CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment : - MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION

AIM: - To determine the moisture content (water content) of a given soil Sample by oven drying method. THEORY AND APPLICATIONS: A soil is an aggregate of soil particles having a porous structure. The soil may have water &/or air. The pores are also called as voids. If voids are fully filled with water, the soil is called saturated soil & if soil has only air, the soil is called dry. Moisture content is defined as the ratio of the mass of water to the mass or mass of solids. Mw M = -----Ms Where w = water content. Mw = mass/Mass of water. Ms = mass/Mass of solids (mass of oven dried soil.) The mass of water used in the above expression is the mass of free pore water only. Hence for moisture content determination the soil samples are dried to the temperature at which only pore water is evaporated. This temperature was standardized to 1050 C to 1100 C. Soils having gypsum are dried at 600 C to 800 C. The method to determine the moisture content in the laboratory are oven drying, pycnometer, infrared lamp with torsion balance moisture meter. The approximate methods are alcohol burning method & calcium carbide method.

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APPLICATIONS: Moisture content plays an important role in understanding the behavior of fine-grained soils. It is the moisture content which changes the soils from liquid state to plastic & solid states. Its value controls the shear strength & compressibility of soil. Compaction of soil in the field is also controlled by the quantity of water present. Density of soil is directly influenced by the water content & is used in calculating the stability of slopes, bearing capacity of soil- foundation system, earth pressure behind the retaining wall & pressure due to overburden. The knowledge of determining the water content is helpful in many of the laboratory tests such as Atterburgs limits, shear strength, compaction & consolidation etc. APPARATUS: 1) Containers (non corrodible, air tight) 2) Balance (accuracy 0.04 % of the soil taken for test) 3) Oven (interior of non corroding material, thermostatically controlled) 4) Desiccator. 5) Tongs. PROCEDURE: 1) Clean, dry & weigh the container with lid. 2) Take the required quantity of the soil specimen in the container & weigh the lid. 3) Maintain the temperature of the oven between 1050 C to 1100 C for normal soils & 600 C to 800 C for soils having loosely bound hydration water &/or organic matter. 4) Dry the sample in the oven till its mass becomes constant. In normal conditions the sample is kept in the oven for not more then 24 hours. 5) After drying remove the container from the oven, remove the lid & cool in the desiccator. 6) Weigh the dry soil in the container with lid PRECAUTIONS : 1) The soil sample should be loosely placed in the container. 2) Over heating should be avoided. 3) Dry soil sample should not be left in open before weighing.

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OBSERVATION TABLE : Determination No. 1 1) Container No. 2) Mass of container with lid, M1 (gm) 3) Mass of container with lid +wet soil, M2 (gm) 4) Mass of container with lid +dry soil, M3 (gm) 5) Mass of water, Mw = M2 M3 (gm) 6) Mass of water, Ms = M3 M1 (gm) 7) Moisture content, M = (M2 M3 ) / (M3 M1) X 100 (%) 8) Average Moisture content ( % ) CALCULATIONS: Mw M2 M3 M = ------ = -----------Ms M3 M1 X 100 2 3

= Where M2 = mass of container with lid + wet soil. M3= mass of container with lid + dry soil. M1= mass of container with lid. RESULT: - The Average moisture content of a given soil sample is, M= %

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CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment :-DETERMINATION PYCNOMETER OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY

AIM: -To determine the specific gravity of soil fraction passing 4.75 mm I.S. Sieve by pycnometer. THEORY & APPLICATIONS: Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass or Mass in air of a given volume of dry soil solids to the mass or Mass of equal volume of distilled water at 270c. In the figure let, (a) represent the empty pycnometer of mass = M1 (b) represent the pycnometer + soil grains of mass = M2 (c) represent the pycnometer + soil grains + water of mass = M3 (d) represent the pycnometer + water of mass = M4 Mass of soil grains Ms = M2 - M1 Mass of equal volume of distilled water = (M4 + M2 - M1 - M3 ) Specific gravity of soil grains, ( M2 - M1 ) Gs ( M2 - M1 )

= ------------------------------------ = ------------------------------(M4 + M2 - M1 - M3 ) (M2 M1) (M3 M4)

APPLICATIONS: Page no

Specific gravity of soil grains is an important property & is used in calculating void ratio, porosity, and degree of saturation if density & void ratio are known. Its value helps to some extent in indication & classification of soils. It gives an idea about the suitability of soil as a construction material, higher value of specific gravity gives more strength for roads & foundations. It is used in computing the soil particle size by hydrometer analysis. It is also used in estimating the critical hydraulic gradient in soil when a soil boiling condition is being studied and in zero air void calculations in the compaction theory of soils. Its value ranges as follows: Coarse grained soils 2.6 to 2.7. Fine grained soils 2.7 to 2.8. Organic soils 2.3 to 2.5. APPARATUS: 1) Pycnometer of about 900 ml capacity, with a conical brass cap screw at its top. 2) Balance sensitive to 1 g. 3) Glass rod. 4) 4.75 mm I.S sieve. 5) Drying oven. 6) Distilled water. PROCEDURE: 1) Clean the pycnometer & dry it. Find the Mass of the pycnometer, brass cap & washer, accurate to (M1) g. 2) Take about 200 g to 400 g of oven-dried soil & put it in the pycnometer. Weigh the pycnometer plus soil etc (M2). 3) Fill the pycnometer to half its height with distilled water & mix it thoroughly with glass rod. Add more water & stir it. Replace the screw top and fill the pycnometer flush with the hole in the conical cap. Dry the pycnometer from outside, & weigh it (M3) 4) Empty the pycnometer; clean it thoroughly & fill it with distilled water, to the hole of the conical cap and weigh it (M4) 5) Repeat steps 2 to 4 for 2 or more determinations of specific gravity. OBSERVATION TABLE: Page no

Determination No. 1 Pycnometer No. Mass Of Pycnometer (M1) g Mass Of pycnometer. + Dry soil (M2) g Mass Of pycnometer + soil +water (M3) g Mass Of pycnometer + water( M4) g Specific Gravity (G) Average Specific Gravity

CALCULATIONS: The specific gravity is calculated from the equation (M2 -- M1) G s = ----------------------------(M2 M1) (M3 M4)

Result: - The Average Specific Gravity of a given soil sample is, G =

CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1

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APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment :- DETERMINATION OF FIELD DENSITY BY

