu!O COmDnO
aOOlVO!y n lhO samO Way as lhO mOnOy QaO Or
lhOm. hOWOrlO COnsOrVO lsO!s a VOry COnVOnOnl
QrOQOrly Or a yOOO COmmOOly lO haVO. 1Or OXamQ!O
a yVOn amOunl O O!OC!rCal OnOryy, OXCOQl Or mnulO
!OssOs, s !hO samO al DOlh OnOs O a lransmssOn !nO,
anO lhO QrOD!Om O Qulln a ar QrCO On O!OClrC
OnOryy n k!OWall-hOurs s nOl lOO OmCu!l. A sm!ar
lualOn aQQ!Os lO lhO !aWO lhOCOnsOrValOnOmal _
lOr. Lu OrOnary slanOarOs O Va!uO arO QuanllOs O '
yO!O,WhChsaQarlCu!ar!yslaD!OsOrlOmallOr.

1nOrmalOn, OnlhOOlhOrhanO, CannOl DO COnsOrVOO

as Oas!y, Or as WO haVO a!rOaOy sOOn lhO amOunl O
nOrmalOn COmmunCalOO s rO!alOO lO lhO nOn-aOO-
lVO QuanllyknOWn as OnlrOQy anO OOrs rOm l Dy
ls a!yODraC syn anO a QOssD!O numOrCa! aClOr. |usl
as OnlrOy lOnOs lO nCrOasO sQOnlanOOus!y n a C!OsOO
syslOm, sO nOrmalOn lOnOs lO OOCrOasO jusl as On-
lrOQy s a mOasurO O OsOrOOr, sO nOrmalOn s
mOasurOOOrOOr. 1nOrmalOn anO OnlrOQyarOnOlCOn-
sOrVOO, anO arO OQua!!y unsulOO lO DOny COmmOO-
lOs.
1n COnsOOrny OrmalOn Or OrOOr rOm lhO OCO
nOmC QOnl O VOW, !Ol us lakO as an OXamQ!O a QOCO
O yO!O ]OWO!ry. hO Va!uO s COmQOsOO O lWO Qarls
lhO Va!uO OlhO yO!O, anO lhalO lhO aOn, OrWOrk-
manshQ. YhOn an O!O QOCO O]OWO!ry s lakOn lO lhO
QaWnDrOkOr Or lhO aQrasOr, lhO hrm Va!uO O lhO
QOCOslhalOlhOyO!OOn!y.YhOlhOr a urlhOr a!!OW
anCO s maOO Or lhO aOn Or nOl OOQOnOs On many
aClOrs, suCh as lhO QOrsslOnCO O lhO sO!!Or, lhO sly!O
n aVOr WhOn l Was maOO, lhO QurO!y arlslC Crals
mansQ, lhO hslOrCal Va!uO O lhO QOCO Or usOu
QurQOsOs,anOlhOrOsslanCOOlhODuyOr.
L3DLb Z b 11
7
any a OrlunO Das DCOn lOsl Dy ynOrny lDO OOr
OnCO DOtwOOn lDOsO twO lyQOs O ValuOs, lDal O lDO
yO!OanOlDalOlDOaOn.DOslamQmarkOl,lDOrarC
DOOk markOl, lDO markOl Or banOwCD y!ass anO Or
LunCan DyO urnlurO arO a!! arthCa!, n lDO sOnsO
lDal n aOOlOn lO lDO rOal Q!OasurO wDCD lDO QOssOs-
sOn O suCD an OD]OCl yVOs lO ls OwnOr, muCD O UO
Va!uO OlDO aOn QOrlans nOlOn!y lO lDO rarly OlDO
ODjOCl lsO!, Dul lO lDO mOmOnlary OXslOnCO O an aC
lVO yrOuQ O DuyOrs COmQOlny Or l. A OOQrOssOn
wDCD !mls lDO yrOuQ OQOssD!O DuyOrs, may OVOO
l Dy a aClOr OOur Or hVO, anO a yrOal trOasurO Van-
sDOs nlO nOlDny ]usl Or Wanl O a COmQOllVO Qur-
CDasOr. LOl anOlDOr nOW QOQu!ar CrazO suQQ!anl lDO
O!O n lDO attOnlOn O lDO QrOsQOClVO CO!!OClOrs, anO
ayan lDODOllOm mayOrOQOulOlDOmarkOl. DOrO s
nOQOrmanOnl COmmOnOOnOmnalOrOCO!!OCtOrslaslO,
al !Oasl unl! OnO aQQrOaCDOs lDO DyDCsl !OVO! O aOs-
thOlC Va!uO. LVOn lDOnlDO QrCOs QaOOr yrOalQanl-
nys arO CO!Ossa! rObOClOns O lDO OOsrO O lDO
QurCDasOr Or lDO rOQulalOn O wOa!lD anO COnnOs-
sOurOOm.
DOQrOD!mOlDOwOrkOarlasaCOmmOOlyrasOs
a !aryO numDOr O QuOslOns mQOrlanlnlDO lDOOryO
nOrmalOn. 1nlDOhrslQ!aCO, OXCOQln lDO CasO OlDO
narrOwOslsOrlOCO!!OCtOrwDOkOOQsa!!DsQOssOssOns
unO
OrQOrmanOnl!OCkanO kOy, lDO QDysCal QOssOssOn
O a wOrk O arl s nOlDOr sumCOnl nOr nOCOssary Or
thO DOnOhls O aQQrOCalOnwDCD l COnVOys. 1nOOOO,
lDOrO arO COrtan sOrls O WOrks O arl wDCD arO Os-
sOnla!!yQuD!CralDOrlDanQrValO nlDOraQQOa!,anO
COnCOrnny wDCD lDO QrOD!Om O QOssOssOn s a!mOsl
rrO!OVanl. A yrOalrOsCO ssCarCO!yanOyOlaD!OOOCu-
mOnl,nOrOrlDalmallOrslDODu!OnyOnwDOsOwa!!s
l
s Q!aCOO. OOVOr s lOCDnCa!!y lDO QOssOssOr O
su
CD
wOrks O arl musl sDarO lDOm al !Oasl
wlD lDO
!
mlO
O QuD!C Ual rOQuOnls lDO Du!Onys anO VOry
O
lO
n
WlD lDO WOr!O al !aryO. MO CannOl Q!aC lDOm
11o I BMAN USE OF BMAN BEINGS
n a hrOrOO CaDnOl anO yOal OVOr lhOm al a sma
OnnOr Or a OW COnnOssOurs, nOr shul !hOm uQ a!O-
yOlhOr as QrValO QOssOssOns. hOrO arO VOry OW rOs-
COOs WhCh arO yVOn !hO aOVOn!lOus QrVaCy O !hO
OnO Dy bQuOrOsWhCh aOOrns a aryO Wa O!hO NOX
Can a WhOrO hO sOrVOO a sOn!OnCO Or a QO!Ca
OOnsO.
bOmuCh Or!hO mOrO QhysCa QOssOssOn O a WOrk
Oar!. hOQrODOms OQrOQOr!ynar!O muCh OOOQOr.
LOl us COnsOOr !hO ma!lOr O !hO rOQrOOuC!On O ar-
lslC WOrks. 1l s W!hOul a OOuDl !ruO lhal !hO hnOsl
bOWOrOar!s!CaQQrOCalOnsOnyQOssDOW!hOry-
nas, Dul l s OQuay lruO !hal a DrOaO anO Cul-
Va!OO !as!O may DO Du! uQ Dy a man WhO has nOVOr
sOOn an Oryna O a yrOa! WOrk, anO !ha! Dy ar lhO
yrOa!Or Qar! O !hO aOs!hO!C aQQOa O an ar!s!C CrO-
a!On s !ransm!!OO n COmQO!On! rOQrOOuC!Ons. hO
CasO O musC s smar. YhO O hOarOr yans sOmO
!hny VOry mQOrlan! n !hO aQQrOCa!On O a musCa
COmQOs!On hO s QhysCay QrOsOn! al lhO QOOrm-
anCO, nOVOr!hOOss hs QrOQara!On Or an unOOrs!anO-
ny O!hs QOrOrmanCOW DO sO yrOa!y OnhanCOODy
hOarnyyOOO rOOrOs O!hOCOmQOs!On lhal!sharO
!OsayWhChO!hO!WOs!hOaryOrOXQOrOnCO.
1rOm !hO s!anOQOn! O QrOQOr!y, rOQrOOuC!On-
ryhls arO COVOrOO Dy Our COQyryhl aW. hOrO arO
O!hOr ryh!s WhCh nO COQyryhl aW Can COVOr, WhCh
amOsl OQuay rasO !hO QuOslOn O !hO CaQaCly m
any man !O OWn an ar!s!C CrOa!On n an OOC!VO
sOnsO. MOrO lhO QrODOm O !hO na!urO O yOnunO Ory-
na!y arsOs. 1Or OXamQO, Ourny !hO QOrOO O !hO
hyh OnassanCO, !hO OsCOVOry Dy lh ar!s!s O yO-
OmOlrC QOrsQOC!VO Was nOW anO an arlsl Was aDO
lOyVOyrOalQOasurOD!hOsku OXQO!alOn Olhs
OOmOn! n lhO WOrO aDOul hm. LrO, La nC, anO
lhOr COnlOmQOrarOs OXOmQy lhO n!OrOs! WhCh lhO
OaOny arls!C mnOs O !hO !mO OunO n !hs nO
OOVCO. As lhO arl O OrsQOClVO s OnO hCh, OnCO
CYBEBNE1ICS AND SCCIE1Y
11

mastCrCd raQd!y !OsCs ts ntCrCst thC samC thnythat

Was yrCat n thC hands O ts OrynatOrs s nOW at thC
dsQOsa!OCVCrysCntmCnta!COmmCrCa!artstWhOdC-
syns
tradCCa!Cndars.
Yhat has OCCn sad OCOrC may nOt OCWOrth sayny
ayan and thC nOrmatVC Va!uC O a Qantny Or a
QCC O !tCraturC CannOt OC judyCd WthOut knOWny
WhattCOntansthatsnOtCas!yaVa!aO!C tO thCQuO!C
n COntCmQOrary Or Car!Cr WOrks. t s On!y ndCQCnd-
Cnt nOrmatOn WhCh s CVCn aQQrOXmatC!y addtVC.
hC dCrVatVC nOrmatOn O thC sCCOnd-ratC COQyst
s ar rOm ndCQCndCnt O What has yOnC OCOrC. hus
thC COnVCntOna! !OVC stOry, thC COnVCntOnal dCtCC-
VC stOry thC aVCrayC aCCCQtaO!C suCCCss ta!C O thC
s!Cks, a!! arC suOjCCt tO thC !CttCr Out nOtthC sQrt O
thC !aWO COQyryht. hCrCs nO Orm OCOQyryht!a
that QrCVCnts a mOVC suCCCss rOm OCny O!!OWCd Oy
a strCam O nCrOr QCturCs CXQ!Otny thC sCCOnd anO
thrd !ayCrs O thC QuO!Cs ntCrCst n thC samC CmO-
tOna! stuatOn. PCthCr s thCrC a Way O COQyryhtny
a nCW mathCmatCa!dCa, Or a nCWthCOry suCh as that
O natura! sC!CCtOn, Or anythny CXCCQt thC dCntCa
rCrOduCtOnOthCsamCdCanthCsamCWOrds.
rCQCat,thCQrCVa!CnCC OC!Chss nO aCCdCnt, Ou
nhCrCnt n thC naturC O nOrmatOn. rOQCrty ryhts
n nOrmatOn sudCr rOm thC nCCCssary dsadVantay
tha a QCCC O nOrmatOn, n OrdCr tO COntrOutC tO
thC yCnCra! nOrmatOn O thC COmmunty, must sa
sOmCthnysuOstanta!!yddCrCntrOmthCCOmmuntys
QrCVOus COmmOn stOCk O nOrmatOn. LVCn n C
yCat!assCs O!tCraturC and art, muCh OthC OOVOu
nOrmatVC Va!uC has yOnC Out OthCm, mCrC!y Oy th
aCt that thC QuO!C has OCCOmC aCQuantCO Wth thCr
COntCnts. bChOO!OOys dO nOt !kC bhakCsarC, OCCaus
hC sCCms tO thCm nOthny Out a mass O am!ar QuO-
ta
tO
ns. t s Only WhCnthC study OsuCh an authOr has
Q
CnCtratCO tO a !ayCr dCCQCr than tht hCh has OCCn
asOrOCO ntO tC suCrhCal C!Chs O thC tmC, ta
I20 1 M? b OF M? ?b
WO Can rOOstaD!sh Wth hm an nOrmatVO 0_
anOyVOhmanOWanOrOsh!tOraryVa!uO.
1t s ntOrOstny rOm lhs QOnt O VOW thal thOrO
arOauthOrs anOQantOrsWhO,DythOrWOOOXQ!OratO
O thO aOsthOtC anO ntO!!OCtua! aVOnuOs OQOn tO
B
yVOn ayO, haVO an a!mOst OOstruCtVO nbuOnCO O
thOr COntOmQOrarOs anO suCCOssOrs Or manyyOars. A
QantOr !kO CassO, WhO runs thrOuyh many QOrOOs
anO QhasOs, OnOs uQ Dy sayny a!! thOsO thnys WhCh
arO On thO t O thO tOnyuO O thO ayO tO say, and
na!!y stOr!Os thO Oryna!ty O hs CntOmQOrarOs
anO]unOrs.
hO ntrnsC!mtatOns O thO COmmOOty naturO O
COmmunCatOn arO harO!y COnsOOrOO Dy thO QuD!C al
!aryO. hO man n thO strOOt COnsOOrs that NaOCOnas
haO as hs unCtOn thO urChasO anO stOrayO O WOrks
O art, rathOr than thO OnCOurayOmOnt O thOr CrOatOn
DythOartsts OhsOWntmO. 1na QutO ana!OyOus Way,
hO DO!OVOs that t s QOssD!O tO stOrO uQ thO m!tary
anO sCOntCknOWhOW O UOnatOn n statC!DrarOs
anO !aDOratOrOs, ]ust as t s QOssD!O tO stOrO uQ thO
m!tary WOaQOns O thO !ast War n thO arsOna!s. 1n-
OOOO, hO yOOs urthOr, anO COnsOOrs that nOrmatOn
WhCh has DOOn OOVO!OQOO thO !aDOratOrOs O hs
OWn COuntry s mOra!!y thO QrOQOrty O thal COuntry
anO that thO usO O ths nOrmatOn Dy OthOr natOna!-
tOs nOtOn!y mayDO thO rOsu!t O trOasOn, Dut ntrns-
Ca!!y QartakOs O thO naturO O thOt MO CannOt COn
COVOOaQOCOOnOrmatOnWthOutanOWnOr.
hO OOa that nOrmatOn Can DO stOrOO u a Chang-
ny WOr!O WthOut an OVOrWhO!mny OOQrOCatOn nts
Va!uO s a!sO. 1t s sCarCO!y !Oss a!sO than thO mOrO
Q!ausD!O C!am,thatatOraWarWOmay takOOurOXsl-
ny WOaQOns, !! thOr DarrO!s Wth Cy!nOOr O!, anO
COat thOr OutsOOs Wth sQrayOO ruDDOr !m, anO !Ol
thOmstatCa!!yaWatthOnOXtOmOryOnCy. POW,nVOW
OthOChanyOsnthOtOChnQuOOWar,rbOsstOrOar!y
WO!!, tanks QOOr!y, anO Datt!OshQs and sDmarnOs nOl
CYBFNIIC8 N 8OCuIY 121
ala!! hOaClslhallhOOmCaCyOa WOaQOnOOQOnOs
On QrOCsO!y Whal OlhOr WOaQOns lhOrO arO lO mOCl l
al a VOn lmO, anO On lhO WhO!O OOa O War al lhal
l

O. hs rOsu!lsas has DOOn QrOVOO mOrO lhan OnCO

n
lhO
OXslOnCO O OXCOssVO slOCkQlOs O slOrOO
wOaQOnsWhCharO!kO!ylO slOrOOlyQOlhOmllaryQOl-
Cyn a WrOnOrm, sOlhal lhOrO s a VOry aQQrOCaDlO
aOVanlaO lO aQQrOaChn a nOW OmOrOnCy Wlh lhO
rOOOOm O ChOOsn OXaCl!y lhO rhl lOO!s lO mOOl l.
Ln anOlhOr lOVO!, lhal O OCOnOmCs, lhs s COnsQC-
uOu
s!ylruO,as lhO Drlsh OXamQlO shOWs LnlanOWas
lhO hrsl COunlry lO O lhrOuh a u!!sCalO nOuslral
rOVO!ulOn anO rOm lhs Oar!y aO lnhOrlOOlhOnar-
rOW auO O ls ralWays, lhO hOaVy nVOslmOnl O ls
COl!On m!!s nODsO!OlO OQuQmOnl, anOlhO lmlalOns
O ls sOCal syslOm, WhCh haVO maOO lhO CumulalVO
nOOOs O lhO QrOsOnl Oay nlO an OVOrWhOlmn OmOr
OnCy, Only lO DO mOl DyWhal amOunls lO a sOCalanO
nOuslral rOVO!ulOn. Al! lhs s lakn Q!aCOWh!OlhO
nOWOsl COunlrOs lO nOuslra!zO arO a!O lO OnOylhO
lalOl, mOsl OCOnOmCa! OQuQmOnl arO aD!O lO COn-
slruCl an aOOQualO syslOm O ra!rOaOs lO Carry lhOr
OOOs On OCOnOmCa!ly-szOO Cars anO n OnOra!, arO
aD!O lO lVO n lhO rOsOnl Oay ralhOr lhan n lhal O a
COnluryaO.
Yhal s lruO O Ln!anO s lruO O POW Ln!anO,
WhCh has OsCOVOrO lhal l s OlOn a ar mOrO OX-
QOnsVO mallOr lO mOOOrnzO an nOuslry lhan lO sCraQ
l
anO lO slarl sOmOWhOrO O!sO. ulO aQarl rOm lhO
dCu!lOs O haVn a rO!alVOly s!rCl nOuslra! laW
and an aOVanCOO laDOrQO!Cy, OnO OlhO ChOrOasOns
lhal POWLn!anOs DOnOOsOrlOODylhOlOXllOm!ls
s lhal, rankly, lhOy QrOOr nOl lO DO hamQOrOO Dy a
COnlury O lraOlOns. hus, OVOn n lhO mOsl malOral
O!
O, QrOOuClOn anO sOCurly arO n lhO !On run mal-
lOrsOCOnlnuOOnVOnlOnanOOOVO!OQmOnl.
n
OrmalOn smOrO a mallOr O QrOCOss lhanO slOr-
aO. halCOunlryWllhaVO lhO rOalOsl sOCurlyWhOsO
122 M? b L M? ?b
nOrmalOna anO sCCnlhC slualOn s aOCQualC lO
mCCl lhC OCmanOs lhal may DC Qul On l-lhC COunlry
n WhCh l s u!!y rCa!zCO lhal nOnalOn s mQOr

lanl as a slayC n lhC COnlnuOus QrOCCss Dy WhCh WC
ODsCrVC lhC OulCr WOr!O, anO aCl CdCClVC!y uQOn l. n
OlhCr WOrOs, nOamOunlOsCCnlhC rCsCarCh, CarCu!!y
rCCOrOCO n DOOks anO QaQCrs, anO lhCn Qul nlO Ou
!DrarCsWlh!aDC!s OsCCrCCy, W!DCaOCQualC lO QrO
lCCl us Orany !Cnylh OlmC n a WOr!O WhCrC lhC C
CClVC !CVC! O nOrmalOn s QCrQClua!!y aOVanCny
hCrCsnONaynOlLnCOlhDran.
rCQCal, lO DC a!VC s lO QarlCQalC n a COnlnuOus
slrCam O nbuCnCCs rOm lhC OulCr WOr!O anO aCls On
lhC OulCr WOr!O, n WhCh WC arC mCrC!y lhC lrans
lOna! slayC. n lhC hyuralVCsCnsC, lO DCa!VC lOWhal
s haQQCnny n lhC WOr!O, mCans lO QarlCQalC n a
COnlnua! OCVC!OQmCnl O knOW!COyC anO ls unham
QCrCO CXChanyC. n anylhny !kC a nOrma! slualOn,
ls DOlh ar mOrC OmCu!l anO ar mOrC mQOrlanl O
uslO CnsurClhalWChaVC suCh an aOCQualC knOW!COyC
lhan lO CnsurC lhal sOmC QOssD!C CnCmy OOCs ncthaVC
l hC WhO!C arranyCmCnl O a m!lary rCsCarCh !aDO
ralOry s a!Ony !nCs hOsl!C lO Our OWn OQlmum usC
anOOCVC!OQmCnlOnOrmalOn.
urny lhC !asl War an nlCyra! CQualOn O a lyQC
WhCh haVC DCCn lO sOmCCXlCnl rCsQOnsD!C Or sO!V-
ny arOsC, nOl On!y nmyOWn WOrk, Dul nal !CasllWO
lOla!!y unrC!alCO QrOCCls. n OnC O lhCsC Was aWarC
lhal l Was DOunO lO arsC anO n lhC OlhCr a VCry
s!yhl amOunl O COnsu!lalOn shOu!O haVC maOC mC sO
aWarC. As lhCsC lhrCC CmQ!OymCnls O lhC samC OCa
DC!OnyCO lO lhrCC lOla!!y OdCrCnl m!lary QrOCCls O
lOla!!y OdCrCnl !CVC!s O sCCrCCy anO n OVCrsC Q!aCCs,
lhCrC Was nO Way DyWhCh lhC nOrmalOn O any OnC
OlhCmCOu!OQCnClralC lhrOuyh lOlhCOlhCrs hC rC-
su!lWas lhal l lOOklhC CQuVa!Cnl O lhrCC nOCQCnO-
Cnl OsCOVCrCs lO makC lhC rCsu!ls aCCCssD!C n a!!
lhrCC hC!Os. hC OC!ay lhus CrCalCO Was a mallCr O
L3D1Lb fD bLLJ 2

Iro
m
somesIxmonths to a year, and probabIy consIder
l
Iy
more. Irom the standpoInt oI money, whIch oI
o
u
se Is IessImportantInwar, Itamounted to a Iarge
n

m
ber oI manyears at a very expensIve IeveI. !t
uo
uIdtake aconsIderabIevaIuabIe empIoymentoIthIs
uo
rk by an enemy to be as dIsadvantageous as the
ne
edIorreproducIngaIItheworkonourpart. Iemem
lerthat an enemy unabIe to partIcIpate Inthat resId
uaI dIscussIon whIch takes pIace guIte IIIegaIIy, even
underoursetupoIsecrecy,wouIdnothavebeenInthe
po
sitIontoevaIuateanduseourresuIts
hematteroItImeIsessentIaIIn aIIstImatesoIthe
vaIue oI InIormatIon. code or cIpher, Io exampIe,
whIch wIII cover any consIderabIe amount oI materIaI
at high-secrecy IeveI Is not onIy a Iock which Is hard
to Iorce, but aIso onewhIch takes a consIderabIe tIme
to openIegItImateIyTactIcaIInIormatIonwhIchIsuse
IuI In the combat oI smaII unIts wIII aImost certaInIy
be obsoIete In an hour or two !t Is H matter oI very
IittIe Importance whether It can be broken In three
hours but It Is oI great Importance that an omcer re
ceIvIn the message shouIdbe abIeto read It In some
thIng IIke twomInutes. On the other hand, the Iarger
pIan oI battIe Is too Important a matter to entrust to
thIs IImIted degree oI securIty. NevertheIess, II It took
awhoIe dayIor an omcer receIvIngthIs pIanto dIsen
tangIe It,thedeIaymIghtweIIbemoreserIousthanany
Ieak. he codes and cIphers Ior a whoIe campaIgn or
Ior a dIpIomatIc poIIcy mIght and shouId be stIII Iess
easytopenetrate butthereare nonewhIch cannotbe
penetrated nanyhnIteperIod, andwhIchatthe same
tIme ca carry a sIgnIhcant amount oI InIormatIon
rather than a smaII set oI dIsconnected IndIvIduaI de
cIsIons.
The ordInaryway oIbreakIng a cIpher Is to bndan
exampI oI the use oI thIs cIher sumcIentIy !ong so
thatthepatteoIencodementbecomesobvIoustothe
skiI!edInvestIgator !ngenera, theremustbeatIeast
I2_
H Hf^ b L Hf^ ^Lb
m
mum OCyrCC O rCQC!!On O Qa!!Crns, W!hOu!
W
Ch!hCVCry shOr!QassayCs!aCknyrCQC!!On CannO!
DC OCCQhCrCO. MOWCVCr WhCn a numDCr O QassayCs
ar
CnCQhCrCO n a !yQC O CQhCr WhCh s COmmOn
!O
!hC WhO!C sC!, CVCn !hOuyh !hC OC!a!CO CnCQhCr-
mn!VarCs !hCrC may DC CnOuyh n COmmOn DC!WCCn
!h OCrCn! QassayCs !O !CaO !O a DrCakny, hrs! O !hC
yCCra! !yQC O CQhCr, anO !hCn O !hC Qar!Cu!ar C-
Q
rs usCO.
rODaD!y muCh O !hC yrCa!Cs! nyCnu!y WhCh has
DCn shOWn n !hC DrCakny O CQhCrs aQQCars nOt n
!h anna!s O !hC VarOus sCCrC! sCrVCCs, Du! n !hC
Wrk O !hC CyraQhCr. C a!!knOWhO !hC OsC!!a
b!nCWas OCCOOCO !hrOuyh ann!CrQrC!a!On OCCr!an
ChraC!Crs n !hC LyQ!an VCrsOn, WhCh !urnCO Out
!O DC!hCnamCs O!hC !O!CmCs. hCrCshOWCVCr OnC
aC
O OCCOOnyWhChs yrCa!Crs!!!.hs yrCa!Cs! sn-
y! CXamQ!C O !hC ar! O OCCOOny s !hC OCCOOny O
!h
sCCrC!s O na!urC !sC! anO s !hC QrOVnCC O !hC
sC
Cn!s!.
CCn!hC OsCOVCry COnss!s n !hC n!CrQrC!a!On Or
Our OWn COnVCnCnCC O a sys!Cm O CXs!CnCC WhCh
h
s DCCn maOC W!h nO CyC !O Our COnVCnCnCC a! a!!.

