FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY

users manual of construction

(part one)

Transmission Lines
Volume-5 Stringing

Construction Management

Power Grid Corporation of India Limited

(A Government of India Enterprise)
DOCUMENT CODE NO. : CM/TL/STRINGING/ 96 NOV. 1996

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CHAIRMAN & MANAGING DIRECTORS MESSAGE

It gives me immense pleasure to learn that Construction Management Deptt. has come out with further 3 volumes of Users Manual of Construction of transmission line (Stringing) & Sub-station (Mechanical) and Electrical auxiliary packages). For quite sometime a need was also being felt in the organization to develop and prepare standard procedures, norms and guidelines for execution of various construction activities as the different regions were following different practices. It is with this background the construction management department was conceived at Corporate Centre and entrusted with the task of developing and providing such users manuals of construction and to bring in uniformity. These manuals shall serve as a useful reference to our field engineers and site managers to accomplish a task in given time, cost & quality. I would like to congratulate Construction Management team for its sincere efforts in preparation of these manuals wherein the main focus has been to bring together all the theoretical and practical knowledge acquired during the years in the domain of construction of overhead transmission lines and s/stn. More such users manuals covering the other related fields in the lines/sub-station construction should be prepared for the benefit of the ultimate users at our remote sites as well as for the younger generation inducted in the POWERGRID. (R.P. SINGH)

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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 CONDUCTOR AND EARTHWIRE SELECTION CONDUCTOR CREEP AND SAG-TENSION CALCULATION PAGE NO. 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 SELECTION OF CONDUCTOR POSSIBLE TYPES OF CONDUCTORS SUB-CONDUCTOR SPACING ELECTRICAL CONSIDERATION STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATION SELECTION OF EARTHWIRE FUNCTION OF GROUND WIRE HOW GROUND WIRE PROTECTS SHIELDING ANGLE AND MID SPAN CLEARANCE ORIGIN OF CONDUCTOR CREEP PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CREEP EFFECT OF CREEP CREEP ALLOWANCE COMPARISON OF METHODS PRECAUTIONS DURING STRINGING SAG TENSION CALCULATION CATENARY AND PARABOLIC FORMULAE COORDINATION OF SAGS STRINGING CHARTS
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1 1 4 7 9 10 10 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 21 22

CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY PAGE NO ACSR CONDUCTOR BLOCK BULL WHEEL CLIPPING IN CONDUCTOR CAR CONDUCTOR GRIP RUNNING GROUND TRAVELLER GROUND COMPRESSION JOINT PROTECTOR JOINT PILOT WIRE BULL WHEEL PULLER REEL STAND RUNNING BOARD BULL WHEEL TENSIONER TRAVELER UPLIFT ROLLER 24 25 27 29 30 33 35 36 37 38 40 43 46 47 53 54 55

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CHAPTER 3 STRINGING METHODS AND GENERAL ASPECTS 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.3 3.4 METHODS OF STRINGING MANUAL METHOD TENSION METHOD GROUNDING DURING STRINGING INTRODUCTION SOURCE OF HAZARDS GROUNDING PROCEDURE COMMUNICATIONS SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MOBILE EQUIPMENT 3.4.1 3.4.2 DRUM OR REEL STAND TENSIONER BULLWHEEL CHARACTERISTICS 63 64 57 57 58 59 59 61 61 62 63

3.4.3

PULLER AND TENSIONER OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS.

66

3.5

TRAVELERS CHAPTER 4 STRINGING PROCEDURE

68

4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2

STEPS OF STRINGING STRINGING OF EARTHWIRE PAYING OUT OF EARTHWIRE JOINT OF EARTHWIRE

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78 78 78 79

4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.3.10 4.3.11 4.3.12 4.3.13 4.3.14 4.3.15 4.3.16 4.4 4.5

SAGGING AND FINAL TENSIONING CLIPPING FIXING OF HARDWARE STRINGING OF CONDUCTOR GUYING OF TOWERS INSULATOR HOISTING PAYING OUT OF PILOT WIRE POSITION OF TENSIONER AND PULLER PAYING OUT OF CONDUCTOR REPAIRING OF CONDUCTOR JOINTING OF CONDUCTOR ROUGH SAGGING OF CONDUCTOR FINAL SAGGING OF CONDUCTOR REGULATION CLIPPING OF CONDUCTOR FIXING OF LINE SPACER INSTALLATION OF DAMPERS JUMPERING PAYING OUT THROUGH ANGLE TOWERS TRANSPOSITION ARRANGEMENT STRINGING OVER RIVER CROSSING STRINGING OVER POWER LINE CROSSING

81 83 84 85 85 86 90 90 92 96 97 100 101 104 105 106 108 108 110 111 113 116

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CHAPTER 5 GUIDE LINES GL - 1 GL - 2 GL - 3 GL - 4 GL - 5 GL - 6 PRE STRINGING CHECKS PAYING OUT OF EARTHWIRE PAYING OUT OF CONDUCTOR FINAL TENSIONING OF EARTHWIRE AND CONDUCTOR 119 125 128 135

CLIPPING AND FIXING OF EARTHWIRE ACCESSORIES 140 CLIPPING AND FIXING OF CONDUCTOR ACCESSORIES 143 ANNEXURE S/1 FOR STRINGING ANNEXURE S/2 FOR STRINGING CHAPTER 6 REQUIREMENT OF MANPOWER 153 REQUIREMENT OF TOOLS AND PLANTS 149

CHECK FORMAT BIBLIOGRAPHY RESUMES

154 170

(v)

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_____________________________________________________________________ Chapter-1 _

Conductor & Earthwire Selection Conductor CHAPTER Creep & Sag-Tension Calculation _____________________________________________________________________
_ CONDUCTOR AND EARTHWIRE SELECTION CONDUCTOR CREEP AND SAG-TENSION CALCULATION Back to Contents Page 1.1 ONE

Selection of Conductor Back to Contents Page

1.1.1

Possible Types of Conductors : Back to Contents Page

(i)

Up to 220 kv lines, the basic criteria for selecting the size of conductor is its continuous and short-term current carrying capacity both under normal and short circuit conditions. However, for EHV lines this

criteria does no longer hold good, as corona and its effects come into picture which voltage. For 400 kV lines, are function therefore, of line size of

conductor is determined not only from current carrying capacity considerations but also from corona and radio interference established satisfactory considerations. that the size corona and of RI The experience has

conductor performance

which gives would have

adequate current carrying capacity also. The size of conductor so determined would normally be larger than
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that

selected

from

considerations

of

power

transmission capability. (ii) One of the methods to achieve this would be to have a single conductor with large diameter. However, heavier weight of such a conductor, its handling, transportation and stringing due to

manufacture, would be

difficult and expensive. Use of

single conductor was,

therefore, not considered for 400 kv lines. (iii) Another method of increasing the size of conductor, which some utilities in America have tried, is to use expanded aluminum conductor, necessary to in which the minimum power is amount of

carry

retained,

and inert low cost filler material is stranded around the aluminum portion to increase the overall of the conductor. However, its use has diameter not found

popular support even in America, due to manufacturing and other problems. This conductor was also,

therefore, not considered for 400 kv lines. (iv) The only other alternative of 2,3 was or 4 to use bundle sub-

conductors conductors diameter of most

consisting to obtain

small

size

required

effective

overall

the conductor. For EHV lines, this is the suitable, to economical bulk and commonly over long

technically method

adopted

transmit

power

distance. The bundling reduces the inductive reactance loading and improves the stability of the line. The
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voltage thereby

gradient improving

is the

reduced corona indicated

to and

acceptable radio for

limit,

interference the 400 kv be

performance.

Studies

that

lines 2 or 3 sub-conductors in each bundle would sufficient.

Table 1.1 gives the number, size and other physical properties of various conductors. Table 1.1: Number, Size and Physical properties of Conductors
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Code No. of SubStranding Overall Unit weiU.T.S. Approximate Name conductors (mm) dia. ght (kg/m) (kg) current carry(mm) ing capacity 40C ambient temperature -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Goat 3 30/7/3.71 25.97 1.492 13780 680 Sheep Deer Zebra Elk Camel Moose Bersimis 3 2 & 3 2 & 3 2 & 3 2 2 2 & 4 30/7/3.99 30/7/4.27 54/7/3.18 30/7/4.50 54/7/3.35 54/7/3.53 42/4.57 7/2.54 AAAC 2 61/3.55 31.95 1.666 16307 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------27.93 29.89 28.62 31.50 30.15 31.77 35.10 1.726 1.977 1.625 2.196 1.804 2.002 2.181 15910 18230 13316 20240 14750 16450 15715 745 806 795 860 900 -

1.1.2

Sub-conductor Spacing Back to Contents Page

(i)

After having selected the conductor with twin arrangement, decided. the sub-conductor spacing spacing had the

bundle to be

Sub-conductor

influences

surge

impedance loading (SIL) of the line, corona and radio interference performance, line losses and the of towers. The cost of series and shunt weight

compensation,

due to change in the reactance of the line, is also

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affected to some extent. A phenomenon known as subspan oscillation is also related to sub-conductor affect

spacing.

All the above factors when combined

the cost per MW capability of line. (ii) From the experience and practices adopted by

different countries for 400/500 kv lines, it was found that the optimum sub-conductor spacing would vary sub-

between 30

to 45 cm.

However, a wider range of

conductors spacing form 20 to 50 cm was considered. (iii) Figure 1.1 shows the surge impedance loading of twin

'Moose' conductor bundle with different sub-conductor spacings spacing varying from 20 to 50 cm, and from 10 to 16 m. With increased inter phase

interphase transmission inductive of the

spacing and reduced bundle spacing, the capability reactance line. is and reduced reduced the due to

increased reactance series

capacitive amount of

Accordingly,

and

shunt

compensation of line is also influenced.

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(iv)

The

tower weights are influenced with the change

in

the sub-conductor spacing due to following reasons: (a) With given configuration of towers, and specified with

angle of shield, the cross-arm length increases

the increase in sub-conductor spacing. This involves an increase in the height and hence the weight of

towers. (b) With increase in cross-arm length, the torsional load increases under broken wire conditions, resulting increase in the weight of bracings. (v) The IR and corona losses also get affected with SIL in

change in sub-conductor spacing due to change in and surface gradient. (vi)

Apart from the above, sub-conductor oscillations have also been found to be related to sub-conductor

spacing. These are low frequency and high amplitude oscillations which may be so severe under certain wind conditions as to cause clashing of sub-conductors in

the mid sub-span, and thus resulting in damages to the suspension conductors. fittings, Through spacers and subsequently research to and

extensive that

experience, it has been found sub-conductor conductor controlled oscillations is is

the amplitude of as these a the can subbe

reduced and

spacing

increased, by

considerably

keeping

sub-conductor 400 KV

spacing-to-diameter ratio more than 14-15. The

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lines constructed by CEGB in U.K. with 300 mm subconductor experienced oscillations. spacing with due twin to they "Zebra' such are bundle have

trouble

sub-conductor reported to 500mm ratio

Subsequently,

have increased the sub-conductors spacing to (20 in.) increasing the spacing-to-diameter

from 10.4 to over 17. (vii) For twin 'Moose' bundle, the optimum sub-conductor shown in

spacing

was lying between 45 and 50 cm as

Figure 1.2. The decision, however, went in favour of 45 cm sub-conductor spacing in view of the reasons. (a) For most of the European and American utilities spacing for 400/500 kv lines the was 45 following

sub-conductor varying cm from

30 cm to 45.7 cm, and a spacing of

was most commonly adopted (Details in Table 1.2).

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(b)

As

the spacing of 45 cm was most common, the

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design

and

performance

of spacers and

hardwares

at

this

spacing were well-known. (c) The corona and radio interference performance was

found satisfactory. (d) The sub-conductor spacing-to-diameter ratio is more

than 14. (viii) The horizontal configuration of bundling was for for

selected, as it is the most common arrangement twin bundle conductors, although in some cases

lower voltages upto 345 Kv, vertical bundling has also been adopted. 1.1.3 Electrical Considerations : Back to Contents Page (i) Current Carrying Capacity The conductor selected for EHV lines should be

capable of carrying currents under normal as well as peak loads, without getting overheated. of the line state should and not be The stability both The under surge

disturbed, conditions.

steady

transient

impedance loading, in which reactive power consumed by the line reactance equals the reactive power generated by MW with the line capacitance, has been calculated as 505

(in Figure 1.1) for twin bundle, 'Moose' conductor 45 cm sub-conductor spacing, which meets the

normal load requirements of our system. necessary compensation

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By providing power, the

for

reactive

emergency peak

load can also be transmitted without

affecting the stability of the line. The excessive temperature rise over the some ambient time, be the

temperature may impose

under full load conditions, a limit of in the case MVA of

which

can ACSR,

transmitted.

However,

'Moose'

maximum current rise about of 35C 900

carrying capacity for a temperature on an ambient temperature of 40C is This provides a limit of power

amps.

transmission of 1250 MW from thermal considerations, which is much of more than normal and peak load

requirement (ii)

our line.

Corona and Radio-Interference When the electric field on the surface of the

conductor exceeds the disruptive field of surrounding air, corona effect takes place with discharges

emitting from the periphery of the phenomenon produces additional loss

conductor. This of power, radio

disturbance and audible noise. The is proportional and roughly to the

surface root

gradient of line of

under to

voltage

inversely

proportional

diameter

conductor for a fixed line voltage. It is,

therefore,

necessary to limit the surface gradient by increasing the diameter of conductor. The bundling of conductor is the most suitable choice, as already stated in

para.1.1.1
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TABLE 1.2: Particulars of EHV lines of

some foreign countries

---------------------------------------------------------------Items Italy France 380 kv Finland 400 kv Sweden 380 kv U.S.A. 500 kv U.S.A 500 kv U.K. 400 kv

---------------------------------------------------------------Line Voltage 380 kv Year of construction 1963 Nature of Conductor No. of subcondu ctors per phase

1963

1960

1965

1965

1966

1965

ACSR

ACSR

ACSR

ACSR

AL-alloy ACSR

ACSR

Al/st area of conductor 7.9 Sub-conductor ctor spac40 ing(cm)

4.87

7.9

7.7

12.5

7.71

40

45

45

45.7

45.7

30.4

---------------------------------------------------------------1.1.4 Structural Considerations : Back to Contents Page The electrical advantages of bundle to a great extent The mechanical increase by conductors the are

counteracted disadvantages. supporting

structural on the with

loadings

structures

considerably

bundle conductors which result in heavier towers and foundations. The bundling of conductors also

necessitates complicated

hardwares and accessories,

thereby increasing the cost of line. However, we have to reach to the compromise for optimum choice conductor. 1.2 Selection of Ground wire Back to Contents Page
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of

1.2.1

Function of Ground wire : Back to Contents Page

(i)

As

is

well known, groundwires

are

the

conductors at

arranged every

above the phase conductors and grounded They mainly afford the

tower.

protection current

against direct strokes and

distributing the

in two or more paths, thus reducing the voltage drop. Another nature, function is to of the groundwire, voltage of a on minor the

reduce

induced

conductors from nearby strokes.

In case of Extra High

Voltages, the over voltages due to direct or induced lightning strokes are not the governing factors and the insulation selection is based on switching

overvoltage, the ground wire still protects the line and equipment from damage due to direct or induced lightning strokes by shielding. It also reduces strain across the to its insulator string, in case of stroke, due coupling with the conductor. To

inherent

perform this, it must meet the following requirements: (a) It must be able to carry the maximum lightning

current, without undue overheating. (b) (c) It must be strong mechanically. It the must be high enough to afford protection line to conductors a line at mid-span to prevent the to a all side

flash

conductor

during

interval to

required for reflections from the towers to return

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mid-span and relieve the voltage stress there. (d) Tower footing resistance should be low. Size of Earthwire for EHV lines : G.S. 7/3.66mm,

overall dia. 10.98mm, wt. 0.583 Kg/m, UTS 6980 Kgs. (ii) In addition groundwires exercise a number of

subsidiary effects, some of which are: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 1.2.2. Telephone and radio interference. Corona. Relaying possibilities. Zero sequence impedance of the line. Attenuation of travelling waves. Reduction in surge impedance. How Groundwire Protects: Back to Contents Page (i) In case of lightning stroke on a transmission line, the line can be struck either at tower point or at mid span. When the ground wire is struck at mid - span

the current divides in two parts and flows towards both towers and at the tower the current again

divides into two parts, one going to the tower and the other to outgoing portion of the ground wire. If

the tower is struck and there is one overhead ground wire, the current divides into three parts, one in the tower and two in the groundwire on either side of the tower. The strokes on the tower and within a quarter be on

span on either side of it, are assumed to

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tower middle

and treated as such.

The strokes

on

the

half span are supposed to be on the

mid-span

and dealt with as such. (ii) In case of from stroke, the the lightning surge the voltage ground

travels

point struck to

through tower.

From the tower footing the wave is

reflected, and this reflected wave, though reduced in magnitude depending out to a great on footing resistance, cancels the incident wave. The

extent,

lightning surge, struck, the for

therefore,

remains on the point

at tower top or mid-span, for a time taken by surge to reach the tower footing and surge to reach the point struck.

incident

the reflected

During this by the

time the point struck will be stressed voltage i.e., of there surge wave and be no no should not

flashover, flashover over for

should and

insulation

for mid

tower strokes span strokes. therefore,

mid span flash

The insulation level

of a line is, EHV lines, switching

decided on this basis (for level is decided based on the mid-span

insulation surges).

Similarly, such that

clearance is also kept during the time, the the mid-span. 1.2.3

no flashover occurs

surge voltage is impressed on

Shielding Angle and Mid-Span Clearance: Back to Contents Page

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(i)

Shielding Angle The shielding angle afforded by a groundwire is

defined as the angle between a vertical line through the groundwire and the slanting line connecting the earthwire and conductors (outer conductors in case of bundles). The protective zone of groundwire is the

cone with the groundwire at its apex and the shield angle as to its slanting all angle. the The earthwire within is this

supposed zone

protect direct

conductors In actual

from

strokes.

practice, with

however, the lower shield

probability of flashover is less

angle and high with higher shield angle.

On the other hand, lower the shield angle, higher is the tower, and hence higher the cost of line. So a

compromise has to be reached between the line cost and protection afforded. (ii) Mid - span Clearance: In case of stroke on mid-span, very high voltage is on the may, to

impressed on the groundwire. The voltage remains the groundwire, till such time the reflection of wave returns. The voltage on the from groundwire groundwire

therefore, conductor sufficient

cause

flashover

or what is known as "back flashover", if clearance is not provided between the

earthwire and conductor at mid-span.

This clearance

is, therefore, kept such that the voltage surge may

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not cause flashover during the time it is impressed on 1.3 the earthwire.

