Phrasal verb

Blend in/into (sth) - to look or seem the same as surrounding people or things and therefore not be easily noticeable Barge in- interrupt rudely or walk into a room quickly without being invited Blow up- inflate Branch out- start to do something different from what you usually do(designer branch out into children s wear. Break up- disperse Bring up- educate Cater provide food or serve (what will be catering at the wedding reception) Cater up- provide what people are needed by someone or sth Come across- find (I came across this letter at my desk this morning) Come down with (sth) - suffer an illness Come out- express of an opinion (majority come out against the changes) Come out with- say something suddenly and unexpectedly (an idea) Come round- become conscious (come round in the hospital) Come up- go forward Cut off- to get/ be cut off- to lose the connection. I got cut off. I ll have to dial again Distraught- upset, distraught over your loss Dawn on (sb)- if a fact dawns on you, you understand it after a period of not understanding it Do away with- get rid of something (the rules should have done away with years ago) Draw on sth- use the information or your knowledge of something to help you do something (draw on the work of others) Extinguish- put out the fire Get by- to be able to live or deal with a difficult situation, usually by just having enough of something you need, such as money (how can he get by on so little money) Get (sb) down- it makes you feel depressed or unhappy, if something gets you down.

Get on- continue (get on doing it) Get out- leave Get up- wake up Get through to someone- get the connection. (I cannot get through to Mr. Lee, the line s busy) Go for- attack. The dog goes for the postman, every time he goes to the house. Grow out of (sth)- if you grow out of an interest or a way of behaving, you stop doing it as you become older. Grow on (sb)-like them more and more (the album grows on me, although I didn t like it at first) Hold on- wait Hang on- wait Hang up- end the call. Hang up my call. Hang over- a threat or doubt hangs over a place or a situation Keep on- continue Look out- shout or said in order to tell someone that they are in danger - To be careful or watch what is happening (shopkeeper to look out for forged notes) Look (sth) up- consult (a phone book) could you look up Mr. Lee s number? - could you look Mr. Lee s number up? Live up to (sth)- to be as good as something ( to live up to all our expectations) Live (sth) down- cannot stop feeling embarrassed for what you ve done(I never going to live it down) Make up- invention Mix up- confuse or an error Open up- talk more about yourself and your feelings Pick on (sb) - to criticize, punish or be unkind to the person often and unfairly Peter out- to gradually stop or disappear (the track petered out after few miles) Phase- in a process of development or in any stage in a series of events (in the initial phase, new phase)

-a period of strange or difficult behavior that young child goes through Phase (sth) out- remove or stop using something gradually or in stages Phase (sth) in- to introduce something gradually or in stages (phase new health care system in a period of 5 years) Pull out- a section in the magazine -when a vehicle pulls out, it starts moving onto a road or onto different part of the road Put (sth) away- to move something or someone into a place. Put (sth) on- if people or animals put weight on, meaning they become heavier (I ve just put on few pounds) Put (someone) through to- make the connection. Put me through to Mr. Lee please. Put off- delay Put up with- to tolerate Put up- deceive someone Reach out- to try to communicate with a person or a group of people, in order to help or involve them (the last time I reach out) Stink- to smell very unpleasant (your feet stinks Shape up- to develop, improve your behavior or performance (how s the guests lists for tonight dinner shaping up?) Spell out-to explain something in a very clear way with details Shake off- get rid of an illness Stamp on (sth) - to use force to stop or prevent sth which you think is wrong or harmful Stamp (sth) out- to prevent sth which is harmful or wrong from happening Step on- treat somebody unfairly or unkindly Step out on- if you step out on your wife which means you have sex with other woman Shoot up- to grow in size or increase in number - shooting up(drugs) in the toilet Turn out- happen unexpectedly or discover

Turn up- happen Talk out- to discuss something such as a plan or problem in order to get a solution or an agreement Write off- write off a vehicle especially damaged badly Feel for sb- i know what it s like to be lonely, so I do feel for her(feel sad or sympathy) Feel- touch, can I have a feel of it? (noun) I was feeling around in my bag to search for the key. (verb) Feel sb up- to touch someone sexually, esp someone u don t know, for your own excitement It s the second time she s been felt up on the metro.