C rCsu!! s !ha! !hC !ast !hny n !hC WOr!O su!aD!C

O!hCQrO!CC!OnOsCCrCCyanOC!aDOra!C COOC sy!Cm
s a !aW O na!urC. CsOCs !hC QOssD!!y O DrCakny
!h
sCCrCCy Dy a OrCC! a!!aCk On !hC human Or OOCu-
m
n!ary VChC!Cs O !hs sCCrCCy, !hCrC s a!Ways !hC
QssD!!y O a!!aCkny !hC COOC uQs!rCam O a!! !hCsC.
1!
s QCrhaQs mQOss!C !O OCVsC any sCCOnOary COOC
as harO !O DrCak as !hCna!ura! COOC O !hC a!OmC nu-
C!
us.
n !hCQrOD!Cm O OCCOOny, !hC mOs! mQOr!ant n
Oma!OnWhCh WCCan QOssCss sthCknOW!COyC !ht
!h mCssayC WhCh WC arC rCaOny s nOt yDCrsh.
mmOn mCthOO O OsCOnCCr!ny COOCDrCakCrs s tO
mXnW!h!hC!Cy!ma!CmCssayCa mCssayC!hat Can
nt DC OCCOOCO a nOnsynhCan! mCssayC mCr b
L3?Lb N SOEIY 12g
sOmD!ayO O CharaClOrs. 1n a sm!ar Way, WhOn WO
COnsOOr a QrOD!Om O naturO suCD as thal O atOmC
rO
aCtOns anO atOmC OXQ!OsVOs, thO !aryOst sny!O tOm
O nOrmatOn WhCh WO Can makO QuD!C s thal lhOy
OXsl LnCO a sCOntst attaCks a QrOD!Om WhCD DO
knOWstOhaVOanansWOrhsOntrOatttuOOsChanyOO.
Os a!rOaOysOmOhlyQOrCOnlOhsWaylOWarOthal
a
nsWOr.
1n VOW Oths tsQOrOCt!y ar tO saylDat lDO OnO
sOCrOt COnCOrnny thO atOmC DOmD WhCD myht haVO
DOOn kOQt anO WhCD Was yVOn tO thO QuD!C anO lO
a! QOtOnta! OnOmOs WthOut lDO !Oasl nhDlOn, Was
lhat OlhOQOssD!ty Onls COnstruCtOn akO a QrO-
!Om O tDs mQOrtanCO anO assurO thO sCOnthC WOr!O
lhat thas an ansWOr tDOnDOlD thO ntO!!OCtua! aD!ly
O thO sCOnlsls anO thO OXslny !aDOratOry aC!tOs
arO sO WOO!y OslrDutOO that thO Quas-nOOQOnOOnl
rOa!zatOnOtDO laskW!! DO a maltOr OmOrO!y a OW
yOarsanywhOrOnthOWOr!O.
hOrO s al QrOsOnl a lOuChny DO!O n lhs COuntry
that WO arO lhO sO!O QOssOssOrs O a COrlan lOChnQuO
Ca!!OO knOW-hOW, WhCh sOCurOs Or us nOl On!y Qr
Orly On a!! OnynOOrny anO sCOnthC OOVO!OQmOnts
anO a!! ma]Or nVOntOns, Dul, as WO haVO saO, lhO
mOra!ryDttO thatQrOrty. LOrtan!y, ths `knOW-hOW
has nOthny lO OO Wlh thO natOna! Oryns O tDOsO
WhO haVO WOrkOO On suCh QrOD!Oms as that O lhO
atOmC DOmD. 1lWOu!O haVO DOOn mQOssD!O thrOuyD
Out mOsl OhstOry tO sOCurO thO COmDnOO sOrVCOs O
suCh sCOntsts as tDO LanO, DOhr lhO 1ta!an, Orm
thO Munyaran, bz!arO anO many OlDOrs nVO!VOO n
thO QrO]OCl. Yhat maOO l QOssD!O Was lhO OXlrOmO
OnsCOusnOss O OmOryOnCy anO lhO sOnsO O unVOrsa
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DyD!y OOVO!OQOO !OCDnQuO O COmDnny !DO OdOrls '
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O

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sDOu!O nO! !OaO us !O any unOuO COmQ!aCOnCy COnCOrn
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sk!! Dy WDCD !DO 1rOnCD anO Lny!sD OO yrOat
amOun! O WOrk W!D aQQara!us WDCD an AmOrCan
DyDsCDOO! !OaCDOr WOu!O sCOrn as a Casua! s!CkanO
s!rny ]OD, s nO! !O DO OunO amOny any Dul a VansD
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OOas O!Ds yOnOra!On arO OxDaus!OO, Ora! !Oas!rOVOal
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mOn! 1 OO nO! OrOsOO !Da! !DO nOxl yOnOra!On W!! DO

aD!O !O urnsD !DO CO!Ossa! OOas On WDCD CO!Ossa

QrO]OC!sna!ura!!yrOs!.
A C!Oar unOOrs!anOny O !DO nO!On O nOrma!On
as aQ!OO ! sCOn!hC WOrk W!! sDO !Da! !DO smQ!O
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sma!! Va!uO, un!Oss !DOsO !WO !Oms Can DO OdOC!VOl
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QO s!O O !DO OryanzalOn n WDCD OaCD mOmDO
lraVO!s a QrOassynOO Qa!D, an n WDCD !DO sOnUnOls
O sCOnCO, WDOn !DOy COmO lO lDO OnOs O !DOr DOals
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OrOC!On rOm WDCD !DOy DaVO COmO. DOrO s a yrOa
Or!!zny anO rOVVyny Va!uO n !DO COn!aC! O
sCOn!s!s W!DOaCD O!DOr Du!!Ds CanOn!yCOmOWDO,
al !Oasl OnO O !DO Duman DOnys rOQrOsOnlny dc
sCOnCO Das QOnOa!OO ar OnOuyD aCrOss !DO rOnlO
lO DO aD!O !O aDsOrD lDO OOas O Ds nOgDDOr nlO a
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th
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buCh lOOsO human OryanzatOns OO OXst OVOn n thO
ntOO btatOs Dut at QrOsOnt thOy rOQrOsOnt thO rOsult
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t
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tO
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thOr utlty, anO Or thO OanyOrs O thO QrOsOnt Oay.
t s thO yrOat QuDlC WhCh s OOmanOny thO utmOst
cIsOCrOCyOr mOOOD sCOnCO n all thnys WhChmay
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tO lOarn O thO QrOyrOss O ts OWn OsOasO. bO lOny as
wO Can COntnuO tO QrOtOnO that all s ryht Wth thO
wOrlO, WO Qluy uQ Our Oars ayanst thO sOunO O `An-
COstralVOCOsQrOQhOsynyWar
n ths nOW atttuOO O thO massOs at laryO tO rO-
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thO QuDlC rOalzOs. 1nOOOO thO lOrOs O thO QrOsOnt
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n
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M? b OF M? ?b
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aClVOQOsOnny,WDCD arO nDOrOnl n OurVOry usO O
suCD a WOaQOn as UO alOmC DOmD. DO Durryny u
OlDOQaCOOsCOnCO,OWnylOOuraClVOsmullanOOus
sOarCD Or all mOans O allaCkny Our OnOmOs anO O
QrOlOClny OursOlVOs, lOaOs lO OVOr-nCrOasny OOmanOs
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O Lak OyO anO LOs AlamO nlmO OWarDas maOO
tDO QuOslOn O lDO QrOlOClOn O lDO QOOQlO O lDO
\nlOO lalOs, nOl Only rOm lDOQOssDlO OnOmOs Om
lOyny an alOmC DOmD, Dul rOm lDO alOmC raOa
lOn O Our nOW nOuslry, a lDny WDCD COnCODs us
OU. MaO lDO War nOl OCCurrOO, lDOsO cri| WOuld
QrODaDlynOlDaVOCOnCOrnOOusOrlWOnlyyOars. nOur
QrOsOnl m!larslC ramO O mnO, lDs Das OrCOO On
U8 lDO QrODlOm O QOssDlO COunlOrmOasurOs lO a nO
OmQlOymOnl O lDOsO ayOnCOs On lDO Qarl O an On-
Omy. Ds OnOmy may DO ussa al lDO QrOsOnl mO
mOnl, Dul l s OVOn mOrO lDO rOOClOn O OursOlVOs
na mrayO. O OOOnO OursOlVOs ayansl lDs QDanlOm
WO musl lOOk lO nOW sCOnlhC mOasurOs, OaCD mOrO
lOrrDlOlDanlDO lal. DOrO snOOnO lO lDs Vasl aQOC-
alyQlCsQral.
O DaVO a!rOaOy OOQClOO llyalOn as a lruO yamO
nWDCDlDO anlayOnsls Can anO arOOrCOO lO usO lDO
ullrOsOurCOs ODludanOlDus OaCDlOOOVOlOQaQOl
WDCD may DaVO lOallOWOr lDOOlDOrQlayOrs Qlayng
tDODOslQOssDlO yamO. DalslruO n lDO lmlOOWar
O lDO COurl s alsO lruO n lDO War lO lD OOalD O n-
lODalOnal rOlalOns, WDOlDOr l lakOs lDO DlOOOy Orm
OsDOOlny, OrlDOsuaVOrOrmOOQlOmaCy
DO WDOlO lOCDnQuO O sOCrOCy, mOssayO ]ammny
anO Dlud, s COnCODOO WU nsurny lDal OnOs OWn
sOO Can makO usO O lDO OrCOs anO ayOnCOs O COm
munCalOn mOrOOdOClVOlylDan lDOOlDOrsOO. 1ntDs
COmDalVO usO O nOrmalOn l s QulO as mQOrlant
tOkOO OnOs OWnmOssayOCDannOls OQOnaslOODslru
tDOOlDOr sOOntDO usOOlDO CDannOls aValaDlO tO t.
L3?Lb ? bLL3 12g

n
O
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u
sl
nVOlVO lhO COnsOOralOn O many mOrO lhnys
lh
an
sOCrOCylsOl.
O arO nlhO QOslOn O lhO man WhO has Only lWO
a
D
lOns n lO. LnO s lO nVOnl lhOunVOrsal sOlVOnl
whhWll OssOlVOanysOlO suDslanCO, anO lhO sOCOnO
s lOnVOnllhOunVOrsalCOnlanOrWhChWllhOlO any
QuO. alOVOr lhs nVOnlOr OOOs, DO Wll DO rus-
lralOO. 1urlhOrmOrO, as haVO alrOaOy saO, nO sOCrOl
Wl OVOr DO as saO WhOn ls QrOlOClOn s a mallOr O
hu
man nlOyrly, as WhOn l Was OOQOnOOnl OnlhO O-
Cu
lOsOsCOnlhCOsCOVOrylsOl.
haVO alrOaOy saO lhO OssOmnalOn O any sCOn-
lC sOCrOlWhalOVOrs mOrOly a mallOr OlmO, lhal n
lhs yamO a OOCaOOs a lOnylmO, anOlhal nlhOlOny
run, lhOrO s nO OslnClOn DOlWOOn armny OursOlVOs
anO armny Our OnOmOs. hus OaCh lOrryny OsCOV-
OrymOrOly nCrOasOs Our suD]OClOn lO lhO nOOO Omak-
ny a nOW OsCOVOry. arrny a nOW aWarOnOss On lhO
Qarl OOurlOaOOrs,lhs s DOunOlO yO OnanO On,un
lhO OnlrO nlOllOClual QOlOnlal O lhO lanO s OranOd
rOm anyQOssDlOCOnslruClVO aQQlCalOnlO lhOman-
OO nOOOs OlhO raCO, OlO anO nOW. hOOdOClOlDOsC
WO

QOns musl DOlOnCrOasOlhOOnlrOQyOlhs QlanO

unll all OslnClOns O hOl anO COlO, yOOO anO DaO,
ananOmallOrhaVOVanshOO nlhOOrmalOn O lDO
WhlOuDaCOOanOWslar.
LkO sO many LaOarOnO sWnO, WO haVO lakOn unlO
uslhOOOVls OlhOayO,anOlhOCOmQulsOnOsCOnl
WararO s OrVny us QOll-mOll, hOaO OVOr hOOls nlO
lhO OCOan O Our OWn OOslruClOn. Lr QOrhaQs WO may
saylhal amOnylhO yOnllOmOnWhO haVO maOO l lDO
usnOss lO DO Our mOnlOrs, anO WhO aOmnslOr O
O
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aQ
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h
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1_O M M? b L M? ?Lb
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lsls, anO Or OOslrOyny suCh nhDlOns as lhOy may
haVOayanslrOWnynlOlhsmaOlslrOm.
OllhOsOWsOmOnWhOhaVOsummOnOOa OOmOnaC

sanClOn Or lhOr OWn QrValO QurQOsOs rOmOmDOr lhal

nlhO nalural COursO O OVOnls a COnsCOnCOWhChhas
r
DOOnDOuyhl OnCO Wll DO DOuyhl lWCO hO lOyally lO
humanlyWhChCanDOsuDVOrlOODya skllulOslrDu-
lOn O aOmnslralVO suyar Qlums Wll DO OllOWOO Dy
a lOyally lO OmCal suQOrOrs laslny ]usl sO lOny as WO
haVOlhODyyOrsuyarQlumslO OslrDulO. hO Oaymay
WOll COmO WhOn l COnsllulOs lhO DyyOsl QOlOnlal
lhrOal lO Our OWn sOCurly. 1n lhal mOmOnl n WhCh
sOmO OlhOr QOWOr, DO l asCsl Or COmmunsl, s n lhO
OslOn lO OdOr lhO yrOalOr rOWarOs Our yOOO rOnOs
WhO haVO rushOO lO Our OOOnsO QOr aCCOunl rOnOOrOO
Wll rush as QuCkly lO OursuD]OClOn anO annhlalOn.
Nay lhOsO WhO haVO summOnOO rOm lhO OOOQ lhO
sQrls O alOmC WararO rOmOmDOr lhal Or lhOr OWn
sakO,nOlOrOurs lhOymusl nOlWalDOyOnO lhOhrsl
ylmmOrnys O suCCOss On lhO Qarl O Our OQQOnOnls
lO ul lO OOalh lhOsO WhOm lhOy haVC alrOaOy COr
ruQlOO
N
OLL OF THL lNTLLLLCTCAL
AND THL SClLNTlST
hs DOOk aruCs thatthCntCrty OthC ChannC!s O
n!
Crna! COmmunCatOn s CssCnta! tO thC WC!arC O
OCC!y. hs ntCDa! COmmunCatOn s suD]CCt at thC
QrCsCnt tm nOt On!y tO thC thrCats WhCh t has aCCO
a! a!! tmCs, Du tO CCrtan nCW anO CsQCCa!!y sCrOus
QrODCms WhCh DC!On QCCu!ar!y tO Our aC. LnC
amOn thCsC s thC rOWn COmQ!CXty anO COst O
COmmunCatOn.
A hunOrCO anO hty yCars aO Or CVCn hty yCars
aO-t OOCs nOtmattCrWhCh-thC WOr!O anO AmCrCa
n Qar!Cu!ar WCrC u!! O sma!! jOurna!s anO QrCssCs
thrOuh WhCh a!mOstanyman COu!O ODtana hCarn.
hC COun!ry COtOr Was nOt as hC s nOW !mtCO tO
DO!Cr Q!atC anO !OCa! OssQ, Dut COu!O anO OtCn OO
CxQrCss hs nOVOua!OQnOn, nOt On!y O !OCa! adars
Dut OWOr!O ma!tCrs. AtQrCsCnt ths !CCnsC tO CXQrCss
OnCsC! has DCCOmC sO CXQCnsVC Wth thC nCrCasng
COstOQrCssCs, QaQr, anOsynOCatCO sCrVCCs, thatthC
nCWsQaQCr DusnCss has COmC tO DC thC art O sayng
!CssanO!CsstOmOrCanOmOrC.
hC mOVCs mayDC QutC nCXQCnsVC as ar as COn
CCrns thC COst O shOWn CaCh shOW tO CaCh sQCCtatOr,
Dut thCy arC sO hOrrD!y CXQCnsVC nthC mass thatC
shOWs arC WOrth thC rsk, un!Css thCr suCCCss s CCrtan
n aOVanCC. 1ts nOt thC QuCstOn WhCthCr a shOW may
CxCtCa yrCatntCrCstn a COnsOCraD!CnumDCrOQCO
Q!CthatntCrCststhCCntrCQrCnCur, DutrathCrthC QuCs-
On O hCthCr t w!! DC unaCCCQtaD!C tO sO CW thal
1

M? b L M? ?Lb
DO Can COunl On sO!!ny l nOsCrmnalO!y lO mOVO
lDOalOrsrOmCOasllOCOasl.
Yhal 1 haVO saO aDOul lhO nOwsQaQOrs anO lDO
mOVOs aQQ!Os OQua!!y lO lhO raOO, lO lO!OVsOn, anO
OVOn lO DOOksO!!ny. hus wO arO n an ayO whOrO lh
OnOrmOus QOr CaQla Du!k O COmmunCalOn s mOl Dy
an OVOr-lhnnny slrOam O lOla! Du!k O COmmunCa-
lOn NOrO anO mOrO wO musl aCCOQl a slanOarOzOO
nOdOnsVO anO nsynhCanl QrOOuCl whCh, !kO lhO
wDlODrOaOOlhODakOrOs, smaOOralhOrOrlskOOQ-
nyanOsO!!nyQrOQOrlOslDanOrlsOOOVa!uO.
hs s unOamOnla!!y an OXlODa! hanOCaQ O mOO-
O COmmunCalOn, Dul l s Qara!!O!OO Dy anOlhOr
WDChynaws rOmwlhn. Ds s lhOCanCOr OCrOalVO
narrOwnOss anOOOD!OnOss.
1nlDO O!O Oays, lDOyOunymanwhOwshOOlO OnlOr
lDO CrOalVO arls myhl OlhOr DaVO Q!unyOO n OrOCl!y
Or QrOQarOO hmsO! Dy a yOnOra! sChOO!ny, QOrhaQs
rrO!OVanl lO lDO sQOChC lasks hOhna!!y unOOrlOOk, Dul
wDCDwas al !Oasl a sOarCDny OsCQ!nO Ohs aD!lOs
anO laslO. POw lDO ChannO!s O aQQrOnlCOsDQ arO
!aryO!y s!lOO uQ. Lur O!OmOnlary anO sOCOnOary
sCDOO!s arO mOrO nlOrOslOO n Orma! C!assrOOm Os-
CQ!nO lhan n lDO nlO!!OClua! OsCQ!nO O !Oarnny
sOmOlhny lhOrOuyh!y, anO a yrOal OOa! O lhO sOrOus
QrOQaralOn Or a sCOnlhC Or a !lOrary COurs s rO-
OyalOOlO sOmOsOrlOyraOualOsChOO!OrOlhOr.
MO!!ywOOO mOanwh!O has OunO lhal lhO VOy
slanOarOzalOn O ls QrOOuCl has nlOrOrOO wlD lhO
nalura! Ow O aClny la!Onl rOm lhO !OylmalO slayO.
DOrOQOrlOrylhOalOrshaOa!mOslCOasOOlO OXslwhOn
sOmO O lDOm WOrO rOOQOnOO as MO!!ywOOO la!Onl
arms, anO OVOn lhOsO arO Oyny On lhO VnO. O a COn-
sOOraD!O OXlOnl Our yOuny wOu!O-DO aClOrs DaVO
OarnOO lhOr lraOO, nOl On lhO slayO, Dul nunVOrsly
COursOs On aClny. Lur wrlOrs CannOl yOl VOry ar as
yOuny mOn n COmQOllOn wlh synOCalO malOra!,
anO lDOy OO nOl makO a suCCOss lDO hrsl lr, lhOy
L31Lb ? bLL 1
a
VC
nO QaCOlO yO Dul COCyC COursCs WhCh arO suQ
Q
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lOlOaChlhOm hOWlOlO. hus lhOhyhCr OO
yr
CCs, anO aDOVC a lhC h. L. ,WhCh haVC haO a Ong
C
Xs
lCnCC as lhC CylmalC QrCQaralOn O lhO sCCnlh
sQ
C
Casl, arC mOrC anO OrO sCrVny as a mOOC O
n
!CCClualrannynahCOs.
rOQCry sakny lhC arlsl, lhOlCr, anO lhO sC
Cnls! shOuO DOmOVCO Dy suCh an rrCsslDC mQusO
!O
CrCalC lhal, OVCn lhCy WCrC nOl DCny QaO O
!Cr WOrk, lhCy WOuO DC Wny lO Qay lO yCl lhO
ChanCClO OO l. MOWCVCr, WC arC na QCrOO nWhCh
Orms haVC aryCy suQCrsCOCO COuCalOna COnlCnl
anO OnC WhCh s mOVny lOWarO an CVCr-nCrCasny
lhnnCss O COuCalOna COn!Cnl. 1l nOW COnsOCrCO
QCrhaQs mOrC a mallCr O sOCa QrCslyO lO ODlan a
hyhCr OCyrCC anO OW Whal may DO rCyarOCO as a
Cu!ura CarCCr, lhan a mallCr O any OCCQ mQusO.
1nVCWOlhs yrCalDukOsCm-malurC aQQrCnlCC
WhO arC DCny Qul On lhO markCl, lhO QrODCm O
yVny lhCm sOmC COOraDC malCra lO WOrk On has
assumCO an OVCrWhCmny mQOrlanCC. hCOrClCay
!hCy shOuO hnO lhCr OWn malCra, Dul lhC Dy Dus
nCss O mOOCrn aOVanCCO COuCalOn CannOl DC OQCr
alCO unOCr lhs rCalVCy OW QrCssurC. hus lhO
CarCr slayCs O CrCalVO WOrk, WhClhCr n lhO arls O
n !hC sCCnCCs, WhCh shOuO QrOQCry DC yOVCrnCO Dy
a yrCal OCsrC On !hC Qarl O UC s!uOCnls lO CrCalO
sOmCUnyanO!O COmmunCalCllO lhCWOrO alaryC,
arC nOW suD]CCl nslCaO lO lhC Orma rCQurCmCnls O
hnOnyh.L.!hCsCsOrsmaraQQrCnlCCmCOa.
bOmCO myrCnOs haVCCVCn assCr!CO lhala h.L.
lhCss shOuO DC lhC yrCalCsl sCCnlhC WOrk a manhas
CVCr OOnC anO QCrhaQs OVCr W OO, anO shOuO Wal
unlhOslhOrOuyhyaDOlOslalOhsOWOrk. 1 OOnOl
yO aOny Wlh lhs. 1 mCan mCrCy lhal lhO lhCss s
nOl n aCl suCh an OVCrWhCmny lask, l shOuO al
Ca
sl DC n nlCnlOn lhO yalCWay lO VyOrOus
CrCalVO
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Das sOmC!Dny !O say MCaVCn saVC us lkCWsC rOm
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n O!hCr WOrOs, WDCn !hCrC s COmmunCa!On W!h-
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may Carn !hC sOCal anO n!CllCC!ual QrCs!yC O DC-
COmny a QrCs! O COmmunCa!On, !DC Qual!y an
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!Dny n !hC ar!s !hC OCsrC !O hnO nCW !hnys !O say
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UC COmmOnQlaCC anO UC Danal. PO! all UC ar-
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1 sQOak hOrO W!h OO!ny WhCh s mOrO n!OnsO as

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as
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hrs
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Qu! !O !hO rOO! O Oryna!!y DOCausO !hO QOOQ!O WhO
haVO O!OC!OO COmmunCa!On as a CarOOr sO O!On haVO
nO!hnymOrO!OCOmmunCa!O

7HL FlS7 AND 7HL SLCOND

lNDCS7lAL LVOLC7lON
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1

L3DLb AN bLL3 1

j
uhIch It has ItseII been constructed. The cIockmakers
Ia
thes oI the eIghteenth century have Ied through H
cIearhIstorIcaI chaIn oIIntermedIate tooIs to the great
tu
rret Iathes oI the present day. The serIes oI Inter-
ve
nIng stes mIght conceIvabIy have been Ioreshort-
ened somewhat, but It has necessarIIy had a certaIn
mInImum Iength. !t Is cIearIy ImossIbIe In construct-
In
g a great turretIathe to deend on the unaIded hu-
man handIortheourIngoIthe metaI, Iorthe IacIng
oI
the castIngs on the Instruments to machIne them,
and above aII Ior the power needed In the task oI
machInIng them. These must be done through ma-
c
hInes that have themseIves been manuIactured by
other machInes, and ItIs onIythroughmany stages oI
thIs thatonerechesbackto theorIgInaIhand orIoot-
IathesoItheeIghteenthcentury.
!t Is thus entireIy naturaI that those who were to
deveIo new InventIons were eIther cIockmakers or
scIentIhc-Instrument makers themseIves, or caIIed on
eoIeoIthesecraIts to heIpthem. !orInstance,att
was a scIentIhcInstrument maker. To show how even
aman IIke Watt had to bIde hIs tIme beIore he couId
eted the recIsIon oI cIockmakIng technIgues to
IargerundertakIngs,we mustremember, as! havesaId
earIIer, that hIs standard oI the ht oI a Iston In H
yIInderwas that ItshouId be bareIy ssIbIe toInsert
andmoveathInsIxencebetweenthem.
We must thus consIder navIgatIon and the Instru-
ments necessaryIorItastheIocusoIanIndustrIaIrevo-
IutIon beIore themIn InustrIaI revoIutIon. ThemaIn
Ind
ustrIaIrevoIutIonbegInswIththesteamengIne.C
rstIormoIthesteamengInewasthecrudeandwaste
uI
Newcomen engIne, whIch was used Ior umIng
mInes. !n the mIddIe oI the eIghteenth century there
ere abortIve attemts to use It Ior generatIng ower,

y
makIngItum waterInto eIevatedreservoIrs, and
e
mIo
yIng theIaII oI thIs water to turn water
wheeIs.
uch cIumsy devIces became obsoIete wIt theIntro
Iq0 M? b L M? ?b
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tCIm8 O Q!antatOn !aDOr n a!mO8t CVCIy COuntry.
ICat OCa! O tD8 Va8 OuC tO tDC aCt tDat nCV tCCD-
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Iq2 M M? b CF M? ?b
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ls lransm:ssOn DC slCam CnnC usCO uC! VCry un-
CCOnOmCa!!yDy mOOCInslanOaIOs, a!lDOuD lDs s nOl
as mQOIlanl as lmDlsCCm, COnsOCInlDCaCllDal
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VCrC muCD mOIC CCOnOmCa! lO run On a !aIC sCaC
lDan On a sma!! OnC. n COnlIasl VlD lDC QImC mOVCr,
lDC lCXl!C maCDnC, VDClDCr l DC !OOm Or sQnO!C, s

a COmQaIalVC!y !Dl maCDnC, anO usCs !ll!C QOVCr. _

1l Vas lDCICOIC CCOnOmCa!!y nCCCssary lO assCmD!C
lDCsC maCDnCs n !aIC aClOrCs, VDCIC many OOms

anOsQnO!CsCOu!ODCIunIOmOnCslCamCnnC.
AllDallmClDCOn!yaVa!aD!CmCansOlrasmssOn
O OVCr VCrC mCCDanCa!. DC hrsl amOn lDCsC Vas
lDC !nC O sDaln, suQQ!CmCnlCO Dy lDC DC!l anO lDC
Qu!!Cy. LVCn as !alC as lDC lmC O my OVn CD!ODOOO,
lDC lyQCa! QClurC Oa aClOryVas lDal O a ICal sDCd