Origin of Conductor Creep Back to Contents Page

1.3.1

Creep is time-dependent strain occurring under stress. A bare overhead line conductor will suffer a permanent increase in sag from non-elastic stretch caused by

following: (a) Short time loading such as from wind and/or ice loads, or after being subjected to installation. In these tension cases the during conductor difference is and of

initial and final modulus of elasticity (b) Long time loading at any tension

involved. temperature

level, which is known as 'long-term tensile creep' or, simply as 'Creep'. (c) The first stage Creep' [para-(a)] in which is the generally conductor known as

'Primary

initially creep

creeps quite quickly

with a rapid decrease in

rate. This mainly represents a considerable amount of strand tightening and settlement, adjustment of load between layers, stress shifting between components of a composite (e.g., ACSR) conductor, and partial

metallurgical creep. (d) The second stage [para (b)] is known as 'Secondary

Creep' in which the creep is more stable and is mainly metallurgical. In this case the creep and the decrease
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in creep rate are both very slow. 1.3.2 Effect of Creep Back to Contents Page As mentioned in above, conductor creep sag results and, if in not permanent properly

increase

controlled, can cause irregular bundle sags, smaller electrical clearance to ground and to earthed metal

parts; and may require re-sagging operation at a later stage. The amount of this creep during the estimated or considered line life will depend upon everyday

stress and everyday temperature operating. 1.3.3 Creep Allowance : Back to Contents Page There are two below. methods Both It is sag are of in creep regular convenient in adjustment use to terms and as are

mentioned equally creep

popular. or

most

express of a

permanent

increase

temperature-increase above the ambient. (i) Overtensioning : In this first method, allowance for creep during

sagging is made either by including creep correction in the stringing charts thereby producing 'Erection' or Initial Stringing Charts, or by reading the sag from 'final as or design' Stringing Charts (hereafter at ambient

referred

design minus

stringing the

charts)

temperature

established

temperature

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correction for creep. (ii) Allowance in Design : In the second methods, sagging is done to design is

stringing allowed

charts for in

and the permanent sag the tower design

increase by

providing

equivalent extra clearance from the 1.3.4 Comparison of the Two Methods :

bottom cross-arm.

Back to Contents Page The first method will initially result in some overloading though it also results in savings tower from

reduced tower height. The second with method finally results in lower tower age, which means the be line life and

loadings

stability can

be expected to

more than that

achieved with the first method due to reduced tension and vibration effects. At the same time, there is no chance lighter required. The first method normally requires erection stringing charts, whereas the second method requires furnishing of only design stringing charts which have to be of design tensions being exceeded. equipment Further, will be

and

cheaper

tensioning

furnished in either case. 1.3.5 Precautions during Stringing Back to Contents Page Prestressing as per stringing charts effectively

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stabilizes

the

conductor

from

creep

during

its

installation. It is important that all the

conductors

in a sagging section are handled uniformly as regards tension and time during stringing, prestressing and of

sagging. The subconductors of a phase should be the same make out of the same process of (e.g. wire drawn from either extruded and drawn rod.) 1.4 Sag-Tension Calculations hot-rolled

manufacture rod, or

Back to Contents Page 1.4.1 A proper evaluation of sags and tensions is necessary at the design stage for fixing up the ruling span and structural requirements of line supports. During

erection of the overhead lines, the sags and tensions to be allowed for various spans under will also have to be properly the lines may give long and the ambient

conditions so that

evaluated, trouble-free graphical

service.

Various methods, analytical and

have been devised to determine the sag and tensions. If the flexible conductor, whose weight is distributed uniformly along its length, is suspended rigid supports at the same level between two and is in

equilibrium, conforms

its contour lies along a curve closely to a catenary the

which longer

quite

the span, the greater the degree of conformity. The transmission line conductor is usually
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subjected

to the following external forces: (i) a horizontal force due to wind pressure,

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(ii)

vertical

force

due

to

the

dead

weight

of

the

conductor, and (iii) A vertical force due to the deposit of ice conductor (in areas subject to snow fall) If w is the weight of conductor per metre length on the

(including the weight of ice deposit, if any) and p the horizontal force due to the wind pressure acting on the ice-coated conductor per meter length, the

resultant force q on the conductor per unit length is q = ( w + p) and the catenary which lies in the plane of the at

resultant force is inclined to the vertical plane

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an angle which is given by the equation. p Tan = --w Figure 1.3 represents a span of transmission line

conductor strung between two points of supports A and B at the same elevation. The length, sag and tension catenary

of the conductor are given by the following formulae: L = 2H ---q H ---q H ---q H ---q Sin h + Cos h + Cos h aq ---2H

aq + ---- -1 2H + aq ---2H

T ---q T ---q

b +

where, a b = = span AB, sag of the conductor at its lowest point

with reference to the points of support. L T H = = = length of the conductor in span. tension at either point of support, and horizontal tension at the lowest point O.
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For spans of the order of 300 meters and characteristics of the conductor

less, the above given with

are

sufficient degree of accuracy by the following simpler parabolic formulae, which can be derived by expanding

the hyperbolic functions in the above equations in the forms of a series and neglecting all terms except the first two: L a3q = a + ---24H = aq ---8H aq ---8H + H ---q used case in of

b T ---q The sag

above parabolic formulae are generally and tension calculations except in the

very long spans. 1.4.2 Co-ordination of Sags Back to Contents Page The spacing at required between the ground midspan to ensure that a wires and

conductors

lightning flashover midspan

stroke which hits the ground wire does not to the conductor, is referred to as the

spacing. point lesser of

As a rule, from the view, (by

lightning

protection with a the

the ground wire is about 10-15

strung

sag

percent)

than

conductor

so as to give a midspan separation greater

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than at the supports. Certain steps are involved in determining the midspan spacing factors which, while satisfying the requirements of safety under the worst condition and of the tower

everyday condition, results also in economical configuration. 1.4.3 Stringing Charts

Back to Contents Page The initial sag-tension charts give sags and tensions for new ACSR before it has been subjected The final to the

assumed

maximum

loading

stresses.

charts

give sags and tension after the conductors have been stressed conditions, due to the assumed maximum loading

when sagged initially in accordance with

the initial charts. The initial charts are used for determining sags for the use of stringing the conductors in a particular ruling span, determined for a section of line between two dead-end points. The final charts are used determining clearances. They are also used for for

stringing when the conductors are prestressed before or during erection at tensions which will subject them to the same stress they would receive with the assumed maximum loading conditions. An example of using the sag-tension chart for the

'Moose' ACSR used on a typical 400 KV single

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circuit

line is given below. The initial sag-tension chart for the conductor is

given in Figure 1.4. Corresponding to the stringing temperature of 32C (on the right corner) and a ruling span of 350 meters on the X-axis, the tension is 4,010 kg. as read off on

the ordinate. Corresponding to this stringing tension and the actual span hand corner of the of 400 meters (on the chart), the sag is top read left as 10

meters on the X-axis.

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Chapter-2 Definitions & Terminology

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_____________________________________________________________________ _ CHAPTER TWO _____________________________________________________________________ _ DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY Back to Contents Page Terminology installation for of equipment overhead and procedures associated with the

transmission

line

conductors

varies

widely throughout the utility industry. Therefore, definitions and terminology the have been included used in to this provide manual a correlation industry

between

terminology

and

synonyms. Note that the synonyms are terms that are commonly used, although many are not necessarily good usage not be taken as equivalents to and should

the manual terminology.

Definitions & Terminology for Conductor Stringing Equipment. AAAC. AAC. Concentric-lay-stranded all aluminum alloy conductor. Concentric-lay-stranded all aluminum conductor.

Aluminum Conductor, Steel Reinforced (ACSR) Back to Contents Page A composite conductor made up of a combination of aluminum and coated steel wires. In the usual construction, the aluminum

wires surround the steel. Aluminum Alloy Conductor, Steel Reinforced (AACSR) Back to Contents Page A composite conductor made up of a combination of aluminum alloy
Vol.5 : Page #

and coated steel wires. In the usual construction, the aluminum wires surround the steel. Aluminum Conductor, Aluminum Alloy Reinforced (ACAR) A composite conductor made up of a combination of aluminum and aluminum alloy wires. In the usual construction, the aluminum wires surround the aluminum alloy. Anchor A device that serves as a reliable support to hold an object firmly in place. The general term "anchor" is normally

associated with cone, plate, screw, or concrete anchors. The terms snub, deadman, and anchor log are usually associated with pole stubs or logs set or buried in the ground to serve as temporary anchors. The latter are often used at pull and

tension sites. Syn: anchor log, deadman, snub. Block Back to Contents Page A device designed with one or more single sheaves, a wood or metal shell, and an attachment hook or shackle. When rope is reeved through two of these devices, the assembly is commonly

referred to as a block and tackle. A set of fours refers to a block and tackle arrangement utilizing two 4 in double sheave blocks to obtain four load-bearing lines. Similarly, a set of fives or a set of sixes refers to the same number of loadbearing lines obtained using two 5 in or two 6 in double sheave blocks, respectively. Syn: Set of fours, set of fives, sixes. (Fig. 2.1, 2.2 & 2.14)
Vol.5 : Page #

set

of

Hold-down block A device designed with one or more single groove sheaves to be placed on the conductor and used as a means of holding it down. This device functions essentially as a traveller used in an

inverted position. It is normally used in midspan to control conductor uplift caused by stringing tensions, or at splicing locations to control the conductor as it is allowed to rise

after splicing is completed. Syn:block, splice release; roller, hold-down; Snatch Block A device normally designed with a single sheave, wood or shell, and hook. One side of the shell usually metal to traveler, hold-down.

opens

eliminate the need for threading of the line. It is commonly used for lifting loads on a single line or as a device to

control the position or direction, or both, of a fall line or pulling line. Syn: Skookum, Washington, Western.

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Vol.5 : Page #

Bonded The mechanical interconnection of conductive parts to maintain a common electrical potential. Syn: Connected. Bullwheel Back to Contents Page A wheel incorporated as an integral part of a bullwheel puller or tensioner to generate lines, pulling or braking tension on

conductors or pulling

or both, through friction. pairs of wheels

A puller or tensioner normally has one or more

arranged in tandem incorporated in its design. The physical size of the wheels will vary for different designs, but 17 in (43 cm) face widths and diameters of 5 ft. (150 cm) are common. The wheels are power driven or retarded and lined with single or multiple groove neoprene or urethane linings. Friction is

accomplished by reeving the pulling line or conductor around the groove of each pair. Two-Conductor, Three-Conductor, Four-Conductor, Multiconductor Bundle A circuit phase consisting of more than one conductor. Each

conductor of the phase is referred to as a subconductor. A twoconductor bundle has two subconductors per phase. These may be arranged in a vertical or horizontal configuration. Similarly a three-conductor bundle has three subconductors per phase. These usually are arranged in a triangular configuration with the has

vertex of the triangle up or down. A four-conductor

bundle

four subconductors per phase. These normally are arranged in a

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square possible,

configuration. those listed

Although are the

other most

configurations

are

common.

Syn:twin-bundle,

tri-bundle, quad-bundle. Strand restraining Clamp An adjustable circular clamp commonly used to keep the

individual strands of a conductor in place and to prevent them from spreading when the conductor is cut. Syn: block, cable

binding; clamp, hose; clamp, plier; grip, vise. Clearance 1 The condition in which a circuit has been deenergized to enable work to be performed more safely. A clearance is normally hazard obtained prior to on a circuit work. presenting Syn: a source of

starting

outage,

permit,

restriction. 2 The minimum separation between supports or two conductors, or between between

conductors conductors objects. Clipping-in

and

other the

objects,

and ground or

clear

space between any

Back to Contents Page The transferring of sagged conductors from the and the travellers to

their permanent suspension positions permanent suspension clamps.

installing of the

Syn:Clamping-in, clipping.

Clipping Offset A calculated distance, measured along the conductor conductor from the the

plumb mark to a point on the

at which

center

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of the suspension clamp is rough the terrain,

to

be placed. may

When stringing in

clipping offsets

be required to balance

horizontal forces on each suspension structure.

Conductor A wire, or combination of wires not insulated current. from one

another, suitable for carrying an electric be, however, bare or Conductor car. insulated.

It may

Syn: Cable, wire.

Back to Contents Page A device designed to carry workmen and ride on sagged bundle conductors, thus enabling them to inspect damage and install spacers and dampers where devices may car, spacer 2.11) Connector rope A special high strength steel link used to join two lengths of end. Although of the be manual or powered. the conductors for required. These

Syn: Cable buggy, cable

buggy, spacer cart, spacing bicycle. (Fig. 2.10 &

pulling rope by means of the eye splice at each designed to pass the easily puller, through the

grooves

bullwheels on

it should not be passed under full

load. Syn: Peanut. Crossing structure A structure built of poles and, sometimes, rope nets. used whenever conductors are being strung lines, communications is normally circuits, highways, over roads, It is power

or railroads, and

constructed

in such

a way as to prevent the

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conductor from the event of

falling onto or into any of these facilities in failure, guard broken pulling structure, lines, loss rider

of equipment etc. Syn:

tension,

H-frame,

structure, temporary structure. Deenergized Free from any electric connection to charge; The a source of potential

difference and from electric

not having a potential term is used only with

different from that of the ground. reference to

current-carrying parts that are sometimes alive To state that a circuit has been circuit has been disconnected it deenergized from could all be

(energized). means that intended

the

electrical

sources.

However,

electrically charged through induction from energized circuits in proximity to it, particularly if the circuits are

parallel. Syn: dead. Dynamometer A device designed to measure loads or tension on conductors. Various models of these devices are used to conductors. Syn: Clock, load cell. (Fig. 2.9) Energized Electrically connected to a source of potential difference, or tension guys or sag

electrically charged so as to have a potential different from that of the ground. Syn: alive, current carrying, hot, live. Equipotential An identical state of electrical potential for two or more items. Explosives
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Mixtures of solids, liquids, or a combination of upon detonation, transform almost

the two that, into other

instantaneously

products that are mostly gaseous and that occupy much greater volume than the original mixtures. This transformation generates heat, which rapidly expands enormous pressure. Dynamite the gases, causing and Primacord are them to exert as in

explosives

manufactured. Aerex, Triex, and Quadrex are manufactured two components and are not true explosives until

mixed.

Explosives are commonly used to build construction roads, blast holes for anchors, structure footings, etc. Syn: Aerex,

dynamite, fertilizer, power, Primacord, Quadrex, Triex. Conductor grip Back to Contents Page A device designed to permit the pulling of splicing on fittings, eyes, etc. It conductor without

permits the pulling of a not possible. The

continuous conductor where threading is designs of these grips vary considerably. Klein (Chicago) with opposing conductors,

Grips such as the

and Crescent utilize an open-sided rigid body jaws and swing latch. In addition to to pulling

this

type is commonly used

tension guys and,

in some cases, pull wire rope. The design of the come-along (pocket-book, attached to suitcase, the body four of a bolt, clamp etc.) that incorporates folds to a bail

completely to

surround and close

envelope the

conductor. Bolts are then used

the clamp four

and obtain a grip. Syn: buffalo; bolt; grip; grip, Chicago;

come-along; Klein;

Crescent;

Kellem;

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pocketbook; seven bolt; six bolt; slip-grip; suitcase. (Fig. 2.4) Woven wire grip A device designed to permit the temporary joining of conductors without the need Syn: basket; Chinese of or pulling

special eyes, links, or

grips.

finger; grip, wire mesh; Kellem;

sock. (Fig. 2.6 & 2.12) Grounded Connected serves to earth or to some of the earth, extended whether conducting body the connection that is

instead

intentional or accidental.

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Ground grid A system of interconnected bare conductors arranged in a

pattern over a specified area either on

or buried below the

surface of the earth. Normally, it is bonded to ground rods driven around and within its perimeter to increase its grounding capabilities and provide convenient connection points for

grounding devices. The primary purpose of the grid is to provide safety for workmen by limiting potential differences within its perimeter to safe levels in case of high currents that could

flow if the circuit being worked became energized for any reason or if an adjacent energized circuit faulted. Metallic surface mats and gratings are sometimes utilized for this same

purpose.

When used, these grids are employed at pull, tension, Syn: counterpoise, ground gradient

and midspan splice sites. mat, ground mat. Personal ground A portable device piece designed of

to

connect or

(bond) to

a an

deenergized electrical

conductor

or

equipment,

both,

ground. It is utilized at the performed on a conductor or

immediate site when work is to be piece of equipment that could ground

accidentally working; Ground rod A rod that copper-clad is

become

energized.

Syn:ground

stick;

red head.

driven solid

into

the

ground rod,

terminal,

such

as rod,

a or

rod,

copper

galvanized are

iron

galvanized iron pipe. Copper-clad steel rods

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commonly used

during

conductor

stringing

operations

to

provide

means

of

obtaining an electrical ground using portable grounding devices. Syn: ground electrode. Running Ground Back to Contents Page A portable device designed to connect a moving wire conductor or

rope, or both, to an electrical ground. These devices are on the conductor or wire rope adjacent to the sag for

normally placed

pulling and tensioning equipment located at either end of a section. personnel They are primarily used or to provide safety

during

construction

reconstruction

operations.

Syn: ground, moving; ground roller; ground, traveling. (Fig. 2.13). Structure base Ground A portable device designed to connect (bond) a to an electrical ground. It is

rolling; ground,

metal structure

primarily used to provide safety

for personnel during construction, reconstruction or maintenance operations. Syn: ground, butt; ground chain; ground,

structure; ground, tower. Traveller ground Back to Contents Page A portable device designed to connect a moving conductor or

wire rope, or both, to an electrical ground. It is primarily used to provide safety for personnel during reconstruction operations. This device is construction placed on or the where

traveler (sheave,

block, etc.) at a strategic location

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an

electrical

ground

is

required.

Syn:

ground, block;

ground, rolling; ground, sheave. Hoist An apparatus for moving a load by the application force and not including a car or These devices are normally to of a pulling

platform running

in guides.

designed using roller or link chain enable heavy loads to be lifted conductor or

and built-in leverage pulled. sagging of guys. They and are

often used to deadend a

during

clipping in operations and Syn: Chain hoist; chain

during tugger;

the tensioning Coffing hoist;

puller, drum. Conductor lifting hook A device resembling an open boxing glove designed the lifting of conductors from a to permit It is

position above them.

normally used during are sometimes used

clipping-in-operations. for this purpose.

Suspension clamps Boxing glove,

Syn:

conductor Isolated i)

hook, lifting shoe, lip. (Fig. 2.5)

Physically separated, electrically and mechanically,

from

all sources of electrical energy. Such separation may not eliminate the effects of ii) An object that is not electrical induction. readily accessible to persons

unless special means for access are used. Compression joint Back to Contents Page A tubular compression fitting designed and fabricated from

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aluminum,

copper,

or

steel

to

join

conductors

or

overhead

groundwires. It is usually applied

through the use of hydraulic

or mechanical presses. However, in some cases, automatic, wedge, and explosive-type joints are utilized. Syn:Conductor splice,

sleeve, splice.

Protector joint Back to Contents Page A split sleeve that fits over a conductor compression if joint

used to protect the joint from bending

or damage

the joint

must pass through travellers. The joint protector usually has split rubber from Jumper i) The conductor that connects the conductors on opposite collars at each end to protect the conductor

damage where it exits at each end of the sleeve.

sides of a deadend structure. Syn: Deadend loop. ii) A conductor placed across the clear space between the ends of two conductors or metal pulling lines that are being spliced together. Its purpose, then, is to act as a shunt to prevent workers from accidentally placing themselves in series between the two conductors. Tower ladder A ladder complete with hooks and safety chains attached to one end of the side rails. These units are normally fabricated from fiberglass, wood, or metal. The ladder is suspended from the arm or bridge of a structure to enable workers to work at the

Vol.5 : Page #

conductor operations,

level, etc.

to

hang

travellers,

perform are

clipping-in also used

In some cases, these ladders Syn: Ladder, hook.

as lineperson's platforms. Insulator lifter

A device designed to permit insulators to be lifted in

a string

to their intended position on a structure. Syn:Insulator saddle, potty seat. Bull line A high-strength line normally synthetic fiber rope, used for

pulling and hoisting large loads. Syn: Bull rope; line pulling; line, threading. Finger line A lightweight line, normally sisal, manila, or synthetic fiber

rope, that is placed over the traveller when it is hung. It usually extends from the ground and passes through the

traveller and of the

back to the ground. It is used to thread the end and

pilot line or pulling line over the traveller

eliminates are not

the need for workmen on the structure. These lines required if pilot lines are installed when the

travellers are hung. Pilot rope/line A

Syn:

Finger rope.

lightweight line, normally synthetic turn,

fiber are used

rope, used to pull

to the

pull heavier pilot wire that, in conductor. finger Pilot or ropes by may

be installed with the aid of when the insulators and

lines

helicopter Syn:

travellers

are

hung.