CORE CUTTER METHOD AIM:- To determine the field density and dry density of soil by core cutter. APPARATUS: 1) Cylindrical core cutter of steel, 127.4 mm long & 10 cm internal diameter, with a wall thickness of 3 mm, beveled at one end. 2) Steel dolly, 2.5 cm high & 10 cm internal diameter, with wall thickness 7.5 mm fitted with a lip to enable it to be fitted on the top of the core cutter. 3) Steel rammer. 4) Palette knife. 5) Steel rule. 6) Spade or pickaxe or grafting tool. 7) Straight edge. 8) Balance accurate to 1 g. 9) Container for water content determination. REFERENCE : - IS 2720 -1966 (Part AXIS): - Determination of dry density of soil in place by the core cutter method. PROCEDURE: 1) Measure the inside dimensions (accurate to 0.25 mm) of the core cutter and calculate its volume. Weigh the core cutter (without dolly), accurate to 1 g. 2) Expose the small area, about 30 Cm Square, to be tested & level it. Put the dolly on top of the core cutter & drive the assembly into the soil with the help of the rammer until the top of the dolly protrudes about 1.5 cm above the surface. 3) Dig out the surface from the surrounding soil, & allow some soil to project from the lower end of the cutter. With the help of the straight

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edge, trim flat the end of the cutter. Take out the dolly & also trim flat the other end of the cutter. 4) Weigh the soil full of soil. 5) Keep the same representative specimen of soil for water content determination. 6) Repeat the test at 2 or 3 locations nearby and get the average dry density. PRECAUTIONS: 1) Steel dolly should be placed on the top of the cutter before ramming it down. 2) Core cutter should not be used in gravels & boulders. 3) Before lifting the cutter, soil should be removed round the cutter to minimize the disturbances. 4) While lifting the cutter, no soil should drop down. 5) During pressing & lifting the cutter, care should be taken that the same soil is projected at both the ends of the cutter. 6) Values should be reported to second place of decimal. OBSERVATION TABLE: Determination No. 1) Mass of core cutter (M1) (g) 2) Mass of core cutter + wet soil (M2 ) (g) 3) Mass of wet soil, W = M2 M1 (g) 4) Volume of core cutter (V) (ml) 5) Bulk density, b = M / V ( g/cm3 ) 6) Bulk unit weight, b = b X 9.81 ( KN / m3 ) 7) Container no. 8) Mass of container & wet soil (g) 9) Mass of container & dry soil (g) 10) Mass of container (g) 11) Mass of dry soil (g) 12) Mass of water (g) 13) Water content (w) 14) Dry density, d = b / ( 1+ w) ( g/cm3 ) 15) Dry unit weight, d = b / ( 1 + w ) (KN / m3 ) 1 2 3

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CALCULATIONS :-

RESULT :- The dry density of a given soil sample is unit weight is KN / m3

gm / cm3 and dry

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CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment : - DETERMINATION OF FIELD DENSITY BY

SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD. AIM: - To determine the dry density of natural or compact soil, in place by the sand replacement method. APPARATUS: 1) Sand pouring cylinder about 3 liter capacity, mounted above a pouring cone and separated by a shutter cover plate and a shutter. 2) Cylindrical calibrating container, 10 cm internal diameter & 15 cm internal depth, fitted with flange approximately 5 cm wide & about 5 m thick. 3) Glass plate about 45 Cm Square & 1 cm thick. 4) Metal plate with a central circular hole of diameter equal to the diameter of the pouring cone. 5) Tools for excavating hole. 6) Balance accurate to 1 g. 7) Container for water content determination. 8) Clean, closely graded natural sand passing the 600-micron I.S sieve. PROCEDURE: a) DETERMINATION OF MASS OF SAND FILLING THE CONE. 1. Fill the clean closely graded sand in the sand-pouring cylinder up to a height of 1 cm below the top. Determine the total initial mass of the cylinder plus sand (W1). This total initial mass must be maintained constant throughout the test for which the calibration is used. 2. Allow the sand of volume equivalent to that of the excavated hole in the soil (or equal to that of the calibrating container), to run out of
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the cylinder by opening the shutter. Close the shutter & place the cylinder on glass plate. 3. Open the shutter & allow the sand to run out. Close the valve when no further movement of sand is observed. Remove the cylinder carefully. Weigh the sand collected on the glass surface. Its mass (M2) will give the mass of the sand filling the pouring cone. Repeat this step at least three times & take the mean mass (M2). Put the sand back into the cylinder, to have the same constant mass (M1). b) DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY OF SAND 1. Determine the volume (V) of the calibrating container by filling it with water to the brim & finding the mass of water. This volume should be checked by calculating it from the measured internal dimensions of the container. 2. Place the sand pouring cylinder concentrically on the top of the calibrating container, after being filled to constant mass (M1). Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the container. When no further movement of sand is seen, close the shutter. Remove the pouring cylinder & find its mass (M3) to nearest gram. 3. Repeat step (5) at least thrice & find the mean mass M3. Put the sand into the sand-pouring cylinder. c) DETERMINATION OF DRY DENSITY OF SOIL IN PLACE. 1. Expose about 45 cm square area of the soil to be tested & trim it down to level surface. Keep the tray on the level surface and excavate a central hole of approximately 10 cm diameter & 15 cm deep, and collect all the excavated soil in the tray. Find the mass of the excavated soil. 2. Remove the tray & place the sand-pouring cylinder, so that the base of the cylinder concentrically covers the hole. The cylinder should have a constant mass M1. Open the shutter & permit the sand to run into the hole. Close the shutter when no further movement of sand is seen. Remove the cylinder & determine its mass (M4). 3. Keep a representative sample of he excavated soil for water content determination.

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OBSERVATION TABLE : Description A) Determination of mass of sand in the cone 1) Mass of sand (+cylinder) before pouring (M1) g 2) Mean mass of sand in cone (M2) g B) Determination of bulk density of sand 3) Volume of calibrating container (V) ml 4) Mean mass of sand (+ cylinder) after pouring (M3) g 5) Mass of sand filling the calibrating container (M = M1-M2-M3) g 6) Bulk density of sand, = M / V g/cm3 C) Bulk density of soil 7) Mass of wet soil from the hole (M) g 8) Mass of sand (+cylinder) after pouring in the hole (M4) 9) Mass of sand in the hole M =M1-M4-M2 g 10) Bulk density of soil, b = (M / M) X g / cm3 11) Bulk unit weight, b = b X 9.81 KN / m3 D) Water content determination 12) Container No. 13) Mass of container with lid, M1 (gm) 14) Mass of container with lid + wet soil, M2 (gm) 15) Mass of container with lid + dry soil, M3 (gm) 16) Mass of water, Mw = M2 M3 (gm) 17) Mass of dry soil, Ms = M3 M1 (gm) 18) Moisture content, w = (Mw / Ms) X 100 (%) 19) Dry density, d = b / 1+ w g/cm3 20) Dry unit weight, d = b / 1 + w KN / m3 Sample No. 1 2 3

RESULT :- The dry density of a given soil sample is unit weight is KN/m3.