VlD !On !nCs O sDals ssQCnOCO rOm lDC ralCIs,

anO Qu!!Cys COnnCClCO Dy DC!ls lO lDC nOVOua! ma- _
CDnCs. Ds sOIl OaClOIy sl!! CXsls a!lDOuD n VCry
many CasCs l Das VCn Vay lO lDC mOOCrn aIIanC-
mCnl VDCIC lDC maCDnCs aIC OIVCn nOVOua!!y Dy _
C!CCUCmOlOrs.
nOCCO lDs sCCOnO QCluIC s lDC lyQCa! OnC al lDC
QrCsCnl lmC. DC lraOC O lDC m!!VIDl Das lakCn On
a lOla!!y nCV Orm. CrC lDCrC s an mQOrlanl aCt
rC!CVanl lO lDC VDO!C DslOry O nVCnlOn. 1l Vas CX-
aCl!ylDCsC m!!VrDls anOOlDCrnCV CralsmCn OlDC
maCDnC aC VDO VCrC lO OCVC!OQ lDC nVCnlOns lDal
arC al lDC OunOalOn O Our QalCnl syslCm. OV, lDC
mCCDanCa! COnnCClOn OmaCDnCs nVO!VCs OCu!lCs
lDal arC ulC sCrOus, anO nOl Casy lO COVCr Dy an
smQC malDCmalCa! Ormu!alOn. 1n lDC hrsl Q!aCC,
OnnCs OsDaln ClDCr DaVC lO DCVC!! nCd, o
CYBEBNE1ICS ANb SOCIE1Y
43
lO CmQOy nCnOus mOUCs O COnnCClOn, suCD as un-
rsa ]Onls Or QaraC COuQns, VDCD aOV Or a
cCrlan amOunl O rCCUOm. n lDC sCCOnU QaCC, lDC
On nCs O DCarns nCCUCU Or suCD sDals arC VCry
DD n lDCr QOVCr COnsumQlOn. n lDC nUVUua ma-
cDnC, lDC rOlaln anU rCCQrOCaln Qarls arC suD]CCl
lO smar UCmanUs O rUly, anU lO smar CmanUs
lDal lDC numDCr O DCarns musl DCrCUuCCU as muCD
as
QOssDC Or lDC sakC O OV QOVCr COnsumQlOn anU
smQC manuaClurC. DCsC QrCsCrQlOns arC nOl Casy
On lDC Dass O CnCra Ormuas, anU lDCy OhCr
an CXCCnl OQQOrlunly Or nCnuly anU nVCnlVC
sOlDCOU-asDOnCUarlsansOrl.
l s n VCV O lDs aCl lDal lDC CDanC-OVCr n Cn-
nCCrn DClVCCn mCCDanCa COnnCClOns anU CCC
lrCa COnnCClOns Das DaU sO rCal an ChCCl DC
CCClrCa mOlOr s a mOUC O UslrDuln QOVCrVDCD
s VCry COnVCnCnl lO COnslruCl n sma sZCs, sO lDal
CaCD maCDnC may DaVC ls O mOlOr. DC lransms-
sOn OssCs nlDCVrn O a aClOryarC rCalVCy OV,
anU lDC CmCCnCy OlDC mOlOr lsC s rCalVCy DD.
DC COnnCClOn OlDCmOlOrVlDls Vrn s nOlnCC-
Cssary rU, nOr UOCs l COnssl O many Qarls. DCrC
arC sl mOlVCs O lramC anU COnVCnCnCC VDCD may
nUuCC us lO COnlnuC lDC CuslOm O mOunln lDC U-
CrCnl maCDnCs O an nUuslra QrOCCss n a snC
aClOry Dul lDC nCCU O COnnCCln a lDC maCDnCs
lOa snC sOurCCOQVCrsnOOnCra sCrOusrCasOn
Or COraQDCaQrOXmly. nOlDCrVOrUs, VCarCnOV
n a QOslOn lO rClurn lO COllaC nUuslry, n QaCCs
WDCrClVOuUOlDCrVsCDCsulaDC.
UO nOlVsDlO nssllDal lDCUmCulCs OmCCDan
C
a lransmssOn VCrC lDC Ony CausC O lDC sDCd
a
ClOrCs anU O lDC UCmOraZalOn lDCy QrOUuCCU
n-
CCU, lDC aClOry syslCm slarlCU DCOrC lDC maCDnC
s
slCm, as a mCans O ntrOUuCn UsCQnC nlO lDC
Dy unUsCQnCU DOmC nduslry O lDC ndVdua
WOrkCrs, and O kCCQng u_ slanUarUs O QrOduCtOn
1qq M? b L M? ?b
1l 8 lIuC, DOVCVCI, al lDC8C nOnmCCDanCaaCOIC8
VCIC VCIy 8OOn 8uQCI8COCO Dy mCCDanCa OnC8, and
lDal QIODaDy lDC VOI8l 8OCa ChCCl8 O uIDan CIOVd
n anO O IuIa OCQOQualOn lOOk QaCC n lDC
maCDnC aClOIy. 1uIlDCImOIC, lDC IaClOna DOI8C
QOVCI mOlOI DaO DCCn aVaaDC IOm lDC 8laIl and
COuODaVCnCICa8COlDCunlQOOuClOnOaCOllaC
VOIkCI, l8 DDyQIODaDC lDal a aIC QaIl O lDCOI-
anZalOn anO O8CQnC nCCOCO OI 8uC88u aIC-
8CaC QIOOuClOn COuO DaVC DCCn 8uQCImQO8CO On
8uCDDOmCnOu8lIC8a88QnnnanOVCaVn.
1l8DOuODC 8O OC8ICO, a 8nCQCCCOmaCDnCIy
may nOV COnlan 8CVCIa mOlOI8, CaCD nlIOOuCn
QOVCI al lDC QIOQCI QaCC. D8 ICCVC8 lDC OC8nCI
O muCD O lDC nCCO OI lDC nCnuly n CCDanCa
OC8n VDCDDCVOuO OlDCIV8CDaVCDn COmQCCd
lO u8C. 1n an CCClICa OC8n, lDC mCIC QIODCm O
lDC COnnCClOn O lDC QaIl8 8COOm nVOVC8 muCD O-
hCu!ly lDal OOC8 nOl CnO l8C lO Ca8y malDCmalCa
OImualOn anO 8OulOn. DC nVCnlOI O nkaC8 Da8
DCCn8uQCI8COCODylDCCOmQulOIOCICul8. D8 8an
CXamQC O lDC Vay n VDCD lDC aI O nVClOn 8
COnOlOnCODylDCCX8lnmCan8.
1n lDC lDIO QuaIlCI O lDC a8l CCnluIy, VDCn lDC
CCClIC mOlOI Va8 hI8l u8CO n nOu8lIy, l Va8 al hI8l
8uQQO8CO lO DC nOlDn mOIC lDan an alCInalVC OC-
VCC OI CaIIyn Oul CX8ln nOu8Ua lCCDnQuC8. 1l
Va8 QIODaDy nOl OIC8CCn lDal l8 hna ChCCl VOu
DClOVCI8ClOanCVCOnCCQlOlDCaClOIy.
Dal OlDCI ICal CCClICa nVCnlOn, lDC VaCuum
luDC, Da8 DaO a 8maI D8lOIy. 1COIC lDC nVCnUOn
OlDC VaCuum luDC, l lOOk many 8CQaIalCmCCDan8m8
lO ICualC 8y8lCm8 O ICal QOVCI. 1nOCCO, mO8t O
lDC ICualOIy mCan8 lDCm8CVC8 CmQOyCO COn8OCI-
aDC QOVCI. DCIC VCIC CXCCQlOn8 lO lD8 Dul On u
8QCChChCO8,8uCDa8lDC8lCCInO8DQ8.
A8 alCa8 1g1g, 1 CIO88CdlDCOCCanOnOnCOtDCOd
8DQ8 O lDC AmCICan nC. 1l DCOnCd lO tDC an
b
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45
t
O
na! QCrOO VDCn 8DQ8 8t!! CaIICO 8a!8, a8 C a8 a
Q
On
tCO DOVtO CaIIy a DOV8QIt. 1na VC!!-OCCknOtar
q

t
O thC man 8uQCr8tIuCtuIC, tDCrC Va8 a OImOaD!C
C
n
nC, COn88tn O Our Or hVC 8X-OOt VDCC!8 VtD
hanO-8QOkC8. DC8C VDCC!8 VCrC 8uQQO8CO tO COntrO
C 8DQ ntDC CVCnt tDat t8 autOmatC 8tCCIn CnnC
DIOkC OOVn. 1n a 8tOIm, t VOuO DaVC takCn tCn mCn
Or mOIC, CXCItntDCr u! 8trCntD, tO kCCQ tDat rCat
8
DQOnt8COur8C.
D8Va8 nOttDC u8ua!mCtDOO OCOntIO!OtDC 8DQ,
Dut an CmCICnCy rCQ!aCCmCnt, Or a8 8a!Or8 Ca!! t, a
uIy 8tCCIn VDCC!. 1Or nOIma! COntIO!, tDC 8DQ Car
ICO a 8tCCIn CnnC VDCD tIan8!atCO tDC rC!aUVCy
8ma!!OICC8 OtDC QuaItCIma8tCr at tDC VDCC! ntO tDC
mOVCmCnt O tDC ma88VC ruOOCI. Du8 CVCn On a
QuIC!ymCCDanCa! Da88, 8OmC QIOIC88 DaO DCCn maOC
tOVaIO tDC 8O!ulOn O tDC QIOD!Cm O amQ!hCatOn O
OICC8 OI tOrQuC8. PCVCIlDC!C88, at tDat tmC, tD8 8O!u-
On O tDC amQ!hCatOn QrOD!Cm OO nOt raC OVCr
CXtICmC OhCICnCC8 DCtVCCn tDC !CVC!8 O nQut anO O
Ouut, nOI Va8 t CmDOOCO n a COnVCnCnt unVCI8a
tyQCOaQQaIatu8.
DCmO8tCXD!C unVCr8a aQQaIatu8OramQ!yn
8ma!! CnCry-!CVC!8 ntO DD CnCry-!CVC!8 8 lDC VaC
um tuDC, Or C!CCtIOn Va!VC. DC D8tOry O tD8 8 n-
tCrC8tn,tDOuDt8tOOCOmQCXOIu8tO O8Cu88 DCrC.
1t 8 DOVCVCr amu8n tO rCCCt tDat tDC nVCntOn O
lDC C!CCtrOnVaVC OrnatCOnLO8On8 rCatC8t 8CCn-
hC O8COVCry anO QCrDaQ8 tDC Ony OnC VDCD DC dd
nOtCaQta!ZCntOannVCntOn.
MC OD8CrVCO tDat VDCn an CCCtrOOC Va8 Q!aCCO n-
8O
C anC!CCUC!amQ, anOVa8 takCna8C!CCtrCayQO8-
tVC VtD rC8QCCt tOtDC h!amCnt, tDCna CurrCntVOud
OV, tDC h!amCnt VCrC DCatCO, Dut nOt OtDCrV8C.

DrOuDa 8CrC8OnVCnUOn8 DyOtDCrQCOQC, tD8 Cd

tO a mOrC ChCClVCVaytDan anyknOVnDCOrC O COn-
On a !arC CurrCnt Dy a 8ma! VO!taC. D8 8 tDC
Da88 O tDC mOdCrn raOO nOu8Uy, Dut t 8 a8O an
1

b I Mf? b L Mf? ?b
nOuslIa! lOO! WDCD s sQICaOn WOC!y nlO nC
hC!Os. 1ls lDus nO !OnCInCCCssaIylO COnlIO! a QIOCCss
alDD CnCIy-!CVC!s Dy a mCCDansm n WDCD lDCm-
QOIlanlOCla!s OCOnlIO!aICCaIICO Oul allDCsC !CVC!s,
1lsQulCQOssD!C lOOtmaCCIlanQallCInODCDaVO
ICsQOnsC al !CVC!s muCD !OWCI CVCn lDan lDOsC Ound
n usua! IaOO sCls, anO lDCn lO CmQ!Oy a sCICs O am-
Q!yn luDCs lO COnlIO! Dy lDs aQQaIalus a maCDnC
as DCaVy as a slCC!-IO!!n m!!. DC WOIk O OsCIm-
naln anO OOImn lDC QallCInODCDaVOIOIlDs s
OOnC unOCI COnOlOns n WDCD lDC QOWCI !OssCs aIC
nsnCanl, anO yCl lDC hna! CmQ!OymCnl O lDs Os
CImnalOIy QIOCCss s al aIDlIaI!y DD !CVC!s O
QOWCI.
1l W!! DC sCCn lDal lDs s an nVCnlOn WDCD lCIs
lDC unOamCnla! COnOlOns OnOuslty, QulC asVla!!y '
as lDC lIansmssOn anO suDOVsOn O QOWCI lDIOuD
lDC usC O lDC sma!! C!CClIC mOlOI. DC sluOy O lDC
QallCIn O DCDaVOI s lIansCIICO lO a sQCCa! QaIl O
lDCnsltumCnl nWDCDQOWCI-CCOnOmysOVCIy!lC
mQOIlanCC. YC DaVC lDus OCIVCO O muCD O lDCt
mQOIlanCC lDC OOOCs anO OCVCs QICVOus!y usCO to
nsuIC lDal a mCCDanCa! !nkaC sDOu!O COnssl O lDC
CWCsl QOssD!C C!CmCnls, as WC!! as lDC OCVCCs usCO o
mnmZC IClOn anO !Osl mOlOn. DC OCsn O ma-
CDnCs nVO!Vn suCD QaIls Das DCCn lIansCIICO IOm
lDC OOman O lDC sk!!CO sDOQWOIkCI lO lDal O lDC IC- ,
sCaICD-!aDOIalOIy man; anO n lDs DCDas a!! lDC aVa-
aD!C lOO!s O CICul lDCOIy lO ICQ!aCC a mCCDanCa
nCnulyOlDC O!OsOIl. 1nVCnlOn nlDC O!O sCnsCDa8 "
DCCn suQQ!anlCO Dy lDC nlC!!Cnl CmQ!OymCnl O CCt
lan !aWs O naluIC. DC slCQ IOm lDC !aWs O nalutC '
lO lDCI CmQ!OymCnl Das DCCn ICOuCCO Dy a DunOIC
lmCs.
1 DaVC QICVOus!y saO lDal WDCn an nVCnlOn 8
maOC, a COnsOCIaD!C QCIOO CnCIa!!y C!aQsCs DCOtC
ls u!! mQ!CalOns aIC unOCIslOOO. 1l Was !On DCOt
C

QCOQ!C DCCamC aWaIC O Cu!! mQaCl O lDC aIQ!aC

CYBEBNE1ICS ANb SCCIE1Y
7
o
n
InternatIonaIreIatIons and onthecondItIons oIhu
anIIIe.Theehect oIatomIcenergy onmankIndand
the
Iuture s yetto be assessed,aIthoughmanyobserv
e
rs
InsIst that It Is mereIy a new weapon IIke aII oIder
wea
pons.
ThecaseoIthevacuumtubewas sImIIar. !nthebe-
innIng, It was regarded mereIy as an extra tooI to
s
uppIement the aIready exIstIng technIgues oI teIe-
p
honIc communIcatIon. The eIectrIcaI engIneers hrst
Istook Its reaI Importance to such an extent that Ior
years vacuum tubewerereIegatedsImpIytoapartcu-
Iar
part oI the communIcatIon network. ThIs part was
connectedwIththerparts consIstIngonIyoIthetradI-
tIonaI socaIIed nactIve cIrcuIt eIementsthe resIst-
a
nces, the capacItances, and the Inductances. OnIy
sInce the war have engIneers IeIt Iree enough In theIr
empIoyment oI vscuum tubes to Insert thcm where
necessay, In the same way they had revIousIy In-
sertepassIveeIementsoItheseteekInds.
ThevacuumtubewashrstusedtorepIaceprevIousIy
exIstIngcomponentsoIIong-dIstanceteIephonecIrcuIts
and wIreIessteIegraphy. !t was notIong, however, be-
Iore It became cIear that the radIo-teIephone had
achIeved the stature oI the radIo-teIegraph, and that
broadcastIng was possIbIe. Iet not the Iact that thIs
greattrIumphoIInventIon has IargeIybeen gIvenover
to thesoapopera and the hIIIbIIIy sInger, bIInd one to
the exceIIentwork thatwas done IndeveIopIngIt, and
tothegreatcIvIIIzIngpossIbIIItIeswhIchhavebeenper-
vertedIntoanatIonaImedIcIne-show
Though the vacuum tube receIved Its debut In the
co
mmunIcatIonsIndustry,theboundarIesandextentoI
thIs Industrywere not IuIIyunderstood Ior a Iong pe-
rIod.ThereweresporadIcusesoIthevacuumtubeand
oI
Its sIster InventIon, the photoeIectrIc ceII, Ior scan-
nIng the products oI Industry, as Ior exampIe, Ior
reguIatIngthethIcknessoIawebcomIngoutoIapaper
achIne, orIor InspectIng the cIor oI a can oIpne
1

o
1m M? b CF M? ?Lb
aQQ!C8. JDC8C u8C8 OO nOl a8 yCl OIm a ICa8OnCO nC
lCCDnQuC, nOI VCIC lDCy a88OCalCO n lDC CnnCCIn
mnO VlD lDC VaCuum luDC8 OlDCI unCl:On, COmmu
nCalOn.
A!! lD8 C

anCO n lDC VaI. LnC O lhC CV lDn8

anCO IOm lDC ICal COnCl Va8 lhC IaQO OCVC!OQ-
mCnl O nVCnlOn, unOCI lDC 8lmu!u8 O nCCC88ly anO
lDCun!mlCOCmQ!OymCnlOmOnCy; anOaDOVCa!!,lDC
nCV D!OOO Ca!!CO n lO nOu8lIa! IC8CaICD. Al lDC DC-
nnn O lDCVaI, OuIICalC8lnCCO Va8 lOkCCQ n-
!anO IOm DCn knOCkCO Oul Dy an OVCIVhCu ar
allaCk. ACCOIOn!y, lDC anl-aICIal CannOn Va8 OnC
OlDChI8lOCCl8 O OuI 8CCnlhCVaIChOIl, C8QCCa!!y
VDCn COmD

nCO V:lD lDC aIQ!anCOClCCln OCVCC O

raOaI OI u!lIa-DD-ICQuCnCy CIlZan VaVC8. JDC
lCCDnQuC O IaOaI u8CO lDC8amC mOOa!lC8 a8 lDC CX-
8ln lCCDnQuC O IaOO DC8OC8 nVCnln nCV OnC8
O l8 OVn. 1l Va8 lDu8 naluIa! lO COn8OCI IaOaI a8
DIanCDOCOmmunCalOnlDCOIy.
1C8OC8 hnOn aIQ!anC8 Dy IaOaI l Va8 nCCC88aIy
lO 8DOOl lDCm OOVn. D8 nVO!VC8 lDC QIOD!Cm O hIC
COnlIO!. JhC 8QCCO O lhC aIQ!anC Da8 maOC l nCC-
C88aIy lO COmQulC lDC C!CmCnl8 O lDC lIaCClOIy O lDC
anl-aICIal m88!C Dy maCDnC, anO lO VC lDC QIC-
OCln maChnC l8C! COmmunCal:On unClOn8 VDCD
DaO QICVOu8!y DCCn a88nCO lO Duman DCn8. JDu8
lDC QIOD!Cm O anl-aICIal hIC COnlIO! maOC a nCV
CnCIalOn O CnnCCI8 am!aI VlD lDC nOlOn O
COmmuuCalOn aOOIC88CO lO a maChnC IalDCI lDa lO
a QCI8Ou. 1n OuI CDaQlCI n !anuaC, VC DaVC a!ICaOy
mCnlOnCO anOlDCI hC!O :n VDCD OI a COn8OCIaD!C
lmClD8 nOlOnDaODCCnam!aIlOa !mlCO IOuQO
CnnCCI8 lDC hC!O O lDC aulOmalC DyOIOC!CClIC
QOVCI8lalOn.
uIn lDC QCIOO mmCOalC!y QICCCOn YOI!O
YaI 11 OlDCI u8C8 VCIC OunO OI lDC VaCuum luDC
COuQ!CO OICCl!ylO lDC maCDnC IalDCI lDan lO lhC Du-
man aCnl. AmOn lDC8C VCIC mOIC CnCIa! aQQ!Ca-
CYBENE1ICS ANb SCCIE1Y
:
49
lOns lO COmQulnmaChnCs. hC COnCCQl O lhC !aIC-
ca!C COmQuln maChnC as OCVC!OQCO Dy NannCVaI
Dush amOn OlhCIs Vas OIna!!y a QuIC!y mCCDanCa!
OnC. DC nlCIalOn Vas OOnC Dy IO!!n Osks Cna-
n

OnC anOlhCI n a IClOna! mannCI; anO lhC nlCI-

chan
C O OulQuls anO nQuls DClVCCn lDCsC Osks Vas
lhC
laskOaC!assCa!lIanOhalsanOCaIs.
hC mOlhCI OCa O lhCsC hIsl COmQuln maChnCs
s
muCh O!OCI lhanlhCVOIk O NannCVaI 1ush. 1n CCI-
lan ICsQCCls l OCs DaCk lO lhCVOIk O 1aDDaC CaI!y
n lhC !asl CCnluIy 1aDDaC haO a suIQIsn!y mOO-
CIn OCa OI a COmQuln maChnC, Dul hs mCChanCa!
mCans C!! aI DChnO hs amDlOns. hC hIsl OmCu!ly
hC mCl, anO Vlh VhCh DC COu!O nOl COQC Vas lhal a
!On lIan O CaIs ICQuICs COnsOCIaD!C QOVCI lO Iun
l, sO lhal ls OulQul O QOVCI anO lOIQuC VCIy sOOn
DCCOmCs lOOsma!!lO aClualClhCICmannQaIlsOlhC
aQQaIalus. 1ushsaVlhs OmCu!lyanOOVCICamClna
VCIy nCnOus Vay. 1CsOCs lhC C!CClICa! amQ!hCIs
OCQCnOn On VaCuum luDCs anO On sm!aI OCVCCs,
lhCIC aIC CCIlan mCChanCa! lOIQuC-amQ!hCIs VhCD
aIC am!aI, OI CXamQ!C, lO CVCIyOnC aCQuanlCO VlD
shQs anO lhC un!OaOn O CaIO. hC slCVCOOIC IasCs
lhC CaIO-s!ns Dy lakn a QuIChasC On hs !OaO
aIOunO lhCOIumO a OOnkCy-CnnC OI CaIOhOsl. 1n
lhs Vay, lhC lCnsOn VhCh hC CXCIls mCChanCa!!y s
nCICasCO Dy a aClOI VhCh IOVs CXlICmC!y IaQO!y
Wlh lhC an!C O COnlaCl DClVCCn hs IOQC anO lDC
IOlaln OIum. hus OnC man s aD!C lO COnlIO!lhC !l-
nOa!OaOOmanylOns.
hs OCVCC s unOamCnla!!y a OICC- OI lOIQuCam-
!hCI. 1y an nCnOus Dl O OCsn, 1usD nsCIlCO
Ch mCChanCa! amQ!hCIs DClVCCn lhC slaCs O Ds
COmQulnmaChnC, anOlhusVas aD!ClOOOCCClVC!y
!e sOIl O lhnVhCD haO On!y DCCn a OICam OI 1aD-

aC.
n lhC CaI!y Oays O NannCVaI 1usDs VOIk, DCOIC
l
CIC VCIC any Dh sCCO aulOmalC COnlIO!s aC-
1

O 1m HUMAN USE L HUMAN BENGS

lOrCs, DaO DCCOmC nlCrCslCO n lDC QrOD!Cm Ol
Qarla! OhCrCnla! CQualOn. usDs VOrk DaO
CCrnCO lDC OrOnary OhCrCnla! CQualOn n VDCD
nOCQCnOCnl VaraD!C Vas lDC lmC, anO OuQ!CalCU
ls lmC COursC lDC COursC OlDC QDCnOmCna l Vas
a!yZn, a!lDOuD QOssD!y al a OhCrCnl ralC. n
Qarla! OhCrCnla! CQualOn, lDC QuanllCs VDCD
lDC Q!aCC O lDC lmC arC sQrCaO Out n sQaCC, an
U
suCslCOlO usDlDal nVCVOlDClCCDnQuC O
VsOn sCannn VDCD Vas lDCn OCVC!OQn a
sQCCO, VC VOu!O, OursC!VCs, DaVC lO COnsOCr suCD
lCCDnQuClOrCQrCsCnllDCmanyVaraD!Cs O, !Clus
sQCC, aansl lDC OnC VaraD!C O lmC. A
flTT11
maCDnC sO OCsnCO VOu!O DaVC lO VOrk al "^
DD sQCCO, VDCD lO my mnO Qul mCCDanCa!
CssCs Oul O lDC QuCslOn anO lDrCV us DaCk On
lrOnC QrOCCssCs. nsuCD a maCDnC, mOrCOVCr, a!!
VOu!O DaVC lO DC VrllCn, rCaO, anO CrasCO VlD
sQCCO COmQalD!C VlD lDal O lDC OlDCr OQCralOns
lDC maCDnC

anO n aOOlOn lO nC!uOn an

Ca! mCCDansm, l VOu!O nCCO a !OCa! mCCDansm
VC!! anO VOu!O DaVC lO DC aD!C lO DanO!C QrOD!Cms
QrOrammn On a QurC!y !OCa! anO aulOmalC Looio.
DC nOlOn O QrOrammn n lDC aClOry DaO
DCCOmC am!ar lDrOuD lDC VOrk O ay!Or anO D0
L!DrClDs On lmC sluOy, anO Vas rCaOy lO DC
CrrCO lO lDC maCDnC. Ds OhCrCO COnsOCraD!C
Cu!ly O OCla!, Dul nO rCal OmCu!ly Ol QrnCQ!C.
Vas lDus COnVnCCO as ar DaCk as 1
j
qO lDal lDC au-
tOmalC aClOry Vas On lDC DOrZOn, anO sO `**
annCVar usD DC COnsCQuCnl OCVC!OQmCnl O
lOmlZalOn, DOlD DCOrC anO alCr lDC QuD!CalOn O
lDC hrsl COlOn O lDs DOOk, Das COnVnCCO mClDal
Vas rDl n my juOmCnl anO lDal lDs OCVC!OQmCn

VOu!O DC OnC O lDC rCat aClOrs n COnOlOnn dc

sOCa! anO lCCDnCa! !lC OlDC aC lO COC, lDCkCynOt0
OlDCsCCOnOnOuslra!rCVO!ulOn.
n OnC Ols Car!Cr QDasCs lDC usD hCrCnta
CYBEBNE1ICS AND SCCIE1Y

!
CI QCIOImCO a!! lDC QInCQa! amQ!hCalOn unC-
l
O
ns.
l usCO C!CClICly On!y lO VC QOVCI lO lDC
O
lOIs Iunnn lDC maCnC as a WDO!C. Ds slalC O
c
Om
Quln-mCCDansms Was nlCImCOalC anO lIans-
lOI
.
l VCIy sOOn DCCamC C!CaI lDal amQ!hCIs O an
!
CCl
IC naluIC, COnnCClCO Dy WICs IalDCI lDan Dy
sD
al
s, VCIC DOlD !Css CXQCnsVC anO mOIC CXD!C lDan
C
CDanCa! amQ!hCIs anO COnnCClOns. ACCOIOn!y,
lDC!alCIOIms O1usDs maCDnC maOC usC O VaCuum-
luDC OCVCCs. Ds Das DCCn COnlnCO n a!! lDCI suC-
cCssOIs; VDClDCI lDCy WCIC WDal aIC nOV Ca!!CO
ana!Oy maCDnCs, VDCD VOIk QImaI!y Dy lDC mCas-
uI
CmCnl O QDysCa! QuanllCs, OI Ola! maCDnCs,
WDCD WOIkQImaI!yDy COunlnanO aIlDmClCOQCI-
alOns.
DC OCVC!OQmCnl O lDCsC COmQuln maCDnCs Das
DCCn VCIy IaQO snCC lDC VaI. 1OI a !aIC IanC O
cOQulalOna! VOIk, lDCy DaVC sDOWn lDCmsC!VCs
muCD aslCI anO mOIC aCCuIalC lDan lDC Duman COm-
QulCI. DCI sCCO Das !On snCC ICaCDCO suCD a !CVC!
lDal anynlCImCOalCDumannlCIVCnlOnnlDCIWOIk
Oul O lDC QuCslOn. Dus lDCy OCIlDC saC nCCO lO
ICQ!aCC Duman CaQaClCs Dy maCDnC CaQaClCs as
lOsC WDCD VC OunO n lDC anl-aICIal COmQulCI.
JDC QaIls O lDC maCDnC musl sQCak lO OnC anOlDCI
lDIOuD an aQQIOQIalC !anuaC, VlDOul sQCakn lO
any QCIsOn OI !slCnn lO any QCIsOn, CXCCQl n lDC
lCImna!anOnla!slaCsOlDCQIOCCss. CICaan WC
DaVC an C!CmCnl VDCD Das COnlIDulCO lO lDC CnCIa!
aCCCQlanCC O lDC CXlCnsOn lO maCDnCs O lDC OCa
OCOmmunCalOn.
nlDs COnVCIsalOn DClWCCn lDCQaIls O amaCDnC,
l
s OlCn nCCCssaIy lO lakC COnZanCC O VDal lDC
m
aCDnC Das a!ICaOy saO. CIC lDCIC CnlCIs lDC QIn-
C
Q!C
O CCODaCk, VDCD VC DaVC a!ICaOy OsCussCO,
a
O
VDCD sO!OCIlDanls CXCmQ!hCalOn nlDC sDQs
s
l
CCIn CnnC, anO s al !Casl as O!O, n aCl, as lDC