Leader; line, lead; line, straw;

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P-line. Pilot wire / Pulling line Back to Contents Page A high-strength line, normally wire rope, used conductor. However, on reconstruction jobs in to pull the which a

conductor is being

replaced, the old conductor often serves as

the pilot wire for the new conductor. In such cases, the old conductor must be closely examined for any damage prior to the pulling operations. Syn: Line, bull; line, hard; line, light; line, sock; pulling rope. Safety / life line A safety device normally constructed from synthetic fiber rope and designed to be connected between a fixed object and the body belt of a worker working in an elevated position when his/her

regular safety strap cannot be utilized. Syn: Line, life; line, safety; scare rope. Tag line A control line, normally manila or synthetic fiber rope,

attached to a suspended load to enable a worker to control its movement. Syn: Tag rope. Threading line A lightweight flexible line, normally manila or synthetic

fiber rope, used to lead a conductor through the bullwheels of a tensioner or pulling line through a bull wheel puller. Syn:

Line, bull; threading rope. Connector Link

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rigid

link designed to connect

pilot

wires

and conductors torsional

together in series. force. Syn:

It will not spin

and relieve

Bullet,

connector, link, slug.

Swivel link A swivel device designed to connect pilot wires and conductors together in series or to connect one pulling line to the drawbar of a pulling vehicle. The device will spin and help relieve the torsional forces that build up in the line or conductor under tension. Syn: Swivel. OPGW Concentric-lay-stranded composite conductor for use as groundwire with telecommunication constructed with a helically laid central optical capability. fiber core overhead

The conductor is surrounded alloy by

aluminum-clad

wires,

aluminum

wires,

galvanized steel wires, or combinations thereof. Overhead Groundwire (OHGW) (Lightning Protection) Multiple for grounded wire or wires placed intercepting above phase conductors

the purpose of

direct strokes in order to direct strokes. Syn:

protect the phase conductors from the Earth wire, shield

wire, skywire, static wire.

Aerial Platform A device designed to be attached to the boom tip of a crane aerial lift and support a worker in an elevated or

working

position. Platforms may be constructed with surrounding railings that are fabricated from aluminum, steel, or fiber reinforced plastic. Occasionally, a platform is suspended from the load

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line of a large crane.

Syn: Cage, platform.

Lineperson's Platform A device designed to be attached to a wood a pole or metal

structure, or both, to serve as workers insulator engaged work, Some in etc. deadending The

supporting surface for operations, of these clipping-in, devices beams, vary

designs short

considerably. resemble as 40

resemble

cantilever

others

swimming (12 m)

pool diving boards, and still others as long are truss structures resembling wood, bridges.

ft.

Materials and metal.

commonly used for fabrication are

fiberglass,

Syn: Baker board, D-board, deadend board, dead-end

platform, diving board. Plumb mark A mark placed on the conductor located vertically below the and vertically for wood pole of

insulator point of support for steel structures above the pole center structures the used as line at ground to level

a reference

locate the center

suspension clamp.

Bullwheel Puller Back to Contents Page A device designed to pull pulling lines and operations. It normally conductors during one or more

stringing

incorporates

pairs of urethane or

neoprene-lined, in

powerdriven, single or arranged in

multiple groove bullwheels

which each pair is

tandem. Pulling is accomplished by friction generated against

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the pulling line that is reeved around the grooves of a of the bullwheels. The own engine, which puller drives is the

pair

usually equipped with its bullwheels mechanically, Some of these

hydraulically, or through a combination of both. devices Syn: function as either a puller or tensioner.

Puller.

Drum puller A device designed to pull a conductor during stringing

operations. It is normally equipped with its own engine, which drives the drum mechanically, hydraulically, or through a

combination of both. It may be equipped with synthetic fiber rope or wire rope to be used as the pulling line. The pulling line is payed out from the unit, pulled through the travellers

in the sag section, and attached to the conductor. The conductor is then pulled in by winding the pulling line back onto the drum. This unit is sometimes used with acting as a pilot line to pull canyons, rivers, etc. synthetic fiber rope

heavier pulling lines across

Syn: Hoist, hoist, single drum; tugger;

winch, single drum. Reel puller A device designed to pull a conductor during stringing which

operations. It is normally equipped with its own engine, drives the supporting shaft for the reel

mechanically, The shaft, in this unit is

hydraulically, or through a combination of both. turn, drives the reel. The application of

essentially the

same as

that for the drum puller.

Some of

Vol.5 : Page #

these

devices function as either a puller or tensioner.

Two drum, Three drum Puller The definition and application for this unit is essentially in that this

the same as that for the drum puller. It differs unit is equipped with two or three drums

and thus can pull

one, two, or three conductors individually or simultaneously. Syn: Hoist, double drum; hoist, triple drum; winch, double drum; winch, three drum; winch, triple drum; Pulling vehicle Any piece of mobile ground equipment capable of pulling pilot lines, pulling lines, or conductors. However, helicopters may be considered purpose. as a pulling vehicle when utilized for the same winch, two drum; tugger.

Reel Stand Back to Contents Page A device designed to support one or more conductor or groundwire reel having the possibility of being skid,trailer, or truck

mounted. These devices may accommodate rope or conductor reels of varying sizes and are usually equipped with reel brakes to

prevent the reels from turning when pulling is stopped. They are used for either slack or tension stringing. The designation reel trailer or reel has been equipped reel transport truck implies that of

the trailer or truck

with or

a reel stand (jacks) and may serve as a payout unit, or both, for stringing crane,

operations. If the reel stand is not self loading,a

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forklift, or other suitable equipment is used to load into the stand.

the reel to be

Depending upon the sizes of the reels vehicles may range

carried, the transporting trailers to Syn: Reel semitrucks

from single-axle

with trailers

having multiple axles.

Trailer, reel transporter, reel truck.

Ruling Span A calculated span length that will have the same changes in conductor tension due to changes of temperature and conductor loading as will be found in a series of spans of varying lengths between deadends. Running Board Back to Contents Page A pulling device designed to permit stringing conductor simultaneously with a single more than line. one For

pulling

distribution stringing, it is usually made of lightweight tubing with the forward transition stringing, transversely over the end pole curved gently upward to provide smooth

crossarm

rollers.

For

transmission hinged

device is either made of

sections a

to the direction of pull or of flexible

hard nose suspended conductors

rigid design, both having a from the rear. from twisting This together

pendulum tail the

configuration stops

and permits smooth transition over the birdie,

sheaves of bundle travellers. Syn: Alligator, bird, equilizer pully, monkey tail, sled. (Fig. 2.7) Sag The distance measured vertically from a conductor

to

the

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straight line joining two points of support. Unless otherwise stated, the sag referred to Sag Section The section of line between snub structures. More than one sag section may be required in order to sag properly the actual length of conductor that has been strung. Syn: Pull setting, stringing section. Sag Span A span selected within a sag section and used as a control to establishing is at the midpoint of the span.

determine the proper sag of the conductor, thus the proper

conductor level and tension. A minimum of two, but are required within a sag section in

normally three, sag spans order lengths to sag vary

properly. In mountainous terrain or where span radically, more than three sag spans could be

required within a sag section. Syn: Control Span.

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Self-damping Conductor (SDC) ACSR that is designed to control aeolian vibration by integral damping. Trapezoidal aluminum wires and annular gaps are

utilized. (Fig.2.3) Shaped wire compact Conductor(TW) ACSR or AAC that is designed to increase the aluminum area for a given diameter of conductor by the use aluminum wires. Sheave 1) The grooved are wheel of a traveller referred to or as rigging sheaves. block. Syn: of trapezoidal shaped

Travelers

frequently

Pulley, roller, wheel, traveller. 2) A shaft-mounted wheel used to transmit a belt, chain, band, etc. Pull Site The location on the line where the puller, reel winder, and anchors (snubs) are located. This site may also serve as the power by means of

pull or tension site for the next sag section. Syn: Reel setup, tugger setup. Tension Site The location on the line where the tensioner, reel stands, and anchors (snubs) are located. pull or tension payout site for This the site may next also serve as the section. Syn:

sag

Conductor

station, payout site, reel setup.

Snub Structure A structure located at one end of a sag section

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and considered

as a zero point for sagging and clipping offset calculations. The section of line between two such structures is the sag

section, but more than one sag section may be required in order to sag strung. properly the actual length of conductor that has been Syn: O structure, zero structure.

Wire rope Splice The point at which of two wire ropes are joined wire together. ropes The

various include

methods hand

joining woven

(splicing) splices,

together that

tucked

compression

splices

utilize compression fittings but do not incorporate loops (eyes) in the ends of the ropes, and mechanical splices that are made through the use of loops (eyes) in the ends of the ropes held in place by either compression fittings or wire rope clips. The latter are joined together with connector links or steel bobs and, in some cases, are rigged often eye to eye. Woven splices are splice varies in

classified as short or long. A short

length from 7 to 17 ft. (2 to 5 m) for 0.25 to 1.5 in (6 mm) diameter ropes, respectively, from 15 to 45 ft. (4 to 14 m) Splicing Cart A unit that is equipped with a hydraulic compressor (press) all other necessary on equipment Syn: for Sleeving performing trailer, while

to 38

a long splice varies

for the same size ropes.

and

splicing splicing

operations

conductor.

trailer, splicing truck. Steel Supported Aluminum Conductor (SSAC) ACSR with the aluminum wires annealed.
Vol.5 : Page #

Step Voltage The potential difference between two points on the to earth's be 1

surface separated by a distance of one m) in the direction difference of maximum be

pace (assumed potential when

gradient. current

This flows

potential

could

dangerous

through the earth

or material upon which a worker is standing,

particularly under fault conditions. Syn: Step Potential. Stringing The pulling of pilot lines, pulling lines, and travellers supported on structures of conductors over

overhead

transmission

lines. Quite often, the entire job of stringing conductors is referred to as stringing operations, beginning with the planning phase and terminating after the conductors have been in the suspension clamps. Slack Stringing The method of stringing conductor slack without the use of a installed

tensioner. The conductor is pulled off the reel by a pulling vehicle and is dragged carried along the line along on the ground, or the reel is

a vehicle and the conductor is

deposited on the ground. As the conductor is dragged to, or past, each supporting structure, the conductor is placed in

the travelers, normally with the aid of finger lines. Tension stringing The use of pullers and tensioners to keep the conductor under

tension and positive control during the stringing phase, thus keeping it clear of the earth and other obstacles that could

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cause damage. Switching Surge A transient wave of overvoltage in an electrical circuit caused

by a switching operation. When this occurs, a momentary voltage surge could be induced in a circuit adjacent and parallel the switched circuit in excess of the voltage during steady state conditions. If the induced to

normally is

adjacent

circuit be

under construction, switching to reduce Sag Target the possibility

operations should

minimized

of hazards to the workmen.

A device used as a reference point to sag conductors. It

is

placed on one structure of the sag span. The sagger, on the other structure of the sag span, can use it as a reference to

determine the proper conductor sag. Syn: Sag board,target Bullwheel Tensioner Back to Contents Page A device designed to hold tension against a pulling line or

conductor during the stringing phase. Normally, it consists of one or more pairs of single arranged generated grooves of or in urethane or neoprenelined, power-braked,

multiple groove tandem. Tension

bullwheels in which each pair is is accomplished by friction the are

against the conductor that is reeved a pair of the bullwheels. Some

around

tensioners

equipped with their own engines, which retard the bullwheels mechanically, hydraulically, or through Some of these devices function as a combination of both. either a puller or

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tensioner. type

Other

tensioners

are

only

equipped

with

friction

retardation.

Syn: Brake, retarder, tensioner.

Touch Voltage The potential difference between a grounded metallic structure and a point on the earth's surface separated by a distance equal to the normal maximum horizontal reach, approximately 3 ft. (1 m). This potential difference could be dangerous and could

result from induction or fault conditions, or both. Syn: Touch Potential. Transit An instrument primarily used during construction of a line survey the route, to set hubs and locations, to plumb for locations of sag conductors. Traveller Back to Contents Page A or sheave complete with suspension arm or frame in groups and suspended from structures used separately to permit the point on tangent to

(POT)

structures, to determine downstrain angles

anchors at the pull and tension sites, and to Syn: Level, scope, site marker.

stringing of conductors. with a center drum used to protection string of or

These devices are sheave and another

sometimes bundled traveler, and are For or or one the

more than one conductor simultaneously. that should not be nicked

conductors sheaves

scratched, the semiconductive of

are often lined with

nonconductive Any for

neoprene or non-conductive a padding

urethane. or cushion

these materials acts as

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conductor as it must be used an

passes

over

the sheave. in

Traveller grounds order to establish

with

lined travellers Syn:

electrical ground.

Block, dolly, sheave, stringing

block, stringing sheave, stringing traveller. (Fig. 2.8) Traveller Sling A sling of wire to rope, support it sometimes the is utilized in place of

insulators, operations. readily

traveller used when

during insulators

stringing are not

Normally, or

available

when

adverse

stringing conditions or complete

might impose severe downstrains and failure of the insulators. Uplift roller

cause damage

Syn: Choker.

Back to Contents Page A small single-grooved above wheel designed to fit in or the

immediately

the throat of the groove

traveller

and keep

pulling line in the traveller stringing tensions. (Fig. 2.15)

when uplift occurs due to

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Reel winder A device designed to serve as a recovery unit for a pulling line. It is normally equipped with its own engine, which drives

a supporting shaft for a reel mechanically, hydraulically, or through a combination of both. The shaft, in turn, drives the reel. It is normally used to rewind a pulling line as it stringing a puller, operations. but This

leaves the bullwheel puller during unit is not intended to serve as

sometimes

serves this functions where only low tensions are involved. Syn: Takeup Reel.

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Chapter-3 Stringing Methods & General Aspects

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_____________________________________________________________________ _ CHAPTER THREE _____________________________________________________________________ _ Stringing Methods & General Aspects Back to Contents Page 3.1

Methods of stringing. Back to Contents Page There are basically two methods of stringing. These are i) ii) Slack or Manual methods Tension method

3.1.1

Manual method : Back to Contents Page Using this method, the conductor is pulled along the ground by means of a pulling vehicle,or the drum is carried along the line on a vehicle and the conductor is deposited on the ground. The conductor drums are positioned on drum stands or jacks, either placed on the ground or mounted on a transporting vehicle. These stands are designed to support the drum on an arbor,

thus permitting it to turn as the conductor is pulled out. Usually, a braking device is provided to

prevent overrunning and backlash. When the is dragged past a supporting structure, and the conductor is placed

conductor pulling is

stopped

in

travelers

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attached

to the structure before proceeding

to

the

next structure. This method is chiefly applicable to the construction of new lines in cases in which maintenance of

conductor surface condition is not critical and

where

terrain is easily accessible to a pulling vehicle. The method is not usually economically applicable in urban locations where hazards exist from traffic or where

there is danger of contact with energized circuits, nor it is practical in mountainous regions

inaccessible to pulling vehicles. 3.1.2 Tension Method : Back to Contents Page Using this method, the conductor is kept under

tension during the stringing process. Normally, this method ground surface is and used to keep the which of conductor might clear of the

obstacles, and

cause

conductor It

damage

clear

energized

circuits.

requires the pulling of a light pilot line into the travelers, which in turn is used to pull in a heavier pulling line. The pulling line is then used to pull

in the conductors from the drum stands using specially designed tensioners and pullers. For lighter

conductors, a lightweight pulling line may be used in place of the pilot line to directly pull in the

conductor. A helicopter or ground vehicle can be used

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to Where

pull or lay out a pilot line or pulling line. a helicopter is used to pull out a line, line

synthetic rope is normally used to attach the

to the helicopter and prevent the pulling or pilot line from flipping into the rotor blades upon release. The tension method of stringing is applicable where it is desired to keep minimize surface the conductor off or in areas the ground to where frequent

damage

crossings are encountered. The amount of right-of-way travel this by heavy equipment is also reduced. method provides the most economical conductor. The in helicopter rugged or Usually, means use of is

stringing particularly

advantageous

poorly

accessible terrain. 3.2 Grounding during stringing Back to Contents Page 3.2.1 Introduction : Back to Contents Page For any given situation, the bonding together of equipment and electrical grounds in a common array of major importance. However, such bonding offers assurance between that a hazardous potential will not the bonded items and the earth. all is no

exist It is

impractical

to design a grounding system precisely

around available fault currents or calculated effects. Such a design would require precise knowledge of

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many

variables

and

would

result

in

different

grounding scheme for each location. The degree of grounding protection is required for a

given

construction

project

dependent

upon

the

exposure to electrical hazards that exist within the project area. For a project remote from other lines

and at a time of low probable thunderstorm activity, minimal grounding requirements are in order. Minimum grounding requirements include bonding and grounding of all machines involved in stringing of the

conductor,

pulling line, or pilot line. In addition, conductive tensioning

running grounds should be installed on all lines in front of the pulling and

equipment. On the contrary, for a project in congested area with exposure to numerous and parallel lines of and crossing

situations, activity

with probability

thunderstorm extensive

and adverse weather

conditions,

grounding requirements are called for. the most significant hazard results

Historically, from work in

proximity to energized lines. Under any circumstance, in addition to open jumpers, measures must be grounding employed and to other ensure

protective

reasonable and adequate protection to all personnel. In addition to the grounding system, the best

safety precaution is to respect all equipment as if it could become energized. The degree of protection

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provided for a specific project must be a decision of project supervision of 3.2.2 based on a clear understanding

the potential hazards.

Source of Hazards : Back to Contents Page Electrical charges may appear on a line due to one or more of the following factors. i) Charges induced on the line by a

neighboring ii) A fault

energized line. by an accidental line and a contact or

caused between

flashover

the

neighboring

energized line. iii) Induced static charge due to atmospheric

conditions. iv) An error in which the line is accidentally

energized. v) 3.2.3 A lightning strike to the line.

Grounding procedure : Back to Contents Page Grounding cables must be connected to the ground

source first, then to the object being grounded. When removing grounds, the ground must be removed from the grounded object first and then from the ground source. The object being grounded should not be teased with the ground clamp. The clamp must be poised by the

object, snapped on quickly and firmly, and

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tightened.

If an arc is drawn, the clamp should not be withdrawn, but should be kept on the conductor, thus grounding the line. 3.3 Communications Back to Contents Page 3.3.1 Slack stringing requires a minimum of communications. It is, however, desirable to have communication the

between the pulling vehicle and the personnel at drum location. 3.3.2 Tension stringing requires good

communications

between the personnel at the tensioner end and those at the puller end and at intermediate check points

at all times during the stringing operation. During the stringing of bundled conductors with a running

board, it

is desirable to observe the running board each traveler. The running

as it passes through

board observer(s) should have reliable communications with both pulling and tensioning ends. When following the board from the ground is not practical, this can

be accomplished with the aid of helicopters. 3.3.3 During helicopter reliable stringing of the pilot all line or

conductor,

radio contact with

ground

work sites is extremely important. Dual or backup systems of communication, with a

dedicated single-use frequency, should be available in case one system fails, particularly during the actual
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stringing operation. 3.4 Special requirements for mobile equipment : Back to Contents Page 3.4.1 Drum or reel Stand. Back to Contents Page Drum stands are designed to be used with tensioners to supply the necessary back tension to the conductor.