In the car
To go through a red light To burn off- to overtake another vehicles To pull out- move out of a line of traffic Break down- stop functioning To step on it- to accelerate

Health
Shake off- to recover from an illness Come out in- to develop (red spots, come out in a rash) Come down with- to develop an illness (come down with cholera) Come round- to recover consciousness Could do with sth- if you could do with a rest which means you need a rest very much

General
Go on doing- continue doing something Put on- to apply to your face or body (make-up/ clothes) Go out- go to a place of entertainment

Body Parts

Adjective
Crack up - to become mentally and physically weak (stress and overwork are causing

teachers to crack up)

Run down- tired or not healthy because of working too much -reduce in size or importance (running down an activity) Beat- extremely tired (I am beat)

Vocabulary
Conviction- a strong opinion of belief (all rapist should be locked away for life that is my personal conviction) a feeling of being certain about something (he says that he enjoys the job but his voice lacks of conviction) Page- call a person using a loudspeaker in a public place (he was paged at the airport and told to return home) Remark- to give a spoken statement of an opinion of thought Remarkable-unusual or special and therefore worth mentioning and surprising Phrase-to express something with a particular choice of words (phrase the question carefully) Overthink- thinks it over and over again, the thoughts get deeper then you start thinking about circumstances, events and possibilities that could be. In the end you have too many far out thoughts racing through your head. Tag have sex Flower- a vagina or a person (she is such a flower). A symbolism of one s virginity Secondguess- try to guess what someone will do in the future Out of the blue- something unexpected Avert- prevent or avoid something from happening Alleged-A said or thought by ppl to be stated bad or illegal thing, although there is no proof (its hard for the alleged criminal to prove their innocence) Confrontation- a fight or an argument

Sack- Remove someone from a job Immaterial- not important or not relating to the matter you are interested in.

Locality- a particular area (in what locality?, Industries become concentrated in particular localities) Disposition- the particular type of character which a person naturally has (she is of charitable disposition) Utmost- use it to emphasize how important or serious something is(utmost importance) Sell-by-date- a date printed on a product after (a date)which it should not be sold Ripe - the bananas are not ripe yet

Consolation- to make somebody who is sad or disappointed feels better by giving comfort or sympathy (if it s any consolation to you, you are not the only one he s rude to) By- used to show the person or thing that does something The motorcycle was driven by a tiny bald man How something is done They travelled across Europe by train/car Not later than; at or before She had promised to be back by five o clock During We travelled by night and rested by day By nature/profession/trade Used when describing someone s character/job etc She is, by nature, a sunny, positive, sort of person He is a plumber by trade She was, by profession, a lawyer. Near, at the side of or (in distance or time)past The policewoman walked by them We kissed by the bike racks He wanted to keep her close by him always

Trade/ vocational/ career school- TAFE Strangle- killing someone by pressing their throat so they cannot breathe

Business vocab Embark upon/on sth- to start something new or important( embark upon a new project) Enact- to put something into action esp to change something into a law(A package of economic sanctions is to be enacted against the country) Initiate-begin of something Sanction- an official order, such as the stopping of trade, which is taken against a country in order to make it obey international law. Convergence, converge, convergent, - if ideas and opinions converge, they gradually become similar, to come to an agreement. Commission- a group of people who have been appointed to discover information about a problem or examine the reason why the problem exists (Australian Investment and Securities Commission) Disseminated- to spread or give out something, especially news, information, ideas, etc., to a lot of people(disseminate information) Catalyst- an event or a person that causes great changes (the catalyst of the changes was discrimination among the chinese) Consolidated-to combine several things, especially businesses, so that they become more effective, or to be combined in this way (consolidated accounts) Trade off- a balance between two opposing situations or qualities Succumb- to die or suffer badly from an illness, or lose the determination to oppose something Optimal-best; most likely to bring success or advantage (optimal choice for investment) Lobby-to try to persuade a politician, the government or an official group that a particular thing should or should not happen, or that a law should be changed Consensus- a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people(general consensus)(agreement) Embody- to include as part of something Rescind- to make a law, agreement, order or decision no longer have any (legal) power Demise-the end of something that was previously considered to be powerful, such as a business, industry or system (big business) Conception- a process which a sperm and an egg joining and causing a baby to start to form

Framework-a system of rules, ideas or beliefs that is used to plan or decide something (structure) Incorporation- to include something as part of something larger (combine) Speculative- based on a guess and not on information Speculative excessesDownturn- a reduction in the amount or success of something, such as a country's economic activity (economic downturn) Prompt- to make something happen(Economic downturn has prompted government response) (what prompt you to say that?) Pecuniary- relating to money (pecuniary interest) Expose- to make public something bad or dishonest, to remove the covering of something so that it could be seen Incline- want to do something Endorse-to make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone Endeavour-to try to do something (engineers are endeavoring to locate the source of the problem) Intellectually-relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas (intellectually stimulating experience) Occur- (especially of accidents and other unexpected events)to happen (an accident occurred) Incur- to experience something, usually something unpleasant, as a result of actions you have taken (incur debts, debts incurred by you) Audit- to make an official examination of the accounts of a business and produce a report Outsale- sell in larger quantity than other product Tribunal-a special court or group of people who are officially chosen, especially by the government, to examine (legal) problems of a particular type Synthesis- the mixing of different ideas, influences or things to make a whole which is different or new Caveat- a warning to consider something before acting further, or a statement which limits a more general statement; a proviso Prudent/ prudential- careful, to avoid risk (it s always prudent to read the contract b4 signing)