OVC
InOI WDCD ICu!alCs lDC sQCCO O Yalls slCam
1_ Im M? b L M? b
OngnO. hs gOVOrnOr kOOQs lhO OngnO rOm runnn
W!d WhOn ls !Oad s rOmOVOd. l slarls lO run W!d
lhO Da!!s O lhO gOVOrnOr y uQWard rOm COnlruga

aClOn, and n lhOr uQard ghl lhOy mOVO a !OVC

WhCh Qarl!y Culs OB lhO admssOn O slOam. Dus lh
O
lOndOnCy lO sQOOd uQ QrOduCOs a Qarl!y COmQOnsalO
lOndOnCy lO s!OW dOWn. hs mOlhOd O rOgu!alOrO-
COVOd a lhOrOu malhOmalCa! ana!yss al lhO hands
OL!OrkmaxWO!!n1obo.
MOrO OOdDaCk s usOd lO rOgu!alO lhO VO!OCly O a
maChnO. n lhO shQs slOOrng OngnO l rOgu!alOs lD
O
QOslOn O lhO ruddOr. hOmanal UO WhOO! OQOralCs
a !ghl lransmssOn syslOm, OmQ!Oyng Chans Or hy-
drau!C lransmssOn, WhCh mOVOs a mOmDOr n lDO
rOOm COnlanng lhO slOOrng OngnO. hOrO s sOmO sOrt
O aQQaralus WhCh nOlOs lhO dslanCO DOlWOOn Us
mOmDOr and lhO l!!Or and lhs dslanCC COnUO!s lDC
admssOn O slOam lOlhOQOrls Oa slOam slOOrngOu (
gnO Or sOmO sm!ar O!OClrCa! admssOn nlhO CasOot
an O!OClrCa! slOOrngOngnO. alOVOr UO QarlCu!a
COnnOClOns may DO, lhs ChangO OadmssOns a!Ways
nsuCha drOClOnaslODrngnlO COnCdOnCOlhOl!Or
and lhO mOmDOr aClualOd rOm lhO WhOO!. hus OnC
man allhO WhOO! Can dOWlh OasO Whal WhO!O CU
COu!d dO On!y Wlh dCu!ly al lhO O!d manQOWOr
WhOO!.
O haVO sO ar gVOn OxmQ!Os O WhOrO lhO OOd-
DaCk QrOCOss lakOs Qrmar!y a mOChanCa!Orm. MOW-
OVOr, a sOrOs O OQOralOns O lhO samO slruClO Cau
DO CarrOd Oul lhrOugh O!OClrCa! and OVOn VaCuum-
luDO mOans. hOsO mOans QrOmsO lO DO lhO ulurO
slandardmOlhOdOdOsgnngCOnlrO!aQQaralus.
hOrO has !Ong DOOn a lOndOnCy lOrOndOr aClOrCs
and maChnOs aulOmalC. LxCOQlOr sOmO sQOCa! Qur-
QOsO OnO WOu!d nO !OngOr lhnk O QrOduCng sCrOWs
Dy lhO usO O lhO Ordnary !alhO, n WDCh a mOChan
musl WalCh lhO QrOgrOss O hs CullOr and rOgu!alC t
Dyhand. hO QrOduClOu OsCrOWs guanllyWlhOt
L3Lb 7 b 1

s
Or
Ous Duman nlOrVOnlOn s nOW UO nOrma! lask O
lhO
Ordnary sCrOW maCDnO. A!lDOugD lhs dOOs nOt
m
akO any sQOCa!usO OlDOQrOCOss OOOdDaCk nOO
lhO VaCuum luDO, l aCCOmQ!sDOs a sOmOWDal sm!ar
Ond Dal lhO OOdDaCk and lDO VaCuum luDO haVO
ma
dOQOssD!O s nOl UO sQOradC dOsgn O ndVdua!
a
ulOmalC mOChansms, Dul a gOnOra! QO!Cy Or lhO
CO
nslruClOn OaulOmalCmOCDansms OlDO mOslVar-
Od lyQO. n lhs lhOy haVO DOOnrOnOrCOd Dy Our nOW
lhOOrOlCa! lrOalmOnl O COmmunCalOn, WDCD lakOs
u! COgnZanCO O lhO QOssDlOs O COmmunCalOn
DOlWOO maChnO and maChnO. l s lDs COn]unClOn
O CrCumslanCOs WhCD nOW rOndOrs QOssD!O lhO nOW
aulOmalCagO.
hO Oxslng slalO O nduslra! lOChnQuOs nC!udOs
lhO WDO!O O lhO rOsu!ls O lhO hrsl nduslra! rOVO!u-
UOn, lOgOlhOrWlh many nVOnlOns WDCh WOnOW sOO
lO DO QrOCursOrs O lhO sOCOnd nduslra! rOVO!ulOn.
hallDOQrOCsODOundaryDOlWOOnlhOsOlWO rOVO!u-
lOns may DO, l s sl!! lOO Oar!y lO say. n ls QOlOnla!
sgnhCanCO, UO VaCuum luDO COrlan!y DO!Ongs lO an
ndusUa! rOVO!ulOn dBOrOnl rOm lDal O lDO agO O
QOWOr and yOl l s On!y al QrOsOnl lhal lDO lruO sg-
nhCanCOOlhOnVOnlOn OlDOVaCuumluDODas DOOn
suCOnl!y rOa!ZOd lOa!!OWuslO allrDulO lDOQrOsOnl
agOlOanOWandsOCOndnduslra!rOVO!ulOn.
Q lO nOW WO haVO DOOn la!kng aDOul lhO Oxslng
slalOOaBars OhaVO nOlCOVOrOdmOrO lDan a sma!!
Qarl OlDOasQOClsOlhOQrOVOusnduslra!rOVO!ulOn.
O DaVO nOl mOnlOnOd lhO arQ!anO, nOr lhO Du!!-
dOZOr, lOgOlhOrWlD lhO OlDOr mOChanCa! lOO!s O COn-
slruClOn, nOr lDO aulOmOD!O, nOr OVOn OnO-lOnlD O
lhOsO aClOrs WhCD DaVO COnVOrlOd mOdOrn !O lO
sOmOlDng lOla!!y un!kO lDO !O O any OlhOr QOrOd.
l sarlO say,DOWOVOr, lDal OxCOQlOra COnsdOraD!O
umDOr O sO!alOd OxamQ!Os, lhO nduslra! rOVO!ulOn
QlOlhO QrOsOnl Das dsQ!aCOd man and lDODOasl as B
s
Ou
rCO OQOWOr, WlDOulmakng any grOal mQrOssOn
1

M? b L M? ?b
On OlDCr Duman unClOns. DC DCsl lDal a QCk-anO-
sDOVC! VOrkCr Can OO lO makC a !Vn al lDC QICsCnt
lmC s lO aCl as a sOrl O !CanCr alCr lDC Du!!OOZCr.
1na!! mQOrlanlICsQCCls, lDCmanVDO DasnOlDnDut
DsQDysCa!QOVCIlO sC!!DasnOlDnlO sC!!VDCD l 8
VOrlDanyOnCsmOnCylODuy.
Cl us nOV O On lO a QClurC O a mOIC COmQlC!y
aulOmalC aC. Cl us COnsOCr VDal OI CXamQ!C lDC
aulOmOD!C aClOIy O UC uluIC W!! DC !kC; anO n
QaIlCu!aI lDC assCmD!y !nC, VDCD s lDC QaIl O lDC
aulOmOD!CaClOry lDal CmQ!Oys lDC mOsl !aDOI. 1nlDC
Isl Q!aCC, lDC sCQuCnCC O OQCIalOns V!! DC COn-
lrO!!CO Dy sOmClDn !kC a mOOCIn DD-sQCCO COm-
Quln maCDnC. 1n lDs DOOk anO C!sCWDCIC, DaVC
OlCn saO lDal lDC DD-sQCCO COmQuln maCDnC s
QrmaI!y a !OCa! maCDnC, VDCD COnIOnls OhCICnt
QIOQOslOns VlD OnC anOlDCI anO OIaVs sOmC O lDCr
COnsCQuCnCCs. 1l s QOsD!C lO lIans!alC lDC VDO!C O
malDCmalCs nlO lDC QCIOImanCC O a sCQuCnCC O
QurC!y!OCa! lasks. lDs ICQICsCnlalOn OmalhCmal-

Cs s CmDOOCO n lDC maCDnC, lDC maCDnC V!! DC a
COmQuln maCDnC n lDC OIOnaIy sCnsC. OWCVCr
suCD a COmQuln maCDnC, DCsOCs aCCOmQ!sDn Or-
Onary malDCmalCa! lasks, V!! DC aD!C lO unOCIlakC
lDC !OCa! lask O DannC!n a sCICs O OIOCrs COn-
CCInn malDCmalCa! OQCIalOns. JDCICOIC, as QICs-
Cnl DD-sQCCO COmQuln maCDnCs n aCl OO, l V!!
COnlan al!Casl OnC!aIC assCmD!yVDCD s QuIC!y!O-
Ca!.
DC nslruClOns lO suCD a maCDnC, anO DCIC lOO
am sQCakn OQICsCnl QIaClCC, aIC VCn Dy Vhal VC
DaVC Ca!!CO a laQn. JDC OIOCIs VCn lDC maCDnC
mayDCCO nlO lDy a laQn VDCD s COmQ!ClC!yQIC
OClCImnCO. l s a!sO QOssD!C lDal lDC aClua! COnln-
CnCCs mCl n lDC QCIOImanCC O lDC maCDnC may
DC DanOCO OVCI as a Dass O uIlDCI ICu!alOn lO a
nCV COnlIO! laQC COnslIuClCO Dy lDC maCDnC lsC!, Or
lO a mOOCalOn O lDC O!O OnC. 1 DaVC a!ICaOy CX-
CYBEBNE1ICS SOIE1Y

Qa
nCUDOV lDnk suCDQrOCCssCs arC rCatCUtOCarn-
n

t may DC lDOuDl lDat tDC QrCsCnl rCal CXQCnsC O

COm
Qutn maCDnCs Dars lDCm rOm usC n nUustra
QrOCCssCs anU urlDCrmOrC lDal tDC UCCaCy O tDC
WOrk nCCCU n tDCr COnstruClOn anU tDC VaraDly
O tDC unClOns QrCCuUCs lDC usC O lDC mCtDOUs O
mass QrOUuClOn n COnslruCln lDCm. PClDCr O lDCsC
CDarCs s COrrCCl. nlDC hrstQaCC, lDC CnOrmOus COm-
Quln maCDnCs nOV usCU Or lDC DDCst CVC O
matDCmalCa VOrk COsl sOmCtDn OlDCOrUCr ODun-
UrCUsOlDOusanUsOUOars LVCnlDsrCCVOuUnOl
DC OrDUUn Or lDC COnlrO maCDnC O a rCay arC
aCtOry, Dul t s nOl tD rCCVanl QrCC. DC QrCsCnt
COmQuln maCDnCs arC UCVCOQn sO raQUy tDat
QraClCay CVCry OnC COnslruClCU s a nCV mOUC. n
OtDCrVOrUs, a arCQartO lDCsC aQQarCntyCXOrDlant
QrCCs OCsnlOnCVVOrkOUCsn,anUnlOnCVQarls,
VDCD arC QrOUuCCU Dy a VCry DD Qualy O aDOr
unUCrtDCmOstCXQCnsVCCrCumstanCCs. OnCOtDCsC
COmQuln maCDnCs VCrC lDCrCOrC CstaDsDCU
nQrCC anU mOUC, anUQutlO usC nQuanltCs OlCns
Or lWCnlCs, ts VCryUOuDluVDClDCr ls QCCVOuU
DC DDCr lDan lCns O tDOusanUs O UOars. A smar
maCDnC O smaCr CaQaCty, nOt sulCU Or tDC mOst
UCut COmQulalOna QrODCms, Dut nCVCrlDCCss
QutCaUCQuatCOraClOry COnlrO, VOuUQrODaDy COst
nO mOrC lDan a CV lDOsanU UOars n any sOrl O
mOUCrtC-sCaCQrOUuCOn.
POVClus COnsUCrlDCQrDCm OtDC mass QOUuC-
lOnOCOmQlnmaCDnCs. lDCOnyOQOrtunlyOr
mass QrOUuClOn VCrC tDC mass QrOUuCtOn O COm-
QClCUmaCDnCs, ts QulC CCartDalOra COnsUCraDC
QCrOU lDC DCst VC COuU DOQC Or VOuU DC a mOUCr-
alC-sCaC QrOUuClOn. ]OVCVCr, n CaCD maCDnC tDC
Qarls arC arCy rCCllVC n VCry COnsUCraDC num-
DCrs. Ds s lruC, VDClDCr VC COnsUCr tDC mCmOry
aQQaratus, lDC OCa aQQaralus, Or tDC artDmCtCa

l
l

5
b M BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
suDassCmD!y. JDus QrOOuClOn OaCV OOZCn maCDnC8
On!y, rCQrCsCnls a QOlCnla! mass QrOOuClOn O lDC
Qarls, anO s aCCOmQanCO Dy lDC samC CCOnOmC aO-
VanlaCs.
1l may sl!! sCCm lDal lDC OC!CaCy O lDC maCDnC8
musl mCanlDalCaCDOD OCmanOs a sQCCa!nCVmOOC.
JDs s a!sO a!sC. VCn CVCn a rOuD sm!arly lDC
lyQC O malDCmalCa! anO !OCa! OQCralOns OCmanOCd
O lDC malDCmalCa! anO !OCa! unls O lDC maCDnC
UC OVCr-a!! QCrOrmanCC s rCu!alCO Dy lDC laQn, Or
al any ralC Dy lDC origim/laQn. JDC laQn O suCD
a maCDnC s a DD!y sk!!CO lask Or a QrOCssOna
man O a VCry sQCCa!ZCO lyQC; Dul l s !arC!y Or Cn
lrC!y a OnCC-Ora!! OD, anO nCCO On!y DC Qarl!y rC-
QCalCO VDCn lDC maCDnC s mOOhCO Or a nCV n-
Ouslra!sCluQ.JDuslDCCOslOsuCDask!!COlCCDnCan
V!! DC OslrDulCO OVCr a lrCmCnOOus OulQul, anO V!
nOl rCa!!y DC a snhCanl aClOr n lDC usC O lDC ma-
CDnC.
DC COmQulnmaCDnC rCQrCsCnls lDC CCnlCr O lDC
aulOmalC aClOry, Dul l V!! nCVCr DC lDC VDO!C aC-
lOry. Ln lDC OnC DanO, l rCCCVCs ls OCla!CO nslruC-
lOns rOm C!CmCnls O lDC nalurC O sCnsC Orans, suCD
asQDOlOC!CClrC CC!!s, COnOCnsCrs OrlDC rCaOn OlDC
lDCknCss O a VCD O QaQCr, lDCrmOmClCrs, DyOrOCn-
On-COnCCnUalOn mClCrs, anO lDC CnCra! run O aQ-
Qaralus nOV Du!l Dy nslrumCnl COmQanCs Or lDC
manua! COnlrO! O nOuslra! QrOCCssCs. JDCsC nsUu-
mCnls arC a!rCaOy Du!l lO rCQOrl C!CClrCa!!y al rCmOlC
slalOns. A!! lDCy nCCO O CnaD!C lDCm lO nlrOOuCC
UCr nOrmalOn nlO an aulOmaC DD-sQCCO COm-
QulCr s a rCaOn aQQaralus VDCD V!! Uans!alC QOs
On Or sCa!C nlO a QallC O COCCulVC Ols. bu
aQQaralus a!rCaOy CXsls, anO OhCrs nO rCal OmCu!ly,
ClDCr O QrnCQ!C Or O COnslruClOna! OCla! DC
sCnsC-Oran QrOD!Cm s nOl nCV, anO l s a!rCaOy C-
CClVCysO!VCd.
1CsOCs lDC8C 8CnsC Orans, lDC COnlrO syslCm mu8l
CEBNE1IC ANb bL

OntanChCCtOI8, OI COmQOnCnt8 WDCD aCtOntDC OutCI

O
I!C. bOmC O tDC8C aIC O a tyQC a!ICaCy am!aI,
8uCD a8 Va!VC-turnn mOtOI8, C!CCtrCC!utCDC8, anC tDC
k
C. bOmC O tDCm W!! DaVC tO DC nVCntCC, tO Cu
_!ICatC mOrC nCar!y tDC unCtOn8 O tDC Duman DanC
a8
8uQQ!CmCntCC Dy tDC Duman CyC. 1t 8 a!tOCtDCI
_O88D!CntDCmaCDnnOautOmOD!CramC8tO!CaVC
On
CCrtan mCta! !u8, maCDnCC ntO 8mOOtD 8uraCC8
a8 QOnt8 O rCCrCnCC. DC tOO!, WDCtDCI t DC a Cr!!
Or rVCtCI Or WDatCVCI C!8C WC Want, may DC !CC tO
tDC aQQrOXmatC nCDDOrDOOC O tDC8C 8uIaCC8 Dy a
DOtOC!CCtIC mCCDan8m, aCtuatCC OI CXamQ!C Dy
QOt8 Oant. DC hna! QO8tOnn mayDIn tDC tOO!
uQ aan8t tDC ICCrCnCC 8uraCC8, 8O a8 tO C8taD!8D a
rm COntaCt, Dut nOt a CC8truCtVC!y OnC. D8 8
On!yOnCWayOCOntDCOD. Any COmQCtCntCnnCCI
CantDnkOaCOZCnmOrC.
L COur8C, WC a88umCtDattDC n8trumCnt8WDCDaCt
a8 8Cn8COran8 ICCOrC nOt On!ytDC Orna! 8tatC O tDC
WOrk, Dut a!8O tDC IC8u!t O a!! tDC QrCVOu8 QrOCC88C8.
Du8 tDCmaCDnC may Carry Out CCCDaCk OQCIatOn8,
CtDCr tDO8C O tDC 8mQ!C tyQC nOW 8O tDOrOuD!y un-
Cr8tOOC, Or tDO8C nVO!Vn mOrC COmQ!CatCC QIOC-
C88C8 OC8CImnatOn, ICu!atCCDytDCCCntra!COntrO!
a8 a !OCa! Or matDCmatCa! 8y8tCm. 1n OtDCI WOIC8,
tDC a!!-OVCI 8y8tCm W!! COrrC8QOnC tO tDC COmQ!CtC an-
ma! WtD 8Cn8C Oran8, ChCCtOr8, anC QrOQrOCCQtOr8,
anC nOt, a8 n tDC u!tra-IaQC COmQutn maCDnC, tO
an 8O!atCC Dran, CCQCnCCnt OI t8 CXQCICnCC8 anC
Ort8ChCCtVCnC88OnOuIntCrVCntOn.
DC 8QCCC WtD WDCD tDC8C nCW CCVCC8 aIC !kC!y
tO COmC ntO nCu8Da! u8C W!! VaIy rCat!y WtD tDC
ChCrCnt nCu8trC8. AutOmatC maCDnC8, WDCD may
nOt DC QrCC8C!y !kC tDO8C CC8CIDCC DCIC, Dut WDCD
QCrOImIOuD!ytDC8amCunCtOn8,DaVCa!ICaCy COmC
ntO CXtCn8VC u8C n COntnuOu8-QIOCC88 nCu8tIC8 !kC
CannCIC8, 8tCC!-IO!!n m!!8, anC C8QCCa!!y WIC anC
tn-Q!atC aCtOIC8. DCy aIC a!8O am!aI n [a[CI aC-
1j
o IE BMAN USE CF HUMAN BEINGS
lOICs,VDCDkCWsC QIOOuCC a COnlnuOus OulQul. n
OlDCI!aCC VDCIC lDCy aIC nOsQCnsaD!C s n lDal sO
O aClOIy VDCD s lOO OanCIOus OI any COnsOCIaD
numDCI O VOIkCIs lO Isk lDCI !VCs n ls COnlIO, and

n VDCD an CmCICnCy s !kC!y lO DC sO sCIOus and

COsl!y lDalls QOssD!lCs sDOu!O DaVC DCCn COnsOCICd
n aOVanCC, IalhCI lhan !Cl lO lDC CXClCO uOmCnl O
sOmCDOOyOnlhC sQOl. a QO!CyCan DC lDOuDl Ouln
aOVanCC, l Can DC COmmllCO lO a laQn VhCD
W
ICu!alC lhC COOuCl lO DC O!!OVCOn aCCOIOaCCVlD
lDC ICaOns O lDC nslIumCnl n OlDCI WOIOs, suCD
aClOICs shOu!O DC unOCI a ICmC IalDCI !kC lhal O
lDC nlCI!OCkn sna!s anO sVlCDCs O lDC Ia!IOad
sna!-lOVCI. JDs ICmC s a!ICaOy O!!OVCO n O-
CIaCkn aClOICs, n many OlDCI CDCmCa! VOIks, and
nlDCDanO!nOlDC sOIl OOanCIOus malCIa!s Ound
nlDCCXQ!OlalOnOalOmCCnCIy.
YC DaVC a!ICaOy mCnlOnCO lDC assCmD!y !nC as a
QaCC OI aQQ!yn lDC samC sOIls O lCCDnQuC. n lDC
assCmDy !nC as n lhC CDCmCa!aClOIy, OI lDC COnln-
uOus-QIOCCss QaQCI m!!, l s nCCCssaIy lO CXCIl a CCr-
lan slalslCa COnlIO! On lDC Qua!ly O lDC QIOOuCl.
JDs COnlIO! OCQCnOs On a samQ!n QIOCCss. JDCsC
samQ!nQICCssCs DaVC nOV DCCn OCVC!OQCO DyYad
anO OlDCIs nlO a lCCDnQuC Ca!!CO scqucntia/ ano/qsis,
nVDCD lDC samQnsnO !OnCI lakCn n a !umQ Dut
s aCOnlnuOusIOCCssOna!OnVlDlDCQIOOuClOn.
JDal VDCD Can DC OOnC lDCn Dya lCCDnQuC sslanO-
aIdZCO lDal l Can DC Qul n lDC DanOs O a slalslCa
COmQulCIVDO OOCs nOlunOCIslanO lDC !OC DCDnO l,
may a!sO DC CXCCulCO Dy a COmQuln maCDnC 1n
OlDCI VOIOs, CXCCQl aan al lDC DDCsl !CVC!s, lDC ma-
CDnC lakCs CaIC O lDC rOulnC slalslCa COnlIOs, a8
VC!asOlDCQIOOuClOnQIOCCss.
1n CnCra, aClOICs DaVC an aCCOunln QIOCCOurC
VDCD s nOCQCnOCnl O QIOOuClOn, Dul nsOaI as lDC
dalaVDCD OCCuInCOsl-aCCOunln COmCIOmlDCma
CDnC OI assCmDy nC, lDCy mayDC CO dICCly nlO a
CYBEBNE1ICS 7 SCCIETY 1
jj
cOmQulny maCDnC. LlDCr Uala may DC CU n rOm
mC lO lmC Dy Duman OQCralOrs, Dul lD Du!k O lhO
c!
C
rC
a! VOrk Can DC DanU!CU mCCDanCa!!y, !CaVn
O
n!
y
lDC CXlraOrUnary UCla!s suCD as OulsOC COrrC-
s
QO
nUCnCC Or Duman DCnys ul CVCn a !aryC Qatt O
uC
OulsUC COrrCsQOnUCnCC may DC rCCCVCU rOm UO
COr
rCsQOnUCnls On QunCDCO CarUs, Or lransCrrCU lO
QunCDCUCarUsDyCXlrCmC!y!OV-yraUC!aDOr. rOmlDs
slaC On, CVCrylDny may yO Dy maCDnC. Ds mCCDa-
nZalOn a!sO may aQQ!y lO a nOl naQQrCCaD!C Qarl O
luC
!Drary anU h!n IaC!lCs O an nUuslra! Q!anl.
n OlDCr VOrUs, lDC maCDnC Q!ays nO aVOrlCs DC-
lW
CCn manua! !aDOr anU VDlC-CO!!ar !aDOr. Dus lDO
QOssD!C hC!Us nlO VDCD lDC nCV nUuslra! rCVO!ulOn
s
kC!y lO QCnClralC arC VCry CXlCnsVC, anU nC!uUC
a!! !aDOrQCrIOrmny ]uUymCnls O a !OV!CVC!, nmuCD
lDC samC Vay as lDC UsQ!aCCU !aDOr O lDC Car!Cr n-
Uuslra! rCVO!ulOn nC!uUCU CVCry asQCCl O Duman
QOVCr DCrCV!!, O COursC, DC lraUCs nlO VDCD lDC
nCV nUuslra! rCVO!ulOn V!! nOl QCnClralC ClDCr DC-
CausC lDC nCV COnlrO! maCDnCs arC nOl CCOnOmCa! n
nUuslrCs On sO sma!! a sCa!C as nOllO DC aD!C lO Catty
lDC COnsUCraD!C CaQla! COsl nVO!VCU, Or DOCausC
lDCr VOrk s sO VarCU lDala nCV laQnV!! DC nCCC-
sar Or a!mOsl CVCry ]OD. 1 CannOl sCC aulOmalC m-
CDnCry O lDC ]uUymCnl-rCQ!aCny lyQC COmn nlO
usC n lDC COrnCr rOCCry, Or n lDC CODCr araC, a-
lDOuD Can VCry VC!! sCC l Cm_!OyCU Dy O WDO!O-
sa!C rOCCranUlDC aulOmOD!CmanuaClurCr. DOarm
!aDOrCr lOO, a!lDOugh DC s DCnnn lO DO QrOssOdDy
aulOmalC maCDnCry, s QrOlOClOd rO lDO u rOs
surC O l DCCausC O lDO rOunO hO Das lO COVOr, UC
VaraD!ly O lDO CrO_s DO musl l!!, and lDO sQOCa
COnUlOns O WOaUOr and lDO !kC lDal DO musl mOOl
VOn DOrO, lDO !argO-sCa!O Or Q!anlaUOn armCr s DC-
COmn nCrOasng!y dOQOndOnl On COllOn-QCkng and
OOd-DungmaChnOry, aslDCWhOalarmOrDasOn
DOOn dOQOndOnl On lDO mCLOrmCk rOaQOr. OrC
1OO 1m HUMAN USE L HUMAN BEINGS
8uCD maCDnC8 may DC u8CO, 8OmC u8C O maCDnCIy
0t
uOmCnl8 nOlnCOnCCVaD!C.
DC nlIOOuClOn O lDC nCV OCVCC8 anO lDC OatC8
alVDCD lDCy aIC lO DC CXQCClCO aIC, O COuI8C, !aIC!y
CCOnOmC mallCI8, On VDCD 1 am nOl an CXQCIl. bDOrt
O any VO!Cnl QO!lCa! CDanC8 OI anOlDCI ICal VaI,
8DOu!O VC a IOuD C8lmalC lDal l V!! lakC lDC nC
tOO!8 lCn lO lVCnly yCaI8 lO COmC nlO lDCI OVn. A
VaI VOu!O CDanC a!! lD8 OVCInDl. 1 VC 8DOu!O Cu
aC n a VaI VlD a maOI QOVCI !kC u88a, VDCD
VOu!O makC 8CIOu8 OCmanO8 On lDC nanlIy, anO COu
8CQuCnl!y On OuI manQOVCI, VC may DC DaIO Qul tO
kCCQ uQOuInOu8lIa!QIOOuClOn. LnOCI lDC8CCICum
8lanCC8, lDC mallCI O ICQ!aCn Duman QIOOuClOn Dy
OlDCI mOOC8 may VC!! DC a !C-OI-OCalD mallCI lO lDC
nalOn. C aIC a!ICaOy a8 aI a!On n lDC QIOCC88 Ot
OCVC!OQn a unhCO 8y8lCm O aulOmalC COnlIO! ma-
CDnC8 a8 VCVCICn lDC OCVC!OQmCnlOIaOaIn 1g_g.
]u8l a8 lDC CmCICnCy O lDC Dall!C O DIlan maOC t
nCCC88aIy lO allaCk lDC IaOaI QIOD!Cm n a ma88VC
mannCI, anO lO DuIIy uQ lDC naluIa! OCVC!OQmCnt O
lDC hC!O Dy VDal may DaVC DCCn OCCaOC8 8O lOO, lDC
uCCO8 O !aDOI ICQ!aCCmCnl aIC!kC!y lO aCl On u8 n a
8m!a Vay n lDC Ca8C O anOlDCI VaI. 1CI8OnnC! 8uCD
a8 8k!!CO IaOO amalCuI8, malDCmalCan8, anO QDy8-
C8l8, VDO VCIC 8O IaQO!y luInCO nlO COmQClCnl C!CC-
trCa! CnnCCI8 OI lDCQuIQO8C8 O IaOaIOC8n, 8 8t!
aVa!aD!C OI lDC 8m!aI lak OaulOmalC-maCDnC OC-
8n. DCIC 8 a nCV anO 8k!!CO CnCIatOn COmn u,
VDCDlDCyDaVClIanCO.
LnOCI lDC8C CICum8lanCC8, tDC QCIOO O aDOul tVO
yCaI8 VDCDl lOOk OI IaOaI lO Cl OnlO lDCDall!ChC!d
VlD a DD OCICC OCCClVCnC88 8 8CaICC!y !kC!yl0
DC CXCCCOCO Dy tDC QCIOO O CVO!ulOn O lDC aulO-
malC aClOIy. Al lDC CnO O 8uCD a VaI, lDC nO
DOV nCCOCO lO COn8lIuCl 8uCD aClOIC8 V!! C
COmmOn. DCIC V!! CVCn DC a COn8OCIaD!C DaCk!O 0

