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Did you ever have a plant that was so unique or so beautiful that you wished you had hundreds or thousands of them to enjoy or to sell? Plant tissue culture (micropropagation) is a technique which will do just that for us. It is a fascinating and useful tool which allows the rapid production of many genetically identical plants using relatively small amounts of space, supplies and time.
Basically the technique consists of taking a piece of a plant (such as a stem tip, node, meristem, embryo, or even a seed) and placing it in a sterile, (usually gel-based) nutrient medium where it multiplies. The formulation of the growth medium is changed depending upon whether you are trying to get the plant to produce undifferentiated callus tissue, multiply the number of plantlets, grow roots, or multiply embryos for "artificial seed". Plant tissue culture research has become a thrust area during the last decade due to the renewed emphasis it has received in all areas of crop improvement programmes. In several publications, including books, and in syllabi prescribed for biotechnology courses of our universities, plant tissue culture along with plant genetic engineering have become synonymous with plant biotechnology.
These include essential elements or mineral ions important for plant nutrition and their physiological function. The essential elements can further be divided into the following categories: a. Macroelements (or macronutrients) b. Microelements (or micronutrients) c. Iron Source
Macroelements: These elements are required in large amounts for plant growth and development. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sulphur
(and carbon, which is added separately) are regarded as macroelements. These elements comprise at least 0.1% of the dry weight of plan
Microelements: These elements are required in trace amounts for plant growth and development. Manganese, iodine, copper, cobalt, boron, molybdenum, iron and
zinc are regarded as microelements, although other elements like aluminium and nickel are frequently found in some formulations.
Iron Source: Iron is usually added in the medium as iron sulphate, although iron citrate can also be used. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is usually used in conjunction with the iron sulphate. The EDTA complexes with the iron so as to allow the slow and continuous release of iron into the medium. Uncomplexed iron can precipitate out of the medium as ferric oxide. Organic supplements:
These include vitamins and amino acids. Two vitamins, i.e., thiamine (vitamin B1) and myoinositol (a vitamin B) are essential for the culture of plant cells in vitro. However, other vitamins are often added to for historical reasons. The most commonly used amino acid is glycine. However, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, glutamine and proline are also used. Amino acids provide a source of reduced nitrogen and, like ammonium ions, uptake causes acidification of the medium. Casein hydrolysate can be used as a source of a mixture of amino acids.
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The most commonly used carbon source is sucrose. It is readily assimilated and relatively stable. Other carbohydrates like glucose, maltose, galactose and sorbitol can also be used and may prove better than sucrose in specialized circumstances.
Gelling agents:
Plant tissue culture media can be used in either liquid or 'solid' forms, depending on the type of culture being grown. Agar, produced from seaweed, is the most common type of gelling agent, and is ideal for routine applications. For more demanding applications, a range of purer gelling agents are available. Purified agar or agarose can be used, as can a variety of gellan gums. Agar is a gelatinous substance derived from the seaweeds. It is an unbranched high molecular weight polysacchride obtained from the cell walls of some species of the red algae, primarily from the genra Gelidium and Gracilaria. Agar is insoluble in cold water but forms relatively inert gel that melts at about 1000C and solidifies at around 450C. Using Agar as a gelling agent main advantage is that agar does not react with any components of the medium and is not digested by enzymes from the plant tissue. If necessary, agar can be washed to remove inhibitory impurities. Agarose is a purified extract of agar without the agaropectin fraction and sulphate groups. It is required in lesser quantities since it has a higher gelling strength. Agarose is used for more demanding procedures like culturing protoplasts. It consists of -D(1-3) galactopyranose and 3,6-anhydro--L(1-4) galactopyranose linked into polymer chains of 20-160 monosaccharides units. Gellan gum, also known commercially as Phytagel or Gelrite or Gelwell, is used primarily as a gelling agent, alternative to agar, in microbiological culture. It is able to withstand 120 C heat, making it especially useful in culturing thermophilic organisms. One needs only approximately half the amount of gellan gum as agar to reach an equivalent gel strength, though the exact texture and quality depends on the concentration of divalent cations present. Gellan gum is used as gelling agent in plant cell culture on petri-dishes, as it provides a very clear gel, facilitating light microscopical analyses of the cells and tissue.