Prime- main or best quality Build-up - an increase, especially one that is gradual and steady Project- plan for future or forecast the future with the information already known Dismantle- to take a machine apart or to come apart into separate pieces Site- a place where something is,was, or will be built, or where something is happened, is happening, or will happen Offset- to balance one influence against an opposing influence so it is no great difference Scrutiny- the careful and detailed examination of something in order to get information about it Patent- an official legal right to sell an invention for a particular number of years Capitalization- the total value of a company s share in stock exchange Idle- not being used or not working Concurrently- happening or existing at the same time Lodge- lodge a document (store) Cast- vote (vote more than 50% of votes) Undertake- to do or begin to do something, especially something that will take a long time or be difficult (students are required to undertake simple experiments) Resolution- an official decision that is made after a group or organization has voted. (formal resolution from the board of directors) Delegate- give an authority to do something (an authority delegated to an agent) Acquiescence- willing to do what other people want Impute sth to- to say something is responsible for something (impute an action to a company) Convict- to decide someone is guilty of a crime in a court Seniority- the advantage you get by working in a company for very long time Feasible- able to be made, done or achieved
Constitution- a document which spells out the authority of an agent such as a limit amount of a contract that an agent is authorized to enter into.

Incidental- less important than a thing is connected with or part of(not to distracted by incidental details) Proceeds- an amount that received from an event or activities or when something is sold As to- with regard to (inform client as to a range of possible outcomes) Constitute- be considered as or form part of(what constitutes an adequate retirement income) Benchmark- a standard of something when comparing with something (specific income benchmark) Stamp duty- a tax imposes on legal documents such as cheque Following- before Forego- to sacrifice, to not have something or do something enjoyable Remit- to send someone money Identical- similar or exactly the same Integrity- a quality of honesty and a strong moral principle that you refuse to change Countermeasure- an action taken against an unwanted situation Contingent on- (depend on) depending on something in the future in order to happen Discretion- the ability to decide something (issuer s discretion) Memorandum- an informal legal document, a short report of something for a group of people which contains particular matter Signal- to show that you intend or are ready to do something (signalled their intent) Intent- something you plan or want to do(formal- intention) Abolish- to end an activity or custom officially(to abolish bullfighting) Repeal- if a government repeals a law, it makes the law no longer to have legal force Provision- a statement within an agreement or law which states that certain things have to be done or happen Forfeiture- loss of rights, property or money, especially because of breaking a legal agreement Collate- to bring together different pieces of information so that the similarities and differences can be seen.

Oppression- when people are governed in an unfair and cruel way and prevented from having opportunities and freedom Expropriation- illegal use of something (expropriating company s funds) Elaborate- explain something that you have said(refuse to elaborate on his reason for doing so) Contemplate- spend time thinking about something in a serious and quiet way Onus- the responsibility or duty to do something Stipulate- to state exactly how something must be or must be done (the contact stipulates that,F) Cease- to stop something (the company ceased to employ him,F) Resolve- to make a decision formally or with determination The minutes- the written record of what was said in a meeting Nominate- to officially suggest someone for an election, job, position or honor Tailor- to make or prepare something following particular instruction(prepare GFR tailored to external user inf needs) Pertain to sth- related to something(interested in the proposal that pertain to local issue) Integral- necessary and important as a part of, or contained within, a whole (he s an integral part of the team, we cannot lose him) Emolument- a payment in money for work that has been done(remuneration) Formulate- to develop all details of a plan for doing something Agenda- a list of aim or possible future achievement (the subject of safety must be put high on the agenda) Predecessor- someone who had a job or a position b4 someone else, or sth which comes before another thing (my predecessor worked in this job for twelve years) Veto- refuse to allow something to be done (mum has put a veto on our watching television for more than two hours an evening) Adopt- start to use or accept something new (start to adopt new strategy to deal with him) Amend- to change the words of a text, especially a law or legal document (amend the law to prevent oil tanker disaster) Be confined to- exists only in a particular group or area of people (tax liability is confined to smaller superannuation funds)

Appropriate- to take something for your own use without permission Apportion- to share out or give, esp money Rationale- the reason, the rationale underlying the policy Documentation- a process of providing documents.