CQuQmCnl manuaCturCO OIlDC OVCIumCul, VDCD

L3?Lb Z bLL
!k
C!
y lO DC On sa!C Or aVa!aD!C lO lDC nOuslra!sls
U
u
s a nCV Var V!! a!mOsl nCVlaD!y sCC lDC aulO-

al
CagCnu!!sWngWlDn!CsslDanhVCyCars.
1 DaVC sQOkCn O lDC aClua!ty anO lDC mmnCnCC
O
lDs nCV QOssD!ly. YDal Can VC CXQCCl O ls CCO-
nOm
C anO sOCa! COnsCQuCnCCs 1n lDC hrsl Q!aCC, VC
Can
CXQCClanaDruQlanOhna! CCssalOn OlDC OCmanO
Or lDC lyQC O aClOry !aDOrQCrOrmngQurC!y rCQl-
lVC lasks. 1n lDC !Ong run, lDC OCaO!y unnlCrCslng
nalurC O lDC rCQCllVC lask may makC lDs a gOOO
lDng anO lDC sOurCC O!CsurC nCCCssaryOrmans u!
Cu!lura! OCVC!OQmCnl. 1l may a!sO QrOOuCC Cu!lura! rC-
su!ls as lrVa! anOVaslCu! as lDC grCalCr Qarl OlDOsC
sOarODlanCOrOmlDCraOOanOlDCmOVCs.
DC lDal as l may, lDC nlCrmCOalC QCrOO O lDC
nlrOOuClOn O lDC nCV mCans, CsQCCa!!y l COmC8
n lDC u!mnalng mannCr lO DC CXQCClCO rOm a nCV
War, V!! !CaO lO an mmCOalC lranslOna! QCrOO O
OsaslrOus COnusOn. YC DaVC a gOOO OCa! O CXQCr-
CnCC as lO DOV lDC nOuslra!sls rCgarO a nCV nOus-
lra! QOlCnla!. DCrVDO!CQrOQaganOa s lOlDC ChCCl
lDal l musl nOl DC COnsOCrCO as lDC DusnCss O lDC
gOVCrnmCnl Dul musl DC !Cl OQCn lO VDalCVCr CnUC-
QrCnCurs VsD lO nVCsl mOnCy nl. YC a!sOknOVlDal
lDCyDaVC VCry CV nDDlOns VDCn l COmCs lOlakn
a!!lDCQrOhlOulOannOuslry lDallDCrC slO DC lakCn,
anO lDCn !Cllng lDC QuD!C QCk uQ lDC QCCCs. D8 8
lDCslOry O lDC !umDCr anO mnng nOuslrCs, anO8
Qarl O VDal VC DaVC Ca!!CO n anOlDCr CDaQlCr tDC
lraOlOna!AmCrCanQD!OsOQDyOQrOgrCss.
LnOCr lDCsC CrCumslanCCs, nOuslry V! DCOOOCO
WlD tDC nCW lOO!s lO tDC CXlCnl lDal lDCy QQCar to
C!OmmCOalCQrOhls rrCsQCClVC OVDal !Ong-tmC
OamagC lDCy Can OO. YC sDa!! sCC a QrOCCs8 QaraC
lOlDCVaynVDCDtDC usC OalOmCCnCryOrDOmD8
Das DCCn a!!OVCO lO COmQrOmsC lDC VCry nCCCssary
Q
OlCnla!lCs O tDC !On-lmC usC O alOmC QOVCr lO
r
CQ!aCCOurO!anOCOa!suQQ!Cs, VDCDarCVlDn CCn-
1b2 1m HUMAN USE CF HUMAN BEINGS
tuICs, nOt OCCaOCs, O uttCI CXDau8tOn. POtC WC
tDat atOmC DOmDs OO nOt COmQCtC WtD QOWCI COm-
QanCs.
1Ct us ICmCmDCI tDat tDC autOmatC maCDnC, WDat-

CVCI WC tDnk O any CCns t may DaVC OI may nOt
DaVC, s tDC QICCsC CCOnOmC CQuVaCnt O saVC aDO
I.
Any aDOI WDCD COmQCtCs WtD saVC aDOI must aC-
CCQt tDC CCOnOmC COnOtOns O saVC aDOI. 1t s QCI-
CCty CCaI tDat tDs W QIOOuC an unCmQOymCnt
statOn, n COmQaIsOn WtD WDCD tDC QICsCnt ICCCs-
sOn anO CVCn tDC OCQICssOn O tDC tDItCs W sCCm
a QCasant OkC. Ds OCQICssOn W Iun many nOus-
tICs-QOssDy CVCn tDC nOustICs WDCD DaVC takCn
aOVantaC O tDC nCW QOtCntatCs. OWCVCI, tDCIC 8
nOtDn n tDC nOustIa tIaOtOn WDCD OIDOs ann-
OustIast tO makC a suIC anO QuCk QIOht, anO tO Ct
OutDCOICtDCCIasDtOuCDCsDmQCIsOnay.
Dus tDC nCW nOustIa ICVOutOn s a tWO-COCd
sWOIO. 1t mayDC usCO OI tDC DCnCht O umanty, Dut
OnyDumantysuIVVCs OnCnOuDtOCntCI a QCIOd
n WDCD suC a DCnCht s QOssDC. 1t may asO DC usCd
tO OCstIOy Dumanty, anO t s nOt usCO ntCCnty
t Can O VCIyaIn tDat OICCtOn. CIC aIC, DOWCVCI,
DOQCu sns On tDC DOIZOn. nCC tDC QuDCatOn O
tDChIst COtOn OtDs DOOk, 1 DaVC QaItCQatCO n tWO
D mCCtns WtD ICQICsCntatVCs O DusnCss manaC-
mCnt, anO 1 DaVC DCCn OCDtCO tO sCC tDat aWaICnCss
On tDC QaIt O a ICat many O tDOsC QICsCnt O tDC
sOCa OanCIs O OuI nCW tCCDnOOy anO tDC sOCa
ODatOns OtDOsC ICsQOnsDC OI manaCmCnt tO sCC
UattDCnCWmOOatCs aICusCOOItDCDCnChtOman,
OInCICasnDsCsuICanOCnICDnDs sQItuaC,
tatDCI tDan mCICy OI QIOhts anO tDC WOIsDQ O tDC
maCDnC as a nCWDIaZCnCa. DCIC aIC manydanCIs
st aDCaO, Dut tDC IOOts O OOO W aIC tDCIC, and
dO DOt CC as tDOIOuDy QCssmstC as 1 dO at UC
tmCOtDC QuDCatOn O tDC hIst CdtOn OtDs DOOK.

SOME COMMCNlCA7lON MACHlNES

AND 7HEl FC7CE
OCVO!CO !DC !as! CDaQ!Cr !O !DC QrOD!Cm O !DC n-
Ous!ra! anO sOCa! mQaC! O CCr!an COn!rO! maCDnCs
WDC arC a!rCaOy DCnnn !O sDOW mQOr!an! QOs-
sD!!Cs Or!DCrCQ!aCCmCn!ODuman!aDOr. OWCVCr,
!DCrC arC a VarC!y O QrOD!Cms COnCCrnn au!Oma!a
WDCD DaVC nO!Dn WDa!CVCr !O OO W!D Our aC!OIy
sys!Cm Du! sCrVC C!DCr !O !!us!ra!C anO !DrOW !D! On
!DC QOssD!!Cs O COmmunCa!VC mCCDansms n Cn-
Cra!, Or Or sCm-mCOCa! QurQOsCs Or !DC QrOs!DCss
anO rCQ!aCCmCn! O Duman unC!Ons WDCD DaVC DCCn
!Os! Or WCakCnCO n CCr!an unOr!una!C nOVOua!s.
DC hrs!maCDnC WDCD WC sDa!! OsCuss Was OCsnCO
Or !DCOrC!Ca! QurQOsCs as an !!us!ra!On !O an Car!Cr
QCCC O WOrk WDCD DaO DCCn OOnC Dy mC On QaQCr
sOmC yCars aO, !OC!DCr W!D my CO!!CauCs, r. Ar-
!urO OsCnD!uC!D anO r. u!an C!OW. n!Ds WOrk
WC COnCC!urCO !Da! !DC mCCDansm O VO!un!ary aC-
!y Was O a CCODak na!urC, anO aCCOrOn!y, WC
sOuD! n !DCDumanVO!un!ary aC!V!y Or !DC CDaraC
!Crs!Cs ODrCakOOWn WDCD CCODaCkmCCDansms CX-
DD!WDCn!DCyarCOVCr!OaOCO.
DC smQ!Cs! !yQC O DrCakOOWn CXDD!s !sC! as an
OsC!!a!Onn a Oa!-sCCknQrOCCss WDCD aQQCars On!y
WDCn!Da! QrOCCss s aC!VC!ynVOkCO. Ds COrrCsQOnOs
ra!DCr C!OsC!y !O !DC Duman QDCnOmCnOn knOWn as In-
tcutIcn trcmcr, n WDCD, Or CXamQ!C, WDCn !DC Qa-
!C
n!rCaCDCsOra !ass OWa!Cr,DsDanOsWns WOCr
a
nOWOCr,anODCCannO!!!uQ!DC!ass.
1b

I HUMAN USE OF HUMAN BEINGS

DCrC s anOtDCr tyQC O Duman trCmOr VDCD s n
sOmC Vays OamCtrCa!!y OQQOstC tO ntCntOn trCmOt.
t s knOVn as lcrkInscuIcuIm, anO s am!ar tO a!! O
us as tDC sDakn Qa!sy O O!O mCn. CrC tDC QatCnt
UsQ!ays tDC trCmOr CVCn at rCst anO, n aCt, tDC
OsCasC s nOt tOO rCat!y markCO, On!y at rCst. DCn
DC attCmQts tO aCCOmQ!sD a OCbntC QurQOsC tD8
trCmOr suDsOCs tO suCD an CXtCnt tDat tDC VCtm O an
Car!y staCO1arknsOnansmCanCVCnDCa suCCCssu
CyCsurCOn.
DC tDrCC O us assOCatCO tDs 1arknsOnan trCmOt
VtD an asQCCt O CCODaCk s!Dt!y OCrCnt rOm tDC
CCODaCk assOCatCO VtD tDC aCCOmQ!sDmCnt O Qut-
QOsC. n rOCr tO aCCOmQ!sD a QurQOsC suCCCssu!!y
tDC VarOus jOnts VDCD arC nOt OrCCt!y assOCatCOVU
QurQOsVC mOVCmCnt must DC kCQt n suCD a COnOUOn
O m!O tcoi Or tCnsOn, tDat tDC hna! QurQOsVC COn
traCtOn O tDC musC!Cs s QrOQCr!y DaCkCO uQ. n OrOt

tOOOtDs, a sCCOnOaryCCODaCk mCCDansm s rCQurCO,

VDOsC !OCus ntDC Dran OOCs nOt sCCm tO DC tDC CCtC

DC!!um, VDCD s tDC CCnUa! COntrO! statOn O tDC
mCCDansm VDCD DrCaks OOVn n ntCntOn trCmOt.
Ds sCCOnO sOrtOCCODaCk sknOVn as QOsra! CCO
DaCk.
tCan DC sDOVn matDCmatCa!!ytDatnDOtD CasCs O
UCmOr tDC CCODaCk s CXCCssVC!y !arC. POV, VDCn
VC COnsOCr tDC CCODaCk VDCD s mQOrtant n 1at-
knsOnansm, t tuDs Out tDat tDC VO!untary CCODaCk
VDCD rCu!atCs tDC man mOtOn s n tDC OQQOstC O-
tCCtOntO tDCQOstura! CCODaCk as ar as tDCmOtOnO
tDC Qarts rCu!atCO Dy tDC QOstura! CCODaCk s COn-
CCrnCO. DCrCOrC, tDC CXstCnCC O a QurQOsC tCnOs tO
Cut OOVn tDC CXCCssVC amQ!bCatOn O QOstura! CCO
DaCk, anO may VCry VC!! Drn t DC!OV tDC OsC!!aUOn
!CVC!. DCsC tDnsVCrC VCryVC!knOVntO us tDCOrCt-
Ca!!y, Dut unt!rCCCnt!yVC DaO nOt OnC tOtDC UOuD!C
O makn a VOrkn mOOC O tDCm. OVCVCr, t DC-
CYBERNE1ICS A SOIE1Y
CamC OCsraD!C Or us lO COnslIuCl a OCmOnslIalOn aQ
QaIalusVDCDVOu!OaClaCCOrOnlOOurlDCOICs.
ACCOIOn!y, 1rOCssOr ]. 1. YCsnCrOlDC L!CClrOn-
Cs aDOIalOry O lDC NassaCDusClls 1nsllulC O CCD-
nO!OyOsCussCOVlDmClDC QOssD!lyOCOnslIuCln
a lIOQsm maCDnC OI maCDnC VlD a smQ!C hXCO
u!l-n QuIQOsC, Vlh Qarls suCCnl!y aOuslaD!C lO
shOV lDC man QhCnOmCna O VO!unlaIyCCODaCk, anO
OVDalVCDaVCuslCa!!COQOsluIa!CCODaCk,anOlDCI
ICakOOVn. Al Our suCslOn, NI. MCnry bn!ClOn
lOOk uQ lDC QrOD!Cm O Du!On suCD a maCDnC, anO
CaICO l lO a DI!!anl anO suCCCssu! COnC!usOn. hs
maCDnC Das lVO QInCQa! mOOCs O aClOn, n OnC O
VhCD l s QOslVC!y QDOlO-lIOQC anO sCaICDCs OI
!Dl, anO n lDC OlDCI O VDCD l s nCalVC!y QDOlO-
lOQC anO Iuns aVay rOm !Dl. YC Ca!!CO lDC ma
ChnCn ls lVOrCsQCClVC unClOns, lDC MothanO lDC
edbg. DC maCDnC COnssls Oa !ll!C lhICC-VDCC!CO
CaIlVlDa QIOQC!!n mOlOr On lDC ICaI aX!C. DC IOnl
VDCC! s a CaslCI slCCICO Dya l!!CI. JDC CaIl CaIICs a
QaI O OIVarO!y OICClCO QhOlO CC!!s, OnC O VDCD
lakCs n lhC !Cl QuaOranl, VD!C lDC OlDCr lakCs n lDC
IDl QuaOIanl. JhCsC CC!!s aIC lDC OQQOslC aIms O a
DIOC. DC OulQul O lDC DIOC VhCD s ICVCIsD!C,
sQullDrOuD an aOuslaD!C amQ!hCI. AlCI lDs l OCs
lO a QOslOnn mOlOr VDCD rCu!alCs lDC QOslOn O
OnC COnlaCl Vlh a QOlCnlOmClCI. JDC OlDCI COnlaCl s
a!sO ICu!alCO Dy a QOslOnnmOlOrVDCD mOVCs lDC
l!!CI as VC!!. DC OulQul O lDC QOlCnlOmClCI VDCD
ICQICsCnls tDC OhCrCnCC DClVCCn lDC QOslOn O lDC
lVO QOslOnn mOlOIs !CaOs lDrOuD a sCCOnO aOusl-
aD!CamQ!:hCrlOlDCsCCOnOQOslOnnmOlOI,thusIC-
u!alnlDCl!!CI.
ACCOrOn lO lDC OrCClOn O lDC OulQul O lDC
DrOC, lhs nslrumCnl V!! DC slCCICO ClDCI lOVarO
l
DC QuaOranl VlD mOrC nlCnsC !Dl OI aVay rOm l.
ClDCI CasC, l aulOmalCa!!y lCnO lO Da!anCC lsC!.

DCIC s lDus a CCODaCk OCQCnOCnt On lDC sOuICC O

HUMAN USE CF HUMAN BEINGS
!Dl jrOCCCOn rOm lDC !Dl lO lDC QDOlOC!CClrC
CC!s, anO lDCnCClOlDCruOOCr COnlrO syslCm,DyVD
CD
l hna!!y rCu!alCs lDC OrCClOn O ls OVn mOlOn nU
CDanCslDCan!COnCOCnCCOlDC!Dl.
Ds CCODaCk lCnOs lO aCCOmQ!sD lDC jurQOsC O
ClDCr QOslVC Or nCalVC QDOlO-lrOQsm. l s lDC an-
a!OuC O aVOunlaryCCODaCk, Or n man VC COnsOC
r
lDal a VO!unlary aClOn s CssCnla!y a CDOCC amOn
OQsms. YDCnlDs CCODaCk sOVCr!OaOCODy nCrCas
n lDC amQ!hCalOn, lDC !llC Carl Or `lDC mOlD Or
lDC DCODu aCCOrOn lO lDC OrCClOn O ls lrOQs
m
V!! sCCk lDC !Dl Or aVOO l n an OsC!!alOry mannCr,
n VDCD lDC OsC!!alOns rOV CVCr arCr. Ds s a
C!OsC ana!OuC lO lDC QDCnOmCnOn O nlCnlOn lrCmOr,
VDCDsassOCalCOVlDnurylOlDCCCrCDC!!um.
DC QOslOnn mCCDansm Or lDC ruOOCr COnlans
a sCCOnO CCODaCk VDCD may DC COnsOCrCO as QOs-
lura!.DsCCODaCkrunsrOm lDCQOlCnlOmClCr lO lDC
sCCOnO mOlOr anO DaCk lO lDC QOlCnlOmClCr, anO ls
ZCrO QOnl s rCu!alCO Dy lDC OulQul O lDC hrs CCO-
DaCk. lDs s OVCr!OaOCO, lDC ruOOCr OCs nlO a sCC-
OnO Orl O lrCmOr. Ds sCCOnO lrCmOr aQQCars n lDC l
aDsCnCC O!Dl lDal s VDCn lC maCDnC s nOlVC
a jurQOsC. DCOrClCa!y, lDs s OuC lO lDC aCl lDal as
ar as lDC sCCOnO mCCDans s COnCCrnCO, lDC aClOn
O lDC hrsl mCCDansm s anlaOnslC lO ls CCODaCk,
anO lCnOs lO OCCrCasC ls amOunl. Ds QDCnOmCnO
n man s VDal VC DaVC OCsCrDCO as 1arknsOnansm.
DaVC rCCCnl!yrCCCVCO a CllCrrOm r. LrCyYa-
lCr O lDC urOCn PCurO!OCa! nsllulC al rslO,
Ln!anO, n VDCD DC CXQrCssCs nlCrCsl n `lDC mOlD
Or`DCODu, anOnVDCDDClC!smCOa smarmCCD-
ansm O Ds OVn, VDCD OCrs rOm mnC n DaVn a
OClCrmnCO Dul VaraD!C QurQOsC. n Ds OVn anuaC,
YC DaVC nC!uOCO CalurCs OlDCr lDan nVCrsC CCO-
DaCk VDCD VCs lO l an CXQOralOry anO ClDCa! all-
luOC lO lDC unVCrsC as VC as a QurC!y lrOQslC OnC
DC QOssDly O suCD a CDanC n DCDaVOr QallCD
'
|
CYBFBNF1CS ANb SCCIF1Y
dIscussed Inthe chapter cI thIsbcckccncernIngIearn-
Ing, andthIs dIscussIcnIsdIrectIyreIevanttctheWaI-
ter machIne, aIthcugh at present I dc nct kncw just
whatmenshe usestcsecuresuch a type cIbehavIcr.
ThemcthandOr. WaIter`sIurtherdeveIcpmentcIa
trcpIsm machIne seem tc be at brst sIght exercIses In
IrtucsIty, cr at mcst, mechanIcaI ccmmentarIes tc H
phIIcscphIcaI text. NevertheIess, they have a certan
denIte useIuIness. The nIted States Army MedIcaI
crpshastakenphctcgraphscIthemcthtcccmpare
wIthphctcgraphs cIactuaI cases cInervcus tremcr, sc
that they are thus cI assIstance In the InstructIcn cI
armyneurcIcgIsts.
There Is a seccnd cIass cImachInes wIth whIch we
have aIsc been ccncernedwhIchhas a much mcre dI-
rect and ImmedIateIy Impcrtant medIcaI vaIue. These
machInesmaybeusedtcmakeupIcrthe IcssescIthe
maImed and cI the senscrIIy debcIent, as weII as tc
gIve new and pctentIaIIy dangercus pcwers tc the aI-
ready pcwerIuI. The heIp cIthe machIne may extend
tc the ccnstructIcn cI better artIbcIaI IImbs, tc Instru-
ments tc heIp
t
he bIInd tc read pages cI crdInary text
by transIatIng the vIsuaI pattern Intc audItcry terms,
and tc cther sImIIar aIds tc make them aware cI ap-
prcachIngdangersandtcgIvethemIreedcmcIIcccmc-
tIcn. InpartIcuIar, wemayuse the machInetc aIdthe
tctaIIydeaI.AIdscIthIsIastcIass areprcbabIytheeas-
Iest tc ccnstruct, partIy because the technIgue cI the
teIephcne Is the best studIed and mcst IamIIIar tech-
nIgue cI ccmmunIcatIcn, partIy because the deprva-
tIcn cIhearIngIscverwheImIngIya deprIvatIcncIcne
thIng~Iree partIcIpatIcn In human ccnversatIcn, and
partIy because the useIuI InIcrmatIcn carrIed by
speechcanbeccmpressedIntcsucha narrcwccmpass
thatItIsnctbeycndthecarryIng-pcwercIthesensecI
t
cuch.
Scme me agc, IrcIessc WIesner tcId me that he
was Interested InthepcssIbIIIty cIccnstructIng an aId
1 M? b L M? ?b
Or lhO lOla!!y dOa, and lhal hO WOu!d !kO lO hOar m
VOWs On lhO suD]OCl. 1 gaVO my VOWs, and l luOd
Oul lhal WO WOrO O muCh lhO samO OQnOn. O WOrO
aWarO O lhO WOrk lhal had a!rOady DOOn dOnO On Vs
D!O sQOOCh al lhO UO!! O!OQhOnO aDOralOrOs, and
ls rO!alOn lO lhOr Oar!Or WOrk On lhO VocoJer. O
knOW lhal lhO VocoJer WOrk gaVO us a mOasurO O lhO
amOunl OnOrmalOnWhCh l Was nOCOssary lO lrans
mlOrlhOnlO!!gD!lyOsQOOChmOrOaVOraD!O lhan
lhal O any QrOVOus mOlhOd. O O!l, hOWOVOr, lhat
VsD!O sQOOCh had lWO dsadVanlags namO!y, lhal 1t
dd nOl sOOm lO DO Oasy lO QrOduCO n a QOrlaD!O Orm

and lhal l madO lOO hOaVy dOmands On lhO sOnsO O

VsOn, WhCh s rO!alVO!y mOrO mQOrlanl Or lhO dOa

QOrsOnlhanOr lhOrOslOus. A rOugh OslmalO shOWOd

lhal a lransOr lO lhO sOnsO O lOuCh O lhO QrnCQ!O

usOdnlhO VsD!O-sQOOCh nslrumOnl WasQOssD!O, and
lhs WO dOCdOd shOu!d DO lhO Dass O Our aQQarals.
O Ound OulVOry sOOn alOrslarlng lhal lhO nVOs-
lgalOrs al lhO UO!! aDOralOrOs had a!sO COnsdOrOd
UO QOssD!ly O a laCl!O rOCOQlOn O sOund, and had
nC!udOd l nlhOrQalOnl aQQ!CalOn. hOyWOrOknd
OnOugh lO lO!! us lhal lhOy had dOnO nO OxQOrmOnla!
WOrk Onl andlhallhOy!Ol us rOOlO gO ahOad OnOur
rOsOarChOs. ACCOrdng!y, WO Qul lhO dOsgn and dOVO!-
OQmOnl O lhs aQQaralus nlO lhO hands O mr. OOn
OVnO a gradualO sludOnl n lhO L!OClrOnCs aDOra-
lOry. O OrOsaW lhal lhO QrOD!Om O lranng WOu!d
DO a argO Qarl O lhO WOrk nOCOssary lO Drng Our dO
VCO nlO aClua! usO, and hOrO WO had lhO DOnOhl O
lhO COunsO! O r. A!OxandOr UaVO!as O Our OQarl
mOnlO1syChO!Ogy.
hO QrOD!Om OnlOrQrOlng sQOOCh lhrOugh anOlhOr
sOnsO lhan lhal O hOarng suCh as lhO sOnsO O lOuC,
may DO gVOn lhO O!!OWng nlOrQrOlalOn rOm UO
QOnl O VOW O !angagO. As WO haVO sad, WO may
rOugh!y dslngush lhrOO slagOs O !anguagO, and tW0
nlOrmOdalO lrans!alOns, DOlWOOn lhO OulsdO WOr!d
C?Lb ? bLL 1
and lDO suD]OClVO rOCOQl O nOrmalOn. DO hrsl
sla
gO COnssls n lDO aCOuslC symDO!s lakOn QDysCa!!y
as
VDralOns n lDO ar; lDO sOCOnd Or QDOnOlC slagO
C
Onssls:nlDO VarOus QDOnOmOnanlDOnnOrOar and
lDOassOCalOdarl OlDOnOrVOus syslOm; lDO lDrd Or
sOmanlC slagO rOQrOsOnls lDOlransOr OlDOsOsymDO!s
n
lOanOxQOrOnCOOmOanng.
nlDO CasO ODO dOaQOrsOn, lDO hrsland lDO lD:rd
slagOs arO sl!!QrOsOnl,DullDO sOCOnd slagO s mssng.
OWOVOr, l s QOrOCl!y COnCOVaD!O lDal WO may rO-
Q!aCO lDO sOCOnd slagO Dy OnODyQassnglDO sOnsO O
DOarng and QOCOOdng, Or OxamQ!O, lDrOugD lDO
sOnsO O lOuCD. MOrO lDO lrans!alOn DOlWOOn lDO hrsl
slagO and lDO nOW sOCOnd slagO s QOrOrmOd, nOl Dy
a QDysCa!-nOrVOus aQQaralus WDCD sDOrnnlOusDul
Dy an arlhCa!, Duman!y-COnslruClOd syslOm. DO
ans!alOnDOlWOOnlDO nOW sOCOnd slagO andlDOlDrd
slagO s nOl drOCl!y aCCOssD!O lO Our nsQOClOn, Dul
rOQrOsOnls lDO OrmalOn O a nOW syslOm ODaDls and
rOsQOnsOs, suCD as lDOsO WO dOVO!OQWDOnWO !OalO
drVO a Car DOrOsOnlslalus O Our aQQaralus s lDs :
lDO lranslOn DOlWOOn lDO hrsl and lDO nOW sOCOnd
slagO s WO!! undOr COnlrO!, a!lDOugD lDOrO arO COrlan
lOCDnCa! dmCu!lOs sl! lO DO OVOrCOmO. O arO mak-
ngsludOs OlDO !Oarnng QrOCOss;lDals, O lDOlrans
lOn DOlWOOn lDO sOCOnd and lDrd slagOs; and n Our
OQnOn, lDOy sOOm OxlrOmO!y QrOmsng. DO DOsl rO
su!l lDal WO Can sDOW as yOl, s lDal W:lD a !OarnOd
VOCaDu!aryOlWO!VOsmQ!OWOrds, arunO OgDlyran-
dOmrOQOllOnsWasmadOWlDOn!ysxOrrOrs.
n Our WOrk, WO Dad lO kOOQ COrlan aCls a!Ways n
mnd. rsl amOng lDOsO, as WO DaVO sad, s lDO aCl
lDal DOarng s nOl On!y a sOnsO O COmmunCalOn, Dul
a sOnsO O COmmunCalOn WDCD rOCOVOs ls CDO usO
n
OslaD!sDng a raort WlD OlDOr ndVdua!s. l s
a!s
O
a sOnsO COrrOsQOndng lO COrlan COmmunCaUVO
a
ClV
lOs On Our Qarl namO!y, lDOsO O sQOOCD. LlDOr
usOs O DOarng arO mQOrlanl, suCD as lDO rOCOQlOn O
1
/
O M BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
lDC sOunOs OnauIC anO lDC aQQICCalOn O musC, Dut
lDCy aIC nOl sO mQOIlanl lDal VC sDOu!O COnsOCI