Plant growth regulators:
Specific media manipulations can be used to direct the development of plant cells in culture due to plasticity and totipotency. Plant growth regulators are the critical media components in determining the developmental pathway of the plant cells. There are five main classes of plant growth regulator used in plant cell culture, namely: a. Auxins b. Cytokinins c. Gibberellins d. Abscisic acid e. Ethylene
Auxins: Auxins promote both cell division and cell growth. IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) is the most important naturally occurring auxin but its use in plant tissue culture media is limited because it is unstable to both heat and light. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is the most commonly used auxin and is extremely effective in most circumstances. Cytokinins: Cytokinins promote cell division. Of the naturally occurring cytokinins, only zeatin and 2iP (2-isopentyl adenine have some use in plant tissue culture
media. The synthetic analogues, kinetin and BAP (benzylaminopurine), are used more frequently. Non-purine-based chemicals, such as substituted phenylureas, are also used as cytokinins in plant tissue culture media.
Gibberellins: Gibberellins are involved in regulating cell elongation, in determining plant height and fruit-set. Only a few of the gibberellins like GA3 are used in
Ethylene: Ethylene is associated with controlling fruit ripening in climacteric fruits, and its use in plant tissue culture is not widespread. Some plant cell cultures produce ethylene, which, if it builds up sufficiently, can inhibit the growth and development of the culture.
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Antibiotics: Antibiotics are substances produced by certain microorganisms that suppress the growth of other microorganisms and eventually destroy them. Their applications include:
a. Suppresses bacterial infections in plant cell and tissue culture. b. Suppresses mould and yeast infections in cell cultures. c. Eliminates Agrobacterium species after the transformation of plant tissue. d. As a selective agent in plant transformation experiments.
Antimicrobial Compound Mechanism of Action Nature
Amoxycillin Amphotericin B solubilized powder Amphicillin sodium salt Bacitracin Carbenicillin,disodium salt Cephotaxime, sodium salt Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride Erythromycin Gentamycin sulphate Geneticin disulphate Hygromycin B Kanamycin acid sulphate Mycostain Penicillin, benzyl sodium salt Vancomycin hydrochloride Rifampicin
Inhibits synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall Act by increasing membrane permeability by binding to sterol moiety, primarily ergosterol present in the cell membrane of sensitive fungi Inhibit synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall Inhibit synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall Inhibit synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis Inhibits protein synthesis by acting on 50S ribosomes Interfere with DNA replication by inhibition of DNA gyrase Inhibit protein synthesis by acting on 50S ribosomes Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomes and decreasing the fidelity of translation of m RNA Inhibit prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein synthesis Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis Inhibit protein synthesis by interaction with 30s, 50S ribosomes Bind to sterols in fungal cell membrane, changing the cell wall permeability allowing for leakage of cellular contents Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis Interferes bacterial cell wall synthesis for Gram+ only Rifampicin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymearase in bacterial cells by binding its beta subunit, thus preventing transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and subsequent translation to Proteins. Inhibits protein synthesis
Bactericidal Antifungal Bactericidal Bactericidal Bactericidal Bactericidal Bactericidal Bactericidal Bactericidal Bactericidal Bactericidal Bactericidal Bactericidal Antifungal Bactericidal Bactericidal Bactericidal
Neomycin sulphate
Bactericidal
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Banana Medium
Use
APM1001/APM5001
Formula Ingredients in Grams/Litre Macroelements
Banana medium is the modification of Murashige and Skoog medium(1962), which provides all essential elements to grow Banana in vitro.
Principle
Banana medium provides all essential Macroelements, Microelements, Vitamins, Amino acid & Plant growth regulators for the growth of Banana in vitro.
Macroelements :
Microelements
Potassium nitrate Ammonium nitrate Calcium chloride anhydrous Magnesium phosphate anhydrous Potassium phosphate monobasic Sodium phosphate monobasic
1900.00 1650.00 332.16 180.69 170.00 221.00 16.90 6.20 0.83 0.25 8.60 0.03 0.03 27.80 37.26 100.00 0.10 30000.00 10.00 0.18 8000.00
Potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate provide nitrogen source to this media. This mixture of cation and anion balances the pH of the medium. Also this ratio play a very important role in plant growth.
Microelements:
Manganese, molybdenum, zinc, boron, copper and iron play an important role in plant metabolism while manganese plays a vital catalytic role in nitrogen metabolism. Iron used as a FeEDTA to overcome the problem of precipitation in the medium.