The stand(s) are selected to accommodate the conductor (or groundwire) reel dimensions and gross weight.

Some drums are not designed to withstand the forces developed by braking during tension stringing at be

operations. Direct tension stringing from the drum transmission line stringing tensions should not

attempted. The conductor may be pulled directly the drum stand when employing slack stringing If the drum stand is not self loading,

from

methods. a crane,

forklift, or other suitable equipment is used to load the drum into the stand. 3.4.2 Tensioner Bullwheel Characteristics. Back to Contents Page The depth, Dg, and flare of grooves in the bullwheels are not critical. Semicircular grooves with depths in the order of 0.5 or more times the conductor diameter and with flare angles in the order of 5 to 15 the vertical generally have been found to from be

satisfactory.
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The

number

of to

grooves prevent

in

the outer

bullwheel layer of

must wires

be of

sufficient multilayer

the from

conductors

slipping the

over

underlying of the

layers. The minimum diameter of

bottom

grooves, Db, should be 30 to 40 times the diameter of conductor. Details are shown in fig - 3.1. Tandem bullwheels offset spacing. direction should be will be should be so aligned one-half a that the the

approximately

groove

For normal conductors having of lay for the so the outer

right-hand bullwheels in the the

wires,

arranged of pull,

that,

when

facing will

direction

conductor

enter

bullwheel on the left and pull off from the right side as shown in left fig. 3.1. For any conductors having a

hand direction

of lay for the outer wires, the

conductor should enter on the right and pull off from the left. This arrangement is necessary to avoid any

tendency to loosen the outer layer of strands as the conductor passes over the bullwheels. Similarly

stranded conductor or wire should be wound on a drum according to the lay and direction of travel. Note

the convenient thumb rule as shown in Fig.3.2.Clench the hand into a fist, with the thumb and index finger Use the right hand for right lay and for the of left barrel pull off. lay. and The The the clenched index the

protruding. left hand

fingers the the

represent direction

finger to

thumb

points

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proper

attachment site.

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The material and finish of the grooves must be as omer

such

not to mar the surface of the conductor. Elastlined grooves but are are recommended for all for

conductors, nonspecular

particularly Should a

important

conductors.

semiconducting

elastomer be used for lining the grooves, it should not be relied Difficulties upon for grounding. have been experienced with single V-

groove type bullwheels on some multilayer and special construction should only conductors. These types be used with the of bullwheels of the

concurrence

conductor manufacturer. 3.4.3 Puller and tensioner operating characteristics. Back to Contents Page The pulling and braking systems should operate or be a

smoothly and should not cause any sudden jerking bouncing of the conductor. Each system should

readily controllable and capable of constant tension.

maintaining

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Pullers and tensioners may be mounted separately or in groups controls for bundled conductor installation. The of

should allow the independent adjustment

tension in each conductor. It is recommended that the tensioner bullwheels bundled have for an each independently subconductor operated when set of

stringing than two

conductor, particularly when more

subconductors per phase are being installed. should be equipped with load indicating and

Pullers limiting

devices. The load limiting device should automatically stop the puller from acting further if a preset be

maximum load has been exceeded. Tensioners should equipped with tension indicating devices. Capacity dependent selection upon of the puller and tensioner to

is be

conductor weight, the length

strung, and the stringing tensions. The capacities of the puller and span tensioner should be length, terrain, based and on the

conductor, required tensions

clearances stringing Sag

above obstructions. In will be about 50% of

general, sag

tensions.

tensions should never be exceeded during stringing. There are basically two types of pulling machines

used in the construction of transmission lines being strung under tension. These are defined as bullwheel and reel drum type or reel type pullers. Some drum-type or type pullers are available with level wind

Vol.5 : Page #

features to provide uniform winding of the line. Some drum-type and all reel-type pullers provide easy

removal of the drum (or reel) and line to highway mobility. This feature also

facilitate the

provides

advantage of interchangeability of drums. The control of payout tension of the pulling line is a desirable and

feature of many pullers. Mobility of the pullers tensioners is important to minimize downtime pulls. Also critical are the setup and

between leveling

features of the units. 3.5 Travelers Back to Contents Page 3.5.1 Diameter. diameters are gained: (i) The radius bending of the conductor is increased, so the amount of strain between and the amount wires of in It is generally recognized that as are made larger, the following sheave

advantages

relative

movement

individual

the conductor are reduced. This, in turn, reduces the amount of energy required to bend and

straighten the conductor as it passes through the travelers. The such bending force and and energy required for regards the

straightening

passage of the conductor in much the same way as friction in the bearing of the travelers. (ii) The bearing pressures between conductor strand

Vol.5 : Page #

layers

are

reduced,

thus

reducing damage.

potential This is

conductor

internal

strand

commonly known as

strand notching.

(iii)The force required to overcome friction in the bearings is reduced because of the greater moment arm for turning. (iv) The number of rotations and speed of rotation grooves

are reduced, so wear on the bearings and is alleviated. (v)

The obvious disadvantages of larger sheaves are cost and added weight. The minimum sheave diameter, Ds, at the bottom of the groove, as for shown in Fig 3.3, should be

satisfactory

typical

conductor

stringing

operations. However, for

stringing conductors in

excess of approximately 3km or over substantially uneven terrain, the recommended minimum bottom Dc-4) Dc inches for

groove diameter of sheaves is (20 ([20Dc-10]cm) conductor orlarger, In where

stands

diameter.

exceptionally sagging may

arduous times

circumstances,

accurate

some

be very difficult with sheaves having diameters of less than 19 Dc or 20 Dc. 3.5.2 Configuration of Groove. The minimum radius at the base of the groove, Rg, recommended to be 1.10 times the radius of is the

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conductor as shown in Fig 3.3. Sheaves may, having with a groove radius as be used discussed with above smaller

limitations,

conductors.

The limitations relate to the number of The more

layer of aluminum wires in the conductor. layers of

aluminum wires, the more important it is to

support the conductor with a well-fitting groove.

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Vol.5 : Page #

The depth of groove, Dg, should be a minimum of

25% greater than

the diameter of the conductor. The sides of the groove should flare between 12 and 20 form the vertical to facilitate the passage of swivels, grips etc., and to contain the conductor within the groove, particularly at line angles. 3.5.3 Bearings. The bearings should preferably be ball or roller type with adequate provisions for lubrication and must

shielding against contamination. The lubricant

be suitable for the temperature range involved; and, where sealed bearings are not used, care should be taken to ensure subsequent lubrication with the same type of grease. Mixing of greases of different types (that is, lithium base and calcium base) may cause of the lubricant and subsequent bearing

degradation failure. withstand

Bearings should have sufficient capacity to running or static loads without damage.

Proper maintenance is essential. 3.5.4 Material and Construction. Travelers may be of any suitable material, with given to weight. conductors Unlined should sheaves be made due for of

consideration stringing aluminum have that

aluminum

or magnesium alloy, and the grooves It is

should

a smooth, polished finish.

recommended other

the manufacturer's safe working load, or

Vol.5 : Page #

identification to enable determination of such be permanently displayed on the traveler.

load, Always for

ensure that the manufacturer's safe working load the traveler is not exceeded. This is

particularly used towers

important for situations in which travelers are on heavy line angles or on the first or last

at which the conductor comes to ground level. Maximum loads usually will result when the conductor

is being pulled up to sag tensions. It is recommended that clearances between the sheave (s) and frame, particularly in the traveler throat

area, be kept as small as possible. This will prevent the pilot line from jamming should the come out of the pulling line pilot line It is

sheave.

recommended stringing

that the vertical throat opening of the block be kept as small as possible while

still allowing the safe passage of the pulling line, swivels, and the running board. This practice need to will be

minimize the

distance

the conductors

lifted during the clipping-in operation. For bundle conductor configurations, the traveler that the

frame and shaft should be sufficiently sized so deflection due to load, particularly during

sagging operation, does not cause adjacent sheaves to contact. Excessive deflection can cause difficulty

in sagging individual conductors. 3.5.5 Lining.

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While grooves may be unlined or lined, lining

with

elastomer provides cushioning to increase bearing area and precludes damage to the conductor from scratched or marred to groove scratch surfaces. or mar Steel the pulling surface lines or are

likely

unlined in

grooves; therefore, when such lines are to be used the same groove as conductor, grooves

definitely all

should be lined. It is generally recommended that

sheaves be lined. It is recommended that the total surface of the groove, including lined The to give maximum elastomer used protection for sheave the to top lip, be

the conductor. should be

linings

capable of withstanding all anticipated without becoming brittle or developing flat areas. It should be

temperatures semipermanent hard to

sufficiently

prevent

the conductor from climbing up the side of

the groove. 3.5.6 Electrical Characteristics. Neither lined nor unlined travelers should be on for grounding the conductor being relied

installed.

Greased bearings do not provide necessary conductivity and may be damaged by relatively small currents

passing from the sheave to the body of the traveler. Semiconductive linings, commonly referred to as

conductive linings, tested to date are reported burned with currents as low as 20 mA.
Vol.5 : Page #

The

induced

electrical

charges when

on

conductor in

and the

pulling

lines,

particularly

stringing

proximity of energized lines, must be with traveler grounds that bypass the

drained off linings or

greased bearings, or both. Traveler grounds provide a means to bypass electrically the sheaves and ground the conductor directly to a ground source. After grounding device has experienced fault current, any it

should not be used.

3.5.7

Bundled Configurations. Bundle conductor type travelers for stringing two more subconductors When simultaneously even numbers require of or

special are

considerations.

conductors

strung, a symmetrical arrangement may be used with an equal pulling number line. of An conductors on each center side of the is

independent

sheave

provided only

for the pulling line and should be of to withstand the abrasion of the

suitable material pulling line.

When odd numbers of subconductors are

strung,

the

center one could follow the pulling line in the center sheave. However, this is usually not desirable because of by the

because of the material of the groove or contaminants deposited in this groove

pulling line, or because of both.

Vol.5 : Page #

Offset-type bundle

conductor travelers are used that balance the load by properly conductors spacing on the even side and of the odd number(s) of

each

pulling

force. color-

These travelers are directional and should be coded.

Care should be taken to ensure their proper

orientation. When multiple type between even conductors are strung reduced result light in in bundled

conductor spacing

travelers, grooves in a can very

horizontal conductor too (For

oscillation, severe to

crosswind, sagging.

permit

satisfactory 5.4

example, groove permitted

spacing of of

conductor in a

diameters crosswind

sagging

conductors

condition that

repeatedly prevented conductor

sagging with a because

groove spacing of 2.7 of very active

diameters

conductor oscillation.)

When stringing multiple conductors around line angles in excess of 5, bundle conductor travelers are the

required traveler, with length during sheaves

until the running board passes through but should be replaced prior travelers to provide to

sagging wire

single-type

proper

in the clipped-in position. sagging for the horizontal

It is spacing

desirable of the to

to match the final subconductor

spacing

aid in preventing subconductor sag mismatch. Some bundle conductor travelers may be converted to

single conductor type travelers.

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Multisheave running

bundle

conductor

type

travelers complement

and each

boards must be designed to

other and work in unison. be used is,

Running boards should only They should be not (that

used to pull in conductors.

to line up the conductors with an anchor running boards should be not pulled

sideways.) load

Running

boards should have their safe

working

displayed.

It is recommended that all running boards

and swivel links be proof tested to 50% over the safe working speeds load. During stringing, normal running pulling board

should be maintained when the

approaches a traveler. 3.5.8 Helicopter Travelers. Helicopter guide the travelers utilize outrigger arms of that the

pilot line into the throat These outriggers are

area

traveler. painted loaded to

usually the air.

brightly SpringFor be

be easily seen from

gates are employed to contain the line.

bundle conductor travelers, additional guides may utilized to funnel the lines into the proper The that during design of helicopter travelers should are not required on the After

groove. be such

personnel

structure initial

placement of the pilot line.

placement of the line by helicopter, normal stringing practices are employed. Helicopter travelers are directional, and care
Vol.5 : Page #

must

be

exercised

to

orient

them

properly

on

the

structures. if the

Due to the rotor wash of the helicopter , attachment method of travelers does not

prevent twisting, this Some purpose. standard

yaw bars should be utilized for

travelers

may

be

converted

to

helicopter type by the addition of accessory parts. 3.5.9 Uplift Rollers and Hold-Down Blocks. Uplift rollers that attach to the traveler or hold-

down blocks that are separate devices must be used at positions where uplift might occur. Uplift can occur

with the pulling line during the stringing operation, due to its higher tension to weight ratio and, much occur points rollers uplift flatter sag. in of hilly the thus, to low

This condition is most likely terrain at the towers in or the

pull.

Hold-down

blocks

uplift the the be

should

be used in these cases. will normally stop

Since when can

condition

conductors(s) removed prior

arrive, to

hold-down

blocks the

that

the arrival of

conductor(s) Uplift usually the a the

without stopping the pulling should be used. devices that directional, pulling breakaway pulling attach to bundle travelers are and are usually positioned should of

towards have of

end. feature

These in the

devices event

fouling

line or incorrect installation.

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Vol.5 : Page #

Chapter-4 Stringing Procedure

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_____________________________________________________________________ _ CHAPTER FOUR _____________________________________________________________________ _ STRINGING PROCEDURE Back to Contents Page 4.1

Steps of stringing : Back to Contents Page The stringing procedure is broadly divided into the

following steps. i) ii) Paying out & stringing of earth wire. Paying out & stringing of conductor.

iii) Final sagging of earthwire & conductor. iv) v) 4.2 Regulation. Clipping and fixing of accessories.

Stringing of Earthwire Back to Contents Page

4.2.1

Paying out of earthwire Back to Contents Page Normally stringing of earthwire is done manually

since handling the earthwire get damaged on easily. First,

is easy and it does not earthwire rollers are

provided towers

the earth peaks of all

the

suspension earthwire

in the section. Before hoisting of

rollers, it may be ensured that the rollers are free

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from

friction. during

This

will

ensure operation

correct to be

sag

as

measured

sagging to may be

available A to

after transferring lineman/ fitter ensure green At

the suspension clamp. kept on each tower

free running flag

of the rollers with a red &

and whistle. is

the starting end of a section, earthwire reel on roller jacks or horizontal turn

mounted

table. manually

The earthwire is pulled from tower to tower or by using a the earthwire

tractor. After reaching the next tower is passed through the suspended

earthwire rope and be taken

rollers with the help of a

polypropylene

paying out is continued further. Care should that the earthwire is not pulled over

rocks, stones, surface.

boulders etc. to avid scratches on its

After one length of earthwire reel is exhausted, second section. length of wire is paid out for the

the

balance

Midspan joint for earthwire is

compressed

on the ground joining the two lengths. 4.2.2 Jointing of earthwire : Back to Contents Page Midspan joints for earthwire consists of a galvanised MS tube with internal diameter matching with sleeve plugs as the is a

outer

diameter of earthwire. An aluminum over the MS sleeve with end

provided

Vol.5 : Page #

protective cover to avoid rusting.

Relevant approved

drawings are referred for the details. The aluminium sleeve and one plug are first inserted and The the the the

through one end of the earthwire. The other plug steel cutting earthwire edge. The sleeve are inserted to the other end.

of the earthwire is done after gripping with binding wire say 25 mm away from binding wire shall be removed after

edge is inserted into the tube. The cut edge of the wire shall be free from burring of edges. The ends of the wires are inserted into the sleeve equal in length from both sides. This can by marking half the length of the be ensured

steel sleeve on is done

both ends of the earthwire. The compression

with the help of a hydraulic compressor using suitable sized dies to a compression of 100 T/sqare inch. The

compression should start from the centre of the tube and continued the progressively outwards. & After cross checked by the

compressing section for

steel portion, the length be

of the compressed portion shall and dia as

elongation

recommended

manufacturer. All sharp edges on the surface of the joint shall filed off and smoothened. The aluminum sleeve be is

passed over steel portion and end plugs are at both ends. The compression is done with
Vol.5 : Page #

inserted suitable

size

dies

similarly as explained

above

for

steel

portion cross

and the surface is smoothened and length & section of the compressed joint verified with

drawings. Similar practice is used for compression of dead end

cone and earthwire jumper cones. In case any crack in any one of the 7 strands is observed, a joint be provided. Any sharp kink in the earthwire should should

be cut and joined with a midspan joint. 4.2.3 Sagging and final tensioning Back to Contents Page After paying out the earthwire over the length of the section, one end of the earthwire is connected to the earth cone. From the tension tower on the other side of the peak of the tower with compressed dead end

section, the earthwire is pulled

to a rough

tension at

less than final tension. By holding the earthwire this tension on the ground, bolted come-along

clamps 60

are fixed to the earthwire at a distance of about

mtrs (depending on the rough sag condition and height of tower this may be varied) from the sagging tower. The come-along clamp is connected with 10 dia steel wire rope through a set of or two 12mm sheave of to

pulleys and the wire rope is passed through a set single sheave pulleys along the body of the tower
Vol.5 : Page #

hand

operated winch installed on the leg

of

the

tower. The earthwire is tensioned by pulling the wire rope initially by a Tractor until approximate sag achieved. Finally, the rope is pulled through is the The

hand winch to the correct sag of the earth wire.

free end of the earthwire hanging from the come-along clamp is picked up and passed through a pulley placed on the earthwire peak of the tower. The wire free end is pulled along the catenary rope from the come-along clamp to curve the of

earth

peak making provision for the length of tension clamp with dead end cone. This point is marked of the by an

adhesive

tape/wire

and

the free end

wire

is brought down. The earthwire is cut at the marking and the dead end cone is compressed. The compressed cone is hoisted to the earthwire rope peak by

connecting pulley The more at

a polypropylene the earthwire peak.

passed

through

hand winch is further tightened to pull up earthwire length to cone facilitate bolting of winch

some the is

tension released

to the earth peak. The hand and

and the pulleys wire ropes

come-along

clamps are removed. Suitable adjustment in the aerial roller can difference board be done to equalize the length or can be considered while measuring the any sag

elevation. The method of sagging by

placement

of sag board is explained in the sagging operation of

Vol.5 : Page #

conductor

which in principle is similar and earthwire also.

can

be

adopted for the 4.2.4 Clipping

Back to Contents Page After to be final sagging is completed, the earthwire transferred from the aerial rollers on has the

suspension towers to the earthwire suspension clamps. The point where the earthwire touches the the aerial

roller

pulley

is marked for fixing

suspension

clamp in correct vertical position. The earthwire is lifted from roller by means of a of

ratchet

hoist/pull lift from the earthwire

peak

the tower and roller is removed. The earthwire is fixed to the tower body by D shackle and then centre marked of the earthwire clamp is matched of the earthwire. The saddle with of

clamp the the the is the

point

clamp is tightened with U bolts. The lever released to let the earthwire freely hang

hoist in

suspension clamp. It should be ensured that the length of the

suspension

clamp from the suspension cotter of the

earthwire peak to the saddle where earthwire finally rests should be equal to the length of the aerial

roller from cotter of earthwire peak to the top side groove of the pulley wheel. 4.2.5 Fixing of hardware accessories
Vol.5 : Page #

Back to Contents Page Earthwire vibration on either the distance is adopted is provided The with stock bridge be type fixed

dampers.

no. of dampers to

side of the tension/suspension tower and from the suspension clamp/tension as per the manufacturer's span length. The cone

recommendations operation taken of up

depending fixing

upon

of vibration

dampers

should be

immediately after fixing of suspension clamps. Flexible copper bonds are provided to connect the

earthwire to the tower body, to improve to is

conductivity FCB is

earth. For each suspension/tension clamp one provided. As copper bond is theft prone, it

better if this is fixed just before charging of line. At of tension towers, the tension clamps on both earthwire peak are joined by an earthwire at both ends by galvanised the continuity of jumper the sides jumper, cone

compressed for

maintaining

earthwire

between the two substations. The length of the earthwire reels normally in

manufactured

is around 2000 mtrs. For stringing

normal sections, midspan joints are used in reaches exceeding sections earthwire restringing 2000 for mtrs major length. rivers, But the in river crossing joint in

midspan

is not recommended due to the difficulty in in case of failure of joint. Special

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reels of for 4.3 this

about 4000 purpose.

mtrs length have to be procured

Stringing of conductor Back to Contents Page

4.3.1

Guying of Towers Back to Contents Page Before where commencement of stringing, the the stringing is to be started angle have towers to be

provided with guy supports for all the three

phases.