g/cm3 and dry

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CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Course : - Geotechnical engineering Experiment No. : Title of Experiment : - DETERMINATION OF FIELD DENSITY BY SOIL CLOD METHOD AIM :- The object of the test specimen is to determine the dry density, dry unit Mass and voids ratio of cohesive soil sample received from the field. APPARATUS: 1) A container about 30 cm diameter & 45 cm height , having an overflow outlet tube fitted in the upper half. 2) A rubber tube with spring clip, fitted to the overflow outlet tube. 3) Balance of 5 kg capacity, accurate to 1g. 4) Paraffin wax of known specific gravity. 5) Container for water content determination. 6) Thermostatically controlled oven, 1050 to 1100c 7) Glass beaker, 500 ml capacity. 8) Cutting knife. 9) Heater for melting wax & a brash. PROCEDURE: 1) With the help of a knife, trim the sample to a more or less regular shape, avoiding re-entrant air. Weigh the sample (M1) 2) With the help of the brush, apply one coat of melted wax. When the coat is hardened, apply the second coat. Weigh the wax coated sample (M2) 3) Fill the fresh water in the container to overflow through the tubing. When the overflow stops, clamp the clip in the tubing. 4) Immerse the wax-coated sample slowly in the container, taking care that it sinks completely. Put the beaker below the rubber tubing & open the clip. Collect all the over flown water. Find the mass of water so collected, accurate to 1 g.
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5) Take out the wax-coated sample, dry it from outside & remove the paraffin wax skin. Cut the sample into two pieces and keep a representative sample for water content determination. OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Description Mass of the specimen (M1) (g) Mass of waxed specimen (M2) (g) Mass of wax coated (Mp = M2 M1) (g) Density of paraffin wax (Gp) (g/ml) Volume of wax coated Vp = Mp / Gp (ml) Volume of water displaced (Vw) (ml) Volume of specimen (V = Vw Vp) (cm3) Bulk density, b = W1 / V (g / cm3 ) Bulk unit weight, b = b X 9.81 KN / m3 Container Number Mass of container & wet soil (g) Mass of container & dry soil (g) Mass of container (g) Mass of dry soil (g) Mass of water (g) Water content (w) Dry density, d = b / 1 + w ( g / cm3 ) Dry unit weight, d = b / 1 + w ( KN / m3 ) Sample No. 1 2 3

CALCULATION:-

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RESULT :- The dry density of a given soil sample is unit Mass is KN/m3.

g/cm3 and dry

CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment : -DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT BY CASEGRANDES APPARATUS

AIM: - To determine the liquid limit of the soil sample by casegrandes apparatus. THEORY: - Liquid limit of the soil sample is the water content at which the soil passes from zero strength to an infinitesimal strength, hence the true value of liquid limit cannot be determined. For determination purpose liquid limit is that water content at which a part of soil cut by a groove of standard dimensions, will flow together for a distance of 12.5 mm under an impact of 25 blows in an standard liquid limit apparatus. The soil at the water content has some strength, which is about 17 N/mm2 . At this water content soil just passes from liquid state to plastic state. APPLICATIONS: - The value of liquid limit & plastic limit are directly used for classifying the fine-grained cohesive soils according to Indian Standard on soil classification. Once the soil is classified, it helps a lot in understanding the behavior of soils & selecting the suitable method of design, construction & maintenance of the structures made up of soil or resting on soil. APPARATUS: 1) Casegrande liquid limit device. 2) A.S.T.M & B.S grooving tool (Casegrande type).
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3) Glass plate. 4) 425 I.S sieve.

PROCEDURE: Adjust the cup of the liquid limit apparatus with the help of grooving tool gauge and the adjustment plate to give a drop of exactly 1 cm on the point of contact on the base. 2) Take about 120 gm of an air-dried sample passing 425micron sieve. 3) Mix it thoroughly with some distilled water to form a uniform paste. 4) Place a portion of the paste in the cup of the liquid limit device, smooth the surface with spatula to a maximum depth of 1 cm. Draw the grooving tool through the sample along the symmetrical axis of the cup, holding the tool perpendicular to the cup. 5) Turn the handle at the rate of 2 revolutions per seconds & count blows until the two parts of the soil sample come into contact at the bottom of the groove along a distance of 10 mm. 6) Transfer about 15 gm of soil forming the edges of the groove that flowed together to a water content tin, & determine the water content by oven drying. 7) Transfer the remaining soil in the cup to the main soil sample in the basin & mix thoroughly after adding a small amount of water(a). 8) Repeat steps 4,5 & 6. Obtain at least 4 set of readings in the range of 10 to 40 blows.
1)

PRECAUTIONS: 1) Use distilled water in order to minimize the possibility of iron exchange between the soil & any impurities in the water. 2) Soil used for liquid & plastic limit determination should not be oven dried prior to testing. 3) In liquid limit test, the groove should be closed by a flow of soil & not by slippage between the soil & the cup. 4) After mixing distilled water to the soil sample, sufficient time should be given to permeate the water throughout the soil mass.

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5) Wet soil taken in the container for moisture content determination should not be left open in the air even for some time. The containers with soil sample should either be placed in desiccators or immediately be weighed. 6) For each test, cup & grooving tool should be clean.

OBSERVATION TABLE :Sr. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Determination No. No. of blows Container No. Mass of container + wet soil(gm) Mass of container + dry soil(gm) Mass of container, (gm) Mass of water, Mw = (3 4) (gm) Mass of dry soil, Md = (4 6) (gm) Moisture content, w = (Mw / Md) 1 2 3 4 5

RESULT :- From graph Liquid Limit of the soil sample is, WL =

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CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment : - DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT

AIM :- The object of the test is to determine the plastic limit of soil sample. APPARATUS :1) Glass plate. 2) 425 I.S sieve. 3) 3 mm diameter rod. PROCEDURE :1) Take about 30 gm of air-dried sample passing 425-micron sieve. 2) Mix thoroughly with distilled water on the glass plate until it is plastic enough to be shaped into a small ball. 3) Take about 10 gm of the plastic soil mass & roll it between the hand & the glass plate to form the soil mass into a thread. If diameter of thread becomes less than 3 mm without cracks, it shows that the water added in the soil is more than the plastic limit, hence the soil is kneaded further & rolled into thread again. 4) Repeat this rolling & remoulding process until the thread starts just crumpling at a diameter of 3 mm.

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5) If crumpling starts before 3 mm diameter in step 3, it shows that water added in the step 2 is less than the plastic limit of the soil, hence some more water should be added & mixed to a uniform mass & rolled again, until the thread starts just crumbling at a diameter of 3 mm. 6) Collect the pieces of crumbled soil thread at 3 mm diameter in an airtight container & determine moisture content. 7) Repeat this procedure twice more with fresh samples of 10 gm each.

OBSERVATION TABLE :Sr. Description No. 1) Container number 2) Mass of container & wet soil (g) 3) Mass of container & dry soil (g) 4) Mass of container(g) 5) Mass of dry soil (g) 6) Mass of water (g) 7) Water content (w) ( % ) 8) Average water content (plastic limit) 1 Sample no. 2 3

CONCLUSION: - The plastic limit of given soil sample is

%.