QCIsOn as sOCa!!y OCa DC sDaICO n lDC OIOnaIy, n-

lCIQCIsOna! COmmunCalOn Dy sQCCCD, anO n nO OlDCr
usC O DCaIny. n OlDCI VOIOs DCaIny Das lDC QIOQ
-
CIlylDal VC aICOCQIVCOO a!! ls usCs CXCCQl lDalO
sQCCCD-COmmunCalOn VlD OlDCI QCOQ!C, VC sDOu!
d
s!!DCsuhCInyunOCIamnma!DanOCaQ.
1OI lDC QuIQOsC O sCnsOIy QIOslDCss, VC musl COn-
sOCI lDC CnlIC sQCCCD QIOCCss as a unl. OV CssCnla
lDs s s mmCOalC!y ODsCIVCO VDCn VC COnsOCI lDC
sQCCCD O OCa-mulCs YlD mOsl OCa-mulCs, a lIann
n !Q-ICaOny s nClDCI mQOssD!C nOI CXCCssVC!y O
Cu!l, lO lDC CXlCnl lal suCD QCIsOns Can aCUCVC
QulC lO!CIaD!C QIOCCnCy n ICCCVny sQCCCU-mCs-
sayCs Im OlUCIs. Ln lDC OlDCI DanO, anO VlD VCIy
CV CXCCQlOns, anO lDCsC lDC ICsu!l O lUC DCsl anO
mOsl ICCCnl lIanny, lDC Vasl maOIly O OCa-mulCs,
lDOuyD lDCy Can !CaIn DOV lO usC lDCI !Qs anO mOulD8
lO QIOOuCC sOunO, OO sO VlD a yIOlCsQuC anO UaIsD
nlOnalOn, VDCU ICQICsCnls a DyU!y nCmCCnlOIm O
sCnOnyamCssayC.
JUC OCu!lCs !C n lDC aCl lUal OI lDCsC QCOQ!C
lDC aCl O COnVCIsalOn Das DCCn DIOkCn nlO lVO Cn-
lIC!y sCQaIalC QaIls. YC may smu!alC lDC sluaOn OI
lDC nOIma! QCIsOn VCIy Cas!y VC yVC Um a lC!C-
QDOnC-COmmunCalOn-syslCm VlD anOlUCI QCIsOn, n
VDCD Ds OWn sQCCCD s nOl lIansmllCO Dy lDC lC!C-
QDOnC lO Ds OVn CaIs. l s VCIy Casy lO COnslIuCl suCD
OCaOmCIOQDOnC lIansmssOn syslCms, anO lUCy DaVC
aClua!!y DCCn COnsOCICO Dy lDC lC!CQDOnC COmQanCs
On!y lO DC ICCClCO DCCausC O lDC IyDlu! sCnsC O
IuslIaOn lDCy CausC, CsQCCa!!y lUC IuslIalOn O nOt
nOWny DOV muCD O OnCs OVn VOCC yCls OnlO lDC
!nC. 1COQ!C usny a syslCm O lDs sOIl aIC a!Vays
OICCO lO yC!! al lDC lOQ O lUCI VOCCs, lO DC suIC lDat
lUCy DaVC mssCO nO OQQOIlunly lO yCl lDC mCssaC
aCCCQlCODylDC!nC.
LJ^Lb fD bLLJ
7

We no come bac to ordInary speech We see that

theprocessesoI speech and hearIng Inthe normaI per
sonhaveneverbeen separated, butthattheveryIearn
Ing oI speech has been conitIoned by the Iact that
eah IndIviduaI hears hImseII speak !or the best re-
suts It Is not enough that the IndIvIduaI hear hImseII
speak at wIdeIyseparated occasIons, and thathe hII In
the gaps betweenthesebymemory. A good guaIIty oI
speech can onIy be attaIned when It Is subject to a
continuousmonItorIngandseII-crItIcIsm.AnyaIdtothe
totaIIy deaI must take advantage oI thIs Iact, and aI-
though It mayIndeed appeaI to another sense, such as
thatoItouch, rather thanto themIssIng sense oIhear-
Ing, It must resembIe the eIectrIc hearIng-aIds oI the
present day In beIng portabIe and contInuousIy worn.
TheIurther phIIosophy oI prosthesIs Ior hearIng de-
pends onthe amountoIInIormatIonehectIveIyusedIn
hearIng.ThecrudestevaIuatIonoIthIsamountInvoIves
th stImate oI the mxImum that can b commu-
nIcated over a sound range oI o,ooo cycIes, and an
ampIItuderangeoIsomeSodecIbeIs.ThIsIoadoIcom-
munIcatIon, however, whIIe It marks the maxImum oI
whattheearcouIdconceIvabIydo, Ismuchtoogreatto
represent the ehectIve InIormatIon gIven by speech In
pracIce. !nthehrstpIace, speechoIteIephoneguaIIty
does not InvoIve the transmIssIon oI more than ooo
cycIes, and the ampIItude range Is certaInIy not more
thanIrom

to o decIbeIs, but even here, whIIe we

havenotexaggeratedwhatIstransmIttedtotheear,we
are stIII grossIy eaggeratIng what Is used by the ear
andbraIntoreconstItuterecognIzabIespeech.
Wehave saId that the bestwork done on thIs prob
Ie
m oIestImatIonIstheVocoJerworkoItheBeIITeIe-
phone IaboratorIes. !t may be used to show that H
human speeh Is properIy dIvIded Into not more than
ve bands, and II these arerectIhed sothatonIy theIr
Iorm-enveIopes or outer shapes are perceIved, andare
used to moduIate guIte arbItrary sounds wIthIn thIr

1
/
2 I HUMAN USE L HUMAN BEINGS
Ireguency range, then IIthesesounds arc bnaII added
up, the orIgInaI speech Is recognIzabIe as speech and
aImost rccognIzabIc as thc speech oI a partIcuIar In-
dIvIduaI. NevertheIcss thc amountoIpossIbIeInIorma-
tIon transmIttcd, uscd or unused, has bcen cut to not
morethanatcnthorhundredthoIthcorIgInaIpotentIa
InIormatIonpresent.
Whcn we dIstInguIsh between used and unused In-
IormatIon In speech, wcdIstInguIshbetween thcmax-
Imum codIng capacIty oI speech as receIved by thc
ear, and thc maxImum capacIty that pcnetrates
through the cascade nework oI succcssIvc stages con-
sIstIng oI the ar IoIIowed by the braIn. The brst Is
onIyrcIeanttothctransmIssIonoIspecchthroughthc
aIrandthroughIntermedIate InstrumentsIIkctheteIc-
phone, IoIIowed bythe ear ItseII, but notbywhatever
apparatus In thcbraIn Is usedIntheundcrstandIng ol
specch. ThesecondrcIers tothetransmIttIngpowerol
the entIre compIex~air~tcIephonc~ear~braIn l
course, there may be bner shades oI InhectIon whIch
do not get through to the over-aII narrow-band trans-
mIssIonsystem oIwhIchwearespcakIng, andItIshard
to cvaIuate the amount oI Iost InIormatIon carrIed by
these, but It seems to be rcIatIveIy smaII. ThIs Is thc
Idea behInd the VcccJer. The carIIer engIneerIng cs
timates oI InIormatIonwere deIectIve In thattheyIg-
nored the termInatIng eIement oI thc chaIn Irom thc
aIrtothebraIn.
!nappeaIIngtotheothersenses oIa deaIpcrson,wc
must reaIIze that apa Irom sIght, aII others are In-
IerIortoIt,andtransmIt Iess InIormatIonperunIttImc
TheonIywaywecanmake anInIcrIorsenscIIkctouch
workwIthmaxImumemcIencyIstosendthroughItnot
thc IuII InIormatIon that we get through hearIng, but
an edIted gortIon oI that hearIng suItabIe Ior the uu
derstandIngoI speech. !notherwords, wcrepIacc part
oIthcIunctIonthatthe cortex normaIIypeIorms aItcr
thcreceptIonoIsound,bya bItcrIngoIourInIormatIu
CYBEBNETCS SODY 1
/
DOOrO l gOOs lhrOugh lhO laCl!O rOCOQlOrs. O lhus
lransOr Qarl O lhO unClOn O lhO COrlOX O lhO Dran
lO an arlhCa! OXlOrna! COrlOX. hO QrOCsO Way WO dO
lhs nlhO aQQaralus WO arO COnsdOrng s Dy sOQaral-
y lhO rOQuOnCy Dnds O sQOOCh as n lhO VocoJer,
and lhOnDylransmllng lhOsO dBOrOnl rOClhOdDands
lO
sQala!!ydslanllaCl!O rOgOns, alOrlhOyhaVODOOn
usOd lO mOdu!alO VDralOns O rOQuOnCOs Oas!y QOr-
COVOd Dy lhO skn. Or OXamQ!O, hVO Dands may DO
sOnl rOsQOClVO!y lOlhO lhumD andOur hngOrs OOnO
hand.
hs gVOs uslhO mandOas OlhOaQQaalus nOOdOd
Or lhO rOCOQlOn O nlO!!gD!O sQOOCh lhrOugh sOund
VDralOnslransOrmOd O!OClrCa!!ynlOlOuCh.OhaVO
gOnO ar OnOugh a!rOady lO knO lhal lhO QallOrns O
a COnsdOraD!O numDOr OWOrds arO sumCOnl!y dslnCl
rOm OnO anOlhOr, and sumCOnl!y COnsslOnl amOng
numDOr O sQOakOrs, lO DO rOCOgnZOd WlhOul any
grOal amOunl O sQOOCh lranng. rOm lhs QOnl On,
lhOChO drOClOn O nVOslgalOnmuslDO lhalOlhO
mOrO lhOrOugh lranng O dOa-mulOs n lhO rOCOgn-
lOn and lhO rOQrOduClOn O sOunds. Ln lhO OngnOOr-
ng Ond, WO sha!! haVO COnsdOraD!O QrOD!Oms COnCOrn-
ng lhOQOrlaD!ly O lhO aQQaralus, and lhO rOduClOn
O ls OnOrgy dOmands, WlhOul any suDslanla! !Oss O
QOrOrmanCO. hOsO mallOrs arO a!! sl!! b juJue. 1
dO nOl Wsh lO OslaD!sh a!sO and n QarlCu!ar QrO-
malurO hOQOs On lhO Qarl O lhO aClOd and lhOr
rOnds, Dul lhnk l s saOlO say lhal lhO QrOsQOCl O
suCCOsssarrOmhOQO!Oss.
bnCOlhOQuD!CalOn OlhOhrslOdlOn Olhs DOOk,
nOWsQOCa!dOVCOsOrO!uCdalngQOnlsnlhO lhOOry
O COmmunCalOn haVO DOOn dOVO!OQOdDyOlhOrWOrk-
Ors. 1 haVO a!rOady mOnlOnOd n an Oar!Or ChaQlOr lhO
hO
mOOslals O r. AshDy and lhO sOmOWhal sm!ar
aChnOs O r. LrOy a!lOr. MOrO !Ol mO mOnlOn
sOmO Oar!Or maChnOs O r. a!lOr, sOmOWhal sm-
!ar lO my `mOlh Or `Dug, Dul WhCD WOrO Du!l Or B
1
/
HUMAN USE CF HUMAN BEINGS
dIerentpurpose. !orthesephototopIcmachInes, eac
eIement carrIes a IIght so that It an stImuIate the
others. Thus a number oI them put Into operatIon at
the same tIme show certaIn groupIngs and mutuaI re
actIons whIch wouId be Interpreted by most anIma
psychoIogIsts as socIaI behavIorIItheywereIound en-
cased In hesh and bIood Instead oI brass and steeI. !t
isthe begInnIngoIanewscIence oImechanIcaI behav-
IoreventhoughaImostaIIoIItIIesIntheIuture.
Here at M. T. cIrcumstances have made It dImcuIt
tocarryworkonthehearInggIovemuhIurtherdurIng
the Iast two years, aIthough the possIbIIIty oI Its de-
veIopment stIIIexIsts. MeanwhIIe,thetheoryaIthough
not the detaII oI the devIce~has Ied to Improvements
In apparatus to aIIow the bIInd to get themseIves
through a maze oIstreets and buIIdIngs. ThIs research
Is IargeIythe work oI Or. CIIhord M. WItcher, hImseII
congenItaIIy bIInd, who Is an outstandIng authorIty
andtechnIcIan In optIcs, eIectrIcaIengIneerIng,andthe
otherheIdsnecessarytothIswork.
A prosthetIc devIcewhIch Iooks hopeIuIbuthas not
yet been subjected to any reaI deveIopment or hna
crItIcIsmIs anartIhcIaIIung InwhIchthe actIvatIonoI
the breathIngmotor wIII depend on sIgnaIs, eIectrIca
or mechanIcaI, Irom the weakened but not destroyed
breathIngmuscIes oIthepatIent. !n thIs case, the nor-
maI Ieedback In the meduIIa and braIn stem oI the
heaIthy person wIII be used even In the paraIytIc to
suppIy the controI oI hIs breathIng. Thus It Is hoped

that the so-caIIed Iron Iungmay no Ionger be a prIson

In whIch the patIent Iorgets how to breathe, but wII
be an exercIser Ior keepIng hIs resIduaI IacuItIes ol
breathIng actIve, and ven possIbIy oI buIIdIng them
up to a poInt where he can breathe Ior hImseII an
emergeIromthemachIneryencIosInghIm.
ptothepresent,wehavebeendIscussIngmachInes
whIch as Iar as the genraI pubIIIs concerned seem
eIther to share the characterIstIc detachment IromIm

L3?Lb ? bLL3 1

mOOalO human COnCOrns O lhOOrOlCa! sCOnCOOrlO DO

OOhnlO!yDOnOhCnlaOs lOlhOmamOO.OnOWCOmO
lO anOlhOr Cass O maChnOs WhCh QOssOss sOmO VOry
snslOr QOssD!lOs. LurOus!y OnOugh, lhs C!ass COn-
laInslhOaulOmalCChOss-QayngmaChnO.
bOmOlmO agO, suggOslOO a Way n WhCh OnO
mghl usO lhO mOOOrn COmQulng maChnO lO Q!ay al
Oasl a QassaD!O gamO O ChOss. n lhs WOrk, am
O!!OWnguQa!nOOlhOughlWhChhasa COnsOOraD!O
hslOry DOhnO l. 1OO OsCussOO a rauOu!Onl ChOss-
Q!ayngmaChnO OuO lONaO!ZO!, anO OxQOsOOl; shOW-
nglhallWasWOrkOO Dya !Og!Oss CrQQ!OnsOO. OW-
OVOr, lhO maChnO haVO n mnO s a gOnunO OnO,
anO lakOs aOVanlagO O rOCOnl QrOgrOss n COmQulng
maChnOs. l s Oasy lO makO a maChnO lhal W!! Q!ay
mOrO!y !Oga! ChOss O a VOry QOOr DranO; l s hOQO!Oss
lO lry lO makO a maChnO lO Q!ay QOrOCl ChOss Or
suCh a maChnO WOu!O rOQurO lOO many COmDnalOns.
1rOOssOr Ohn VOn POumann O lhO nsllulO Or AO-
VanCOO bluOOs al 1rnCOlOn has COmmOnlOO On lhs
OmCu!ly. OWOVOr, l s nOlhOr Oasy nOr hOQO!Oss lO
mkO maChnO WhCh WO Can guaranlOO lO OO lhO
DOsl lhal Can DO OOnO Or a !mlOO numDOr O mOVOs
hOaO, say lWO anO WhCh W!! lhOn !OaVO lsO!n lhO
QOslOn lhal s lhO mOsl aVOraD!O n aCCOrOanCO Wlh
sOmOmOrOOr!OssOasymOlhOOOOVa!ualOn.
hOQrOsOnlu!lra-raQO COmQulng maChnOs mayDC
sOlulOaClasChOss-Q!ayngmaChnOs,lhOughaDOllOr
maChnO mghl DO maOO al an OxOrDlanl QrCO WO
ChOsOlOQullhOWOrknlO l. O sQOOO OlhOsO mOO
Orn COmQulng maChnOs s OnOugh sO lhal lhOy Can
OVa!ualO OVOryQOssD!ly Or lWO mOVOs ahOaO n lhO
!Oga! Q!ayng-lmO O a sng!O mOVO. hO numDOr O
COm
DnalOns nCrOasOs rOugh!y n gOOmOlrCa!
QrO-
grOssOn. hus lhO OhOrOnCO DOlWOOn Q!ayng Oul a!!
Q
OssD!lOsOrlWO mOVOs anOOrlhrOOmOVOss OnOr-
mOus. O Q!ay Oula gamO-sOmOlhng!kO hlymOVOs
s
OQO!OssnanyrOasOnaD!OlmO. OlOr DOngs !Vng
1 IE B MAN USE OF BMAN BEINGS
!Ong OnOugh, as VOn POumann has shOWn, l WOu!d
O QOssD!O and a gamO Q!ayOd QOrOCl!y On OaCh sdO
WOu!d !Oad, as a OrOyOnO COnC!usOn, OlDOr a!Ways lO
a WnOr hlO, Or a!Ways lO a WnOrU!aCk, Or mOst
QrODaD!ya!WayslOadraW.
Nr. L!audO bhannOn O lhO UO!! O!OQhOnO aDOra
lOrOs has suggOslOd a maChnO a!Ong lhO samO !nOs as
lhO lWOmOVO maChnO ad COnlOmQ!alOd, Dul COn-
sdOraD!ymQrOVOd.ODOgnWlh,hsOVa!ualOnOlhO
hna! QOslOn alOr lWO mOVOs WOu!d makO a!!OWanCOs
Or lhO COnlrO! O lhO DOard, Or lDO mulua! QrOlOClOn

O lDO QOCOs, OlC., as WO!! as lhO numDOr O QOCOs,

ChOCk, and ChOCkmalO. DOn lOO, al lhO Ond O lWO
mOVOs, lhO gamO shOu!d DO unslaD!O, Dy lhO OxslOnCO
O ChOCk, Or O an mQOrlanl QOCO n a QOslOn lO DO
lakOn, Or O a Ork, lhO mOChanCa! Q!ayOr WOu!d aulO
malCa!!y Q!ay a mOVO Or lWO ahOad unl! slaD!ly
shOu!d DO rOaCDOd. MOW muCD lhs WOu!d s!OW lhO
gamO, !OnylDOnng OaCh mOVO DOyOnd lhO !Oga! !ml,
dO nOl knOW a!lhOugh am nOl COnVnCOd lDal WO
Can yO VOry ar n lhs drOClOn WlhOul gOllng nlO
lmOlrOuD!OalOurQrOsOnlsQOOds.
am W!!ng lO aCCOQl bhannOns COn]OC!urO lDal
suCh a maCDnO WOu!d Q!ay ChOss O a hgD amalOur
!OVO! and OVOn QOssD!y O a maslOr !OVO!. ls gamO
WOu!dDOslB andralhOrunnlOrOslny, DulmuCh saOr
lhan lhalO anyhuman Q!ayOr. As bhannOnQOnls Oul
l s QOssD!O lO Qul OnOugh ChanCO n ls OQOralOn lO
QrOVOnl ls COnslanl dOOal n a QurO!y syslOmalC Way
Dy a gVOn rgd sOQuOnCO O Q!ays. Ds CDanCO O
unCOrlanly may DO Du!l nlO lhO OVa!ualOn O lOr-
mna!QOslOnsalOrlWOmOVOs.
hO maChnO WOu!d Q!ay gamDls and ssD!y Ond
gamOs !kO a Duman Q!ayOr rOm lDO slOrO O slandard
gamDls and Ond gamOs. A DOllOr maChnOWOu!d slOrO
On a laQO OVOry gamO l had OVOr Q!ayOd ad WOu!d
suQQ!OmOnl lhO QrOCOssOs WhCD WO aVO a!rOady n-
dCalOd Dy a OarCD lhrOugD a!! Qasl gamOs lO bnd
L3?Lb ? bLL3 1
//
sOmOlhng aQrOQOs : n shOrl, Dy lhO QOWOr OOarnng.
hOugh WO haVO sOOn lhal maChnOs Can DO Dul lO
!Oarn, lhO lOChnQuO O Du!dng and OmQOyng lhOsO
aChnOs s sl!! VOry mQOrOCl. hO lmO s nOl yOl
rIQOOrlhO dOsgnOaChOss-Q!ayngmaChnOOn!Oarn-
Ing QrnCQ!Os, a!lhOugh l QrODaD!y dOOs nOl O VOry
arnlhOulurO.
A ChOss-Q!ayng maChnO WhCh Oarns mghl shOW a
grOal rangO O QOrOrmanCO, dOQOndOnl On lhO Qua!ly
O lhO Q!ayOrs agansl WhOm l had DOOn QllOd. hO
DOsl Way lO makO a maslOr maChnO WOu!d QrODaD!y
DOlOQllaganslaWdOVarOlyO gOOd ChOssQ!ayOrs.
Ln lhO OlhOr hand, a WOCOnlrVOd maChnO mghl
DO mOrO Or Oss runOd Dy lhO n]udCOus ChOCO O ls
OQQOnOnls. A hOrsO s a!sO runOd lhO WrOng rdOrs
arOa!!OWOdlOsQO!l.
nlhO !OarnngmaChnO,lsWO!!lOdslngushWhl
lhO maChnO Can !Oarn and Whal l CannOl. A maChnO
may DO Du!l OlhOr Wlh a slalslCa! QrOOrOnCO Or a
COrlan sOrl ODOhaVOr, WhCh nOVOrlhO!Oss admls lhO
QOssDly O OlhOr DOhaVOr Or O!sO COrlan OalurO
O ls DOhaVOr may DO rgd!y and unalOraDy dOlOr-
mnOd. O sha! Ca!! lhO hrsl sOrl O dOlOrmnalOn
rereme, and lhO sOCOnd sOrl O dOlOrmnalOn ccu
nraiut. Or OxamQ!O, lhO ru!Os O Oga ChOss arO nOl
Dul nlO a ChOss-Qayng maChnO as COnsUanls, and
lhO maChnO s gVOn lhO QOWOr lO Oarn, l may
ChangO WlhOul nOlCO rOm a ChOss-Qayng maChnO
nlO a maChnO dOng a lOla!y d OrOnl lask. Ln lhO
OlhOr hand a ChOss-Qayng maChnO Wlh lhO ruOs
Du!l n as COnslranls may sl! DO a Oarnng maChnO
aslOlaClCsandQO!COs.
hO rOadOr ay WOndOr Why WO arO nlOrOslOd n
ChOss-Q!ayng maChnOs al a!. ArO lhOy nOl mOrOy an-
OlhOrharmOss ll!OVanlyDyWhCh OxQOrls n dOsgn
sO
OklOshOWOhlhOrQrOhCOnCylO aWOrdWhChlhOy
hOQO W gasQ and WOndOr al lhOr aCCOmQshmOnls
s anhOnOsl man CannOldOnylhal a COlanOOmOnl
1
/
o M? b CF M? ?b
O OslOnlalOus narCsssm s QrOsOnl n mO, al !Oasl.
OWOVOr, as yOu W!! sOOn sOO, l s nOl lDO On!y O!O
mOnlaClVODOrO, nOr s llDalWDCD s OlhO grOalOsl
mQOrlanCOlOlDOnOn-QrOOssOna!rOadOr.
mr. bDannOn Das QrOsOnlOd sOmO rOasOns WDy Ds
rOsOarCDOs may DO O mOrO mQOrlanCO lDan lDO mOrO
dOsgn O a CurOsly, nlOrOslng On!y lO lDOsOWDO arO
Q!ayng a gamO. AmOng lDOsO QOssD!lOs, DO suggOsls
lDal suCD a maCDnO may DO lDO hrsl slOQ n lDO COn
slruClOn O a maCDnO lO OVa!ualO m!lary slualOns
and lO dOlOrmnO lDO DOsl mOVO al any sQOChC slagO.
Ol nO man lDnk lDal DO s la!kng !gDl!y. DO grOal
DOOk O VOn POumann and mOrgOnslOrn OnlDO 7heorq
o]CansDasmadOaQrOOundmQrOssOnOnlDOWOr!d
andnOl!OaslnasDnglOn.DOnmr. bDannOnsQOaks
O lDO dOVO!OQmOnl Om!lary laClCs, DO s nOl la!kng
mOOnsDnO, Dul s dsCussng a mOsl mmnOnl and
dangOrOusCOnlngOnCy.
n lDO WO!!-knOWn 1ars ]Ourna!, Le Moe, Or
OCOmDOr 2o, 1
j
qo, a COrlan OmnCan rar, 1rO
uDar!O, Das WrllOn a VOry QOnOlralng rOVOW O my
DOOk Cqberuetus. sDa!! guOlO a suggOslOn O Ds
WDCD CarrOs Oul sOmO O lDO drO mQ!CalOns O lDO
CDOss-Q!ayngmaCDnO grOWnuQ and OnCasOd n a sul
OarmOr.
LnC O tDC mO8t a8Cnatng QtO8QCCt8 tDu8 OQCnCd
8 tDat O tDC tatOna COnduCt O Duman ahat8, and n
QattCuat O tDO8C wDCD ntCtC8t COmmuntC8 and 8CCm
tO QtC8Cnt a CCttan 8tat8tCa tCguatty, 8uCD a8 tDC Du-
man QDCnOmCna O tDC dCVCOQmCnt O OQnOn. Lant
OnC magnC a maCDnC tO COCCt tD8 Ot tDat tyQC O
nOtmatOn, a8 Ot CXamQC nOtmatOn On QtOduCtOn
and tDC matkCt and tDCn tO dCtCtmnC a8 a unCtOn O
tDC aVCtagC Q8yCDOOgy O Duman DCng8, and O tDC * I
QuanttC8 wDCD t 8 QO88DC tO mCa8utC n a dCtCtmnCd
n8tanCC, wDat tDC mO8t QtODaDC dCVCOQmCnt O tDC
8tuatOn mgDt DCr Lant OnC CVCn COnCCVC a btatC aQ-
Qatatu8 COVCtng a 8y8tCm8 O QOtCa dCC8On8, CtDCt
undCt a tCgmC O many 8tatC8 d8ttDutCd OVCt tDC CattD,
CYBEBNE1ICS ANb SOCIE1Y 1
/
Ot undCt tDC aQQatCnty muCD mOtC 8mQC tCgmC O 8
Duman gOVCDmCnt O tD8 QanCtr At QtC8Cnt nOtDng
Q
tCVCnt8 Out tDnkng O tD8. YC may dtCam O tDC tmC
wDCn tDC macbine d gmcerner may COmC tO 8uQQy~
wDCtDCt Ot gOOd Ot CVtDC QtC8Cnt ODVOu8 nadC-
QuaCy O tDC Dtan wDCn tDC attCt 8 COnCCDd wtD tDC
Cu8tOmaty maCDnCty O QOtC8.
At a CVCnt8, Duman tCatC8 dO nOt admt a 8DatQ
and CCttan dCtCtmnatOn, a8 numCtCa data O COmQuta-
tOn dO. DCy Ony admt tDC dCtCtmnatOn O tDCt QtOD-
aDC VauC8. A maCDnC tO ttCat tDC8C QtOCC88C8, and tDC
QtODCm8 wDCD tDCy Qut, mu8t tDCtCOtC undCttakC tDC
8Ott O QtODaD8tC, tatDCt tDan dCtCtmu18tC tDOugDt,
8uCD a8 8 . CXDDtCd Ot CXamQC n mOdCD COmQutng
maCDnC8. D8 makC8 t8 ta8k mOtC COmQCatCd, Dut
dOC8 nOt tCndCt t mQO88DC. DC QndCUOn maCDnC
whCD dCtCtmnC8 tDC CmCaCy O ant-atCtat htC 8 an
CXamQC O tD8. DCOtCtCay, tmC QtCdCtOn 8 nOt m-
QO88DC nCtDCt 8 tDC dCtCtmnatOn O tDC mO8t aVOt-
aDC dCC8On, at Ca8t wtDn CCttan mt8. DC
QO88Dty O Qayng maCDnC8 8uCD a8 tDC CDC88-Qayng
maCDnC 8 COn8dCtCd tO C8taD8D tD8. Ot tDC Duman
QtOCC88C8 whCD COn8ttutC tDC OD]CCt O gOVCtnmCnt may
DC a88matCd tO gamC8 n tDC 8Cn8C n wDCD VOn Cu-
mann Da8 8tudCd tDCm matDCmatCay. VCn tDOugD
tDC8C gamC8 DaVC an nCOmQCtC 8Ct O tuC8, tDCtC atC
OtDCt gamC8 wtD a VCty atgC numDCt O QayCt8, wDCtC
tDC data atC CXttCmCy COmQCX. DC macbims d gmc-
er w dChnC tDC btatC a8 tDC DC8t-nOtmCd QayCt
at caCD QattCuat CVC and tDC btatC 8 tDC Ony 8u-
QtCmC CO-OtdnatOt O a Qatta dCC8On8. DC8C atC
CnOtmOu8 QtVCgC8 tDCy atC aCQutCd 8CCnthCay,
tDCy w QCtmt tDC btatC undCt a CtCum8tanCC8 tO
DCat CVCty QayCt O a Duman gamC OtDCt tDan t8C Dy
OhCtng tD8 dCmma: CtDCt mmCdatC tun, Ot QannCd
CO-OQCtatOn. D8 w DC tDC COn8CQuCnCC8 O tDC gamC
t8C wtDOut Out8dC VOCnCC. DC OVCt8 O tDC DC8t O
wOtd8 DaVC 8OmCtDng ndCCd tO dtCam O
LC8QtC a tD8, and QCtDaQ8 OttunatCy, tDC macbine
d gmoer 8 nOt tCady Ot a VCty nCat tOmOttOw. Ot
Out8dC O tDC VCty 8CtOu8 QtODCm8 wDCD tDC VOumC
O nOtmatOn tO DC COCCtCd and tO DC ttCatCd taQdy
1oO M HUMAN USE L HUMAN BEINGS
8l Qul, lDC QtODCm8 O lDC 8laDly O QtCdClOn
tC-
man DCyOnd wDal wC Can 8CtOu8y dtCam O COnltOng,
Ot Duman QtOCC88C8 atC a88maDC lO gamC8 wlD n-
COmQClCy dChnCd tuC8, and aDOVC a, wlD lDC tuC8
tDCm8CVC8 unClOn8 O lDC lmC. DC VatalOn O lDC
tuC8 dCQCnd8 DOlD On lDC ChCClVC dCla O lDC 8lua-
tOn8 CngCndCtCd Dy lDC gamC l8C, and On lDC 8y8lCm
O Q8yCDOOgCa tCaClOn8 O lDC QayCt8 n lDC aCC O
lDC tC8ul8 ODlanCd al CaCD n8lanl.
l may CVCn DC mOtC taQd lDan lDC8C. A VCty gOOd
CXamQC O lD8 8CCm8 lO DC gVCn Dy wDal DaQQCnCd tO
lDC LauQ O n lDC ;gqb CCClOn. A lD8 nOl Ony
tCnd8 lO COmQCalC lDC dCgtCC O lDC aClOt8 wDCD n-
DuCnCC QtCdClOn, Dul QCtDaQ8 lO makC tadCay 8lCtc
lDC mCCDanCa manQualOn O Duman 8lualOn8. A8 at
a8 OnC Can ]udgC, Ony lwO COndlOn8 DCtC Can guatanlCC
8laDZalOn n lDC malDCmalCa 8Cn8C O lDC lCtm.
DC8C atC, On lDC OnC Dand, a 8umCCnl gnOtanCC On lDC
Qatl O lDC ma88 O lDC QayCt8 CXQOlCd Dy a 8kCd
QayCt, wDO mOtCOVCt may Qan a mClDOd O QatayZng
lDC COn8COu8nC88 O lDC ma88C8 Ot On lDC OlDCt, 8um-
CCnl gOOd-w lO aOw OnC, Ot lDC 8akC O lDC 8laDly
O lDC gamC, lO tCCt D8 dCC8On8 lO OnC Ot a Cw QayCt8
O lDC gamC wDO DaVC atDltaty QtVCgC8. D8 8 a Datd
C88On O COd malDCmalC8, Dul l lDtOw8 a CCtlan gDl
On lDC adVCnlutC O Out CCntuty: DC8lalOn DClwCCn an
ndChnlC lutDuCnCC O Duman ahat8 and lDC t8C O 0
QtOdgOu8 LCValDan. 1n COmQat8On wlD lh8, 1ODDC8
Lemathnwa8 nOlDng Dul a QCa8anl OkC. YC atC tun-
nng lDC t8k nOwaday8 O a gtCal YOtd blalC, wDCtC
dCDCtalC and COn8COu8 QtmlVC nu8lCC may DC lDC
Ony QO88DC COndlOn Ot lDC 8lal8lCa DaQQnC88 O lDC
ma88C8 : a wOtd wOt8C tDan DC Ot CVCty CCat mnd.
CtDaQ8 l wOud nOl DC a Dad dCa Ot lDC lCam8 al
QtC8Cnl CtCalng CyDCtnClC8 lO add lO lDCt caJre O
lCCDnCan8, wDO DaVC COmC tOm a DOtZOn8 O 8CCnCC,
8OmC 8CtOu8 anlDtOQOOg8l8, and QCtDaQ8 a QDO8OQDCt
wDO D08 8OmC CutO8ly a8 lO wOtd mallCt8.
DC mucbinc 0 gouccrncr O 1rC uDar!C s nOl
rgDlCnng DCCausC O any OangCr lDal l may aCDCVC
aulOnOmOus COnlrO! OVCr Dumanly. l s ar lOO CruOC
L3Lb 7 bLL3
a
nd mQOrOCl lO OxhDl a OnO-lhOusandlh Qarl O lhO
urOsVO ndOQOndOnl DOhaVOr O lhO huma DOng.
ls
rOa!dangOr,hOWOVOr, s lhO QulOdhOrOnl OnOlhal
suCh maChnOs, lhOugh hO!Q!Oss Dy lhOmsO!VOs, may
DO
usOd Dy a human DOng Or a D!OCk O human DOngs
lO
nCrOasO lhOr COnlrO! OVOr lhO rOsl O hO human
raCO Or lhal QO!lCa! !OadOrs may allOml lO COlrO
lhOr OQu!alOns Dy mOans nOl OmaChnOslhOmsO!VOs
Dul lrOugh QO!lCa! lOChnQuOs as narrOW and n
dhOrOnl lO human QOssD!ly as lhOy had, n aCl
DOOn COnCOVOd mOChanCa!!y. hO grOal WOaknOss O
lhO maChnOlhO OaknOss lhal saVOs us sO ar rOm
DOng dOmnalOd Dy l-s lhal l CannOl yOl lakO nlO
aCCOunl lhO Vasl rangO O QrODaD!ly lhal CharaClOr-
ZOs lhO human slualOn. hO dOmnanCO O lhO ma-
ChnO QrOsuQQOsOs a sOCOly n lhO !asl slagOs O
nCrOasng OnlrOQy, WhOrO QrODaD!ly snOg!gD!O and
WhOrO lhO slalslCa! dhOrOnCOs amOngndVdua!s arO
n! OrlunalO!y WO haVO nOl yOlrOaChOd suCh a slalO.
Uul OVOn WlhOul lhO slalO maChnO O 1rO uDaO
WO arO a!rOady dOVO!OQng nOW COnCOQls O War, O
OCOnOmC COnhCl, and O QrOQaganda On lhO Dass O
VOnPOumanns7beorqo]Cmes,WhChslsO!aCOm-
munCalOna! lhOOry, as lhO dOVO!OQmOnls OlhO 1gOS
haVO a!rOady shOWn hs lhOOry O gamOs, as 1 haVO
sad n an Oar!Or ChalOr, COnlrDulOs lO lhO lhOOry O
!anguagO, Dul lhOrO arO n OxslOnCO gOVOrnOnl agOn
COs DOnl On aQQ!yng l lO mlary and Quas-m!lary
aggrOssVOanddOOnsVOQurQOsOs.
hO lhOOry O gamOs s, n ls OssOnCO, DasOd On an
arrangOmOnl O Q!ayOrs Or COalOns O QayOrs OaCh O
WhOm s DOnl On dOVOOQng a slralOgy Or aCCOm-
Q!shng ls QurQOsOs, assumng lhal ls anlagOnsls, as
WO! as lsO!, arO OaCh Ongagng n lhO DOsl QO!Cy Or
VClOry. hs grOal gamO s a!rOady DOng CarrOd On
mOChanslCa!!y, and On a COOssa! sCa!O. h!O lhO
QhOsOQhy DOhnd l s QrODaDy nOl aCCOQlaD!O lO Our
QrOsOnl OQQOnOnls, lhO LOmmunsls, lhOrO arO slrOng
1o2 THE HUMAN USE L HUMAN BEINGS
sgns Ual ls QOssD!lOs arO a!rOady DOng sludOd n
1ussa as WO!! as hOrO, and lhal lhO 1ussans, nOl COn-
lOnl Wlh aCCOQlng lhO lhOOry as WO haVO QrOsOnlOd l,
haVO COnCOVaD!y rOhnOd l n COrlan mQOrlanl rO
sQOCls. n QarlCu!ar, muCh O lhO WOrk, a!lhOugh nOl
a!!, WhCh WO haVO dOnO On UO UOOry O gamOs, s
DasOd On lhO assumQlOn lhal DOlh WO and Our OQQO-
nOnls haVO un!mlOd CaQaD!lOs and lhal lhO On!y
rOslrClOns Wlhn WhCh WO Q!ay dOQOnd On Whal WO
may Ca!! lhO Cards dOa!l lO us Or lhO VsD!O QOslOns
On lhO ChOss DOard. hOrO s a COnsdOraD!O amOunl
O OVdOnCO, ralhOr n dOOd Uan n WOrds, lhal lhO
1ussans haVO suQQ!OmOnlOd lhs allludO lO lhO WOr!d
gamO Dy COnsdOrng lhO QsyChO!OgCa! !mls O lhO
Q!ayOrs and OsQOCa!!y UOr algaD!ly as Qarl O lhO
gamO lsO!. A sOrl O mchine0 goumers lhus nOW
OssOnla!!y n OQOralOn On DOU sdOs O lhO WOr!d COn-
hCl, a!lhOugh l dOOs nOl COnssl n OlhOr CasO O a
sng!O maChnO WhCh makOs QO!Cy, Dul ralhOr O a
mOChanslC lOChnQuOWhCh s adaQlOd lO lhO xgOn-
COs O a maChnO!kO rOuQ O mOn dOVOlOd lO UO
OrmalOnOQO!Cy.
1rO uDar!O has Ca!!Od lhO allOnlOn O lhO sC-
Onlsl lO lhO grOWng m!lary and QO!lCa! mOChan-
ZalOn O lhO WOr!d as a grOal suQOrhuman aQQaralus
WOrkng OnCyDOrnOlC QrnCQ!Os. n OrdOr lO aVOd lhO
manO!d dangOrs O lhs, DOlh OxlOrna! and nlOrna!,
hO s QulO rghl n hs OmQhass On lhO nOOd Or lhO
anlhrOQO!Ogl and lhO Qh!OsOQhOr. n OlhOr WOrds, WO
musl knOW as sCOnlsls Whal mans nalurO s and Whal
hs Du!ln QurQOsOs arO, OVOn WhOn WO musl WO!d
lhs knOW!OdgO as sO!dOrs and as slalOsmOn and WO
muslknOWWhyWOWshlOCOnlrO!hm.
hOn say lhal lhO maChnOs dangOr lO sOCOly s
nOlrOm lhO maChnO lsO! Dul rOm Whal man makOs
O l, am rOa!!y undOr!nng lhO Warnng O bamuO
Uul!Or. n Ereubon hO COnCOVOs maChnOs OlhOrWsO
unaD!O lO aCl, as COnQuOrng manknd Dy lhO usO O