The guys used generally are 20mm steel wire rope. The guys cross are arms attached to the tower at the tip of the

and centre of the bridge, to the

strain

plates with suitable D shackles. The guys are anchored in the ground at an angle of 45 degrees end or less from the horizon, attached For making dead end anchors to in dead the

anchors.

ground, pits of 1.5mx0.6m, for a depth of 1.5m can be dug. fig.4.1 A set of steel beam and channels as tied in the centre with 16mm wire shown rope, in is

lowered and the pit is back filled while

compacting. wire

The guy wire is attached to the dead end anchor with the help of turn buckles of 10 tonnes Alternately, dead instead of burried ground

capacity. anchors, a on

weights of sag 5 to 10 tonnes can be placed

the ground and sag wire attached to them securely. After pulling up the slackness in the guy, it is

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tightened by the turn buckle. Excessive tightening of the guy should be avoided. It is advisable to tighten the guy progressively at the time of rough sagging of the conductor. 4.3.2 Insulator hoisting : Back to Contents Page 4.3.2.1 Transportation of Insulators The required no. of insulators shall be to the tower locations In transported

with the wooden packing. out, fresh damages

case the packing is found to be worn has to be done in order to

packing

avoid

during transport. The crates shall be opened at the tower location. The Insulator hoisting of is done well out in advance of Hence, of

commencement

paying

operation.

transport should be completed before commencement paying out.

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In 400 KV S.C

suspension towers, single suspension I string For middle phase,

120 KN disc Insulators are used.

we use V strings consisting of 2 strings of 90 KN insulators suspended from both ends of the joined in the strings 400KV For centre by Yoke plate. bridge and Recently, V used in

for all the three phases are being single and double circuit suspension

towers. used. discs

tension towers, double tension string

is

All the insulator strings consist of 23 no. of in series. At major river crossings for

suspension utilised

towers

double suspension strings are being

for reasons of more safety. 4.3.2.2 Hoisting After opening of the crates, insulators shall be laid in series, on wooden planks below the suspension with grease water and or

points.

The insulators shall be cleaned

and wiped dry with clean cloth free from

oil. Insulators shall be checked for any chipping crack and shall be replaced with new one if

found string be 6

defective. The no. of insulators required for

shall be joined and `R' clips in the clevis shall expanded to avoid slippage of the pin. 4 to

insulators are generally joined at the works and packed in a crate. The

manufacturer's of all be to

joints

insulators should be checked and `R' clips should expanded. If any `R' clip is missing, the same is
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be made good. The hardware of the string on the tower side by is assembled and joined to the first ball eye. The details of hardware insulator for

fitting The

suspension fitting are given in fig 4.2.

bottom roller. checked

insulator is joined to the twin moose aerial The 3 wheels of the aerial rollers should be for free running. The neoprene rubber cushion on the outer

rollers shall

shall be checked for any cracks/wearing out and be changed if required.

As mentioned earlier the position of the conductor in the centre of suspension clamp of the fitting shall

be matching with the position in the roller Necessary

grooves. of

adjustment shall be made in the length

the aerial roller connector as required.

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A single sheave pulley is fixed to the cross arm very near to the suspension hanger. A 20 mm passed brought firmly complete through the pulley and polypropylene rope both the ends rope is are is The by of

to the ground. One end of the tied below the 3rd or 4th

insulator. up

string with aerial roller is lifted

pulling the rope through a pulley attached to one the shows tower the legs by using hoisting After to the of tractor/manually. insulators the top with the and

Fig.4.3 tension is is

fittings. attached

reaching

string string

suspension

hanger

released slowly to hang free. In hoisting the V string for centre phase, the method is in general same but 2 pulleys are to be attached rope string the the both plate

near the suspension point of the V string and a is away waist the attached from to pull side ways and keep the tower until it is clear the of

level. Before hoisting of the V strings are joined in the centre by

string, yoke

and the aerial roller is suspended from the centre of the yoke plate.

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4.3.3

Paying out of pilot wire Back to Contents Page In tension stringing, a pilot wire is used the conductor. The pilot wire is to pull laid

initially

through the centre wheel of the aerial roller. A 12 mm dia pilot wire is generally used for of laid pulling be wire the

twin moose ACSR conductor. The pilot wire can length by length and joined with pilot

connectors

or it can be pulled from one side of

section after each drum is paid out. At power line crossings, the pilot wire is laid both the sides and free ends are joined after from

obtaining

shutdown of the powerline. Scaffoldings shall be

provided for P&T and road crossings before paying out of the pilot wire. 4.3.4 Position of tensioner and puller : Back to Contents Page The paying out of conductor is done generally between two tension towers. The puller machine can be

positioned

behind the tension tower on one side and

the tensioner in front of the tension tower on the other side. bull wheels The of entry of the pilot wire into the out

the puller machine and running

from tensioner as possible. anchored

machine should be as nearly horizontal Both the machines should be securely ground

with two dead end anchors in the

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and slackness

is removed in the stay. Reel winder

shall be positioned at convenient distance of say 10 to to 15 mtrs behind the puller. Conductor drums have

be transported to the tensioner site as per the drum schedule for the section to avoid

approved wastage

and small bit lengths being left over. conductor selection

For twin moose stringing of one phase, two drums are mounted on two roller jacks. The

of drum shall be such that no midspan joint will come within 30 mtrs of any tower. The placement of drum jacks should be such that angle of conductor approach into the to of of the bull avoid the the 30 of reel the

lateral wheel rubbing outer drums mtrs outer should

through guide rollers is low enough on the sides and creating loosening strands and birdcaging. The distance

from the tensioner shall be at least 25 to so as to distribute the effect of due to low back tension. sliding The in

strands

be positioned so that it will rotate

same direction as the bull wheels. 4.3.5 Paying out of conductor : Back to Contents Page For passing the conductor through the bull wheels of

the tensioner, a 25 mm polypropylene rope is initially wound over each bull wheel pair in the same way as the conductor will pass during running. The ropes are

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connected to the conductors. The conductor run be from the top side of the drum. The rope is by pass

shall pulled to are sub

starting the tensioner at low pay out tension the conductor out through the bull guide to wheels rollers. the means and The

brought conductors

through are

attached by

equalizer of wire

pulley/running mesh/endsocks

board and

swivel joints.

The pilot wire is

attached to the other swivel joint. At the puller

end of the running board with

site, the pilot wire

is

pulled

to wire and

remove all slackness using the reel winder. The is passed through bull wheels of the puller

connected can be

to the reel winder machine. The initially set for a tension of 2

tensioner to 2.5

tonnes. Caution should be made over the wireless hand set the to all the staff who are at middle points and tensioner operator that pulling is about so that they can stay clear of pilot to to be

started

wire.

The puller is started to draw up the pilot wire until the bull wheels of the tensioner start moving.

Fig.4.4

& 4.5 show paying out of

Bundle

conductors

with tensioner and puller. the pilot wire

Care should be taken that entangled while in trees, up

does not get

scaffoldings,

aerial

rollers etc.

going

during tensioning. This can be monitored by the staff who are posted in between the section and guiding the
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puller of the

operator over the wireless sets. The conductor may be done at a moderate

pulling speed

while the running board is passing through the aerial rollers. The tension in the tensioner must be adjusted so that the conductors travel well over the ground. In long

spans where conductor is likely to touch the ground rollers may be placed so that the

ground, conductor

can pass without any scratches.

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The back tension of the conductor behind the tensioner has to be maintained as per the requirement of the tensioner deployed. The back tension is adjusted by

means of brakes provided on the drum jack. A ground shall be connected to the conductor and wire before paying out near the tensioner and which shall be earthed at the nearest tower.

running pilot puller

Both the sub-conductors of one phase which are to pulled should be from the same and preferably

be

supplier/manufacturer This will help

from the same lot.

avoid different conductor sag characteristics. The speed of pulling of the conductor should be that to achieve smooth operation. Slower speeds such may and can

cause significant swinging of the running blocks insulator hardware assemblies. Higher speeds

create greater damage in case of malfunction. The tension applied during stringing generally is of may

about half the sagging tension. When long lengths conductors are strung, the tension at the puller

be higher than that at tensioner due to the length of conductor travellers, strung, number in and performance of of

differences

elevation

supporting

structures etc. Light and steady back tension should be maintained on the conductor reels at all times sufficient to

prevent over-run in case of sudden stoppage. It must also be sufficient to cause the conductor
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to

lie

snugly in the first groove of the bull wheel slack in the conductor between bull

to

prevent

wheels. brake off.

It may be necessary periodically to loosen the on the reel stand as the conductor is paid

Fig.4.6 indicates paid out bundle conductors. As the conductor is unwound from the reel loose, in at and a

straightens condition diameter point

out, the outer strands become that is particularly noticeable

large the

conductor and can be best observed

at which it leaves the reel. As the

conductor

enters the bull wheel groove, the pressure of contact tends to push the loose outer strands back towards to this get has

the reel where the looseness accumulates, leading a condition commonly known as bird caging. is not controlled, the strands If can

condition

damaged to the extent that the damaged conductor to be cut and removed.

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This

problem

can

be remedied

by

allowing

enough

distance between the reel and tensioner to permit the strand looseness to distribute along the length enough and of conductor and simultaneously intervening maintaining core outer

back tension on the reel to stretch the

inner strands to sufficiently tighten the

strands. Sub may conductor oscillation or clashing of occur or in bundled conductor lines. to conductors Temporary prevent

spacers

other means may be required

damage of conductor surfaces prior to installation of spacers. Temporarily positioning of one sub conductor above another is to be avoided as different may produce sub conductor mismatch tensions the

unless

tensions are low and duration short enough so that creep does the strands not set in. Conductor clashing can and produce slivers which can damage result

in radio noise generation.

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Platforms

shall

be

erected

with

sturdy

bellies, where

roads, rivulets, channels, telecommunication or overhead power lines, railway lines, etc. have to operations. interrupted 4.3.6 It or shall be seen that be crossed during stringing normal services are not

damage caused to property.

Repairing of conductor : Back to Contents Page Repairs to conductors, in the event of damage being the

caused to isolated strands of a conductor during

course of erection, if necessary, shall be carried out during the running out operations, with repair

sleeves. Repairing of conductor surface shall be done only in case of minor damage,scuff marks etc. keeping in view both electrical sleeves and may mechanical be used when safe the

requirements. damage conductor sixth 4.3.7 of

Repair

is limited to the outer most layer of the and is equivalent to not more than one

the strands of the outer most layer.

Jointing of conductor : Back to Contents Page Just before one length of the conductor paying out is completed another drum has to be deployed in beside stopped puller the by first drum. The paying out has advance to be the of

braking the tensioner and The paid out

stopping conductor

simultaneously.

first drum is held with bolted come-along clamps at a

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distance

of

40 to 50 mtrs from the

tensioner.

The

come- along clamps are attached to the ground

anchor

stays. The conductor of the first drum is held and the free end is cut. The free end of the second drum is

also prepared. The two ends are joined with a wire mesh midspan releasing

socks.

The paying out is again started by

the come along clamps until the midspan socks emerges outside the tensioner and pulling is stopped. After

anchoring, the conductor is slowly drawn out from the two end socks. The midspan socks is removed and in

midspan compression joint is made.

Various steps

making compression joints are shown in Fig 4.7. Maximum conductor length shall be made use of in

order to reduce the number of joints. All the on the conductor shall be of compression with for the which recommendations all necessary

joints in the and

type, of

accordance manufacturer

tools

equipments like compressor, die sets of correct size etc. The shall be arranged. conductor any surface shall be clean smooth and cuts, with

without abrasions an

projections,

sharp

points,

etc. Conductor joint shall be coated mix of linseed oil and as be zinc

approved

chromate by

immediately suppliers. assesbling.

before Surplus

final mix

assembly shall

recommended removed

after

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The aluminum filler holes in the MSCJ should be to verify the centering of the joint. It that the filler holes are should

used be

ensured starting

filled

before The

compression

of the Aluminium

sleeve.

conductor joints shall be minimum 30 meters away from any towers. No joints or splices is allowed in single spans. Midspan joints shall not be used in any single span crossings such as major power lines, major fitting should the or

rivers, used be

railway lines etc. Compression type

shall be of self centering type or care

taken to mark the conductors to indicate when is centered properly. During compression

fitting

splicing operation, the conductor shall be handled in such a manner as to prevent lateral or vertical

bearing against the dies.

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After pressing the joint, both the aluminum and steel

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sleeve sharp

shall edges

have all corners removed and

rounded,

burrs

and

smoothened

using

smooth

files. Similar practice is used for pressing dead end cone of the tension insulator hardware. After making midspan joint, the joint is covered with joint over protector sleeves which is designed to pass the is

the aerial roller grooves without compression until sufficient joint. The

damaging out

midspan continued end in

paying

the conductor reaches the puller length to be connected is held to the come to and

tension hardware. along clamps

The

conductor

with

on both tensioner and puller ends The pilot wire is disconnected

ground anchors.

paying out of next phase can be started or machines shifted to next reach. 4.3.8 Rough sagging of conductor Back to Contents Page Before sagged final to sagging the conductor, it is the rough final of to

a tension slightly less than

tension. Since final sagging is done from one end the section, the conductor is initially attached

the double tension string assembly on the other end. For doing rough sagging, initially the double tension string assembly is assembled with insulators and

hardware and hoisted to the cross arms/bridge as done in the case of suspension towers. The dead end
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cones

are

compressed on both the sub conductor a

ends.

The

conductor is held by comealong clamps at of help

distance the the of the

5 to 6 mtrs from the dead end cones and with of a pulley connected to a ground is pulled to slacken the anchor, free end to

conductor

conductor (sufficient length to be attached hoisted insulator string assembly). By holding the conductor with pulley, the

dead

end

cones are attached to the tension string. The is slowly released and the conductor will

pulley haul-up pulley

itself

to the top. The come along clamps and

etc. are removed. 4.3.9 Final sagging of conductor Back to Contents Page The sagging sagging conductor of the conductor shall After being be done sagged using the the

winches. shall

rough

not be allowed to hang in

stringing blocks for more than 96 hours before being pulled The to the specified sag. and sagging shall be done in

tensioning

accordance the

with the approved stringing charts are finally attached to the

before towers the

conductors the

through conductor

insulator

strings.

Only

after

is rough

sagged on the adjacent section,

final sagging can avoid overloading

be done in the preceding section to of towers. For doing the sagging

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operation, a span has to be selected in the section to fix the sag board and check the sag.

In the event of using sag tension charts showing sags in each of the actual spans and tension in each

section, usual practice is to place the sag boards in the longest span of the section, and in a span the difference of elevation in the two where

suspension

points is minimum. In case of referring the general sag tension charts

for spans with 5 mtr increment in length and 2 degree centigrade raise of temperature, the equivalent has to be calculated for all the spans in span the

section. The following formula is used. L13 + L23 +... Equivalent Span (L) = (sq. root of) ------------- L1 + L 2 L1, L2 - Individual spans in a section A span in the section is to be chosen which is to the equivalent span with a maximum equal of

variation

plus or minus 2.5 mtrs. The tension and sag

required

are to be noted for the prevailing actual temperature at the time of checking the sag. Sag board is to be

fixed to a tower on one side of the span by measuring the level sag length using after steel taps from the cross vertical insulator arm and

adjusting for

other hardware lengths. On the other tower

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(sighting

end), a thread is to be horizontally tied at the same measured elevation from the cross arm. The tension insulator strings are hoisted on the tower. The details The with of all

hardware fittings held

tension are

are shown in fig.4.8.

conductors to

by come-along clamps and attached

separate 40 and four yoke

four sheave pulleys at sufficient distance of say to 50 mtrs depending upon rough sag of the tower. The other ends condition of the side The

height sheave plate

pulleys are connected to the line of the double tension string.

pulling a the is the

wires of the four sheave pulley are passed through set tower done of single sheave pulleys along the body to with the ground level. The initial the help of tractor/truck of

pulling .Then

pulling ropes are attached to hand winches mounted on the legs of the tower or power winches duly

anchored. Wooden the four sheave

cross pulley to

bars are tied to the body of and held by ropes in a

horizontal position four A view

avoid over turning of the

sheave pulley and twisting of the pulling wires. of final sagging is shown in fig.4.9.

The conductor is brought into final sag position with the help of winches and the sag is checked by end the

sighting sag

far end sag board from behind the near by matching Sighting elevation tangent of

thread

conductor curve.

should be done

keeping

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sufficient

distance

from

the

sag

line

to

avoid

parallax error.

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Vol.5 : Page #

After

reaching is

the final sag, the free end up and the pulled line by of

of rope the

the conductor and pulley The

picked

attachment conductor is be done

along

string.

marked at the point where cutting is to dead end cone is to be pressed. The

and

free ends of the conductors are brought down and cut near the marking and dead end cones are pressed. The four sheave pulley is slightly tightened to

facilitate attaching the dead end cone to the tension assembly. slowly pulleys 4.3.10 After fixing, brought the four and sheave all pulley clamps is and

released,

down

are removed.

Regulation : Back to Contents Page If the running blocks/aerial rollers which are used to string conductor are not frictionless, it can cause problems during sagging operation. If one or more of the travellers become jammed, sagging can become very difficult. A running block swinging in the direction of the pull can be an indication sagging of a defective occur, the block. the If

unforeseen

difficulties

block

should be checked. Tensions applied to

conductor sudden,

to overcome sticky or jammed blocks can cause

abrupt movement of the conductor in the sag spans and quickly cause loss of sag, particularly, if the

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conductor is already very close to final sag. Care shall be taken to eliminate the sub-conductor as far as differential sags in However, sag

possible.

mismatching more than 40 mm shall not be allowed. For checking the mismatch of the sub conductors horizontal, a theodolite shall be placed in with the

alignment of the phase near the tower. The

vertical

angle is raised to match the horizontal cross hair to touch the tangent of the sub conductors. Mismatch can be corrected by adjusting the sag using the sag

adjustment plates. 4.3.11 Clipping of conductors : Back to Contents Page The clipping of the conductor follows sagging

operation. This entails removing the conductors from the rollers attached up to and placing them in suspension Before is clamps taking earthed

the insulator string. operation, the

clipping

conductor

properly on held

suspension towers.