Vitamins:
Manganese sulphate.H2O Boric Acid Potassium iodide Molybdic acid (sodium salt).2H2O Zinc sulphate.7H2O Copper sulphate.5H2O Cobalt chloride.6H2O Ferrous sulphate.7H2O Na2.EDTA
Vitamins
Myo inositol concentartion was increased as it shows stimulatory effect in tobacco callus. Increased concentration of thiamine, pyridoxine and nicotinic acid have a stimulatory effect. Thiamine in the medium is a key elements of carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis of some amino acids. Ascorbic acid is provided to control phenol production in the medium.
Amino acid:
Sucrose
Indole-3-acetic acid
Storage
Agar
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is used in the medium forimproved growth and quanlity of banana plantlets. 6-Benzyl amino purine(BAP) induces shoot proliferation.
Shelf Life
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BM Medium
USE Plant growth regulators:
APM1002/APM5002
6-Benzyl amino purine(BAP) induces shoot proliferation.
Formula Ingredients in Grams/Litre Macroelements
Van waes, (1986) has developed BM medium for in vitro cultivation of Protocorms from orchid seeds.
Principle
BM medium provides all essential Macroelements, Microelements, Vitamins, Amino acid & Plant growth regulators for the growth of Orchid in vitro. This medium is especially suitable for terrestrial orchids.
Macroelements :
Potassium nitrate Ammonium sulphate Calcium chloride anhydrous Magnesium sulphate Potassium phosphate monobasic
Microelements
2830.00 463.00 125.33 90.37 400.00 3.33 1.60 0.80 1.50 27.80 37.26 1.00 0.50 0.50 2.00
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate serves as a source of phosphate. This medium lacks in inorganic nitrogen.
Microelements:
Zinc and boron content in the medium is increased to provide proper nourishment to developing protocomes.
Vitamins:
Vitamins
Manganese sulphate.H2O Boric Acid Potassium iodide Zinc sulphate.7H2O Ferrous sulphate.7H2O Na2.EDTA
Thiamine content had been increased (0.5mg/l) in the medium. It is a most important element in carbohydrte metabolism and some amino acids biosynthesis. Biotin and folic acid along with other vitamins facilitates in vitro development of Protocorm.
Amino acid:
APM1003/APM5003
Potassium nitrate serves as a source of nitrate. High concentration of ammonium ions has an inhibitory effect on the growth and quality of rice callus. The increased concentration of phosphate has a beneficial effect on the growth of rice callus.
Microelements:
CHU (N6) Medium is used to promote for organ culture and cell suspension culture.
Summary
Chu C.C. et al. (1975) has developed CHU (N6) Medium for in vitro anther culture of Oryza sativa (Family-Graminae). It is useful to generate new useful genetic varieties in gramineous plants by the initiation, growth, and differentiation of callus from rice pollen culture..
Principle
CHU (N6) medium provides all essential Macroelements, Microelements, Vitamins & Amino acid for the growth of Orchid in vitro. This medium is not only to culture of rice anther but also for in vitro studies of other graminous plants.
Thiamine has been found to be beneficial for the growth and quality of rice callus. It is a most important elements of carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis of some amino acids.
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Thiamine HCl Pyridoxine HCl Nicotinic acid (Free acid)
Amino acid Storage
Potassium nitrate Ammonium sulphate Calcium chloride anhydrous Magnesium sulphate Potassium phosphate monobasic
Microelements
2830.00 463.00 125.33 90.37 400.00 3.33 1.60 0.80 1.50 27.80 37.26
Manganese sulphate.H2O Boric Acid Potassium iodide Zinc sulphate.7H2O Ferrous sulphate.7H2O Na2..EDTA
Gamborg B5 Medium
Use
APM1004/APM5004
Ammonium sulphate Calcium chloride anhydrous Magnesium sulphate Sodium phosphate monobasic
Microelements
Gamborg B5 Medium is used for callus culture and cell suspension culture.
Summary
Gamborg B5 Medium is established by Gamborg O.L. (1968) for callus and cell suspension culture of Glycine max (Family- Fabaceae). This medium is widely used for in vitro plant cell, tissue and organ culture.