!
r
'
L3^Lb ^ bLL3
mOn as lhO suDOrdnalO Organs. POVOrlhO!Oss, WO must
nOl lakO Uul!Ors OrOsght tOO sOrOus!y, as n aCl al
hs lmO nOlhOr hO nOr anyOnO arOund hm COu!d un-
dOrsland lhO lruO nalurO O lhO DOhaVOr O aulOmala,
andhs slalOmOnls arOralhOr nCsVO bgurOs O sQOOCh
lhansCOnlbCrOmarks
LurQaQOrs haVO DOOn makng a grOat dOa! OAmOr-
Can `knOW-hOW OVOr snCO WO had lhO msOrlunO tO
dsCOVOr lhO alOmC DOmD. hOrO s OnO Qua!ty mOrO
mQOrlant lhan`knOWhOW and WO CannOt aCCusO thO
nlOd blalOs OanunduOaOuntOl.hss`knOW-
Whal DyWhCh WO dOlOrmnO nOl On!y hOW lO aCCOm-
Q!sh Our QurQOsOs, Dut Whal Our QurQOsOs arO tO DO.
Can dslngush DOtWOOn thO lWO Dy an OxamQ!O. bOmO
yOars agO, a QrOmnOnt AmOrCan OngnOOr DOught an
xQOnsVO Q!ayOr-QanO. l DOCamO C!Oar lOr a WOOk
Or lWO lhat lhs QurChas dd nOt COrrOsQOnd lO any
QarlCu!ar nlOrOsl n lhO musC Q!ayOd Dy thO QanO
Dul ralhOr lO an OVOrWhO!mng nlOrOst n lhO QanO
mOChansm. Or lhs gOnl!Oman, lhO Q!ayOr-QanO Was
nOla mOans OQrOduCng musC, Dula mOans OgVng
sOmO nVOnlOr thO ChanCO O shOWng hOW sk!!tu! hO
Was alOVOrCOmng COrlan dmCu!lOs n lhOQrOduClOn
O musC. hs s an OslmaD!O alltudO n a sOCOnd
yOarhgh-sChOO!sludOnt. MOW OslmaD!O l s n OnO O
lhOsOOnWhOmlhOWhO!OCu!lura!ulurOOthOCOunlry
dOQOnds,!OaVOlOlhOrOadOr.
n lhOmyths andaryta!Os lhalWO rOad as Ch!drOn
WO !OarnOd a OW O thO smQ!Or and mOrO ODVOus
lrulhs O !O, suCh as lhal WhOn a d]nnOO s Ound n
a DOll!O, l had DOllOr DO !Ol thOrO lhal lhO bshOrman
WhO CraVOs a DOOn rOm hOaVOn lOO many lmOs On
DOha! Ohs WtO W!! OnduQ OxaCl!y WhOrOhOstarlOd
lhal yOu arO gVOn lhrOO WshOs, yOu musl DO VOry
CarOtu! Whal yOu Wsh Or. hOsO smQ!O and ODVOus
lrulhs rOQrOsOnl lhO Ch!dsh OQuVa!Ont O lhO lragC
VOW O O WhCh lhO LrOOks and many mOdOrn
o

Im BUMAN USE L BUMAN BEINGS

urOQOans QOssOss, and WhCh s sOmOhOW mssng n
lhs!andOQ!Only.
hO LrOOks rOgardOdlhO aCl OdsCOVOrnghrO Wlh
VOry s!l OmOlOns. Ln lhO nOhand,hrO Was Or lhOm
as Or us a grOal DOnOhl lO a!! humanly. Ln lhO OlhOr,
lhO Carryng dOWn O hrO rOm hOaVOn lO OarlD Was a
dOhanCO O lhO LOds O L!ymQus, and COu!d nOl Dul
O QunshOd Dy lhOm as a QOCO O nsO!OnCO lOWards
lhOr QrOrOgalVOs. hus WO sOO lhO grOal hgurO O
1rOmOlhOus, lhO hrO-DOarOr, lhO QrlOlyQO O lhO sC-
Onlsl a hOrO Dul a hOrO damnOd, ChanOd On lhO
LauCasus Wlh Vu!lurOs gnaWng al hs !VOr. O rOad
lh rngng !nOs O AOsChy!us n WhCh lhO DOund gOd
Ca!!s O lhO WDO!OWOr!dundOrlhO sunlO DOar WlnOss
lO Whal lOrmOnls hO suBOrs al lhO hands O lhO gOds.
hO sOnsO O lragOdy s lhal lhO WOr!d s nOl a
Q!Oasanl !ll!O nOsl madO Or Our QrOlOClOn, Dul a Vasl
and !argO!y hOsl!O OnVrOnmOnl, n WhCh WO Can
aChOVO grOallhngs On!yDydOynglhOgOds and lhal
lhs dOhanCO nOVlaD!y Drngs ls OWn QunshmOnl. l
sa dangOrOusWOr!d,nWhChlhOrOs nOsOCurly, saVO
lhO sOmOWhal nOgalVO OnO O hum!ly and rOslranOd
amDlOns. l s a WOr!d n WhCh lhOrO s a COndgn
QunshmOnl, nOl On!y Or hm WhO sns n COnsCOus
arrOganCO, DulOrhmWhOsO sO!O CrmOs gnOranCOO
lhOgOdsandlhOWOr!darOundhm.
a man Wlh lhs lragC sOnsO aQQrOaChOs, nOl hrO
Dul anOlhOr manOslalOn O Orgna! OWOr, !kO lhO
sQ!llng O lhO alOm, hO W!! dO sO Wlh Oar and
lrOmD!ng. MO W!! nOl !OaQ n WhOrO angO!s Oar lO
lrOad, un!Oss hO s QOQarOd lO aCCOQl lhO QunshmOnl
O lhO a!!On angO!s. POlhOr W!! hO Ca!!y lransOr
lO lhO maChnO madO n hs OWn magO lhO rOsQOns-
D!ly Or hs ChOCO O gOOd and OV!, WlhOul COn-
lnung lO aCCOQl a u!! rOsQOnsD!ly Or lhal ChOCO.
haVO sad lhal lhO mOdOrn man, and OsQOCa!!ylhO
mOdOrn AmOrCan, hOWOVOr muCh`knOW-hOWhOmay
haVO, has VOry !ll!O `knOW-Whal. MO W!! aCCOQl lhO
CYBERNE1ICS SCCIETY 1o
suQOrOr dO!Or!y O !hO maChnO-madOdOCsOns W!h
Ou! !OO muCh ngury as !O !hO mO!VOs and QrnCQ!Os
DOhnd !hOsO. n dOng sO, hO W Qu! hmsO! sOOnOr
Or !a!Or n !hO QOs!On O !hO a!hOr n . aCODs
7he Moukes lau, WhO has WshOd Or a hundrOd
QOunds, On!y !O hnd a! hs dOOr UO agOn! O !hO COm-
Qany Or WhCh hs sOn WOrks, !OndOrng hm OnO
hundrOd QOunds as a COnsO!a!On Or hs sOns dOa!h a!
!hO aC!Ory. Lr agan, hO may dO ! n !hO Way O !hO
AraD hshOrman H !hO Oue 7luauJamL Nights,
WhOn hO DrOkO !hO bOa O bO!OmOn On !hO !d O !hO
DO!!OWhChCOn!anOd!hOangryd]nnOC.
O! us rOmOmDOr !ha! !hOrO arO gamO-Q!ayng ma-
ChnOs DO!h O !hO mOnkOys 1aW !yQO and O !hO !yQO
O !hO UO!!!Od ]nnOO. Any maChnO COns!ruC!Od Or
thO QurQOsO Omakng dOCsOns, ! dOOs nO! QOssOss
!hO QOWOr O !Oarnng, W!! DO COmQ!O!O!y !!Ora!
mndOd. OO !O us WO !O! ! dOCdO Our COnduC!,
un!Oss WO haVO QrOVOus!y OamnOd !hO aWs O !s
aC!On, and knOW u!!y !ha! !s COnduC! W!! DO CarrOd
Ou! OnQrnCQ!Os aCCOQ!aD!O !O us Ln !hO O!hOr hand,
!hO maChnO !kO !hO d]nnOO, WhCh Can !Oarn and Can
makO dOCsOns On !hO Dass O !s !Oarnng, W!! n nO
Way DO OD!gOd !O makO suCh dOCsOns as WO shOu!d
haVO madO, Or W!! DO aCCOQ!aD!O !O us. Or UO man
WhO s nO! aWarO O !hs, !O !hrOW !hO QrOD!Om O hs
rOsQOnsD!y On !hO maChnO, WhO!hO ! Can Oarn Or
nO!, s !O Cas! hs rOsQOnsD!!y !O !hO Wnds, and !O
hnd!COmngDaCksOa!OdOn!hOWhr!Wnd
haVOsQOkOn OmaChnOs, Du!nO! On!y OmaChnOs
haVng Drans ODrass and!hOWsOrOn. hOnhuman
a!Oms arO kn! n!O an Organa!On n WhCh !hOy arO
usOd, nO! n !hOr u! rgh! as rOsQOnsD!O human DO
ngs, Du! s COgs and !OVOrs and rOds, ! ma!!Ors !t!!O
tha! !hOrraW ma!Ora! s hOshand D!OOd. What useJ
as au e/emeut iu a machiue, is in [act au e/emeut in
the machiue. hO!hOr WO On!rus! Our dOCOns !O ma-
ChnOs OmO!a!, Or!O !hOsOmaChnOs OhOshandD!OOd
1ob I BUMAN USE L BUMAN BEINGS
WhCh arO DurOaus and Vasl !aDOralOrOs and armOs
and COrQOralOns, WO sha!! nOVOr rOCOVO lhO rghl an-
sWOrslOOurguOslOnsuOssWOasklhOrghlguOslOns.
hO Mouks laO skn andDOnO sgulO as dOad!y
as anylhng Casl Oul O slOO! and rOn. hO d]nnOO
WhCD s a unyng bgurO O sQOOCh Or a WhO!O
COrralOn s ]usl as OarsOmO as l WOrO a g!OrbOd
COn]urnglrCk.
hO hOur s VOry !alO, and lhO ChOCO O gOOd and
V!knOCksalOurdOOr

lANCCACL, CONFCSlON, AND )AM

In Chaptcr I, I havc rcIcrrcd to somc vcry Intcr-
cstIng work rcccntIy carrIcd out by Or. BcnoIt Man-
dcIbrot oIIarIs and IroIcssoracobsonoIHarvard on
varIous phcnomcna oI Ianguagc IncIudIng, among
othcrthIngs, a dIscussIon oI thc optImum dIstrIbutIon
oIthc IcngthoIwords. ItIs notmyIntcntIon to go Into
thcdctaIIoIthIsworkInthcprcscntchaptcr,butrathcr
to dcvcIop thc conscgucnccs oI ccrtaIn phIIosophIcaI
assumptIonsmadcbythcsctwowrItcrs
Thcy consIdcr communIcatIon to bc a gamc pIaycd
In partncrshIp by thc spcakcr and thc IIstcncr agaInst
thc Iorccs oI conIusIon, rcprcscntcd by thc ordInary
dImcuItIcs oI communIcatIon and by somc supposcd
IndIvIduIs attcmptIng to jam thc communIcatIon.
ItcraIIy spcakIng, thc gamc thcory oI von Ncumann,
whIchIsInvoIvcdInthIsconncctIon,conccrnsonctcam
whIchIs dcIIbcratcIytryIng to gctthc mcssagc across,
and anothcr tcam whIch wIII rcsot to any stratcgy to
jam thcmcssagc. Inthc trIctvon NcumannthcoryoI
gamcs thIs mcans that thc spcakcr and IIstcncr co-
opcratc on poIIcy In vIcw oI thc assumpIon that thc
jammIng agcncy Is adoptIngthc bcst poIIcy to conIusc
thcm, agaIn undcr thc assumptIon that thc spcakcr
and thc IIstcncr havc bccn usIng thc bcstpoIIcy upto
thcprcscnt,andsoon.
InmorcusuaIIanguagc,boththctcamoIcommunI-
cants and thc ammIngIorccs arc atIIbcrtyto usc thc
tcchnIguc oIbIumngto conIound on anothcr, and In
gcncraIthIstcchnIgucwIIIbcuscdtoprcvcntthcothcr
M
1oo I BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
sdO rOm DOng aD!O lO aCl On a hrm knOW!OdgO O lDO
lOCDnQuO O OnO sdO. UOlD sdOs W!! lDOn D!uB, lDO
ammng OrCO n OrdOr lO adaQl lDOmsO!VOs lO nOW
COmmunCalOn lOCDnQuOs dOVO!OQOd Dy lDO COm-
munCalng OrCOs, and lDO COmmunCalng OrCOs lO
OulWl any QO!Cy a!rOady dOVO!OQOd Dy lDO ]ammng
OrCOs. n lDs COnnOClOn COnCOrnng sCOnlhC mOlDOd
A!DOrl LnslOns rOmark lDal QuOlOd Oar!Or s O lDO
grOalOsl sgnhCanCO. DerHerrCottistraniert, aber
bosba]t Lr nicbt. `Od may DO suDl!O, Dul DO snl
Q!anmOan.
arrOmDOnga C!CD, lDs s a VOryQrOOund slalO
mOnl COnCOrnnglDO QrOD!Oms O lDO sCOnlsl O ds-
COVOr lDO sOCrOls O nalurO rOQurOs a QOWOru! and
O!aDOralO lOCDnQuO, Dul al !Oasl WO Can OxQOCl OnO
lDng-lDal as ar as nanmalO nalurO gOOs, any slOQ
OrWard lDal WO may lakO W!! nOl DO COunlOrOd Dy a
CDangO O QO!Cy Dy nalurO Or lDO dO!DOralO QrQOsO
O COnusng and ruslralng us. DOrO may ndOOd DO
COrlan !mlalOns lO lDs slalOmOnl as ar as !Vng
nalurO s COnCOrnOd, Or lDO manOslalOns O DyslOra
arO OlOn madO n VOW O an audOnCO, and WlD lDO
nlOnlOn, WDCD s rOQuOnl!y unCOnsCOus, O Dam-
DOOZ!ng lDal audOnCO. Ln lDO OlDOr Dand, ]usl as WO
sOOm lO DaVO COnQuOrOd a gOrm dsOasO, lDO gOrm may
mulalO and sDOW lrals WDCD al !Oasl aQQOar lO DaVO
DOOn dOVO!OQOd WlD lDO dO!DOralO nlOnlOn O sOnd
ngusDaCklOlDOQOnlWDOrOWODaVOslarlOd.
DOsO nraCluOuslOs O nalurO nO mallOr DOW
muCD lDOy may annOy lDO QraCllOnOr O lDO !O sC-
OnCOs, arO OrlunalO!y nOl amOng lDO dmCu!lOs lO DO
COnlOmQ!alOdDylDO QDysCsl. PalurOQ!ays ar and ,
alOr C!mDng OnO angO O mOunlans, lDO QDysCsl
sOOs anOlDOr OnlDO DOrZOnDOOrODm, l Das nOlDOOn
dO!DOralO!y Qul lDOrO lO ruslralO lDO OBOrl DO Das
arOadymadO.
lmaysOOm suQOrhCa!!ylDal OVOn nlDOaDsOnCO O
a COnsCOus Or QurQOsOu! nlOrOrOnCO Dy nalurO, lDO
L3?Lb f? bLL3
1o

