CONTENTS TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH TENSES IN ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS MODALS VERBS THE PASSIVE SENTENCES CONDITIONAL SENTENCES NOUN

S NOUN CLAUSES GERUNDS / INFINITIVES ADJECTIVE and ADVERBS RELATIVE CLAUSES QUANTIFIERS CONJUNCTIONS and TRANSITIONS 2 3-8 9-14 15-21 22-27 28-32 33-40 41-49 50-60 61-68 69-79 80-92

TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH

ANLAMIN UNSURLARI a) Time: Eylemin zamann belirtir. b) Aspect: Konumacn olay nasl grdn ifade eder. TIME PRESENT PAST FUTURE SIMPLE ASPECT: A) Permanent Events. ASPECT SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT

centuries. The Castle overlooks the town for many centuries.

B) Completed events.

1953. Fatih conquered Istanbul in 1953.

C) Habitual activities or simple facts.

He usually goes fishing after the school. school. The World revolves around the sun.
CONTINUOUS ASPECT: A) Temporary events.

week. I am staying with a friend of mine this week.

B) Incomplete events.

She is writing a book about the environmental problems. problems.

C) Activity in progress.

When I came home my mother was cooking.

PERFECT ASPECT: ki farkl zaman birbirine balar A) Gemii gnmze.

I have read that book.

B) Gemii gemie.

home. My parents had left when I came home.

C) Gnmz gelecee.

I will have finished my work by the time you come back.

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TENSES IN ENGLISH
1) THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE A) inde bulunduumuz anda devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade eder. (Now, right now, at the moment, at present, still) gibi zaman zarflar kullanlr.

My brother is studying for his exams in his room now.

B) inde bulunduumuz anda deil de o sralarda devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade etmek iin kullanlr. (nowadays, these days, this term, this year) gibi zaman zarflar kullanlr. B)

My brother is redecorating his house nowadays.

C) inde bulunduumuz anda deimekte olan eylemleri ifade etmek iin kullanlr.

It is cold. It is getting colder. The economic situation is very bad. The economic situation is getting worse.
D) Gelecekte planlanm eylemleri ifade etmek iin kullanlr. (Go, come, visit, have, meet) gibi fiiler bu yapyla ska kullanlrlar.

They are having a party next week.

2) THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE A) Alkanlklarmz anlatrz. (always, very often, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, hardly ever, ever) gibi sklk zarflar kullanlr. A)

I sometimes feel depressed.

B) Doa kanunlarn ve her zaman doru olan genellemeleri anlatmak iin kullanlr. B)

The world revolves around the sun.

C) Bir zaman izelgesine bal gelecekteki eylemleri ifade etmek iin kullanlr.

The train to Adana leaves at 10.00.

State Verbs: Bir eylem deil; bir durum, his ve dnce bildiren fiillerdir. Continuous tenslerle kullanlmazlar. Mental State: Dnce bildiren fiiller. 3

Think / realise / understand / forget / mean / suppose / notice / feel / want / believe / recognize / doubt / need / imagine / know / remember / prefer Emotional State: Duygu bildiren fiiller. Love / hate / like / dislike / appreciate / detest / loathe / fear / envy / mind / care / desire / wish / forgive Possession State: Sahiplik bildiren fiiller. Possess / have / own / belong Perception State: Duyu bildiren fiiller. See / hear / smell / taste / feel Dier State Verbs: Look / seem / appear / own / cost / weigh / exist / advice / promise / refuse / contain / consist of / include / sound Not: Aadaki fiiller istisnai olarak eylem bildiren fiiller olarak kullanlabilirler. THINK SEE SMEL HAVE TASTE FEEL WEIGH : I am thinking of going abroad next year. going : The manager is seeing my brother. : Why do you smell that flowers? : She is having breakfast now. : I am tasting the meal. : I am feeling better now. : The butcher is very weighing the meat now.

3) THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE A) Gemite belli bir zamanda olmu bitmi eylemleri anlatr. B)

I became a teacher last year.

B) Bir hikayedeki eylemleri olu srasna gre anlatr. A)

I heard noises coming from downstairs. I put on my dressing gown gown. I went down stairs. I saw somebody in the kitchen. the
C) Arka arkaya gelen iki PAST TENSE cmlede birinci eylemin bitiminden sonar ikinci eylemin baladn ve birinci eylemin ikinci eylemi tetiklediini anlatr.