The conductors are

with hooks

at 2 mtrs away from the aerial wire rope is connected to

roller on both sides. A both the hooks passed

through a pulley positioned on

the cross arm tip in series with a pull-lift/ratchet lever hoist/four or two sheave pulley. The centre of the aerial roller is marked on the

conductor. The conductor is raised by about 75 to 100

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mm and the aerial roller is removed and rope and pulley. The suspension clamp

lowered and

by

armoured

rods are fixed with neoprene rubber cushions centered over the marking. The suspension clamp is placed over the armored and clamped to with U bolts. The suspension the string and the lifting clamp device rods is is with The

connected

released. The insulator string will hang freely the conductors suspended in the clamps.

verticality of the string may be checked with plumbbob. Care should be taken to prevent any damage to the

conductor while being lifted by hooks. Gunny bags or rubber pads may be used around the conductor to

prevent damage to the outer strands. 4.3.12 Fixing of line spacers : Back to Contents Page Following the clipping operations for bundled

conductor lines, spacers are usually installed. This is done by placing personnel on the conductors with the use of a to conductor ride from cycle normally to known as

spacer-cycle

structure

structure.

Depending on the length of line to be spaced and the equipment available, or diesel powered. cycles may be hand powered

Care must be exercised to ensure that the concentrated

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load of the man, car and equipment does the sag sufficiently to cause hazards (spacers, repair sleeves, midspan

not

increase

by obstructions etc.) over

joints

which the cycle will pass. The installation of the spacers on the conductor of with

varies with span length, the type and manufacture the spacer and is normally done in accordance

the manufacturer's recommendations duly approved. The spacer cycle is hoisted on the bundle at one the

tension

end. In case of engine powered

cycles,

spacer cycle is normally provided with travel with

meter, re-

the help of which the spacers are fixed at

quired distances as per the placement chart. In case of hand powered cycles, the personnel pulling the

cycle with rope measure the distances on ground and placement is done on the top. A number of models of spacers are being manufactured and the method of

installation varies with the design of the spacers. After reaching the next suspension tower, the is transferred clamp to the next span with the help of by crossing crossing cycle the ropes

suspension

provided in the cycle. In case of spans crossing HT/LT lines, care should be taken while drawing the spacer cycle with rope. electrical spacer clearance should be maintained to Safe the the

cycle and rope. For crossing the

lines,

rope shall be drawn up to the cycle, and brought down

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after crossing the line, keeping sufficient clearance from the to line. The person on the cycle cross over the section above can the travel power

himself line. 4.3.13

Installation of dampers : Back to Contents Page Vibration dampers/spacer dampers are normally on the conductors immediately following placed to

clipping

prevent any possible damage because of vibrations to the conductors, which at critical tensions and wind conditions can occur in a matter of hours. In lines where dampers and spacer dampers are installed, number per the

vibration of dampers

need not be installed. The spacing are provided as

instructions of the manufacturer. 4.3.14 Jumpering Back to Contents Page The jumpers at the section/angle towers shall be

formed to parabolic shape to ensure minimum clearance requirements. Pilot suspension insulator string shall be used if found necessary (Generally where angle deviation is more than 45 degrees), to restrict of the

jumper swings to the design values at both middle and outer ground, phases. Clearance between the jumpers conductors shall and be the

and the tower steel work

checked during erection and before commissioning

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line. While jumpering is made, a local earthing should made due to avoid any static discharge that might to the voltage induced on the line by be

occur

existing

power lines in the vicinity. Care should be taken to leave jumpers for one angle as

tower in a continuous stretch of 25 to 30 kms, so

to prevent transmission of electric shock. These left out jumpering can be taken up during final

inspections. The individual sections jumpered shall be kept earthed commissioning. The Hence jumpers in general are 10 to 15 mtrs in length. for and earth shall be removed only before

left over bits of conductor shall be used

jumpering. For installation of jumpers, the

distance

between the jumper pads of dead end cones is measured by passing a rope in the shape of a jumper and by end. length

checking Conductor

vertical clearance from the cross arm is cut after making adjustment in

for the jumper cone dimension. The inner and outer conductor of the bundled jumper are of different lengths, which shall be measured plane of the

separately. the

This will ensure a horizontal

jumper bundle when installed. After cutting jumper cone is pressed using

conductor,

hydraulic

compressor. The conductors are laid out on the ground parallelly and spacers are fixed as per
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the

fixing

instructions. The jumper is hauled up from both of the tension clamps and jumper cone is attached the connector of the dead end cone.

ends to

Clearance to the

tower body shall be checked as per the drawing. 4.3.15 Paying out through angle towers : Back to Contents Page In order to of reduce wastage of of conductor, the

possibility

paying-out

conductor

through

angle towers using TSE may be considered. Here the running blocks or rollers are fixed to the

cross-arm peaks through sufficiently long of 20

steelropes may be

mm dia measuring maximum 30 cm. care that the pulling is done slowly and

taken

smoothly

when the equalizer pulley no jerks

passes the roller, so that peak. Cross arm

comes to the cross arm

stays may be provided as a precautionary measures. If substantial line angles are involved, two blocks bending in tandem of may the be required or to running the each

reduce on

radius

conductor

load

running block or both.

Where bundle conductor running

blocks are used at line angle more than 5, it is advisable to change to individual single conductor

running blocks after passage of the running board to facilitate sagging match accurate for the sagging. It is of desirable the during to

horizontal

spacing

sheaves to

final

subconductor

spacing

avoid

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subconductor sag mismatch. However, if any noticeable damage is sustained to the conductor, this procedure should be abandoned. 4.3.16 Transposition arrangement : Back to Contents Page In 400 KV S/C and D/C lines, the 3 phases are

transposed in equal lengths of 1/3rd distance of the line to achieve equal mutual coupling between the

phases and earth. Normally, C type towers without any angle of

deviation are placed at 1/3rd, 2/3rd and at the end of the transmission line (about 2 to 3 spans before tower tower save are

the terminal gantry).If possible, transposition should be placed at section tower where B type with 0 degree is already proposed otherwise, to the cost. In lines where double circuit portions constructed in forest reaches, major river

crossing

reaches etc. if it is possible, the transposition can be done while changing over from double circuit without providing circuit any to

single

extra

transposition tower. The arrangement of transposition involves jumpering to change the phases in the required position. The centre phase and one of the side phases is transposed to the other side of the tower by means of jumper attached to a pilot insulator
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suspended

from the cross arm

tips. The 3rd phase is transposed from one side the tower to the opposite side of the

of

tower on the the tower

farther phase by jumpering through top of

where a small line is strung between the earthwire peaks with two turn are single tension fittings with type T sag and

adjustment connectors the

buckle. on

Compression the line

provided

conductors

jumpers

are

connected of T

using

compressed on the

jumper line

cones.

Compressing

connectors

conductors can final sagging

be done at the time of make up or operation as per the drawing.

Compression of T-connectors after will to be be be very difficult since

saging is completed either the line has

brought down or the compressor machine has to and joint made at line elevation.

hoisted

Fig.4.10 is a view

of 400 KV S/C transposition tower.

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Vol.5 : Page #

4.4

Stringing over river crossing. Back to Contents Page In major river crossings having multi-span section

with suspension towers, there are special arrangements and It dry water have some precautions to be taken during stringing. during there the is

is better to plan stringing activity seasons of the year. In rivers where extra

flow through out the year, to be taken.

precautions major

The method of stringing in

navigable rivers having flow of water through out the year, is explained below. In case of navigable local areas. about

rivers prior intimation should be given to the authorities and boat operators in the nearby

Caution signals shall be raised with red flags 1 km up and down streams of the alignment. 4.4.1 Earthwire

Back to Contents Page Paying out of earthwire cannot be done length by

length as is normally done in ordinary sections. As explained earlier, special drums having full length of the sections are procured for stringing. polypropylene through carrying the the rope of say over 1 km Initially, a is passed by the

length aerial

section rope in

the

rollers out

boats.

After

paying

polypropylene rope the earthwire is attached from one end of the section and pulled by the rope through the
Vol.5 : Page #

aerial rollers. horizontal shall the turn

The earthwire drums are mounted on tables or rolling jacks which

be frictionless.

After pulling for each span,

rope may be passed to the next span manually and may be continued. The T&P

pulling of earthwire required wire of for sagging

also will need longer pulling

four sheave or two sheave pulleys as the

tower heights are very large. 4.4.2 Paying out of conductor Back to Contents Page In multispan reaches of major river crossings the stringing paid the

conductor has to be paid out using tension

equipment. The pilot wire has to be initially out case total one from one end of the section as is done in

of earthwire by using polypropylene rope. The pilot wire reels required have to be end of the section and joined with after each length is kept at wire

pilot

connectors

pulled.

Conductor It

paying out can be done by normal stringing method. is better to procure conductor of

larger length than

normally supplied, to avoid midspan joint of conductor in the river crossing reaches. However, the conductor reels should not be too heavy and cause difficulty in handling and transporting. In case the dead end towers used for the river

crossing

reach are also of special type much taller

Vol.5 : Page #

than the the river of normal

normal

towers, it is advisable

to

string tower at the

crossing size and

reach upto the next angle do double side sagging

Anchor towers. difficult in are

Thus using of long stays which are Also, long stays bending

laying can be avoided. keeping

not reliable

in view the large

moment experienced by the tower For high. with any long spans in river crossings, the sag Care should be taken while checking is the very sag for is near in time

help of sag board so as not to give chance error due to wind load on the conductor. to wind carry out the sagging operation condition. Sub conductor in It

better still large

mismatch

spans shall be avoided completely at the

of erection itself since differential creepage in the conductors may cause large difference in the

conductor elevations. due to the large

In spans exceeding 500 mtrs, sag, pulling of spacer cycle

becomes

very difficult in approaching the tower from Also pulling from the ground may to flow of water. Under these

centre of the span. not be possible due

conditions, good

it is

better

to use powered cycles with

braking arrangement. checked cotter

All bolts & nuts of hardware shall be doubly for tightness, provision of spring washers,

pins etc. to avoid tower failure. 4.5 Stringing over power line crossings
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Back to Contents Page In the alignment of the Transmission line, many power line EHV. crossings While are encountered ranging from major power lines, LT due to to

crossing

limitations reasons

of the tower spotting requirements and

of economy, the minimum clearance of 6.10 Sagging has to from the

mtrs is provided from the 400 KV line. be very accurate shall and be physical checked

clearance after the

power

line

sagging

operation. While where planning the stringing operation in reaches advance

power line crossings are

encountered

action should be taken to obtain line clear permit to work from the utility operating line wire, clear the power line. of The pilot can

can be taken after paying out

earthwire and conductor in sections which

be joined after obtaining the shutdown. In case of power lines upto 33 KV, it is easier and two and

economical to bring down the LT/HT conductors at or three poles. In case of lines of 132 KV

above, bringing down the conductor is very and in many cases the utilities will not

difficult agree for

doing so. of

Any damages to the conductor or insulators lot of

the line to be brought down will cause a

inconvenience and unnecessary outage of the line. It is suggested to request utility to arrange measure few hardware fittings as a and

precautionary

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insulator in order to replace them, if necessary. such cases, special cylindrical rollers

In

fabricated

out of soft wood about 50 cms in length and 30 cms in dia split in cross section with a groove at the may

centre be used. These

to accommodate the conductor of the line

rollers of to

can be mounted on

the

conductor and

or the

earthwire conductor rollers. in one both ends

the power line to be crossed be strung can be drawn

over

these done at

Normally, crossings of major lines is or two spans only with dead end towers

and commonly with a special extension tower Tension stringing difficult and

of suspension type in the middle. of these reaches will be very

unwarranted since the no. of spans is normally limited to two only. placement completed be very

All the activities of paying out, sagging, of line hardware & accessories shall shutdown period since it to carry out operations be will

during

the

difficult afterwards. or it

without

shutdown 18

In spans using special extensions of

25 mtrs, the conductor slope is very high very difficult for placement of bundle

making spacers taken to

using the spacer cycle. by

Precautions should be

holding a control rope from the spacer

cycle

the tower to avoid any accident.

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Chapter-5 Guidelines

Vol.5 : Page #

_____________________________________________________________________ _ CHAPTER FIVE _____________________________________________________________________ _ GUIDELINES Back to Contents Page

GL-1 PRE-STRINGING CHECKS

Back to Contents Page NAME OF LINE ...... SECTION - LOC. NO....... Following preparations need to NAME OF CONTRACTOR ...... TO be made LOC. NO....... before taking up

stringing work. 1.1 1.1.1 Foundation checks Backfilling of soil of foundation should be done

wherever required since back filled earth

might have

settled down with the passage of time. Area should be fairly levelled within four legs. 1.1.2 Revetment / Benching wherever required shall be completed so that there is no danger to foundation during and after stringing work. However, if it is is felt not

that, non-completion of Revetment / Benching going to harm foundation during and after the date. 1.2 Tower checks
Vol.5 : Page #

stringing, on later

same

may be programmed and

executed

1.2.1

The tower shall be checked by two supervisors starting simultaneously from the bottom of the diagonally carried opposite legs. The tower at two be the the

checking tower

shall and

out towards the top of the checking

supervisors will come down other opposite diagonal legs. 1.2.2 It

through

shall be ensured that correct size

of

bolts/nuts

are used and fully tightened. 1.2.3 It shall also be ensured that all bolts/nuts have been provided with spring washers. 1.2.4 A torque wrench may be used at random to ensure

sufficient tightness. 1.2.5 Any missing members shall be provided with correct

size member. 1.3 1.3.1 Way leave clearance In order to maintain cordial relations with the owners for smooth completion of stringing, field it is

desired that compensation of damage of crops during foundation and tower erection is paid to the field owners before taking up stringing work. 1.3.2 Also, wherever of possible and if found necessary, stringing

compensation

crop to be damaged during

may be processed in advance for prompt payment. 1.3.3 Advance precautions should be taken to handle way

leave problem. Rough handling of the issue may spread to nearby villages along the line resulting into total
Vol.5 : Page #

stopage of site activities. 1.4 1.4.1 Tree cutting Immediately after completion issual of detailed survey, Revenue

of notices and valuation of trees by Wherever

Authorities should be taken up. clearance

necessary, taken for

from Forest Authorities may be

tree cutting. 1.4.2 The tree cutting so may be carried out alongwith before

foundations

that the same is

completed

tower erection. 1.4.3 Any left over tree may be removed well in advance order to achieve smooth stringing and in

requisite

electrical clearance. 1.4.4 Tree compensation should be paid possible to gain confidence of as field promptly owners as for

smooth completion of balance construction work. 1.5 1.5.1 Line material & drawings It shall be ensured that all approved line material are and stringing at charts site to drawings with of

latest

revision

available

facilitate

stringing works. Bound 1.5.2 All

Preferably one set of drawing in gang. per

Book shall be available at site with each line material shall be available at site as

requirement. 1.5.3 Though all the line materials are checked for any is

defect before entering into stock Register yet it

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necessary

to keep

constant watch on any other damage.

line

material be at

during stringing for ensured any cost.

It shall used

that no defective line material is

1.6 1.6.1

Tools and plants All the tools and plants shall tools be and required for at is safe and A at

efficient list of

stringing necessary

available plants

site. given

Annexure-S/1. 1.6.2 All the tools and plants shall be tested as per

approved safety norms and relevant test shall be available.

certificates periodic and and

In addition to above,

testing of tools and plants shall be carried out its safe working capacity shall be worked out

recorded. 1.6.3 It shall be ensured that Tension stringing equipments and other measuring instruments are properly

calibrated and relevant certificates are available. 1.7 1.7.1 Personal protective equipments All the persons working on tower or

conductor/Earthwire shall wear safety helmet, safety belt and safety shoes. Similarly all the persons

working on ground shall

wear safety helmet and safety

shoes. List of personal protective equipments is given at Annexure-S/1.

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1.7.2

Safety equipments shall be tested as per safety norms and necessary test certificate shall be available.

Also, a periodic check shall be carried out to ensure requisite strength. 1.8 1.8.1 Manpower Manpower be engaged for the purpose of stringing and competent enough to ensure shall safe,

skilled

smooth and efficient stringing activity. 1.8.2 A list of necessary manpower required for is given at Annexure-S/2. 1.9 1.9.1 Misc Shutdown well in of power line crossings shall Shutdown should be be planned in stringing

advance.

obtained

writing 1.9.2

and lines are dismantled if required.

Similarly for Railway crossing, necessary block shall be planned well in advance. Proper shall be provided before protection taking / up

scaffolding stringing. 1.9.3 Road and

Telephone

line crossings

shall

also

be

provided proper scaffolding and warning signals. 1.9.4 Tower vulnerable both for one side load shall be so guyed as to

properly

at waist and bridge level

avoid any untoward incident. 1.9.5 Wireless communication (walky - talky ) sets in proper working condition. 1.9.6 It shall be ensured that tower footing resistance has
Vol.5 : Page #

shall be

been

measured and found within permissible limit

of

10 ohm. 1.9.7 It shall be and well verified earthwire in advance. that have Drum been is schedules submitted compulsory for and for

conductor approved optimum wastages.

This

use of conductor and earthwire to minimise

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GUIDELINES GL-2 PAYING OUT OF EARTH WIRE Back to Contents Page NAME OF LINE ...... SECTION - LOC. NO....... 2.1 Safety precautions Safety shall be given utmost importance during NAME OF CONTRACTOR ...... TO LOC. NO.......

stringing. The following need to be ensured 2.1.1 Safe working conditions shall be provided at the

stringing site 2.1.2 All persons on tower/earthwire helmet, safety belt and shall wear safety all the

safety shoes and

persons on ground shall wear safety helmet and safety shoes 2.1.3 Immediate Medical Care shall be provided to First Aid Box shall be workmen available

met with accident. at stringing site. 2.1.4

Traveller ground shall be provided between drum and the section tower to avoid any

Earthwire potential

hazards. 2.1.5 Foolproof exist public 2.2 2.2.1 in communication through walkie talkie order to avoid any danger to shall or

workmen

on ground while paying out.

Checking paying out process General

Vol.5 : Page #

a)

Relevant approved drawings as mentioned in para 1.5.1 shall be referred to.

b)

It shall be made sure that paying out is carried as per approved drum schedule.

out

c)

All the pulleys fixed on towers for paying out should move freely to avoid any damage to earthwire or

pulley and to achieve correct final sagging. d) One person on each tower shall be available with and green flags and whistle for supervision red and

communication. e) Walky-Talky sets shall be in good working condition and

for smooth communication between pulling tractor unwinding of E/W drum. f) Earthwire unwound or loose shall be checked constantly as it

is

from earthwire drum for any broken, damage strand. If any defect is noticed and then mid

the defective span joint

portion

has to be removed

provided.

It may be mentioned here that

there is no repair sleeve for earthwire. g) Necessary arrangement shall be made to avoid any

rubbing of earthwire against ground or hard so that earthwire is not damaged. 2.2.2 Details of earthwire Details Location of nos. Manufacturer, between which Drum No., is

surfaces

Length paid

and out,

earthwire

shall be recorded in order to maintain traceability so

Vol.5 : Page #

that

any

problem

encountered

during

operation

and

maintenance failure. 2.2.3 a)

can be properly investigated in case of

Details of M.S. Joint M.S. Joint shall be provided strictly as per approved drawings and technical specifications.

b)

Following details of MS Joint shall be recorded. i) Manufacturer's name and batch number No.1 or 2 and Location nos. between provided. of M.S.Joint before and after

ii) Earthwire which MSJ is iii) Dimensions

compression shall also be recorded and shall be within permissible limits as per approved

drawings. c) M.S.Joint shall be provided from tower. d) There shall not be any M.S.Joint over Road e) Crossing. one Rly/River/Main atleast 30 meters away

Not more than one M.S.Joint shall be provided in span for each earthwire.