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CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment : - DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE LIMIT

AIM: - To determine the shrinkage limit of the soil. THEORY & APPLICATIONS: Shrinkage limit is the maximum water content at which a reduction in water content does not cause an appreciable decrease in volume of the soil mass. At shrinkage limit, on further reduction in water, air starts to enter into the voids of the soil & keeps the volume of the voids constant. APPLICATION: The value of shrinkage limit is used for understanding the swelling & shrinkage properties of cohesive soils. It is used for calculating the shrinkage factors which helps in the design problem of structures made up of soil or resting on soil. It gives an idea of the suitability of soil as a construction material in foundations, roads, embankments & dams. APPARATUS: 1) Three circular shrinkage dish (porcelain/stainless steel/brass) with flat bottom about 4.5 cm in diameter & 1.5 cm high.

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2) Three porcelain evaporating dish (two about 12 cm (large) & one 6 cm (small) in diameter). 3) One glass plate with three prongs. 4) One plane glass plate (7.5 cm X 7.5 cm). 5) One glass or stainless steel cup ( about 5 cm diameter & 2.5 cm high with level & smooth ground top rim. 6) Mercury. 7) 425-micron sieve. 8) Spatula 9) Desiccator. 10) Balance (sensitivity 0.01 gm) PROCEDURE : 1) Mix about 30 gm of soil passing 425-micron sieve with distilled water. The water added should be sufficient to make the soil pasty enough to be readily worked into the shrinkage dish without inclusion of air bubbles. 2) Coat the inside of two shrinkage dish with a thin layer of Vaseline. Place the soil sample in the dish, by giving gentle taps. Strike off the top surface with a cutting edge. 3) Weigh the shrinkage dish immediately full of wet soil. Dry the dish first in air & then in an oven. 4) Weigh the shrinkage dish with dry soil pat. 5) Clean & dry the shrinkage dish & determine its empty Mass. 6) Also weigh an empty porcelain dish ( small size), which will be used for weighing mercury. This dish will be known as mercury weighing dish. 7) Keep the shrinkage dish in a large porcelain dish, fill it to overflowing with mercury & remove the excess by pressing the plane glass plate firmly over the top of the dish. Transfer the contents of the shrinkage dish to the mercury-weighing dish & weigh. 8) Place the glass cup in a large dish, fill it to overflowing with mercury, and remove the excess by pressing the glass plate with three prongs firmly over the top of the cup. 9) Wipe the outside of the glass cup to remove any adhering mercury, then place it in another large dish. Place the dry soil pat on the surface of the mercury & submerge it under the mercury by pressing with the glass plate with prongs. 10) Transfer the mercury displaced by the dry soil pat to the mercuryweighing dish & weigh. 11) Repeat the test at least three times for each soil sample.
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PRECAUTIONS: 1) The water content of the soil taken in shrinkage dish should be above liquid limit but within 10% from liquid limit. 2) To prevent the cake from adhering to the shrinkage dish & consequent cracking of the dry soil pat, the inside of the shrinkage dish should be greased with Vaseline. 3) During filling the shrinkage dish with soil paste, sufficient tapping should be done to remove the entrapped air. OBSERVATION TABLE : Determination No. 1 A) Water content of wet soil pat 1) Shrinkage dish No. 2) Mass of dish + wet soil pat (gm) 3) Mass of dish + dry soil pat(gm) 4) Mass of water, Ww = (2) (3) (gm) 5) Mass of empty shrinkage dish (gm) 6) Mass of dry soil pat (Wd) = (3) (4) 7) Initial water content, (w) = (Ww/Wd) x 100 (%) B) Volume of wet soil pat ( V ) 8) Mass of shrinkage dish + mercury (filling shrinkage dish) (gm) 9) Mass of empty shrinkage dish(gm) 10) Mass of mercury filling shrinkage dish (gm) 11) Volume of wet soil pat, (V) = (10) / 13.6 (cc) C) Volume of Dry soil pat 12) Evaporating dish no. 13) Mass of evaporating dish + mercury displaced by dry soil pat (gm) 14) Mass of evaporating dish (gm) 15) Mass of mercury displaced (gm) 16) Volume of dry soil pat, (Vd) = (13) / 13.6 (cc) 2 3

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17) Shrinkage limit (%) 18) Average Shrinkage limit ( Ws ) CALCULATION :V- Vd Shrinkage limit = w ------- X 100 = Wd CONCLUSION:- The average shrinkage limit of a given soil sample is %. . CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT
DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment : - COMPACTION TEST.

AIM: 1) To determine the optimum moisture content & maximum dry density of a soil by proctor test. 2) To plot the curve of zero air voids line. THEORY : Compaction is the process of densification of soil mass by reducing air voids. Thus process should not be confused with consolidation, which is also a process of densification of soil mass but, by the expulsion of water under the action of continuously acting static load over a long period. The degree of compaction of a soil is measured in terms of its dry density. The degree of compaction mainly depends upon its moisture content, compaction energy & type of soil. For a given compaction energy every soil attains the maximum dry density at a particular water content which is known as optimum moisture content. APPLICATION: Page no