When I came home, my wife cooked.

D) Gemiteki alkanlklarmz anlatrz.

When I was a small child, we lived at the seaside. I always took my dog for a wolk on the beach at the weekends.
NOT: Gemiteki alkanlklarmz (used to / would) ile de anlatabiliriz. a) State verb ile would kullanamayz.

centre. The factory would be / used to be in the city centre.

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b) Would kullanabilmemiz iin blieli bir zaman veya olaylar zinciri belirtiriz.

We used to / would play in the garden.

c) Bir olayn ka kez olduunu, nekadar zaman aldn, veya o olayn meydana geldii tam zaman belirttiimizde (would / used to) kullanamayz.

We woul / used to visited Adana four times during the 2006s. We woul / used to went on holiday to Egypt last year.
4) THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE A) Gemite belli bir zaman dilimi ierisinde sreklilik gsteren eylemleri anlatr. (this time last year / at this hour yesterday / yesterday at three a clock) gibi zaman zarflar kullanlr.

What were you doing at noon last Saturday? I was playing football. football.
B) (INTERRUPTED ACTIVITY) Gemite devam etmekte olan bir eylem srasnda baka bir eylemin olduunu bu tensle ifade ederiz. A)

I was having breakfast when he came home. He came home while I was hawing breakfast.
AS / WHEN: Ayn anda cereyan eden iki ksa eylemi ifade etmek iin kullanlr.

heats As / when the can is opened, the content heats automatically.

AS / WHILE: Ayn anda cereyan eden iki uzun eylemi ifade etmek iin kullanlr.

As / while my wife cleaned the house, I went shopping.

WH LE + PAST SIMPLE + PAST SIMPLE: WHILE + PAST CONTINIOUS + PAST CONTINIOUS: Temel cmledeki eylem devam ederken ayn anda baka bir eylemin devam ettiini ifade eder.

I waited outside while Ali had an interview. The students were talking while the professor was lecturing.
5) THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE A) Gemii u ana balar. (For / since)

lived I have lived in Ankara for four years. I have lived in Eskiehir since 1993 / for eleven years
(today / this morning / this month / this year) Henz tamamlanmam bir dnemi ifade eder. 5

I havent heard the alarm this morning.

B) Gemiteki deneyimlerimizi ifade eder. (ever / never / all my life / several times / once / twice / so far / up to now / up until now) zaman zarflar kullanlr.

Have you ever been to the moon? I have never eaten snake I have swum in the sea once so far this summer
YET: ALREADY / JUST / YET : YET: Soru ve olumsuz cmlelerde kullanlr ve cmlenin sonuna gelir.

yet? Have you finished your homework yet? yet. I havent finished my homework yet.
JUST: Olumlu cmlelerde yardmc fiille ana fiil arasnda yer alr.

The manager has just gone out.

ALREADY: Bir iin beklenenden nce bittiini anlatr.

He has already booked the hotel and bought the rings.

LATELY / RECENTLY:

Have you seen your parents lately? (Son gnlerde) lately? They came recently (Ksa bir sre nce)
C) Gemite bitmi bir eylemin u anki nemini anlatr.

I have cleaned my flat / my flat is clean now. I have bought a new car / I have no money.
6) THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE A) Gemite balayp iinde bulunduumuz ana kadar devam eden eylemleri anlatr.

for I have been reading this book for two hours.

B) u anki bir duruma neden olan; ksa bir sre nce bitmi bir eylemin kendisini vurgulamak iin bu tens kullanlr.

I am tired. I have been studying for my exams for seven hours.

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PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS a) (Live / Work) gibi long term fiillerle Continuous tercih edilir. (Find / Cut) gibi short term fiillerle Present Perfect Simple kullanlr.

I have been living in Eskiehir since 1993 I have cut my finger.

b) Durum, dnce, his bildiren (State verbs) fiillerle Present Perfect Simple kullanlr.

I have known my teacher for two months.

c) ayet cmlede say ve miktar varsa Present Perfect Simple kullanlr.

She has smoked ten cigarettes since she came in.

7) THE PAST PERFECT TENSE Gemii gemie balayan tense.