Newspaper

Demeaning- making one feel less respected (demeaning inequity) Whinge- to complain something less important when I whinged to my colleague Marginalise- to treat someone as if they are not important (women hope as hell that they would not be marginalized) Litigious- too often taking arguments to a law court for a decision (US is the most litigious country in the world) Impediment- something that makes progress, movement, or achieving something more difficult or impossible (war has been an additional impediment to the country development) Mantra- something that you keep saying in your mind Debauchery- bad sexual behavior, drinking too much alcohol, taking drugs A hotbed of sth- a place or situation where a lot of particular activities, especially unpleasant or unwanted activity, might happen or is happening Wash up- to wash your hand especially before your meal Scorn- a very strong feeling of disrespectful for someone or something that you think is stupid or has no value

Grammar Is of- indication of has the characteristic of for a non-person item. The good is of good quality. The good has good quality (weird) Jane has a charming personality. Jane is of a charming personality(weird)

Be + of+ noun (abstract) = equivalent to its adjective form to be of use = to be useful to be of help = to be helpful to be of importance = to be important to be of significance = to be significant to be of consequence = to be consequential to be of interest = to be interesting to be of assistance = to be helpful (because there is no word "assistanceful") to be of worth = to be valuable (because there is no word "worthful") to be of good quality = to be good with respect to quality (because there is no word "goodquality-ful") Please let me know if I can be of no help, be of any help, be of any assistance he is interested in this music. This is the kind of music in which he is interested. They are responsible for the accident. Let's discuss the accident for which they are responsible. The books are on this table. Can you see the table on which the books are? http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-33681.php

Compound noun Use s when the first noun produces, makes, uses or the user of the second noun. Singular noun Academic disciplines such as Maths, economics,english, statistics, politics Uncountable nouns such as oil, water, A kind of disease Plural noun Staff, police, Noun that can be singular or plural The noun that deals with a group of people, such as government, class, firm, family, club, public, choir, team Crab- as an animal plural noun is crabs, but singular as a meat. Plural of compound nouns made of verb + er or s are formed by adding an s such as hangers-on runners-up Both words in a compound noun change: Woman driver women drives (plural)

Past perfect When do we use past perfect? 1. To describe something in time order, we use simple past He worked hard for all day. In the evening, he was tired. Look back from the past. Past perfect, time phrases (last summer) He had work hard for all day. He was tired. 2. Report what somebody has said or thought in the past.(after a reporting/thought verb)(thought/said) Asher said he had never seen such a big crowd. 3. We use the past perfect for imaginary past situations (give more inf about past event) I wish I had had enough money (I didn t have enough) 4. Relative clauses Who, where, whom, what, whose, which etc Rules Past perfect tense will never in same conjunction with present tense, same sentence or paragraph Past continuous 1. When a past action/situation has continued for some time until another past action Bob had been driving for 12 hours when he had the crash 2. When a continuous past action was not completed when the second past action occurred When Lad reached home, her son had been painting for hours. 3. When we want to focus on an activity rather than an achievement. He has been writing emails all afternoon. (activity) He had written ten emails by 5 oclock. (achievement)

The past perfect with the time phrases Time expressions like: before, when after, as soon as, until, no sooner, than, hardly For example: I was so tired that I feel asleep as soon as john had left Hardly had we said our last farewell when he left No sooner had Karin arrived than she began to complain. Simple past In the present tense, use simple past to explain an imaginary situation (I wish I told her I loved her, I wish I had enough money but I don t) The first conditional If I make money, I will be happy The second conditional If I made money, I would be happy The third conditional 1. The condition + The result If + had (not) + past participle + Would (not) + have + past participle If I had known Mary was there, I would have called In continuous If it hadn t been raining, we would have been playing golf. 2. I wish../ if only + past (talk about time, now, last year) To express something we regret now in the present I wish I lived in New York right now(I live in L.A) To express something we regret in the past (past perfect) I wish I had lived in New York last year. ( I lived in L.A last year)

Grammar for news Use present perfect for the introduction. Then use simple past tense to describe the story. The oldest man in Britain has died aged 109. He did not give up smoking until he was 98 and enjoyed a nightly tot of whisky. -don t use time expression which suits completed events(two months ago) with present perfect tense (I have done it two months ago) -don t use time expression which suits present events(lately) with simple past tense (I did it lately) -don t say I ve seen him this morning in afternoon or evening unless the morning is not finished -I saw him this morning (if its said in the morning which means he looking back at an earlier part of morning such as before going to work) Has(use it to emphasize what is important) Present continuous and present tense The present tense is chosen when a fact is presented as universal, rather than related to the current state of the world. People try to sell their cars for a profit, but generally not possible (always true) People are trying to sell their cars for a profit these days (true currently) Continuous emphasize the nowness, criticize listeners, talk about current situation or events Using continuous tense is equivalent to using adverbs like now, nowadays Present tense is for generalization or a factual statement or habitual action.