Compaction of soils increase their density, shear strength, bearing capacity but reduces their void ratio, porosity, permeability & settlements. The results of this test are useful in the stability of field problems like earthen dams, embankments, roads & airfields. APPARATUS: 1) Cylindrical mould (capacity 1000cc, internal diameter 100 mm, effective height 127.3 mm) Or Cylindrical mould (capacity 2250cc, internal diameter 150 mm, effective height 127.3 mm). 2) Rammer for light compaction (face diameter 50 mm, mass of 2.6 kg, free drop 310 mm) or Rammer for heavy compaction (face diameter 50 mm, mass of 4.89 kg, free drop 450 mm). 3) Mould accessories (detachable base plate, removable collar) 4) I.S. Sieves (20 mm, 4.75 mm). 5) Balance (capacity 10 kg, sensitivity 1 gm) 6) Balance (capacity 200 gm, sensitivity 0.01 gm) 7) Drying oven (temperature 105o c to 110o c) 8) Desiccator. PROCEDURE: 1) Take about 20 kg for 1000 cc mould or 45 kg for 2250 cc mould of air dried & mixed soil. 2) Sieve this soil through 20 mm & 4.75 mm sieves. 3) Calculate the percentage retained on 20 mm & 4.75 mm sieves & passing from 4.75 mm sieve. Do not use the soil retained on 20 mm sieve. 4) Use the mould of 10 cm diameter if percentage retained on 4.75 mm sieve is less then 20 or use a mould of 15 cm diameter if percentage retained on 4.75 mm sieve is more than 20. 5) Mix the soil retained on 4.75 mm sieve & passing through 4.75 mm sieve thoroughly in the proportion obtained in step 3. 6) Take about 2.5 kg of the soil for 1000 cc mould or 6 kg for 2250cc mould for light compaction. Or take about 2.8 kg of the soil for 1000 cc mould or 6.5 kg for 2250 cc mould for heavy compaction. 7) Add water to during its moisture content to about 4% in coarse grained soils & 8% in fine grained soils. 8) Clean, dry & grease lightly the mould & the base plate. Weigh the mould with base plate. 9) Fit the collar & place the mould on a solid base. For light compaction,
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10) Compact the wet soil in three equal layers by a rammer of mass 2.6 kg & free fall 310 mm with 25 evenly distributed blows in each layer for 100 mm diameter mould & 56 blows for 150 mm diameter mould. For heavy compaction, Compact the wet soil in five equal layers by a rammer of mass 4.8 kg & free fall 450 mm with 25 evenly distributed blows in each layer for 100 mm diameter mould & 56 blows for 150 mm diameter mould. 11) Remove the collar & trim off the soil flush with the top of the mould. In removing the collar rotate it to break the bond between it & the soil before lifting it off the mould. 12) Clean the outside of the mould & base plate, weigh the mould with soil & base plate. 13) Remove the soil from the mould & obtain a representative soil sample from the bottom, middle & top for water content determination. 14) Weigh the drying crucible with samples & put in the drying oven at temperature 105o C to 110o C for 24 hours. 15) Repeat the above procedure with change in water content on soil samples. 16) Next day, first weigh the crucible with dry soil samples & then find the water content. PRECAUTIONS: 1) Adequate time is allowed for mixing the water with soil before compaction. 2) The blows should be uniformly distributed over the surface of each layer. 3) Each layer of compacted soil is scored with a spatula before placing the soil for the succeeding layer. 4) The amount of soil used should be just sufficient to fill the mould i.e. at the end of compacting the last layer the surface of the soil should be slightly (5 mm) above the top rim of the mould. 5) Mould should be placed on a solid foundation during placing.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:Sr. Description No. 1 A) Density Determination 1 Mass of mould + compacted soil. (gm) 2. Mass of mould. (gm) 3 Mass of compacted soil. (gm) 4 Vol. of mould. (cc) 5 Bulk density ( b) (g/cc) 6 Dry density ( d) (g/cc) B) Water Content Determination 7 Container No. 1 8 Mass of container + wet soil. (gm) 9 Mass of container + dry soil. (gm) 10 Mass of water. (gm) 11 Mass of container (gm) 12 Mass of dry soil. (gm) 13 Water content (%) CALCULATIONS :Sample No. 2 3 4

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CONCLUSION:From graph we conclude that Optimum Moisture Content of given soil sample is % corresponding to Maximum Dry Density of g/cc.

CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment : - DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY BY FALLING HEAD.

AIM :The object of this experiment is to determine the coefficient of permeability of soil in the lab. by falling head test using Jodhpur permeameter. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. APPARATUS: Jodhpur permeameter complete with all accessories. De aired water Balance to weigh 1 kg. 4.75 mm and 2 mm is sieve Mixing pan or basin Stop watch Meter scale Beaker Graduated measuring cylinder Thermometer Containers for water content determination Straight edge or trimming knife.
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PROCEDURE: 1) Prepare the remoulded soil specimen in the permeameter and saturate it as explained in exp. No. 2) Keep the permeameter mould assembly in the bottom tank and fill the bottom tank with water up to its outlet. 3) Connect the water inlet nozzle of the mould to the stand pipe filed with water. Permit water to flow for some timer till steady state of flow is reached. 4) With the help of stopwatch, note the time interval required for the water level in the standpipe to fall from some convenient initial value to some final value. 5) Repeat step (4) at least twice and determine the time for the water level in the standpipe to drop from the same initial head to the same final value. 6) in order to determine the inside area of c/s of the stand pipe, collect the quantity of water required in between two graduations of known distance apart. Weigh this water accurate to 0.1 g. The mass in grams divided by the distance, in cm, bet, two graduations will give the inside area of c/s of standpipe. OBSERVATION TABLE :Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Description Area of stand pipe (a) (cm2) C/s area of soil sample (A) (cm2) Length of the sample (L) (cm ) Initial Head (h1) (cm ) Final Head (h2) (cm ) Time interval (t) (sec.) (i) (ii) (iii) Average time (t) (sec.) Coefficient of permeability K (cm / sec.) Value

7.

CALCULATIONS :-

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aL h1 K = 2.303 ----- X log10 ---At h2 = cm / sec.

CONCLUSION :The coefficient of permeability of given sample by falling head method is cm / sec. CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT
DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment :- DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY BY CONSTANT HEAD METHOD.

AIM:-The object of the experiment is to determine the coefficient of permeability of soil in the lab. by constant head method using Jodhpur permeameter APPARATUS:m. Jodhpur permeameter complete with all accessories. n. De aired water o. Balance to weigh 1 kg. p. 4.75 mm and 2 mm is sieve q. Mixing pan or basin r. Stop watch s. Meter scale t. Beaker u. Graduated measuring cylinder v. Thermometer w. Containers for water content determination x. Straight edge or trimming knife.