When I came home, my wife had cooked By the time she came back, I had finished my work. Until I completed my work, they had stated in the office. After she had graduated, she went abroad. Before the bell rang, I had finished my exam paper. the As soon as the guests had left, I went to bed
8) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Belli bir zamana kadar tamamlanm olacak eylemleri anlatr.

By five o clock, I will have finished my report. By the time you come back, I will have cooked. When you come back, I will have eaten my breakfast. bed. Before you come back, I will have gone to bed.
9) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Gemite balayp, yine gemite belli bir zamana kadar bir eylemin ne kadar sredir devam ettiini ifade etmek iin kullanlr.

We had been waiting for her for two days when she came.
10) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Gelecekte bir iin belli bir zamana kadar ne kadar sredir yaplyor olacan ifade eder.

By the next year, I will have been teaching for nine years.
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11) FUTURE T ME Gelecee ynelik niyetlerimizi ve tahminlerimizi anlatr. WILL: Future Intention: Konuma annda karar verdiimiz niyetlerimizi anlatrz.

Dont worry. I will lend you some money.

WILL: Future Prediction: Hi bir delile dayanmayan gelecek tahminlerimizi anlatr.

Turkish economy will recover soon.

GOING TO: Future intention: Konuma anndan nce planladmz niyetlerimizi anlatr.

I am going to by a new car.

GOING TO: Future Prediction: Belli delile dayal tahminlerimizi anlatr.

The sky is black. Its going to rain.

12) FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE A) Gelecekte belli bir zaman dilimi ierisinde sreklilik gsterecek olan eylemleri anlatr.

Dont call me between ten and eleven. I will be sleeping

B) Birisinden bir eyi rica ederken kullanrz.

Will you be using your bike tomorrow?

TENSE AGREEMENT 1) PAST T ME: When I got home cmlesini tamamlarken getireceimiz yaplar mutlaka PAST TIME olmaldr.

When I got home, I had a bath and ate my dinner. my son was sleeping. my parents had gone to bed. my son had been watching TV for two hours.
2) PRESENT T ME: When I get home cmlesini tamamlarken getireceimiz yaplar PRESENT TIME olur.

When I get home, I usually take a rest for a while I play with my son for a while.
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3) FUTURE T ME: When I get home tomorrow cmlesini tamamlarken getireceimiz yaplar PRESENT TIME olur.

When I get home, I will take a rest for a while my son will be sleeping. our guest will have left. Im going to let you know.

PREPOSITIONS
1) ZAMAN FADE EDEN PREPOSITIONS AT a) Saatlerde kullanlr.
Yesterday, Yesterday, I left work at 6 oclock sharp.

b) Zamanda bir nokta belirten ifadelerde kullanlr.

Meal times Festivals Age

: at tea time / at lunch time / at dinner time : at Christmas / at Easter : at 17 / at the age of 17

Dier zaman ifadeleri: at dawn / at midday / at midnight

at night / at noon / at the weekend / at the moment at present / at the beginning of the year / at the end of the month / at the same time / at this time

Not: At the end Bir srenin sonunda anlamnda olup isim alr. At end
the At the end of the month.

In the end Finally anlamnda olup sonuna isim almaz. In end

In the end, he found a job.

ON Gnlerde ve tarihlerde kullanlr.

On Monday / On her birthday / On Monday morning On Sundays / On Christmas day / On that day On Weekdays / On 10th December

IN Daha uzun zaman dilimlerini belirtilen ifadelerle kullanlr.

Months Years Seasons

: In January, in December : In 1959, in the 1960s : In (the) summer

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Century Ages Dierleri

: In the 20th century : In the middle ages : In the evening, in the middle of the night.

NOT: a) Morning / afternoon / evening ifadeleriyle normalde IN kullanlr. Ancak bu ifadeler bir gn isimiyle birlikte ise on kullanlr.
She usually goes shopping in the morning. Monday She usually goes shopping on Monday mornings.

b) At the age of birinin yan ifade ederken kullanrz. Kiinin yan kesin olarak bilmiyorsak; in her thirties, in her early thirties, in her late thirties gibi ifadeler kullanrz. c) Next, last, this ile in / on / at kullanlmaz.
I moved to Ankara last year. We are going on holiday next month. We havent decided yet where to go on holiday this summer.

