Learning C: lesson 2 Hello, this is Alexander.

Since I finally got an email from someone who liked m y previous lesson, I am going to make the second installment. This one will be about varia bles, and stuff like 'if' statements. 'IF' is the most important word in programming for many programs. Without it th ere is no conditional statements. This means that there can be only one way a program can execute. It would almost impossible to make a program without this one simple word. There are many things to understand when using IF statements. First, you must u nderstand stuff like OR NOT etc. This are the most important, so I will describe how to u se them in C and C++ programming below: (NOTE: ZERO IS FALSE! ONE IS TRUE!) NOT: This just says that the program should reverse the value...for example NOT( 1) would be 0. NOT(0) would be 1. NOT(any number but zero) would be 0. In C and C++ NOT i s written as - ! - just one simple little character. It is very useful and can save lots of time. AND: This is another important command, and it is used to say that if this AND t his is true... for example (1)AND(0) would come out as 0. (1)AND(1) would come out as 1. (ANY REAL NUMBER BUT ZERO)AND(0) would be 0. (ANY REAL NUMBER BUT ZERO)AND(ANY REAL NUMBER BUT ZERO) would be 1. The AND is written as - && - in C++. It is just two simple c haracters. OR: Very useful is the OR statement! For example (1)OR(0) would be 1! (0)OR(0) would be 0. (ANY REAL NUMBER)OR(ANY REAL NUMBER BUT ZERO) would be 1! It is simple, eit her one can be true and make the whole thing true. The OR is written as - in C++. It is also two simple characters. The next thing to learn is to combine them... What is !(1 && 0)? Of course, it would be 1. This is because 1 && 0 evaluates two 0 and ! 0 equals 1. Try some of these...they are not hard. If you have questions about them, you ca n email me at lallain@concentric.net. A. !(1 B. !(1 re OR) C. !((1 l) If you find you enjoy this you might want to look more at Boolean Algebra, which is also very helpful to programmers as it can be good for helping program conditional st 0) && 0) ANSWER: 1 (Parenthesis are usefu 0) 1 && 0) ANSWER: 0 ANSWER: 0 (AND is evaluated befo

atements. IF is used like this IF(TRUE) { DO WHAT IS IN THE BRACKETS } ELSE is basically ELSE { DO WHAT IS IN THE BRACKETS }

Let's look at a simple program for you to try out on your own... #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int age; cout<<"Please input your age: "; cin>>age; if(age<100) { cout<<"You are pretty young!"; } if(age==100) two = { cout<<"You are old"; } if(age>100) { cout<<"You are really old"; } } //For output //For getch() //Most important part of the program! //Need a variable... //Asks for age //The input is put in age //If the age is less than 100 //Just to show you the output //Remember, if the age equals 100 needs //Just to show you it works...

//Proof that it works for all conditions

Now, this program did not use && ! or anything in it. This is because it did n't need too. I think you should probably be able to make your own if statements with th em without having to worry too much about problems. As always, you can email me at lallain@concentric.net Note: My homepage is http://www.cprogramming.com. My email is lallain@concentri c.net. Please email me with comments and or suggestions. If you want to use this on your own site please email me and add a link to http://www.cprogramming.com. Thanks :)