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PROCEDURE:A) Preparation of statically compacted remoulded specimen 1) Take 800 to 1000 g of representative specimen of soil and mix water to it so that its water content is raised to the optimum water content for the soil determined by proctors test. If permeability is to be determined at any other water content, raise the water content of the soil to the desired value leave the soil mix for some time in air tight container. For the given volume of the mould calculate the Mass of soil mix so as to give the desired dry density using the following eqn. W= sd (1+w) V 2) Assemble permeameter for static compaction for this attach the 3cm dia. collar to the bottom end of 0.3 mould and 2.5 cm collar to its top end support the mould assembly over the 2.5 cm end plug with the 2.5 cm collar resting on the split collar kept around the 2.5 cm end plug. The 0.3 lit. mould should be lightly greased from inside. 3) Put the weighed quantity of soil into the mould assembly insert the top 3cm end plug into the top collar. The soil may be tamped with hand while being poured into the mould, keep the entire assembly into a compression machine and remove the split collar. Apply compression force on the assembly till the flanges of both end plug touch the corresponding collars. 4) Maintain the load for @ 1 min. and release it . remove the top 3 cm gauge on the top of the specimen and fix the perforated base plate on it. plug and collar. Place a filter paper or fine wire 5) Turn the mould assembly upside down and remove the 2.5 cm end plug and collar. Place the top perforated place on the top of soil specimen and fix the top cap on to it, after inserting the sealing gasket. The specimen is now ready for the test. B) Preparation of dynamically compacted remoulded specimen. 1. Take 800 to 1000 g of soil specimen and raise its water content level the soil mix in air tight container for some time. 2. Assemble the permeameter for dynamic compaction. For this grease the mould lightly from inside and place it upside down on the dynamic compaction base. Weigh the assembly accurate to 1g. put the 3cm collar to the other end. 3. Compact the wet soil mix in two layers, with 15 blows remove the collar and trim off the excess soil. Find the mass of mould assembly
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with soil. The difference of the two masses taken in steps 2 and 3 would give the mass of the soil compacted. 4. Place filter paper or fine wire mesh on the top of soil specimen and fix the perforated based plate on it. 5. Turn the assembly upside down and remove the compaction plate. Place the top perforated plate on the top of the soil specimen and fix the top cap on it after, inserting a sealing gasket. C) Saturation of Compacted Specimen To saturate the compacted specimen, place the permeameter mould in the vacuum desiccator and open air release valve. Fill the desiccator with de aired water till the water level reaches well above the top cap and the water inlet nozzle is submerged . Apply vacuum of @ 70 cm of mercury in every increment sufficient time should be given so that the air bubbles come out without vibrating the specimen take out specimen when the saturation is complete. D) Constant Head Test a. Place the mould assembly in the bottom tank and fill the bottom tank with water up to its outlet. b. Connect the outlet tube of the constant head take to the inlet nozzle of the permeameter after removing the air in the flexible rubber tubing connecting the tube. Adjust the hydraulic head by either adjusting the relative heights of mould and the constant head tank or by raising or lowering the air intake tube within the head tank. c. Start the stop watch, at the same time put a beaker under the outlet of the bottom tank. Run the test for some time interval. Measure the quantity of water collected in the beaker during that time. d. Repeat the test twice, under some head and for the same interval. OBSERVATION TABLE:Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Particulars Value Hydraulic head (h) (cm) Length of the sample (L) (cm) Hydraulic gradient (h/L) C/s area of Sample (A) (cm2) Time interval (t) (sec.)
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6.

Quantity of flow (Q)

7.

(ml.) (i) (ii) (iii) Average Coefficient of permeability K (cm / sec.)

CALCULATIONS:Q L 1 K = -- X X -t h A = cm / sec.

CONCLUSION:The coefficient of permeability i.e. K of given sample by constant head method is cm/sec.

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CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment :-DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH BY

DIRECT SHEAR TEST AIM:The object of the test is to determine the shear parameters of a soil with the help of shear box test. APPARATUS:1) Shear box equipment consisting of i. Shear box, 60mm square and 50mm deep, so that the samples of size 60 X 60 X 20 may be tested. The box should be divided into two parts horizontally, with suitable spacing screws. ii. Container for shear box. iii. Grid plates, two pairs, one pair plain and other pair perforated depth of serration to be 1.5 mm. iv. Porous stones, one pair 6 mm thick. v. Base plate, with cross. Grooves on its top face to fit into the shear box. vi. Loading pad, with a steel ball on its top. 2) Loading frame, to distribute the load from the yoke over the specimen, normal to shear plane. 3) Set of Mass for normal loads.

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4) Proving ring with dial gauge accurate to 0.002 mm to measure the shear force. 5) Micrometer dial gauge, two no. accurate to 0.01 mm to measure horizontal and vertical displacement during shear. 6) Spatula, straight edge, sample trimmer etc. 7) Stop watch.

PROCEDURE:1) Preparation of Specimen i. The undisturbed specimen is prepared by pushing cutting ring of size 10 cm in dia. and 2 cm high, in the undisturbed soil sample obtained from field. The square specimen of size 60 X 60 is then cut from the circular specimen so obtained. ii. In order to obtain remolded specimen of cohesive soil, the soil may be compacted to required density and water content, in a separate bigger mould. The sample is then extracted and trimmed to the required size. Alternatively, the soil may be compacted ( the required density water content ) directly into the shear box together by means of fixing screws . iii. Non cohesive soils may be tamped in the shear box itself with the base plate and grid plate or porous stone as required in place at the bottom of box. In all the three cases mentioned above water content dry density of the soil compacted in shear box should be determined. 2) Undrained Test a. Shear box with the specimen, plain grid plate over the base plate at the bottom of the specimen and plain grid plate over the top of specimen, should be fitted into position. The serration of the grid plates should be placed at right angle to the direction of shear . as the porous stones are not used in the undrained test, plane plates of equal thickness should be placed, one at the bottom and the other at the top of two grids, so as to maintain the shear plane in the sample in the middle of its thickness. Place the loading pad on the top of the plain grid plate. Both the parts of the box should be tightened together by fixing screws. b. Put water inside the water jacket so that the sample dose not get dried during the test.

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c. Mount the shear box assembly on the load frame (or shearing machine) set the lower part of the shear box to bear against the proving ring. Set the dial of the proving ring to zero. d. Put the loading yoke on the top of the loading pad, and adjust the dial gauge to zero to measure the vertical displacement in the soil sample put proper normal Mass on the hanger of the loading yoke, so that this Mass plus the wt of hanger equals the normal load required. Not the vertical displacement dial gauge. e. Remove the locking screw so that both the parts are free to move against each other . By turning the spacing screws, raise the upper art by @ 1 mm . f. Conduct the test by applying horizontal shear load to failure or to 20% longitudinal displacement whichever occurs first. The rate of strain may range from 1.2.5 mm per min. start the stop watch immediately at the start of the application of shear load. Take the reading of proving ring dial gauge longitudinal displacement gauge and vertical displacement at regular time interval. g. At the end of the test, remove specimen from the box and determine its final water content repeat above steps on 3-4 identical specimens under varying normal loads. 2) Consolidated Undrained Test i. Assemble the box in the similar manner as described above, except that instead of plain grid plates, perforated grid plates should be used and saturated porous stones should be used, one at the top of top perforated plat and the other at the bottom of the bottom perforated grid plate. ii. Steps 2,3 and 4 same as in undrained test. iii. The shear test should be conducted only after complete consolidation has accrued under a particular normal load, the vertical compression of the with time should be recorded, as is done in the consolidation test. iv. Apply the horizontal shear load. The rate of shear should be such that water does not drain from the specimen at the time of application of shear load. Take the reading of three dial gauges at constant interval of time. v. Remove the specimen from the box at the end of the test and determine its water content. Repeat the test on 3-4 identical specimens under varying loads. OBSERVATION TABLE:-

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Normal Stress Mpa

Shear Force Proving ring Load N

Deflection Dial mm

Corrected Stress MPa

Shear Stress MPa

CALCULATIONS:-

CONCLUSION:From graph the values of shear parameters i.e. C= MPa and =

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CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment :- VANE SHEAR TEST

AIM:To determine the undrained shear strength of cohesive soil APPARATUS:I. Vane shear tester. II. Measuring apparatus for torque, worm gear and worm wheel arrangement. PROCEDURE:1. Add sufficient amount of water in the given soil to form a paste. 2. Fill the container to be placed under shear test properly. 3. Attach a shear tester to calibrated torsion spring related by worm gear and wheel arrangement. 4. After pushing the vanes gently into the soil, rotate torque and at a uniform speed. 5. Note down the rotation of the spring in degrees indicated by a pointer moving on a uniform graduated dial attached to the worm wheel shaft.