Principle
134.00 113.24 122..09 130.42 10.00 3.00 0.75 0.21 2.00 0.025 0.025 27.80 37.26 100.00 10.00 1.00 1.00 8000.00
Gamborg B5 Medium provides all essential Macroelements, Microelements, & Vitamins for the growth of plant cell, tissue and organ culture in vitro.
Macroelements :
Increased nitrate content was found to beneficial for soyabean root callus. Potassium nitrate served as the sole source of nitrate in the medium. Ammonium sulphate fulfilled the ammonium requirement in the medium without altering cell growth. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate served as the source of phosphate in the medium.
Microelements:
Manganese sulphate.H2O Boric Acid Potassium iodide Molybdic acid (sodium salt).2H2O Zinc sulphate.7H2O Copper sulphate.5H2O Cobalt chloride.6H2O Ferrous sulphate.7H2O Na2.EDTA
Vitamins
Boron, Managanese and zinc provided for proper nourishment. Molybdenum, copper and cobalt were not included in the medium.
Vitamins:
Agar
Thiamine content had been increased in the medium which supported the growth of soyabean cell suspension culture. The medium lacks glycine.
Formula Ingredients in mg per liter Macroelements
Storage
Shelf Life
Gamborg O.L., Miler R.A. And Ojima K., 1968. Exp. Cell Res., 50, 151-158. 2500.00
Potassium nitrate
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APM1005/APM5005
Calcium chloride anhydrous Magnesium sulphate Potassium phosphate monobasic
Microelements
Murashige & Skoog Medium (MS) is used for micropropagation, organ culture, callus culture and cell suspension culture..
Summary
332.16 180..69 170.00 16.90 6.20 0.83 0.25 8.60 0.03 0.03 27.80 37.30 100.00 0.10 0 .50 0 .50 2.00 30000.00 500.00 5.00 8000.00
Murashige & Skoog Medium (MS) is established by Murashige & Skoog (1962) for in vitro callus culture of Nicotiana tabacum (family- Solanaceae).
Principle
Murashige & Skoog Medium (MS) provides all essential Macroelements, Microelements, & Vitamins for the growth of plant cell, tissue and organ culture in vitro. Medium with high concentration of salts is used for cultivating plant cell, tissue and organ culture.
Macroelements :
Manganese sulphate.H2O Boric Acid Potassium iodide Molybdic acid (sodium salt).2H2O Zinc sulphate.7H2O Copper sulphate.5H2O Cobalt chloride.6H2O Ferrous sulphate.7H2O Na2.EDTA
Vitamins
In this medium nitrogen is supplied as ammonium and nitrate ions. This mixture of cation and anion balances the pH of the medium. Also plays a important role in plant growth. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate serves as a source of phosphate in medium.
Microelements:
Amino Acid
Boron, Managanese, molybdenum, copper, iron and zinc plays a vital catalytic role in plant metabolism. Boron plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism in plant cells.
Vitamins:
Thiamine, pyridoxin and nicotinic acid content had been increased in the medium which have a stimulatory effect.
Amino acid:
Agar
Storage
Shelf Life
APM1006/APM5006
Murashige & Skoog Medium (MS) provides all essential Macroelements, Microelements, & Vitamins for the growth of plant cell, tissue and organ culture in vitro.
Macroelements :
Murashige & Skoog Medium (MS) is used for micropropagation, organ culture, callus culture and cell suspension culture..
Summary
Murashige & Skoog Medium (MS) is established by Murashige & Skoog (1962) for in vitro callus culture of Nicotiana tabacum (family- Solanaceae). This medium was modified by incorporating plant growth regulators for the development of micropropagated explants in vitro.
In this medium nitrogen is supplied as ammonium and nitrate ions. This mixture of cation and anion balances the pH of the medium. Also plays a important role in plant growth. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate serves as a source of phosphate in medium.
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Boric Acid Potassium iodide Molybdic acid (sodium salt).2H2O Zinc sulphate.7H2O Copper sulphate.5H2O Cobalt chloride.6H2O Ferrous sulphate.7H2O Na2.EDTA
Vitamins
Boron, Managanese, molybdenum, copper, iron and zinc plays a vital catalytic role in plant metabolism. Boron plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism in plant cells. Manganese to iron ratio is very important for plant metabolism. Zinc is essential for synthesis of tryptophan which is a precursor of indole-3-acetic acid. Iron is supplemented as FeEDTA to overcome the problem of precipitation in the medium.