Vol.5 : Page #

GUIDELINES GL-3 PAYING OUT OF CONDUCTOR Back to Contents Page NAME OF LINE ...... SECTION - LOC. NO....... 3.1 Safety precaution Safety shall be given utmost importance during NAME OF CONTRACTOR ...... TO LOC. NO.......

stringing. 3.1.1.

The following need to be ensured. conditions shall be provided at the

Safe working stringing site

3.1.2

All persons helmet,

on tower/conductor

shall

wear and

safety all the

safety

belt and safety shoes

persons on ground shall wear safety helmet and safety shoes. 3.1.3 Immediate medical care shall be provided to First Aid Box shall be workmen available

met with accident. at stringing site. 3.1.4

Traveller ground shall be provided between Tensioner/ Puller hazards. and section tower to avoid any potential

3.1.5

Fool proof communication through walkie talkie shall exist in order to avoid any danger to workmen public on ground. or

3.2 3.2.1

Tensioner/puller placing It shall be ensured that Tensioner and Puller are

placed on firm and levelled ground

Vol.5 : Page #

3.2.2

It

shall

be

confirmed

that

Tensioner/Puller

are

firmly anchored with ground with wire rope of atleast 20 mm diameter in order to hold them in place. 3.2.3 It shall be verified that suitable earthing by copper cable of cross section of atleast for both puller and Tensioner. 3.2.4 Slope of pilot wire/conductor between Tensioner/puller and section tower shall be approximately three This 64 mm is provided

horizontal is essential

to one vertical as far as possible. to restrict the load on

traveller

and section towers. 3.2.5 It is also necessary that horizontal angle of pilot

wire/conductor between Tensioner/Puller and tower shall be as minimum as possible in

section order sides to of

avoid damages to pilot wire/conductor and grooves of bull wheels. 3.3 3.3.1 Conductor drum placing It shall be ensured that there is enough

distance avoid

between brid

tensioner and conductor drum so as to and breaking of conductor

caging

strands. will serve

Generally

a distance of 25 to 30 meters

the purpose. 3.3.2 Horizontal tensioner angle should of conductor as it approaches rubbing

be small enough to avoid

of sides of grooves. 3.3.3 Horizontal angle of conductor as it leaves

Vol.5 : Page #

conductor

drum

should

be

small enough to

avoid

rubbing

of

conductor on side flanges. 3.3.4 It shall be verified that braking device is

functioning properly for conductor drum to get desired level of control during paying out operation. 3.4 3.4.1 Sequence of paying out It shall be ensured that earthwire is already paid

out before taking up paying out of conductors. 3.4.2 It out shall be checked that proper sequence of paying and of

is maintained in order to avoid any clashing

damage to conductors and to avoid any unbalancing loads on towers.

For this purpose following sequence

shall be maintained. a) In case of D/C line, sequence of paying out of

conductor shall be from top to downwards. b) In case of S/C line, sequence of paying out of outer phases are completed

conductor is that

before taking up middle phase. 3.5 3.5.1 a) Insulator hoisting Checking of Insulators Insulators shall be completely cleaned with soft clean cloth. b) It shall be verified that there is no crack or any and

other damage to insulators. c) It is very important to ensure that 'R' clips in

insulator caps are fixed properly.

Vol.5 : Page #

This is a security

measure to avoid disconnection of insulator discs. d) Necessary damage precautions shall be taken so that no In

to insulators is caused during hoisting.

case of damage, the same needs to be replaced. e) Details of insulators (i.e. Type, Make, KN, & Batch )

No.), No. of discs,

Loc. No. and phase (R, Y or B

are to be properly recorded. 3.5.2 a) Checking of Suspension Fitting It shall be verified that necessary hardware as per approved drawings is provided for fitting insulator

strings. b) It shall be checked that there is no damage to any

component of hardware fittings. c) It shall be verified that all nuts and bolts are

tightened properly. d) It shall be made sure that all the necessary pins (split pins) are fixed properly as per drawings. e) Details No.), of suspension fitting (Type, Make, be Batch security approved

Loc. No. and phase (R,,Y or B) are to

recorded. 3.6 3.6.1 a) Checking paying out process General Relevant approved drawings as mentioned in para 1.5.1 shall be referred to. b) It shall be made sure that paying out is carried
Vol.5 : Page #

out

as per approved drum schedule. c) All the Travellers fixed on tower for paying out

should

move freely to avoid any damage to

conductor

or Traveller and to achieve correct final sagging. d) One person on each tower shall be available with and green flags and whistle for supervision red and

communication. e) Walky-Talky sets shall be in good working condition

for smooth communication between Tensioner and Puller. f) Conductor shall be checked constantly as it is

unwound from Conductor or loose strand.

drum for any broken, damage major defect is noticed

If any

then the defective portion has to be removed and mid span joint minor nature more than provided. i.e. 1/6th However if the defect is of not outer

number of damaged strands is of the total strands in

layer, g)

a repair sleeve shall be provided. arrangement shall be made to avoid any

Necessary

rubbing of conductor against ground or hard so that conductor is not damaged. 3.6.2 Details of conductor Details Location of nos. Manufacturer, between which Drum No.,

surfaces

Length is paid

and out,

conductor

shall be recorded in order to maintain traceability so that any problem encountered during operation and

Vol.5 : Page #

maintenance failure. 3.6.3 a)

can be properly investigated in case of

Details of M.S. Joint M.S. Joint shall be provided strictly as per approved drawings and technical specification.

b) i) ii)

Following details of MS Joint shall be recorded Manufacturer's name and batch number Conductor No.1 or 2, phase R,Y,B and Location nos.

between which MSJ is provided. iii) Dimensions of MSJ before and after compression also be recorded and shall be within shall

permissible

limits as per approved drawings. c) M.S.Joint from tower. d) There shall not be any M.S.Joint over Road Crossing. e) Not more than one M.S.Joint shall be provided in span for each conductor. one Rly/River/Main shall be provided atleast 30 meters away

Vol.5 : Page #

GUIDELINES GL-4 FINAL TENSIONING OF EARTHWIRE AND CONDUCTOR Back to Contents Page NAME OF LINE ...... SECTION - LOC. NO....... 4.1 4.1.1 General All the approved stringing charts and other drawings shall be available at site before the final tensioning. 4.1.2 Final sagging in a particular section shall be done relevant taking up NAME OF CONTRACTOR ...... TO LOC. NO.......

only after verifying that conductor and earthwire are already rough sagged in adjacent sections. This is to

very important to avoid overloading of towers due one side load. 4.1.3 It shall be ensured that all safety precautions

are

being taken as detailed in GL-2 & GL-3. 4.1.4 Final Tensioning and sagging shall be carried out in

a calm weather when rapid changes in temperatures are not likely to occur. 4.2 4.2.1 Fixing of sag boards Thermometer elevation the shall be installed on tower at the as that of conductor and far to avoid the effect of enough ground same above heat

ground

radiation. 4.2.2 The atmospheric just temperature prior to shall final be read from The

thermometer

sagging.

Vol.5 : Page #

corresponding conductor charts. for

value be

of

sags from

for

earthwire

and

shall

noted

approved

stringing

Initial sag tension

chart

shall be referred

conductor

and Final-Sag-Tension chart shall be

referred for 4.2.3(a) In case of steel tape

earthwire. earthwire sag length shall be measured by from earthwire peak after adjusting for be

length of suspension clamps.

The sag board shall

fixed on tower at one side of sagging span. side

On other the

of sagging span, a thread shall be tied on

tower at the same elevation as that of sag board. (b) In case of conductor, sag length shall be measured steel tape from cross arm after adjusting for of sag suspension board insulators and hardware by

length The of

fittings. one side

shall be fixed on tower at

sagging span. On other side of sagging span, a thread shall be tied on the tower at the same that of sag board. 4.2.4 a) Sag boards are to be fixed as per following For a section having length upto 8 spans, the sag elevation as

boards shall be fixed in first and last span. b) For a section having length more than 8 spans, the and

sag boards shall be fixed in first, intermediate last span. 4.3 4.3.1 Final sagging of earthwire Rough sagged earthwire shall be tightened further
Vol.5 : Page #

by

winch machine fixed on tower till, the final position is achieved. 4.3.2 The sag final sag shall be checked by sighting board from behind the near end elevation shall be tangent taken to of sag the

sagging

far thread

end by

matching Precautions error. 4.3.3 Marking adjusting

earthwire. any parallax

avoid

of earthwire shall be done for

correctly as

after per

length of tension clamp

approved drawings. 4.3.4 The earthwire shall be cut at the marked point and

Tension clamp provided. a) Following clamp. i) All the components of tension clamp are properly shall be checked in respect of Tension

fitted as per approved drawing. ii) iii) All Nuts and Bolts have been properly tightened None case of the components of the clamp is damaged. In of any damage, the same shall be replaced by

good one. iv) b) i) Split pin has been properly provided.

Following shall be recorded regarding tension clamp. Earth wire No. and location No. between which it is

provided. ii) iii) Batch No., Make etc. Dimensions before and after compression.
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4.3.5

Sag shall again be checked after fixing tension clamp in order to ensure that no error is introduced by

fixing tension clamp. 4.4 4.4.1 Final sagging of conductor Rough sagged subconductors of one phase shall fixed be on

simultaneously

tightened by winch machine

tower till the desired final sag is achieved. 4.4.2 The final sag shall be checked as mentioned in para

No. 4.3.2 4.4.3 Marking of conductor shall be done correctly after

adjusting length of Tension fittings. 4.4.4 The conductor shall be cut at the marked point and

Dead end joint provided. a) Following fittings. i) Insulators 3.5.1 ii) Tension fittings shall be checked in accordance para 3.5.2 b) The following shall be recorded in respect of Tension fittings. i) Wire No., Phase and location of towers on which it is provided. ii) iii) Batch No., Make etc. Dimension of Dead end joint before and after as with shall be checked as detailed in para shall be checked in respect of tension

compression. It shall be within permissible limit

Vol.5 : Page #

per approved drawings. 4.4.5 Sag mismatching shall be checked by sighting through the Teodolite placed on ground near the tower. Any adjustment

mismatch shall be corrected by using sag

plate in Tension fittings. It shall be verified that sag mismatch is not more than permissible limit of 40 mm.

Vol.5 : Page #

GUIDELINES GL-5 CLIPPING AND FIXING OF ACCESSORIES OF EARTHWIRE Back to Contents Page NAME OF LINE ...... SECTION - LOC. NO....... 5.1 5.1.1 NAME OF CONTRACTOR ...... TO LOC. NO.......

Clipping and Checking of Suspension clamps It shall be ensured that correct marking on earthwire is done to fix suspension clamp. The suspension clamp after fixing shall be in exact vertical position.

5.1.2

Following shall be verified in respect of suspension clamp.

a)

Suspension clamp is provided strictly as per approved drawings.

b)

All the components of suspension clamp are properly fitted as per approved drawings.

c) d)

All Nuts and Bolts have been properly tightened None of the components of the clamp is damaged. In replaced by

case of any damage, the same shall be good one. e) 5.1.3 a) Split pin has been properly provided.

Following shall be recorded for suspension clamps: Earthwire No and location No. of tower in which

suspension clamp is provided . b) 5.1.4 Batch No., Make etc. Sag shall be rechecked to ensure that no
Vol.5 : Page #

error

is

introduced after clipping operation. 5.2 5.2.1 Checking of vibration Dampers Following Dampers: a) Vibration Dampers are provided as per approved checks shall be carried out for vibration

placement chart. b) c) 5.2.2 a) b) 5.3 5.3.1 a) All Nuts and Bolts have been tightened properly There is no damage to V.D. Following shall be recorded: Make, Batch No. etc. Wire No., Loc. No. of Dampers provided. Checking of Earthwire Jumpers Following shall be checked: Earthwire jumper is provided on all tension towers as per approved drawings and technical specification. b) c) 5.3.2 All Nuts/Bolts have been properly tightened Split pin provided properly Dimensions of jumper cone before and after

compression shall be recorded. permissible limits. 5.4 5.4.1(a) Checking of Copper Bonds

It shall be within

It shall be ensured that one copper bond is for each suspension and tension clamp as drawing.

provided

per approved

b)

It

shall

be

verified that there is

no

damage

to

copper Bond.
Vol.5 : Page #

c) 5.4.2 a) b)

All the Nuts/Bolts are properly tightened Following shall be recorded: Make, Batch No. etc. Wire No., Location No. of tower on which it is

provided.

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GUIDELINES GL-6 CLIPPING AND FIXING OF CONDUCTOR ACCESSORIES Back to Contents Page NAME OF LINE ...... SECTION - LOC. NO....... 6.1 6.1.1 Conductor Clipping Before taking up clipping, the conductor should be NAME OF CONTRACTOR ...... TO LOC. NO.......

earthed to avoid any electrical hazards. 6.1.2 Conductor placing shall be marked properly so that after fitting

of suspension clamp, the

insulator

hangs in exact vertical position. 6.1.3 Following clamps. a) Armour rods have been properly provided as per shall be checked in respect of suspension

approved drawings. b) All the other components of suspension clamps have

been properly provided as per approved drawings c) None of the components of suspension clamp is to

damaged.

In case of any damage, the same needs

be replaced. d) e) 6.1.4 All Nuts/Bolts have been properly tightened. All the split pins have been provided. Since, the suspension clamp is part the details of clamp may be of suspension with

fittings,

clubbed

that of fitting as per para 3.5.2

Vol.5 : Page #

6.2 6.2.1

Fixing of Vibration Dampers Following Dampers: checks shall be carried out for vibration

(i)

Vibration

Dampers

are

provided

as

per

approved

placement chart. (ii) (iii) 6.2.2 (i) (ii) 6.3 6.3.1 All Nuts and Bolts have been tightened properly There is no damage to V.D. Following shall be recorded: Make, Batch No. etc. Wire No., Loc. No. of Dampers provided. Fixing of Spacer Spacers chart. 6.3.2 Necessary any LT/HT precautions shall be taken while line to avoid any electrical crossing by shall be provided as per approved placement

hazards

accidental touching of ropes. 6.3.3 All components of spacer shall be properly fitted per approved drawing. 6.3.4 None of the components shall be damaged. In case of as

any damage, the same shall be replaced by good one. 6.3.5 6.3.6 a) b) All Nuts/Bolts shall be properly tightened. The following shall be recorded. Make, Batch No. etc. Details of span, phase, no. of spacers provided,

distance between spacers. NOTE In case spacer dampers are to

Vol.5 : Page #

be

provided,

the

guide line for fixing of spacer as per para 6.3 shall also be applicable for spacer dampers.

6.4 6.4.1

Fixing of Jumper and Jumper Spacer Before taking up Jumpering work, necessary earthing

of conductor shall be provided to avoid any potential hazards. 6.4.2 Length that metal drawing. it of Jumper shall be carefully is in parabolic shape so as clearance and Jumper drop as selected to per give such live

approved of a

Length of jumpers of sub-conductors

bundle shall be properly co-ordinated so that spacers possible. 6.4.3 Jumper cone shall lie in horizontal position as far as

jumper

be compressed as per approved

drawings. Its dimension before and after compression shall be recorded and shall be within permissible

limits. Since Jumper cone is part of Tension fitting, the details of cone shall be clubbed with fitting as per para 4.4.4 6.4.4 All nuts and bolts shall be properly tightened. is very essential to ensure tightness of jumpers This to that of

avoid arcing and flashover which may result in damage of tension fittings and undesirable tripping of line. 6.4.5 Jumper spacers shall be provided as per technical

specification and approved drawings.

Vol.5 : Page #

a) i) ii)

Following shall be checked. All components have been properly provided. No component is damaged. shall be replaced. In case of damage, the same

iii) b) i) ii) 6.5

All Nuts and Bolts have been properly tightened Following shall be recorded for Jumper spacer Make, Batch No. Loc. No., Phase, No. of spacer. Pilot Fittings Following fittings. shall be checked in respect of pilot

a)

Insulators 3.5.1

shall

be checked as

detailed

in

para

b)

Fittings 3.5.2

shall

be checked in accordance

with

para

6.6 6.6.1

Checking of Transposition Tower Before taking up transposition job, at site. sides the following

documents shall be available a)

The approved phase sequence to be kept on both of tower.

b)

The

approved drawing of transposition

tower

having

all the relevant details. c) The approved drawings of various line material to employed for transposition arrangement. 6.6.2 It shall be ensured that jumpers provided for The be

different phases are as per approved drawing.

Vol.5 : Page #

point of fixing

of jumper on conductor and length

of The be

jumper shall be strictly as per approved drawing. live metal clearance of different phases shall

measured and shall 6.6.3 a)

recorded.

The live metal

clearance

be within permissible limit.

T- Clamp/Jumper Cone T-Clamp and Jumper cone shall be provided as per

approved drawings. b) Dimensions recorded. c) 6.6.4 a) before and after compression shall be

It shall be within permissible limit.

All Nuts/Bolts shall be properly tightened Pilot Fitting & Balancing Weight Pilot Fittings Following fittings. shall be checked in respect of pilot

i)

Insulators 3.5.1

shall

be checked as

detailed

in

para

ii)

Fittings 3.5.2

shall

be checked in accordance

with

para

b) i)

Balancing Weight It shall be ensured that Balancing weights have provided as per approved drawings. been

ii)

There

shall

be no damage to Balancing

weight. In

case of damage, the same shall be replaced. 6.6.5 a) Single Tension Fitting Following shall be checked in respect of tension

Vol.5 : Page #

fittings. i) Insulators 3.5.1 ii) Tension fittings shall be checked in accordance para 3.5.2 and 4.4.4 (b). 6.6.6 It shall of be ensured that earth mast on earthwire as per with shall be checked as detailed in para

peaks

tower have been properly

provided

approved drawing.

Vol.5 : Page #

Annexure - S/1 Back to Contents Page POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. (CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT) LINE CONSTRUCTION STRINGING ACTIVITY Tools and Plants required for Stringing Gang for Tension Stringing 1. TSE Sets. (Tensioner & Puller of 8 t/10 t Cap.) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Running Block for conductor. Running Block for earthwire. Head Board. Pilot wire each of 800 m length. Pilot wire joint. Grnd. roller for Tension/Manual Stringing. 8. Wire mesh pulling grip (One end open of reqd. dia. for conductor). 9. Wire Mesh Pulling Grip (One end open of reqd. dia. For earthwire). 10. Wire Mesh Pulling Grip (Double end open of reqd. size for conductor.) 11. Articulated Joint. Heavy duty (20 t).
Vol.5 : Page #

set

100 60 2 10 12

nos. nos. nos. nos. nos.

30/100 nos.

6 nos.

2 nos.

4 nos.

10 nos.

Medium duty (10 t). Light duty (5 t). 12. Drum mounting jack for conductor drum of 10 t capacity. 13. 14. Turn Table (5 t.capacity). Anchor Plate (1.5 m.x1.0 m. x8 mm) with 15 Nos. Anchor Pins (45 mm dia. And 850 mm long). 15. Hydraulic compressor Machine 100 T capacity with die sets. 16. 17. Travelling Grnd. Dynamometer - 10 T. 18. 19. 2 T.

10 nos. 5 nos.

4 sets 2 nos.

10 sets

5 nos. 12 nos. 4 nos. 2 nos. 4 nos.

Pilot wire reel stand. Four sheave pulley with 9 mm dia. & 300 m length wire rope.

6 sets

20.

Four sheave pulley with 12 mm dia. and 300 m length wire rope. 2 sets

21.