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6. Calculate the unit shear strength of soil by calculating je by knowing T,D,H. where H Height of vane, d. diameter of vane. 7. Find of water content of given soil as undrained shear strength depends upon moisture content.

OBSERVATION:Sr. No. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) PARTICULAR Diameter of vane (d) Height of vane (h) Torsional stiffness (k) Twist in degree at failure Twist in radian at failure Applied torque T = k x Shear strength Tf VALUE

CALCULATION:-

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CONCLUSION:Shear strength of given soil sample by vane shear test is

N/mm2

CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment :- DETERMINATION OF UNCONFINED

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SOIL OBJECT AND SCOPE:The object of the experiment is to determine the unconfined compressive strength of the cloyed soil using controlled strain. The purpose of the test is to obtain a quantitative value of compressive and shearing strength of soil in an undrained state. The test may be performed on both undisturbed and remoulded soil specimen. MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT:-

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Compression device of any suitable type. Object injector. Strain measuring dial gauge with 0.01 mm graduations. Stop watch. Oven Balance Miscellaneous equipment such as specimen trimming and curing tools remoulding apparatus, moisture con etc. 8. Split mould 3.5 cms dia. and 7 cm long (or 3.75 cm dia and 7.5 cm long) PROCEDURE:A) Preparation of Test Specimen. a. Undisturbed cylindrical specimen may be cut from the bigger undisturbed sample obtained from field A twice saw may be used to trim the ends parallel to each other. A lathe or trimmer may be used to trim the specimen to circular c/s, Alternatively field sample may be obtained directly in a thin sampling tube having the sample internal dia as the specimen to be tested. The split mould is oiled lightly from inside and the sample is then pushed out of the tube into the split mould. The split mould opened carefully and sample taken out. b. Remoulded sample may be prepared by compacting the soil at the distilled water content and dry density in a bigger mould and then cut by the sampling tube. Alternatively remoulded specimen may be prepared directly in the split mould. In both cases the density and water content of the specimen is determined. B) COMPRESSION TEST i. Measure the initial length and dia. of specimen. ii. Put the specimen on the bottom plate of the loading device, adjust the upper plate to make contact with the specimen. Set the load dial gauge and the strain dial gauge to o. iii. Compress the specimen until cracks have definitely developed or the stress strain curve is well past its peak or until a vertical deformation of 20% is reached. Take the load dial readings approx. at every 1mm. deformation of the specimen. iv. Sketch the failure pattern, measure the angle between the cracks and the horizontal, if possible and if the specimen is homogeneous. OBSERVATIONS:Page no

Initial dia. of specimen (Do) = Initial Length (Lo) = Initial Area (Ao) = Sr. No. Elapsed Time Sec. Load Deformation (P) N mm

mm mm mm2 Strain Area A=Ao/1 mm2 Stress N/mm2

CALCULATIONS:-

CONCLUSION:The unconfined compressive strength of soil from graph is qu = N/mm2 and shear strength max. = N/mm2 CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT
DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment :-CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST

(C.B.R.TEST) OBJECT AND SCOPE:To determine the California bearing ratio of sub grade soil. INTRODUCTION :California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R.) test originally developed by California division of highway (U.S.A.) is one of the most commonly used methods to evaluate the strength of subgrade soil for design of pavement thickness C.B.R. value defined by I.S. 2720 (Part II)-1975 comprises of
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following. It is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate of standard material. Standard load is that load which is obtained from test on a crushed stone. Whos C.B.R. value is taken to be 100 percent. The ratio is generally determined for penetration of 2.50 mm and 5.00 mm. The result of this test can be related accurately with fundamental properties of the material but are usefull in design of flexible pavement. APPARATUS:The apparatus as per IS: 2720 (Part XVI)-1979 comprises of the following. 1) MOULD :- a metallic cylinder of 150 mm internal diameter and 175mm height, provided with detachable metal expansion, collar 50mm in height. It has also a detachable perforated base of 10mm thickness. The perforation in the base plate do not exceed 15mm in dia. 2) Steel cutting collar, which can fit flush with the mould. 3) Spacer disc: A metal disc of 148mm diameter and 47.70 mm in height. 4) Surface weight: One annular metal weight and slotted weight each of 25 kg and 147 mm in diameter with central hole 53mm dia. 5) Dial gauge: Two dial gauges reading to 0.01mm . 6) IS Sieve of size 4.75mm and 20mm 7) Penetration Plunger: A metallic plunger having a diameter of 50mm and at least 100mm long. 8) Loading machine with at least capacity of 5000 kg and clamped with platform that can be moved vertically at a rare of 1.25mm/min. 9) Miscellaneous apparatus like bowl, straight edge scale, soaking tank, drying oven, filter paper dishes and calibrated measuring jar. PROCEDURE 1.Preparation of test specimen: Remoulded samples are placed such that the dry density obtained from proctor compaction tests. The water content of remoulded sample is either the optimum water content or the field moisture as the case may be, remoulded sample are compacted either statically or dynamically. 2. Dynamically compacted specimen: 1. Sieve the material through 20mm IS Sieve 2. Take about 4.5 kg or more of representative sample for the finegrained soil and about 5.5 kg of granular soil in a mixing pan.

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3.

Add water to the soil in the quantity such that the moisture content of the specimen is either equal to the specimen field moisture content or OMC as desired. 4. Mix together soil and water uniformly 5. Clamp mould along with the extension collar to the pore plate. 6. Place the coarse filter paper on the top of the spacer dose 7. Pour soil water mix in the mould in such a quantity that after compaction about 1/5th of the mould is filled. 8. Give 56 blows with rammer weighing 2.6 kg dropping through 360mm in three layers (light compaction) or 4.89 kg dropped through 450mm in five layers (heavy compaction) evenly spread on the surface. 9. Scratch the top layer of compacted surface. Add more soil and compact in similar fashion, fill the mould completely in five layers. 10. remove the extension collar and trim of the excess soil by a straight edge. 11. remove the base plate, spacer disc and filter paper and note down the weight of the mould and compacted specimen. 12. Place the coarse filter paper on the perforated base plate. 13. Invert the mould containing compacted soil and clamp it to base plate.