Vitamins:
6.20 0.83 0.25 8.60 0.025 0.025 27.80 37.30 100.00 0.40 0.50 0.50 2.00 30000.00 0.30 1.75 1.75 80.00 30.00
Thiamine, pyridoxin and nicotinic acid content had been increased in the medium which have a stimulatory effect.
Amino acid:
Indole 3- butyric acid and a acetic acid are promote the - naphthalene elongation of cell or tissue and mainly roots. Adenine sulphate stimulates axillary bud growth and help for shoot growth. Indole -3- acetic acid is a naturally occuring plant growth regulators.
Formula IIngredients in mg per liter Macroelements
Sucrose
Potassium nitrate Ammonium sulphate Calcium chloride anhydrous Magnesium sulphate Potassium phosphate monobasic Sodium phosphate monobasic
Microelements
Indole-3-acetic acid Indole-3-butyric acid a acetic acid - naphthalene Adenine hemisulphate 6-(g ,g -Dimethylallylamino) purine
Storage Shelf Life
Manganese sulphate.H2O
Nitsch Medium
Use Microelements:
APM1007/APM5007
Boron, Managanese, molybdenum, copper, iron and zinc plays a vital catalytic role in plant metabolism. Boron plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism in plant cells. Manganese to iron ratio is very important for plant metabolism. Zinc is essential for synthesis of tryptophan which is a precursor of indole-3-acetic acid. Iron is supplemented as FeEDTA to overcome the problem of precipitation in the medium.
Vitamins:
Nitsch Medium is established by Nitsch J. P. (1969) for in vitro anther culture of Nicotiana (Family-Solanaceae).
Principle
Nitsch Medium provides all essential Macroelements, Microelements, & Vitamins for anther callus culture in vitro.
Macroelements :
In this medium nitrogen is supplied as ammonium and nitrate ions. This mixture of cation and anion balances the pH of the medium. Also plays a important role in plant growth. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate which increases the growth rate of anther callus.
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The medium contains essential vitamins for proper growth and development of anther callus. Thiamine content has been increased in the medium. Folic acid serves as a coenzyme. Biotin in the medium is an essential cofactor in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism.
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Myo-Inositol Thiamine HCL Pyridoxine HCL Nicotinic acid (Free acid) Folic acid D-Biotin 950.00 720.00 166.00 90.34 68.00 18.94 10.00 0.25 10.00 0.03 27.85 37.25
Amino Acid
Potassium nitrate Ammonium sulphate Calcium chloride anhydrous Magnesium sulphate Potassium phosphate monobasic
Microelements
Sucrose
Shelf Life
Manganese sulphate.H2O Boric Acid Molybdic acid (sodium salt).2H2O Zinc sulphate.7H2O Copper sulphate.5H2O Ferrous sulphate.7H2O Na2.EDTA
Nitsch J.P. And Nitsch C., 1969. Science, 163, 85-87 Indole 3- butyric acid and a acetic acid are promote the - naphthalene elongation of cell or tissue and mainly roots. Adenine sulphate stimulates axillary bud growth and help for shoot growth. Indole -3- acetic acid is a naturally occuring plant growth regulators.
Orchid Medium
Use Vitamins:
APM1008/APM5008
The medium contains essential vitamins for proper growth and development of Orchid culture. Thiamine content has been increased in the medium which is beneficial for the growth of orchid seedlings.
Carbohydrate:
Orchid Medium provides all essential Macroelements, Microelements, & Vitamins for Orchid culture in vitro.
Macroelements :
Sucrose serve as the source of carbohydrate. Banana powder serve as a complex source of carbohydrate in the medium.
Organic supplements:
The macroelements are half the concentration of the Murashige and Skoog medium. In this medium nitrogen is supplied as ammonium and nitrate ions. This mixture of cation and anion balances the pH of the medium. Also plays a important role in plant growth. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate which increases the growth rate of anther callus.
Microelements:
Meat peptone and tryptone are the forms of nitrogen, supplied to the medium.
Buffering Agent:
2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) is commonly used as a buffering agent. This prevents acidification by buffering the medium.
Adsorbent Agent:
Boron, Managanese, molybdenum, copper, iron and zinc plays a vital catalytic role in plant metabolism. Boron plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism in plant cells. Manganese to iron ratio is very important for plant metabolism. Zinc is essential for synthesis of tryptophan which is a precursor of indole-3-acetic acid. Iron is supplemented as FeEDTA to overcome the problem of precipitation in the medium.