QO!Cy O lhO rOsOarCh sCOnlsl shOu!d DO lO Q!ay l

saO, and a!Ways aCl sO lhal OVOn a ma!COus and dO-
COlu! nalurO WOu!d nOl QrOVOnl hs OQlmum aCQu-
sOn and lransOr O nOrmalOn. hs QOnl O VOW
s un]uslhOd LOmmunCalOn n gOnOra!, and sCOnlhC
rOsarCh n QarlCu!ar nVO!VO a grOal dOa! O OBOrl
OOn l s usOu! OBOrl and lhO hghlng O DOgOs
WhCh arO nOl lhOrO WaslOs OBOrl WhCh Oughl lO DO
OCOnOmZOd. O Can nOl gO lhrOugh Our COmmunCa-
lVO Or sCOnlhC !VOs shadOW-DOxng WlD ghOsls Lx-
QOrOnCO has QrOlly WO!! COnVnCOd lhO WOrkng
QhysCsl lhal any dOa O a nalurO WhCD s nOl On!y
dmCu!l lO nlOrQrOlDul WhCh aClVO!yrOssls nlOrQO-
lalOn has nOl DOOn ]uslhOd as ar as hs Qasl WOrk s
COnCOrnOd, and lhOrOOrO lO DO an OBOClVO sCOnlsl,
hO musl DO naVO, and OVOn dO!DOralO!ynaVO, nmak-
ng lhO assumQlOn lhal hO s dOa!ng Wlh an hOnOsl
LOd, and musl ask hs QuOslOns O lhO WOr!d as an
DOnOslman.
hus lhO naVOl O a sCOnlsl, Wh!O l s a QrO-
OssOna! adaQlalOn, s nOl a rOOssOna! dOOCl. A
man WhO aQQrOaChOs sCOnCO Wlh lhO QOnl O VOW
O an OmCOr O dOlOClVO QO!CO WOu!d sQOnd mOsl O
hs lmO ruslralng lrCks lhal arO nOVOr gOng lO DO
Q!ayOd On hm, lra!ng susQOCls WhO WOu!d DO QOr-
OCl!y W!!ng lO gVO an ansWOr lO a drOCl QuOslOn,
and n gOnOra! Q!ayng lhO ashOnaD!O COQs-and-rOD-
DOrs amO as l s nOW !ayOd Wlhn lhO rOa!m O
OmCa! and m!lary sCOnCO. haVO nOl lhO s!ghlOsl
dOuDl lhal lhO QrOsOnl OlOClVO-mndOdnOss O lhO
!Ords O sCOnlhC admnslralOn s OnO O lhO ChO
rOasOns OrlhODarrOnnOssOsOmuCD QrOsOnl sCOnlhC
WOrk.
l O!!OWs a!mOsl Dy a sy!!Ogsm lhal lDOrO arO OlhOr
QrOOssOnsDOsdOs lhal OlhO dOlOClVOWhCh Can and
dO dsQua!y a man Or lhO mOsl OBOClVO sCOnlhC
WOrk, DOlh Dy maknghm susQOClnalurOO dsngOnu-
OusnOss, and Dy makng hm dsngOnuOus n hs all-
1gO M M? b OI M? ?b
ludO lO nalurO and lO QuOslOns aDOul nalu
rC.
Jhe
sO!dOr s lranOd lO rOgard !tO as a COnhCl
DOlW
CC
n
man and man, Dul On hO s nOl as lghl!y
DOu
nd
lO lhs QOnl Ot VOW as lhO mOmDOr O a
m!l
an
l
rO!gOus OrdOrlO sO!dOr O lhO LrOss, Or O me
ammOr and bCk!O. OrO lhO OXslOnCO O a unda-
mOnla!!y QrOQagandsl QOnl O VOW s muCh mOr -
QOrlanl lhan lO QarlCu!ar nalurO O lhO QrOQaganda.
l mallOrs !ll!O WhOlhOr lhO m!lary Dand lO WhCh
OnO has Q!OdgOd OnOsO! DO lhal O gnalus OyO!a
Or O Onn, sO !Ong as hO COnsdOrs l mOrO mQOrlanl
lhal hs DO!Os shOu!d DO On lhO rghl sdC lhan
lhal hO shOu!d manlan hs rOOdOm and OVOn hs
QrOtOssOna! naVOl. O s unhllOd Or lhO hghOst
hghls O sCOnCO nO mallOr Whal hs a!!OganCO, as !On
as lhal a!!OganCO s aDsO!ulO. n lhs QrOsOnl day WhCn
a!mOsl OVOry ru!ng OrCO, WhOlhOr On lhO rghl Or On
UO !Ol, asks lhO sCOnlsl Or COntOrmly ralhOr lhan
OQOnnOss O mn, ls Oasy lO undOrsland hOW sCOnCC
has a!rOady suBOrOd, and Whal urlhOr dODasOmOnts
and rusaUOns O sCOnCO arO lO DO OXQOClOd n lhC
ulurO.
haVO a!rOady QOnlOd Oul lhal lhO dOV WhOm lhC
sCOnlslshghlngs UO dOV! O COntusOn, nOl OW!-
u! ma!CO hO VOW lhal nalurO rOVOa!s an OnlrOQC
lOndOnCy s uguslnan, nOl NanChaOan. ls naD!ty
lO undOrlakO an aggrOssVO QO!Cy, dO!DOralO!y lO dC-
Oal lhO sCOnlsl, mOans Ual ls OV! dOng s UO rOsul
O a WOaknOss n hs nalurO ralhOr lhan Oa sQOChC
a!!y
CV! QOWOr Ual l may haVO, OQua Or nOrOr lO lhC
QrnCQ!Os O OrdOr n lhO unVOrsO WhCh, !OCa! an
lOmQOrary as lhOy may DO, sl!! arO QrODaDy nOl lO0
un!kO Whal lhO rO!gOus man mOans Dy LOd
uguslnansm, lhO D!aCkOlhO WOr!d s nOgalVC an
s lhO mOrO aDsOnCO O WhlO, Wh!O n NanCaOans
WhlO and D!aCk DO!Ong lO lWO OQQOsOd armOs
dra
uQ n !nO aCng OnO anOlhOr. hOrO s a
suDl!O
C0
lOna NanChaOansm mQ!Cl n a!! CrusadO
s,
a
CYBEBNE1ICS ANb SCCIETY
jIh
a
d
s, and aIIwars oI communismagainstthc dcvII oI
a
pI
taIIsm.
Th
c AugustInIan posItIon has aIways bccn dImcuIt
to
m
aIntaIn. !t tcnds undcr thc sIIghtcst pcrturbatIon
to
b
rcak down Into a covcrt ManIchacaIsm Thc
cmo
tIona dImcuIty oI Augustinianism shows tscII In
IIt
on`sdIIcmmaIn00O88 Lu8|:!IthcdcvIIIsmcrcIy
thc
crcaturc oI Cod and bcIongs to a worId In whIch
od
is omnIpotcnt, scrving to point out somc oI thc
dark, con!usIng corncrs oI thc worId, thc grcat battIc
bct
wccn thc IaIIcn angcIs and thc Iorccs oI thc Iord
bccomcs about as IntcrcstIng as a proIcssIonaI wrcs-
tIIng match. !I MIItons pocm Is to havc thc dignity
oI bcIng morc tha onc oI thcsc groan-andgrunt cx-
hIbItIons, thc dcvII mustbcgIvcna chancc oIwInnIng,
at Icast In hIs own cstImatIon, cvcn though it bc no
morc than an outsIdc chancc. ThcdcvIIs own words
In 00O88 Lu8| convcy hIs awarcncss oI thc omnIpo-
tcnccoI Cod and thc hopcIcssncss oIbghtInghIm, yct
hIs actIons IndIcatc that at Icast cmotIonaIIy hc con-
sIdcrs thIs bght a dcspcratc, but not uttcrIy uscIcss,
asscrtIonoIthcrIghts oIhishostsandoIhImscII. Lvcn
thc AugustInian dcvII must watch hIs stcp or hc wIII
bcconvcrtcdtoManIchacanIsm.
Any rcIIgIous ordcr which Is bascd on thc miIItary
modcI Is undcr thIs samc tcmptation to Iapsc Into thc
Manichacan hcrcsy. !t has adoptcd as a sImIIc Ior thc
Iorccs whIch Itis bghtIngthat oI an indcpcndcntarmy
whIch It is dctcrmIncd to dcIcat, but which couId, at
Ic
ast conccivabIy, wIn thc war and itscII bccomc thc
IIng !orcc Ior thIs rcason, such an ordcr or organi-
a
tIonis intrinsIcaIIyunsuitcd to cncouragc anAugus-
tI
an
attItudc withIn thc scIcntIst, and Iurthcrmorc,
It
docs
nottcndtoratcIImpIdIntcIIcctuaI honcstyvcry

I
ghin Its caIc oIvirtucs.AgaInst an InsIdIous cncmy
wh
o
himscII pIays trIcks, miIItary stratcgcms arc pcr
I
ssIb
Ic.TusarcIIgIousIIItayordcrIsaImostboud
t
o
sct
a
grcatvaIuc on obcdIcncc, conIcssions o!!aith,
1g2 1m BUMAN USE CF BUMAN BEINGS
and a! lhC rCslrClng nhuCnCCs WhCh hamsng lhC
sCCnlsl.
l s lruC lhal nODOdy Can sQCak Or lhC LhurCh Dul
lhC LhurCh lsC!, Dul l s CQua!!y lruC lhal lhOsC Oul
sdC lhC LhurCh may, and CVCn musl, haVC lhCr OWn
allludCs lOWard lhC OrganZalOn and ls C!ams. l s
CQua!!y uC lhal COmmunsm as an nlC!!CClua! OrCC
s undamCna!!y Whal lhC Ommunsls say l s, Dul
lhCr slalCmCnls haVC a Dndng C!am On us On!y as
mallCrs O lhC dChnlOn O an dCa! and nOl as a dC-
sCrQlOn lhal WC Can aCl On O a sQCChC OrganZalOn
OrmOVCmCnl.
l aQQCars lhal Narxs OWn VCW Was Auguslnan,
and lhal CV! Was Or hm ralhCr a !aCk O QCrCClOn
lhan an aulOnOmOus QOslOnCd OrCC hghlng agansl
gOOd. PCVCrlhC!Css, COmmunsm has grOWn uQ n an
almOsQhCrC O COmDal and COnhCl, and lhC gCnCra
lCndCnCy sCCms lO DC lO rC!CgalC lhC hna MCgC!an
synlhCss lO WhCh lhC Auguslnan allludC lOWard
CV! s aQQrOQralC, lO a ulurC WhCh, nOl nhnlC!y
rCmOlC, has al!CaslaVCryallCnualCdrCCrCnCClOWDal
shaQQCnngalQrCsCnl.
hus, Or lhC QrCsCnl, and as a mallCr O QraClCa
COnduCl, DOlh lhC CamQ O COmmunsm and many CC-
mCnls n lhC CamQ O lhC LhurC lakC allludCs WhCh
arC dChnlCy NanChaCan. haVC mQCd lhal man-
ChaCansms a Dad almOsQhCrC OrsCCnCC. LurOus as
lmay sCCm,lhssDCCausCls a Dad almOsQhCrC Or
alh. hCn WC dO nOl knOW WhClhCr a QarlCu!ar
QhCnOmCnOn WC ODsCrVC s lhC WOrk O LOd Or lhC
WOrk O balan, lhC VCry rOOls O Our alh aC shakCn.
l s On!y undCr suCh a COndlOn lhal l s QOssDC lO
makC a sgnhCanl, W!!u ChOCC DClWCCn LOd an
balan an lhs ChOCC may !Cad lO daDO!sm, Or n
OlhCr WOrds lOWlChCral urlhCrmOrC, l s On!y
an almOsQhCrC n WhCh WlChCral s gCnuCy s-
sD!C lhal WlCh-hunlng OurshCs as a sgnhCant
aClVly. hus ls nO aCCdCnl lhal ussa has had
CrasadlhalWChaVC OurNCLarlhys.


CYBEBNE1ICS A SOIE1Y
1
j

1 haVC sad lhal sCCnCC s mQOssD!C WlhOul alh.

Uy lhs dO nOl mCan lhal lhC alh On WhCh sCCnCC
dCQCnds s rC!gOus n nalurC Or nVO!VCs lhC aCQl-
anCC O any O lhC dOgmas O lhC Ordnary rC!gOus
CrCCds yCl WlhOul alh lhal nalurC s suDCCl lO !aW
lhCrC Can DC nO sCCnCC. PO amOunl O dCmOnsalOn
CanCVCrQrOVClhanalurCs suD]CCl lO !aW. Or a!! WC
knOW, lhC WOr!d rOm lhC nCxl mOmCnl On mghl DC
sOmClhng !kC lhC CrOQuCl gamC n A/icc tW-
km, WhCrC lhC Da!!s arC hCdgChOgs WhCh Wa!k OB,
lhChOOQs arC sO!dCrs WhO marCh lO OlhCr Qarls O lhC
bC!d, and lhC ru!Cs O lhC gamC arC madC rOm nslanl
lO nslanl Dy lhC arDlrary dCCrCC OlhC QuCCn. ls lO
a WOr!d !kC lhs lhal lhC sCCnlsl musl COnOrm n
lOla!laran COunlrCs, nOmallCr WhClhCr lhCy DC lhOsC
O lhC rghl Or O lhC !Cl. hC marxsl QuCCn s VCry
arDlraryndCCd, and lhCasCslQuCCnsa gOOdmalCh
OrhCr.
hal 1 say aDOul lhC nCCd Or alh n sCCnCC s
CQua!!y lruC Or a QurC!y CausalVC WOr!d and Or OnC
n WhCh QrODaD!ly ru!Cs. PO amOunl O QrC!y OD-
]CClVC and dsCOnnClCd ODsCrValOn Can shOW lhal
QrODaD!lysaVa!dnOlOn.OQullhC samC slalCmCnl
n OlhCr !anguagC, lhC !aWs O nduClOn n !OgC Can-
nOl DC CslaD!shCd nduClVC!y. 1nduClVC !OgC, lhC
OgCOUaCOn,sralhCrsOmClhngOnWhChWC CanaCl
Uan sOmClhng WhCh W Can QrOVC, and lO aCl On l
s a suQrCmC assCrlOn O alh l s n lhs COnnCClOn
lhal 1 musl say lhal nslCns dClum COnCCrnng lhC
drCClnCss O LOd s lsC! a slalmCnl O alh. b-
CnCCs a Way O!CWhChCan On!yOurshWhCn mCn
arC rCC lO haVC alh. A alh WhCh WC O!!OW uQOn
OrdCrs mQOsCd rOm OulsdC s nO alh, and a Om-
munly WCh Quls ls dCQndCnCC uQOn suCh a
sCudO-alh s u!lmalC!y DOund lO un lsC! DCCausC
OlhC Qara!yss WhCh lhC !aCk O a hCa!lh!y grOng
sCCnCCmQOsCsuQOnl.
lNDEX
Acapu!co, 1gy
Action ( ntended) , 2y, 1bg-b
Acton ( peroned) , 2y, 1bg
b
Adam, bq
Alcc n Y ondcrl0nd, charac
ters rom, q, qb, 1Qg
Amerca, q1, q2, qg, O, 1 1g
Ampre, Andr, 1
Amphsbaena, qbqQ
Ana!ogy machnes. bcc Ma
chne, Computng machnes
Ants, 12, q-b, bq
Arabc, by, bb, bQ
Arstot!e, by, QO
Ashby, V !oss, gq, gy, gb,
qb, 1yg
Atomcbomb, q, 12, 12b
Automata, 1, 21, 22, 2g, 2q,
2b, g2-gq, gb, 1, Q, bb,
yb-yb, Qb, 1qy-b2, 1bby
.
1yg R,
Babbage, Char!es, 1qQ
Baby!ona, qq
Batt!eshp, 12O
Be!!aboratores, 1 1q1, 1bb
R., 1yb
Bera, avrent, 1Q2
Bb!e, the, bb
Bge!ow, |u!an, 1bg
Brds, yq
B!ndness, b
Bohr, N!s, 12
Bo!zmann, udwg, y, b
Bore!, hm!e, Q, 1o
Botany, by-bb
Bran, 1y, gg, b. bcc
c
Neuro!ogy
Brsto!, hngand, 1bb
Bronze Age, the, q
Brownan Moton, 1O
Brownosk, Or. |., Q
Buddhsm, qg, bb, QQ
Burden Neuro!ogca! nsttute,
1bb
Burgoyne, Genera!, qQ
Bush, Vannevar, 1qQ, 1O
But!er, Samue!, 1b2-bg
Cab!e, transoceanc, q
Ca!cu!us !atocnator, 1Q
Ca!vnsm, q2
Campbe!! (te!ephone en-
neer ) , 11
Canada, qQ, yb
Cat, b2. bcc 0\o Ktten
Catho!csm, q2, 1O2, ::j,
1QO-Qg
Catt!e, qq, bQ
Characterstca Unversa!, :Q
Chemca! actory, 22
Chess, 1y R.
Chmpanzees, b2, bg, bq
Chna, bb, 1q1
Chnese !anguage, bb
Chnook |argon, bb
Chtn, q,
Chrstanty, QbQQ, 1QO
Cicero, Marcus, bQ, QO
Civ! aw, 1O R.
Cv! Var, the Amercan, (j
IDOk2 1
j
C!ockmaker, 21
Co!umbus, Chrstopher, qq
Commans. occ Contro!
Communcaton, 1b, 1y, 1b,
2
1, 22, 2b, 2y, gg, gQ, qb
O, bQy2, yq, yb-yQ, b1,
by, Q1-Q2, Qg-Qq, Qb, 1O

. , 1 12 h., 1g1

. , 1bg h. ,
1by h., 1by h. occ 0/o n
ormaton, Message
Communsm,qg, 1b1-b2, 1QO
Qg
Computng machnes, 1, 2g
2q, bq-b, 1O2, 1qb-b2
Condtoned reex, bb-bQ, ,2
Conucus, bb
Conrad, |oseph, qq
Contngency, 1 1
Contro!, 1b-1b, 22, 2-2y, g2-
gg, q2, qQ, b1-b2, bQ-y2,
yb-yy, yQ
Contro!e mss!e, 22
Cybenetcs, 12, 1b, 1y B., y,
bQ, yy, Q2-Qq, 1 1O
L

bcrncttcs ( by Vener ) , 1 ,
1yb
Oaca, qq
Oarn, Char!es, gy, gb, by
Oa Vnc, eonardo, 1 1b
Oeaness, 1by-1yg
Oeth, g1, qO
q1, Q, 1gO

occ 0lso Heat death
OeBrog!e, ous, 1O
cs_n ]or 0 r0n ( byAshby ),
gq
Oetermnsm, b, Q, 1O, 1 1
Ocens, Char!es, 1 1q-1 1
Oherenta! Ana!yzer. occ
Computng machnes
Osorganzaton, 12, 21
Oo

, bb
Ou

ar!e, Ire, 1yb-b2
Oucange, Char!es, by
rcr, A!breoht, 1 1b
Oy
nate, q
hast nda Company, by
hdson, Thomas, 11
hducaton, q1, 1g2-gq
hectors, 1y, g2, bbb
hgypt, 12q
hnsten, A!bert, 1O, 2O, g,
Qg

1bb, 1Qg
hIabeth , Queen, 1q1
hnc!aves, g1
1nc

co
]
cd0 rI0nnc0 1Og
hnergy, 12, 1y, 2O-21, 2, 2b,
gOg2, gq, gy-q1, 1q .
hng!and, qQ, 121
hngsh !anguage, yQ, bb
hnghtenment, the, gy
hntropy, 12, 1y, 2O-21, 2,
2b, gO-gq, gy-q1, qb, b1,
1 1b
huIbrum, gO, gy-gb
rcuhon ( by But!er ) , 1b2
hskmos, bb
hsperanto, QO, Q2
hurope, q, Qy
hv!, J J gq-g, 1QO-Qg
hvo!uton, theory o, gy, by
Iactory system, changes H,
1qO-qq, 12, 1q-b2
Iaraday, Mchae!, 1Q, 1 1q,
1 1
Iarragut, Admra!, qq
Iaust, g
Ieedback, 2g, 2-2b, gg, qQ,
O, b-b1, bg, Qb, 11-g,
1b-b, 1bq B.
Ieedback ( human) , 2b-gg,
b-Q
Iermat, Ierre de, 1b
Ierm, hnrco, 12
Ire contro! ( ant-arcrat ) ,
b1
bg, y2, 1qb
Iourer Sercs, 1O
Irench Academy o Sccnccs,
1O
1rcnch bcvouon, gy, 1O
1rcud, Sund, 1 1
1
j
b 1HE HUMAN USE CF HUMAN BEINGS
La!up Io!!, :do
Lames, Theory o, -, :yy
., :dy
Lardner, hr!e Stan!ey, 1 1 1
Lenera! h!ectrc Company,
::
Lbbs, V!!ard,y, d,g, :o, 1 1 _
:z, :, : y, zo, zy
L!breth, Irank and L!!an,
:o
Lloss0rum Mcd0c 0IQuc n-
n0c 0InI0Is ( by Lu
cange ) , dy
Lod,
Lo!dberg, bube, :q
Lreece, :d~dq
Lreek !anguage, dy, dd
Lreenwch, hng!and, :y
Lreenwch tme, :y
Lrmm, |akob and V!hen,
dy
Harvard Unversty, :o:
Hastngs, Varren, dy
Heat Oeath, :
Heavsde, O!ver, : :
1ebrew !anguage, dy, dg
Hesenberg, Vemer, :o
Hobbes, Thomas, :do
Ho!!and, o. occ 0so Low
Countres
Ho!mes, O!ver Vende!!, o
Homeostass, g-g
Humpty Oumpty, z
1uygens, Chrstan, :d
Huygens, Irncp!e,` :d
1mago,
1nda, gy, :q:
1ndans ( Amercan) , :og
1ndustra! bevo!ution, Iirst,
: R.
1ndustra! bevo!uton, Second,
: R.
1normaton, :y:d, z:, z,
zd, :, , g, :, yy-yd,
d:, :oq
., : :, ::g, :z:~
zz, :z ., :z . occ 0
uO
Message, Communcation
nput, zz
nsects, :-d, yq
nstab!ity, z
nsttuteorAdvancedStuies,
Irnceton, New |ersey, :)g
ternunca! poo!, do
nventon, qz, I I@ ., : ,
s!am, q, dd
so!ated systems, :z, zd
srae!, qz
|acobs, V. V., :d
|esperson, Otto, dd, g:
|ews, qz, d
|ob, qz
Jun_c ooks ( by Kp!ing)
,
dq
Knesthesa, :y, zq
Kp!ng, budyard, dq, g-g),
:oq
Ktten, zz
Lamarck, |ean Baptste, y
Language, :, :-z, yq-gq,
::, :dy R.
Latn !anguage, dy, dd, dg, QV
Law. occ Cv! Law, Iaten
Law
Leaming, qd, , d-d, QV
Lbesgue, Henr, g, :o, : :
Leeuwenhoek, Anton von, g
:oo
Lebntz, Lottred V!he!,
:d, :g, zo, z:, qd, :, QQ;
:oo
Le Monde` ( Iaris oa) .
:yd
cu0Ih0n ( by Hobbes ) , :d
Levne, Leon, :d
Le, :, z, gqo
Lingua Ianca, dd
Lnnaeus, Caro!us, )

DEX 1

Ltt I t [ b ckens ) ,
: :q, : :
ocke, ]OUn, , y, d
orOntZ, Hendrck, zo
os A!amos, New Mexco, :zd
ow Countres, qq, o
y
ceum, the, go
McCarthy, 5enator |oseph,
: :z, :gz
Machave!, Ncco!o, : :
Machne, :, zy, :-q, d,
qd-qg, y, q-, y h.,
:B., ::B., :-:d.bcc
0o Automata
Maecenas, Lau Cnus, :zo
Mae!e!, :y
Magnot ne, :zz
Ma!ta, qq
Ma!thus, Thomas, y
Mande!brot, Benot, gz
Mancheansm, : :, q, ,
:go-z
Mar!borough, Ouke o, qq
Marx,Kar!, d, : :, :gz
Massachusetts nsttute o
Technoogy, :, :yq
Maxwe!!, C!erk, y, :g, zd-zg,
:z
Maxwe! Oemon,` zd-o
Memory ( n anma!andman) ,
, y, g, do-d:
Memory n automatic ma
cines, z, y, g. bcc 0o
Automata
Mephstophe!es,
Message, :, z:, d
~
y, yq B.,
gq, g B., :z~. bcc 0lso
Cybeetc, Communca
UOn; 1n1OtmatOn
Metamohoss, q~
Mexco, ::d
Mche!son and NOtO8 OX-
gOrmOnt :g, zo
Mdd!e Ages, the, o
%Onum, a o ]ud_Ont,
qz, q, q
M!ton, john, :g:
Mss!es, guded, q
Mo!ecu!es, zd-zg
Mo!!usks,
Montorsn au!Oma!C maCD1n-
ery, z, ::-z. bcc 0o
Automata
Monkeys, yq, dz-d
Morgenstern, Oskar, :yd
Motor, e!ectrc, :q-qq
Moves, ::-
Musket, q-qq
Musc box, z:-zz
Natura! se!ecton, y
Nature, , d
Navgaton, :
-g, :qq-q
Neuro!ogy, z-zy,

q,
~
, do. bcc 0lso Bran, h
ectors, beceptors,Ieedback
( Human) , 5ynapses, Con
dtonedbex,nternunca
Ioo!
Newcomen, Thomas, :qi
New ng!and, :z:
New Hampshre, q
New Haven, Connectcut, g
New 5pan, :qo
Newspapers, ::-z
Newton, saac, y, d, :d, zo,
d, y, :d
Newtonan physcs, y, d, :o,
zo, zy, zd, d
New York, z
Nrvana, q, gg
Oak bdge, Tennessee, :zd
L 1hs0nd 0m L
Aight, :d
Optcs, :d, :g, zo
Organzaton, :z, z:, :, y
d, g ., iz B.
Output, zz
anama Cana,
qg
S U HUMAN USF CF HUMAN BFINGS

ora
_
sc

osl | Dy tOu) ,
1Q1
1atamCtCt8, Q2
1atKu8Ouau Sm, 1_g
1at8, Q, 1yb
1a8Ca, 1a8C, 21
1atCut aV, 1 1_ |,
1attCtu, _y, b_bq, Q h.
1aVOV, Vau, _, b
1Ct8a, b, Q1
1CtCt 1au, gb
1Dg8 1amg LOmgauy ( 1O-
auU) , C
1DOO_y, bgQq
1DOtOCCCttC CC8, 2_, __
1DOtO8yutDC88, _b
1Dy!C, uuCau, ::)
1auCK, aX, :o
1atO, Qg
1OC, )U_at PCu, 1yg
1OKCt, _g
1O88DC VOtU8, 21
1ttuCC, t. OttOu, 1C1
1ttuCCtOu, CV ]Ct8Cy, 1yg
1tODaDty, 1 1, 12, 1g, 2C22,
yy
1tO_tC88, 2b, _b, q1-q2, qy,
11
1tOtC8taut8, q2
1uDCt!y, gb
1uuCD CatU8, 2q
1utgO8C, _1
_uautum tDCOty d, g
aUO, 1_2
atOaU8, 121
a8K, a8mu8, d)
CCCgtOt8, 1y, _-q, do
CaDVtty, tDCOty Ot, zo
Cua88auCC, thc, qq, d), dg,
::z
bcvo!uton (tc DCtCau), qg
bcvouton Ot zot-ccntuy
_Dy8C8, :o, z), zg:, d-
qo
tC8, 12C
OmC, qq, Q1Q2
OO8CVCt, DCOUOtC, q_
O8CuDuCtD, PttutO, 1_
O8C!!a b!OuC, 12q
u88a, 1b2, 1Q2
u88C, 1CtttauU, C, yg
bt. Pu_u8tuC, 1 1, 2y, q-g
,
1Q1-Q2
bt. 1au, qq
bt. DOma8, bQ
bauUVCD _a88, 1 1y
bau8Kttt, by, bQ
bauta Lau8, q1
batatO_a, `CV AOtK, qQ
bCDOO O! ItCuta btuUtC8 [ at
Ott Nam) , by
bCCuCC hCtOu, Q, :oq
bCu8C It_au8, 222_, 2b, g,
1y-y_
bDaKC8gCatC, Nam, 11g
bDauuOu, LauUC, :, ::g,
1y, 1yb
bCa O bOOmOu, 1bg
bDgDuUu_, qq
btVCt CCt, tDC, 1_y
bu_C!Ou, 1Cuty, 1g
bQuCtO8, 11b
bmCtu_, qg
bOu, _1, _2
bOutD P!tCa, :q:
bgau, 1_y
bgCCCD, Dumau, 2, :
y_
bgCtmatOZOa, gg:o:
bgDuX, b
btat8tC8, y, d, 2
btCamDOat, qg
btCam Cu_uC, qg, :g .
btOuC P_C, qq
bttyCDutuC, qg
buDmatuC8, 12G
buDVay, 2g
bVaD, dd
Synapsc, _q _, ):, 0
II
yrac !anguage, by
S!ard, Leo, 12
Tabu!a rasa, by
Tanks, 12O
Tapng, 2g, b2, bQ-yO
Tayor, Irederck, 1O
Teegraph, q
Teephone, gQ QbO, Q1, Qb
Teevson, 1g2
"Te!!-ta!es,` 2g
Texas, qq
(h0 Uumn L80 O] umn
0n_8 ( by Vener ) , 1
(h0 LUn_ r0n (by Va!ter),
gg, gq
(h0 Nunk0g8 0u ( by
|acobs ) , 1b, 1bb
(h0org u] Lum08 ( by von
Neumann) , g, 1yb, 1b1
Themodynamcs, SecondLaw
o, 2b-2Q, gb-gy
Thermometer, gg
'The Vonderu! One-Hoss
Shay` ( by Ho!mes ) , bO
Towero Babe!, bq, by
Treadmi!!, 2Q
Turns!e, 2Q
Twinnng, 1OO1
U!traax, g
Unted States, O, Qy, 1 12,
1 1g, 1 1, 12y, 12b, 1qO,
1bg
Unvese, the, gOg1
Vacuum tube, 1qq-qb
Vence, 1 12
Vta!sm,` g2
Vocoder,` 1bb, 1y2, 1yg
Voapk, Q2
Von Neumann, |ohn, g, 1y-
yb, 1yb, 1b1, 1by
Va!ter, O. Lrey, gg, gq, 1bb-
by, 1yg
Vater!oo, qq
Vatt, james, 1 1, 1gQ, 1qO,
11
Veaver, Varren, 1b
Vest, the Amercan, qg
Vestnghouse Company, 11
Vener, Norbert, Q, 1O, 1,
1bg ., 1yb
Vesner, j. B. , 1b, 1by
Vtcher, C ord, 1yq
Y|h |h0 _h| N0 ( by Kp-
!ng) , Qb

y
Vster, Owen, qg
Vord State, Q2
Vor!d Var 11, 1, b1~b2,
122-2g, 1qb-1
Vrght, V!bur and Orv!!e,
Qb
Vord, the, 21, g
Iddsh, dd