Present perfect Use the present perfect when an event that happened in the past is connected to the present. 1. When the event continues up to the present I ve lived here for ten years(I still live here now) 2. When it happened at an unknown time before the present I ve been to America once(We don t know when) 3. When the event has a result in the present. I ve had lunch (im not hungry now) Differentiation 1. It has rained since last Sunday (past tense so stop ad) (emphasize on achievement) It means that it sometimes rained in a day and sometimes it did not 2. It has been raining since last Sunday (has been is a form to emphasize the process) (continuous so still raining) It means that it keeps raining all the day since last Sunday Simple past If we know when an action happened we use simple past. I met Ms. Jones last week. Words to use with present perfect Recently, just, already, so far, yet, I have just recently so far finished two jobs.

Articles Use the when both listener and speaker know what is it about. 1. It is clear that what we are talking about. Can you please open the door? 2. It has been mentioned before (don t know) (know)

We stayed in a campsite. It was dreadful; the campsite was near a river and was very damp. 4. It is defined Where s the pen I lent you? (The laughter of children) 5. Unique things or feature of environments (the sky, the rain, the moon the sea the sun)

Use A when both listener and speaker do not know what it is. 1. We are mentioning a thing/person for the first time. Gianni s got a new car. 2. It is not important which one. Give me a pen, please (the speaker is not talking about any specific pen)

No articles in front of 1. Uncountable nouns, such as water oil sugar coffee heating system air conditioning (sugar is fattening) 2. Plural countable things, such as cars, people (fast cars are dangerous) Exception: use articles when it is in front of the singular or plural (the fights are running late today) 3. Abstracts nouns, such as love health happiness sadness courage ( no a love) 4. Names or places (Malaysia not A/the Malaysia, Kent not A kent)

Use an for all the words that begin with Vowels An Umbrella sound UM An apple An artichoke An iceberg Use an for words that begin with u when the u sounds like you A Unicorn sound U A University A Uniform For the words that begin with o use A instead of AN when it sounds like Won A one-hit wonder (O sounds won) An overbearing boss (over sounds like O)

Verbs are not usually used in past continuous. 1. Verb to be (know believe like) When I saw Jane yesterday she was ill in bed (not she was being ill) 2. Verbs like smell, see, feel in a receiving sense rather than doing sense I could see the bus approaching (not I was seeing) I could feel the boat move under me (not I was feeling)

Use past continuous when these verbs are used in a more active doing sense, Jim was being naughty (actively doing naughty things) May was feeling the cloth (actively stroking it)

If an action happened quickly we use the simple past She opened the door and stepped into the car

If an action was longer we can use the past continuous She was stepping over the stream when she slipped

Will or be going to 1. Use ing when you are informing something that you have already planned or decided, probably not going to use will + simple form What are you doing this weekend? I m going to do some gardening. Use ing to link a prediction with present situation According to the weather forecast it s going to rain tomorrow (not will) You re going to find it difficult as tickets were sold out last week 2. Will is the best for situations when you are in the process of making a decision or a general prediction Making an order, the person uses will because of hidden condition(not available) 3. In the process of making a decision it s generally better to use will instead of be going to Be going to leaves other people no choice because you ve made up your mind by using ING I will drive (the person you are speaking can respond to the suggestion) I m going to drive (the person you are speaking to has no choice) 4. Effect of IF clause is less dependent when in conjunction with ING form because the speaker has already decided to do it. (I m going to break this 10 dollar note, if anyone wants drink) In Will form, I will break this 10 dollar note if anyone wants drink, it is strongly dependent on the action. Because the speaker might not spend the money only if there is anyone needs a beer.

Future form for formal English The uses of is to/are to /be due to/set to/ be about to/ is be +ing (similar with Will) Be + to use it to command or order people, however, with ABOUT it loses its authoritarian sense: I was to fly to America on Friday (order from company) I was about to fly to America (something prevented the flight) Peter is to continue his career with the England football Shepherd is due to make a report or presentation (due= scheduled supposed) He was about to leave for the airport (future past) I was being sent to Japan in the new year (less formal) They were all set to start working tomorrow (set= make it happen) Be to forms commonly occur with conditional IF clauses When be to occurs in the opening lines of a report, will is frequently followed by to reference to the future.