Activated charcoal in the medium adsorbs toxic phenolics. Also used in rooting medium to adsorb root inhibiting agents.
Formula IIngredients in mg per liter Macroelements
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90.34 85.00 8.45 3.10 0.42 0.12 5.30 0.013 0.013 27.80 37.30 100.00 10.00 1.00 1.00 20000.00 Banana Powder
Organic Supplement
Manganese sulphate.H2O Boric Acid Potassium iodide Molybdic acid (sodium salt).2H2O Zinc sulphate.7H2O Copper sulphate.5H2O Cobalt chloride.6H2O Ferrous sulphate.7H2O Na2.EDTA
Vitamins
Activated Charcoal
Gelling Agent:
Agar
Storage
Nitsch J.P. And Nitsch C., 1969. Science, 163, 85-87 Indole 3- butyric acid and - naphthalene acetic acid are promote the elongation of cell or tissue and mainly roots. Adenine sulphate stimulates axillary bud growth and help for shoot growth. Indole -3- acetic acid is a naturally occuring plant growth regulators.
Sucrose
APM1009/APM5009
plant cells. Manganese to iron ratio is very important for plant metabolism. Zinc is essential for synthesis of tryptophan which is a precursor of indole-3-acetic acid. Iron is supplemented as FeEDTA to overcome the problem of precipitation in the medium. Copper content was increased as it shows stimulatory effect in monocotylenous callus. Iron is supplemented as ferric citrate to overcome the problem of precipitation in the medium. Ferric is converted to the active ferrous forms.
Vitamins:
Schenk & Hidebrandt Medium (SH) used for callus and cell suspension culture.
Summary
Schenk & Hidebrandt Medium (SH) was established by Schenk R.U & Hilderbrandt A.C. (1972) for in vitro callus culture of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.
Principle
Medium supports the growth of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant tissues by providing all essential nutrients .
Macroelements :
Myo inositol concentration was increased in the medium as it shows stimulatory effect in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous callus.
Buffering Agent:
Nitrogen is supplied as ammonium and nitrate ions. This mixture of cation and anion balances the pH of the medium. Also plays a important role in plant growth. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate which increases the growth rate of anther callus.
Microelements:
2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) is commonly used as a buffering agent. This prevents acidification by buffering the medium.
Adsorbent Agent:
Boron, Managanese, molybdenum, copper, iron and zinc plays a vital catalytic role in plant metabolism. Boron plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism in
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Activated charcoal in the medium adsorbs toxic phenolics. Also used in rooting medium to adsorb root inhibiting agents. Indole 3- butyric acid and a acetic acid are promote the - naphthalene
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Zinc sulphate.7H2O Copper sulphate.5H2O Cobalt chloride.6H2O Ferrous sulphate.7H2O Na2.EDTA 2500.00 300.00 151.02 195.34 10.00 5.00 1.00 0.10
Vitamins
elongation of cell or tissue and mainly roots. Adenine sulphate stimulates axillary bud growth and help for shoot growth. Indole -3- acetic acid is a naturally occuring plant growth regulators.
Formula Ingredients in mg per liter Macroelements
Potassium nitrate Ammonium phosphate monobasic Calcium chloride anhydrous Magnesium sulphate
Microelements
Manganese sulphate.H2O Boric Acid Potassium iodide Molybdic acid (sodium salt).2H2O
Use before expiry date as mentioned on the label. Schenk R.U. & Hilderbrandt a.C., 1972. Can. J. Bot., 50, 199-204.
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Potassium nitrate
Micro Elements
Boric acid
APCM50101
APCM10108
APCM10103
APCM50104
APCM50105
APCM50111 APCM10111-1K
Vitamins
D-Biotin
APV0001
APV0003
APV0004
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APV0005
Thiamine Hydrochloride
APV0007 APV1007
Amino Acid
L-Glycine (Free base)
APA0001
L-Tyrosine
APA0003 APA1003
Carbohydrate
D-Glucose
APC5001
Sucrose
APC5002
APR0001
Indole-3-Acetic acid
APR0004
Adsorbent
Activated Charcoal
APG10001 APG50001
Sucrose
APC5002
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