3. Testing specimen: 1. Place the mould containing the specimen with base plate in position on the testing machine. 2. Place the annular weight of 2.5 kg on the top surface of soil. 3. bring the penetration plunger in contact with the soil surface and apply a load of 4 kg. So that full contact with soil and plunger is established this should be taken as zero load. 4. Place the remaining surcharge weight equals to 5kg. 5. Set the reading of dial gauge to zero. 6. Apply load so that penetration rate is 1.2mm/min, record the read penetration of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 , 2.5, 4.0, 6.0, 7.50, 10.00 and 12.00 mm. The maximum load has to be recorded if it occurred at less than 12.50mm. 7. Collect about 20 to 60 gm of soil to determine the water content. COMPACTION RESULTS:

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1. Plot the load penetration curve with load as ordinate and penetration as abscissa. Sometimes the initial positions of the curves in concaves upwards due to surface irregularities. In such a case apply a correction. Draw tangent at the point of greatest slope. The point where this tangent meets the abscissa is corrected zero reading of penetration. 2. From the curve determination of load value corresponding to the penetration values or which CBR is desired. 3. Computed CBR values as follows. C.B.R. values = Test load corresponding to chosen penetration (PT) x 100 Standard load to the same penetration (PS) Usually the CBR value is calculated for 2.5mm and 5.0mm penetration. Generally the CBR values of 2.5mm penetration will be greater than that of 5mm and in such a case the former is taken for design purpose. If the 5mm value is greater the test is repeated. If the same result follow the C.B.R. value corresponding to 5mm penetration is adopted for design purpose.

STANDARD LOAD FOR DIFFERENT PENETRATION VALUES Sr.No. 1 2 3 4 5 Penetration in mm 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 Unit standard load kg/cm2 70 105 134 162 183 Total standard kg 1350 2055 2630 3180 3600

PRECAUTIONS: 1. The hole of the base plate of the mould should be blocked. 2. The surcharge weight should be aligned with plunger so that the plunger penetrate freely into the soil. OBSERVATIONS:
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Type of sample ; Condition of specimen: Period of soaking: Optimum moisture content; surcharge weight;

OBSERVATION TABLE Sr. Penetration in No. mm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 No. of divisions of proving ring Corresponding load kg Corrected load kg x10

CALCULATION 1 CBR value penetration of 2.50mm = Test load corresponding to chosen penetration point x 100 Standard load for the same penetration =

2 CBR value at penetration of 5mm = Test load corresponding to chosen penetration point x 100 Standard load for the same penetration =

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CONCLUSION: CBR value at penetration of 2.5mm is penetration is %

sthen the 5mm

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS: CBR is an empirical value and useful in design of flexible pavements. Design curves by road research lab UK have been adopted by IRC depending upon expected traffic values, the thickness of base coarse and sub base course can be determined from their respective CBR values. The suitability of soil tested in road sub grade material be interpreted from the curves from graph of bearing value and penetration. RESULT: CBR value of given sample is maximum of the above is %.

CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment :- GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL

AIM :Determination of grain size distribution by sieving. OBJECT

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The object of this test is to determine grain size distribution of course grain soil by sieving. The test covers both coarse sieve analysis as well as for sand friction. APPARATUS AND MATERIAL: 1. Weighing balance 2. IS sieve from a 4.75mm to 75 microns. 3. Oven 4. Trays 5. Wire brush 6. Mechanical sieve shaker and riffler PROCEDURE: 1. Using riffler take representative sample of soil received from field and dry in oven. 2. Weigh required quantity of dried soil keep it in tray and soak it with water depending upon more size of material present in soil. 3. Puddle sample thoroughly in water and transfer slurry to 4.75mm sieve, which divides gravel friction from sand friction. Wash slurry with jet of water, collect material retained on 4.75mm sieve and material passing through it in sample separate container keep material retained on 4.75mm sieve. 4. Wash material passing through 4.75mm through 75 microns sieve so that silt and clay particles area separated from sand friction collect material 75 micron sieve material retained on it in separate container and keep them in oven. 5. Sieve dried material retained on 4.75mm through following set of sieve. The material from the sieve may be rubbed it necessary with rubber pestle in mortar taking care to see that individual soil particles oven broken are received to make sure that only individual particle are retained. The weight of material retained on each sieve should noted. 6. Sieve dried material retained on 75 micron sieve through following set of sieve 2mm, 1mm, 600 mic, 425 mic, 300 mic, 212mic, 150mic, 75mic. The set of sieve would arrange as above and fitted to mechanical sieve shaker for 10 min, sieving should be done, after that take the weight of material retained on each sieve. Alternatively material retained on 75mic sieve may not be dried out to be washed through rest of sieve specified in order of their fineness with fine bottom, washing should be continued until water each sieve is sub sequentially clean. The friction retained on each sieve
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should be emptied carefully without base of material in separate container and oven dried. 7. Material passing 75mic sieve may be used for sedimentation analysis. OBSERVATIONS: Total weight of soil sample = gm

OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IS sieve Mass retained (gm) Cumulative mass retained (%) (%) % Cumulative cumulative mass retained finer

4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 600mic 300mic 150mic 75mic Receive r TOTAL

CALCULATIONS: From Graph D10 = D30 = D60 = Uniformity Coefficient (Cu)

= D60 D10

= =

Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) = (D30 )2 D60 x D10

= =

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 If Cu is 1, the soil sample is uniformly graded. If Cu is greater than 1, the soil sample is well graded. CONCLUSION:

CUSROW WADIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE-1 APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT

DEGREE PROGRAMME IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Course : - Geotechnical Engineering (16209) Experiment No. : Title of Experiment :- DETERMINATION OF DIFFERENTIAL FREE SWELL INDEX OF SOIL

AIM: To determine free swell index of soil specimen. MATERIAL & EQUIPMENT:
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1. 2. 3. 4.

425mic IS sieve oven Balance and standard weights. Two graduated glass cylinders (100ml capacity)

PROCEDURE 1. Dry soil about 50gm passing through 425mic IS sieve in oven at 100 + 50C 2.Take 10gm of oven dried soil and pour into a 100ml graduated jar. 3. Fill one cylinder with distilled water and other with kerosene up to 100ml mark. 4. Remove the entrapped soil from both the cylinder by shaking with glass rod. 5. Allow both cylinders settle down for 24 hours. 6. Read the levels of soil in kerosene filled graduated jar VK and in distilled water filled graduated jar as VD. OBSERVATIONS: VD = VK = CALCULATIONS:Differential free swell index (D.F.S.) Swelling potential = VD VK X 100 VK = Swelling index = VD 10 = REMARK: 1. For soil containing bentonite and montmorolinite, free swell index = VD VK X 100 VK 2. For soil containing max kaolin mineral, free swell index for water = VD = cc/gm 10

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Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Free swell index Less than 1.5 1.5 to 2 2 to 5 5 to 10 Greater than 10

Swelling potential Negligible Slight Moderate High Very high

Knowledge of swelling index is must, as a structure built in dry season shows differential having as a result of swelling of soils during subsequent wet season. Concrete structure supported on such swelling soil lifts up and cracks. Restriction on swelling develops swelling pressure making structure unstable. CONCLUSION: Differential free swell index of given soil sample is So the soil sample swelling potential is

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