Four sheave pulley with 12 mm dia. and 150 m. length wire rope. 4 sets 16 nos. 4 sets

22. 23. 24.

Equiliser pulley (10 T. capacity). Conductor Lifting tackle. Winch - Motorised/Manual - 10 T capacity.

4 nos.

25.

Comealong clamp for conductor (Bolted type/Automatic). 50/20 nos.

26.

Comealong Clamp for Earthwire

Vol.5 : Page #

(Bolted type/Automatic). 27. 28. 29. 30. Trifor (5 T. Capacity) Aerial Chair for conductor. Aerial Trolley. Turn Buckle - 10 T. 31. 3 T.

15/10 nos. 6 nos. 6 nos. 4 nos. 16 nos. 6 nos.

Tension/Sag PlateFor Tensioning Purpose). 6 nos. 8 nos. 4 nos. 2 nos. 6 nos. 4 sets 1 no. 3 no. 1 nos. 2 nos. 3 nos. 30 nos. 10 nos. 6 nos.

32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

Sag Board. Marking Roller. Mismatch Roller. Joint Protector. Walkie Talkie Set. Theodolite with stand. Thermometer. Survey Umbrella. Hydraulic Wire cutter. Binocular. Flag (Red and Green) Crow Bar (1.8 m Length). Nail Puller. Wire Rope. (19 mm. dia.). (16 mm. dia.). (14 mm. dia.).

1000 m. 150 m. 900 m.

46.

Polypropylene rope. (25 mm. dia.).

Vol.5 : Page #

500 m.

(19 mm. dia.). 47. D Shackle. (190 mm Long). (150 mm Long). (100 mm Long). 48. 49. Bulldog Clamp 100 mm Long. Hammers, spanners,( Both Flat and ring) round files, flat files, screw drivers, cutting pliers, Steel and Metallic Tapes, Hecksaw frames and Blades, Deadmen, Scaffolding,Slings, etc. 50. Tents, Buckets, water drums, camping cots, tables, chairs, petromax lamps etc. 51. Safety equipments: i) ii) Safety helmets Safety belts

500 m.

40

nos.

125 nos. 125 nos. 35 nos.

As per reqmt.

As per reqmt.

200 nos. 40 nos. 200 nos. 5 nos.

iii) Safety shoes iv) First Aid Box

Note: The quantity of safety equipment may be changed as per manpower engaged.

Vol.5 : Page #

ANNEXURE - S/2 Back to Contents Page POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. (CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT) LINE CONSTRUCTION Man Power Requirement For Stringing Gang 1. Manpower requirement and average output per gang is given as under:Sl. No. Description of line Manpower Nos. Average output KM per month 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 132 KV S/C Line 132 KV D/C Line 220 KV S/C Line 220 KV D/C Line 400 KV S/C Line 400 KV D/C Line 85 85 110 110 200 200 30 15 30 15 15 8

2.

Breakup of Manpower is as follows : 400KV S/C or D/C Line i) ii) Engineer. Supervisors. 2 Nos. 10 Nos. 220KV S/C or D/C Line 2 Nos. 6 Nos. 132KV S/C or D/C Line 1 No. 4 Nos.

iii) Skilled Manpower. (a) (b) (c) Fitters. 30 Nos. 20 Nos. 2 Nos. 3 Nos. 15 Nos. 2 Nos. 2 Nos.

TSE operators. 2 NOS. Mechanics. 4 Nos.

Vol.5 : Page #

(d) (e)

Carpenters.

2 Nos.

2 Nos.

1 No.

Skilled workers for misc. works. 110 Nos. 50 Nos. 25 Nos. 40 Nos. 20 Nos.

iv)

Unskilled workers. 40 Nos.

Vol.5 : Page #

Chapter-6 Check Format

Vol.5 : Page #

_____________________________________________________________________ _ CHAPTER SIX _____________________________________________________________________ _ CHECK FORMAT Back to Contents Page POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED (CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT) LINE CONSTRUCTION Check Format NAME OF LINE...... SECTION LOC. NO....... NAME OF CONTRACTOR...... To LOC. NO.......

---------------------------------------------------------------ITEM CHECKED RESULT OBSERVATION, IF ANY ---------------------------------------------------------------(A) 1) Pre-stringing checks: Backfilling of soil and revetment/Benching wherever required is done. 2) Towers are tightened properly and all the members, Nut/Bolts are provided. 3) Trees in the corridor removed to facilitate smooth stringing. 4) All Line materials, tested T & P, safety equipments
Vol.5 : Page #

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

and relevant drawings are available for stringing. 5) Shutdown of Powerline/ Railway block if required, is arranged. 6) Necessary Protection/ scaffolding/warning signals provided for Railway/Power line/P&T line/Road Crossing. 7) Towers vulnerable for one side load is guyed properly. 8) Tower footing resistance is within permissible limit of 10 ohms. Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No

Vol.5 : Page #

(B) 1)

Paying Out of Earthwire Work is being carried out with full safety measures as per guide line. Yes/No

2)

Travelling grounds are provided Yes/No

3)

Paying out is carried out as per approved drum schedule. Yes/No

4)

All pulleys fixed on towers for paying out are moving freely. Yes/No

5)

Effective communication exists through walkieTalkie and through persons on towers. Yes/No

6)

Earthwire is being constantly checked as it is unwound. Damaged portion, if any, is removed. Yes/No

7)

Necessary arrangement have been provided to avoid rubbing of earthwire against hard ground. Yes/No

8)

Necessary details of Earthwire, M.S. Joints

Vol.5 : Page #

Yes/No

recorded as per AnnCF-I & CF-II. (C) 1) Paying out of Conductor Work is being carried out with full safety measures as per guide line. 2) Tensioner/puller are properly placed, firmly anchored and earthed. 3) Conductor drums are placed properly to avoid bird caging 4) Sequence of paying out is such that to avoid unbalanceing of load on tower. 7) Details of insulators and fitting are recorded as per Ann. CF-III & CF-IV. 8) Paying out is carried out as per approved drum schedule. 9) Travellers fixed on towers are moving freely. 10) Effective communication exists through walkie-talkie and through persons standing on towers for smooth
Vol.5 : Page #

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

and safe paying out. 11) Conductor is checked continuously as it is unwound from drum. Damaged portion, if any, is removed/repaired. 12) Proper arrangements made to avoid rubbing of conductor on ground/hard surfaces. 13) Details of conductor and M.S.J/repair sleeve is recorded as per Ann. CF-I & CF-II. (D) 1) Final Sagging and Tensioning of Earthwire and Conductor Sag board is fixed correctly after taking into account length of suspension clamp/fittings. 2) No. of sag boards fixed in a section is as per technical specification. 3) Sag is measured correctly at prevailing temperature. Details recorded as Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No

per Ann. CF-V. 4) Sag mismatch is within

Vol.5 : Page #

permissible limits of 40mm as checked with Theodolite. 5) After measuring sag, marking/cutting of Earthwire/ conductor is done correctly to fix tension clamp/fittings) 6) Details of tension clamp/ fitting are recorded as per Ann. CF-VI, CF-III, & CF-IV. (E) 1)

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

Clipping of Earthwire and Conductor For clipping, the marking is done correctly so that suspension clamp/ fitting hangs exactly vertical. Yes/No

2)

Before clipping of conductor, proper earthing is provided. Yes/No

3)

Following line material provided as per specification. Details recorded as shown below.

a)

Suspension clamp of Earthwire and conductor as per Ann.CF-IV & CF-VI. Yes/No

b)

Vibration Dampers for

Vol.5 : Page #

Earthwire and Conductor as per Ann. CF-VII c) Details of spacer/spacer damper/jumper spacer recorded as per Ann. CF-VIII. d) Jumpers for Earthwire/ Conductor as per Ann. CF-IV & CF-VI. e) Pilot fitting, wherever necessary as per Ann. CFIII & CF-IV. 4) Sag/Tension again measured after clipping and found o.k. Details recor-

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

Yes/No

ded as per Ann. CF-V.

5)

Transposition done as per specification. Details of line material recorded properly. Yes/No

6)

All line materials provided are as per specification and approved drawings. All necessary details recorded for traceability. Yes/No

7)

Jumpers tightened properly. Live metal clearance

Vol.5 : Page #

Yes/No

are as per specification. 8) Minimum Ground Clearance, Clearances over Power line/ Railway line/River Crossing are as per specification. Yes/No

Certificate: Stringing is completed in all respect. FOR CONTRACTOR SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION DATE FOR POWERGRID SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION : E1/E2/E3 DATE VERIFIED SIGNATURE NAME DESIGN:E4/E5 DATE APPROVED SIGNATURE NAME DESIGN: E6/E7 DATE

Vol.5 : Page #

ANNEXURE CF- I Details of Earthwire/Conductor 1. 2. 3.

Sl. No.

Make Batch No. Quantity and Location

Drum No. Length marked on Drum Length paid Paid between From Loc. No. To Loc. No. Phase Wire No.

4.

There

is no damage to Earthwire/conductor before or

during stringing.Strands are in perfect position. FOR CONTRACTOR SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION DATE FOR POWERGRID SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION : E1/E2/E3 DATE

Vol.5 : Page #

ANNEXURE CF- II Details of M.S. Joint for Earthwire/Conductor Sleeve for Conductor 1. 2. 3. Sl. No. Make Batch No. Location Between Loc. No. Phase Wire No. and Repair

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Dimension - Recorded as per Ann.CF-IX M.S. Joint has been provided at least 30 meters away from tower. There is no M.S. Joint over Railway/River/Main road crossing Not more than one M.S. Joint provided in one span for each Earthwire/Conductor. Repair sleeve shall be used if number of damaged strands is not more than 1/6th of the total strands in the outer layer. If damage is more, then the damaged portion shall be removed and M.S. Joint provided.

FOR CONTRACTOR SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION DATE

FOR POWERGRID SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION : E1/E2/E3 DATE

ANNEXURE CF - III Records of Insulators 1. 2. Type - Glass/Porcelain, Suspension/Tension/Pilot Make Vol.5 : Page #

3. 4. 5. Sl. No.

Batch No. Electro Mechanical Strength Quantity and Location Loc. No. Qty. as per drg. Qty. in CKT-I Phases R Y B Qty. in CKT-II Phases R Y B Remarks

6.

Insulators are completely cleaned with soft cloth. Glazing is proper. There is no crack, scratch or white spot on its surface.

7. 8.

`R' Clips in Insulators are fitted properly. While Hoisting, no damage caused to insulators.

FOR CONTRACTOR SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION DATE

FOR POWERGRID SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION : E1/E2/E3 DATE

Vol.5 : Page #

ANNEXURE CF - IV Details of Hardware Fitting 1. 2. 3. 4. Sl. No. Make Batch No. Type of fitting - I/V, Single/Double, Suspension/Tension. Quantity and Location. Loc. No. No. of fittings Phases R Y B Remarks

5. 6.

All Nuts/Bolts properly tightened All components of fittings have been provided as per approved drawings. Dimensions and galvanizing are O.K. any component. and

Fitting is cleaned and there is no damage to 7. 8. All split pins properly provided. In case

of Tension fittings, Dimensions before FOR POWERGRID SIGNATURE NAME

after compression recorded as per Ann.CF-IX FOR CONTRACTOR SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION DATE

DESIGNATION : E1/E2/E3 DATE

Vol.5 : Page #

ANNEXURE CF - V Sag Measurement for Earthwire and Conductor 1. 2. 3. Sag board fixed between Temperature Measurement of Sag/Tension. Item Sag Tension 4. During conductor 5. paying out/ rough sagging, tension in Phase/Wire No. As per Sag/Tension Chart Actual Loc. No......... and .... ........C

/ Earth Wire was as per technical specifications.

For final sagging, initial stringing chart for conductor and final stringing chart for Earth Wire are used.

FOR CONTRACTOR SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION DATE

FOR POWERGRID SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION : E1/E2/E3 DATE

ANNEXURE CF - VI Suspension/Tension Clamps for Earthwire 1. 2. 3. Make Batch No. Quantity & Location No. Wire No. Loc. No. Remarks

Sl. No.

4.

All

components

of

clamps

have

been

provided

as

per

Vol.5 : Page #

approved Clamp 5. 6. 7.

drawings.

Dimensions

and

galvanizing

are

O.K.

is cleaned and there is no damage to

any component.

All Nuts & Bolts have been properly tightened. Split pins have been properly fixed. In case of Tension clamp, Dimensions before and after compression recorded as per Ann.CF-IX

FOR CONTRACTOR SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION DATE

FOR POWERGRID SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION : E1/E2/E3 DATE

Vol.5 : Page #

ANNEXURE CF - VII Records of V.D. for Earthwire/Conductor 1. 2. 3. Sl. No. Make Batch No. Quantity & Location Fixed on Loc. No. Fixed towards Loc. No. Phase/wire No. No. of V.D.

4.

All components of V.D.have been provided as per approved drawings. Dimensions and galvanizing are O.K. V.D. is cleaned and there is no damage to any component.

5. 6.

Nuts/Bolts tightened properly. V.D. fixed as per approved placement chart.

FOR CONTRACTOR SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION DATE

FOR POWERGRID SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION : E1/E2/E3 DATE

Vol.5 : Page #

ANNEXURE CF - VIII Records of Line spacer/spacer Damper/Jumper spacer 1. 2. 3. Make Batch No. Quantity & Location Span/Loc. No. Phase No. of Spacer

Sl. No.

4.

All

components

of

spacer

have and

been

provided

as are

per O.K.

approved 5. 6.

drawings.

Dimensions

galvanizing

Spacer is cleaned and there is no damage to Nuts/Bolts tightened properly.

any component.

Spacer/spacer damper fixed as per approved placement chart.

FOR CONTRACTOR SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION DATE

FOR POWERGRID SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION : E1/E2/E3 DATE

Vol.5 : Page #

ANNEXURE CF - IX Dimensions for M.S. Joints/tension sets for earthwire and conductor. i) ACSR (Mid span jt./dead end jt./jumper cone/)/ E/W (Mid span jt./ dead end jt./jumper cone)/ ACSR Repair sleeve/T-Clamp. ii) Locn. No. ... ..... ..... ..... ..... iii) Span Loc. No. ..... to .. .. .. .. .. iv) Apprd. drg. Nos...................... v) Details of dimensions
Steel portion As per drg. Bef. Comp. Length Outer dia Aft. Comp. Length C-C F-F Aluminium portion As per drg. Bef. Comp. F-F Length Outer dia Aft. Comp. Length C-C F-F

Type of joint

Actual Aft. Comp. Length C-C

Actual Aft. Comp. Length C-C F-F

C-C : Corner to corner distance. F-F : Face to face distance.

Vol.5 : Page #

vi) vii)

Bores in the sleeves are perfectly clean. The following may be checked as per approved drawing: a) b) c) d) e) f) Marking and cutting. Correct sizes of dies Centering & fixing of sleeves. Fixing of all the components i.e. Aluminium end pipes, hole plugs etc. Compression of sleeves at specified pressure. Application of filler paste (Zinc chromate). is no crack, bend or any damage to joint

viii) ix)

All the sharp edges have been filed after compression. There after compression.

FOR CONTRACTOR SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION DATE

FOR POWERGRID SIGNATURE NAME DESIGNATION : E1/E2/E3 DATE

Vol.5 : Page #

Bibliography

Vol.5 : Page #

_____________________________________________________________________ _ BIBLIOGRAPHY _____________________________________________________________________ _

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

"Transmission line structures" by S.S. Murthy and A.R. SanthaKumar. "Manual on Transmission Line Towers" - CBI&P - Technical Report No.9. "Workshop on transmission line"-CBI&PVadodara (29th Nov.- 2nd Dec.,94). "Symposium on Design & Protection of 400 kV Transmission Lines" - CBI&P - Publication No.131 . "Overhead line Practice" by John Mccombe. "Guide to the installation of overhead transmission line conductors" - IEEE Std. -524 - 1992. "Code of practice for line Design, installation and maintenance of overhead power lines"-IS:5613:1989. "Transmission Generating 2, Rev. 6 . construction"-Electricity Thailand Specification No.CPower in of by Grid NR-I" India WR Line Authority,

(9) (10)

"Technical "Accident (April,95)Ltd.

Specification Report Power on

Vol.III"

Corporation of India Ltd. Tower failure Grid Corporation

(11) (12)

"List

of

checks for stringing" Manual,Part-II, Vol.-III,

prepared

(July,94)"Construction Construction, (13) (14)

Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. Transmission Section-III: Stringing" SRTS.

- Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. Indian Electricity rules 1956. Indian Electricity Act, 1910.
Vol.5 : Page #

_____________________________________________________________________ _ RESUMES _____________________________________________________________________ _

OUR TEAM (1) Sh. V.C. Agarwal, AGM, is B.E. (Civil) and M.E. (Hons.) in Soil Mech. and Fndns. Engg. From Univ. of Roorkee, Roorkee. He (2) Sh. He has 28 yrs. of vast Sr. varied experience Manager, in is in Construction, B.Sc. Engg. & of Planning and Monitoring of large Transmission Projects. D.K. has 17 Valecha, yrs. of

(Electrical) from Reg. Engg. College, Kurukshetra. experience & Planning Monitoring, Construction, Operation Maintenance

Transmission Lines and Substations. (3) Sh. J.K. Parihar, Manager, is B.E. Elect. (Hons.) from Univ. of Jodhpur, Jodhpur. He has 14 yrs. of varied experience & in Planning & of Monitoring, Construction, Operation Maintenance

Transmission Lines and Substations. (4) Sh. R. Nagpal, Engg. 12 Manager, is B.E. Elect. and MBA in (Hons.) from from

Punjab He has

College of

Chandigarh varied

Indira & of

Gandhi National Open Univ., New Delhi. yrs. experience & Planning Monitoring, Construction, Operation Maintenance

Transmission Lines and Substations. (5) Sh. N.K. Rai, Dy. Manager, is B.Sc. Engg. (Mech.) from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi. He has 19 yrs. of varied experience including 8 yrs. in Indian Army in Stores Management, 11 yrs. in Power Sector in Planning, Monitoring and Contracts Deptt. at Corporate Center.
Vol.5 : Page #

(6)

Sh. B.K. Jana, Dy. Manager, is B.E. (Civil) from Regional Engineering College Durgapur and M.Tech. in Applied Mechanics from I.I.T. Delhi. He has 14 yrs. of varied experience in Design, Planning & Coordination of Sub-station works, TL Fndns., Pile Fndns. & other special heavy Foundations.

(7)

Sh. He

S.K. has 7

Niranjan, yrs. of

Engineer varied (Power

is

B.Tech.

(Civil) in design

from of of

H.B.T.I., Kanpur (U.P.). experience Tunnels underground structures and Shafts)

Hydro-Electric projects.

Vol.5 : Page #

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT DEPTT.

Users Manual Of Construction

Transmission Line (Part-1) Vol. 1 Line Survey Vol. 2 Env. Mgmt. Vol. 1 Land & Infrastr.

Sub-Station (Part-2) Vol. 2 Civil Construction

General Support (Part-3) Vol. 1 MB (Procedures & G. Lines) Vol. 3 Contracts Mgmt. Vol. 4 Budget & Finance

Vol. 3 Soil Investigation & Foundation

Vol. 4 Tower Erection

Vol. 3 Switchyard Ercn.

Vol. 4 Ercn. Of TF, SR & CB

Vol.5 : Page #

Vol. 5 Stringing

Vol. 5 Aux. Pkgs. (Elect.)

Vol. 5 Labour Regulations

Vol.5 : Page #