IN + A PERIOD OF TIME: Gelecekte bir zaman belirtir.

in two days / in a few hours / in three years / in a week / in two days time / in three years time / days in a weeks time.

NOT: a) In + a period of time Bir iin ne kadar zamanda yapldn ifade ederken de kullanlr. Bu durumda in yerine WITHIN de kullanlr.
He usually does his homework in (within) an hour.

b) Apostrophe + time kullanldnda belirtilen saat kadar sonra anlamn verir.

You will have to eat lunch in half an hours time (Yemeini yarm saat sonra yemek zorunda kalacaksn)
ZAMAN FADE EDEN D ER YAPILAR DURING: Srasnda
sleep He fell a sleep during the lesson because it was so boring.

FROMTO / TILL / UNTIL:

The Second World War runs from 1939 to 1945.

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BETWEENAND:
Most people take their holidays sometime between May and September.

TOWARD (S): e doru

day, Towards the end of the day, she started to feel very tired.

THROUGH OUT: Boyunca

I drink several cups of coffee throughout the day.

2) YER VE HAREKET FADE EDEN PREPOSITIONS IN: (de-da/iinde)
in a city / in the east of Turkey / in a room / in a park in the river / in the sea in a line / in a queue / in a row in a book / in a newspaper / in the sky in an armchair / in bed / in the world / in the sun in the rain.

AT: (Bir nokta ifade eder)

at home/ at school / at work / at the cinema at the party / at the meeting / at the airport at the front / at the back / at sea (yolculuk) at the beginning of the street at the end of the street.

ON: (zerinde, yzeyinde)

on the floor / on the wall / on the ceiling / on the bed on the table / on the shelf / on the page 7 on the front page of the newspaper / on an island on a river / on the ground / on earth / on her face on my nose / on the west coast of

TO / FROM: (Bir yerden ayrlma ve bir yere ynelme)

to work / to school / to the station / to the airport from work / from school / from the station

INTO: (Bir eyin iine doru hareketi bildirir.)

Walk in to the cinema / get in to the car.

OUT OF: (Bir yerden dar kma anlamn verir)

Come out of the cinema / get out of the car.

ROUND / AROUND: (evresinde, kede) 11

We lived round the corner. We have no hedge round the garden.

BEYOND: (tede, ilerisinde)

Beyond the river / beyond the beach.

BY: (Yannda)
By the sea / by the lake

PAST: Geince anlamn verir.

Past the post office / past the police station.

THROUGH: Bir eyin iinden geerek anlamn verir.

Through the tunnel / through the woods.

ACROSS: Bir utan dier uca, bir taraftan dier tarafa

Across the river / across the field.

ALONG: Boyunca
Along the river / along the road.

AMONG: kiden fazla gurubun iinde

Among the trees / among the students.

BETWEEN: ki enin arasnda

Between the teacher and students.

UP: Yukar doru

Up the hill / up the road.

DOWN: Aa doru
Down the hill / down the road.

ABOVE: Dzey olarak zerinde daha yksekte / nesneler birbirine demez.

Above the sea level, above the clouds.

BELOW: Dzey olarak altnda, aada / nesneler birbirine demez.

Below the surface of the sea / The people below us.

OVER: zerinde / nesneler birbirine deebilir. 12

The plaster over his eye / a plane flaying over the city over fifty years of age.

UNDER: Altnda (nesneler deebilir.)

Under the table / under 50 years of age.

AGAINST: Bir eye dayanmak.

Put something against the wall.

OPPOSITE: Karsnda.
The cinema opposite our house / Sit opposite me.

IN FRONT OF: nnde.

In front of the cinema / in front of us

BEHIND: Arkasnda.
Behind the garden / behind me.

BESIDE: Yannda / yanna.

Sit beside me / the restaurant beside our house.

INSIDE: inde.
Inside the house / inside the cave.

OUTSIDE: Dnda.
Outside the house / outside the shop

NOTLAR: a) Birinin hala yatmakta olduunu belirtmek iin (in bed), yatan zerinde ki nesneyi belirtmek iin (on the bed) b) Denizde yzmek anlamnda (in the sea), denizde yolculuk anlamnda (at sea) c) Nehirde yzmek (in the river), nehirde tatlarla (on the river) d) Ayr ayr iki nesnenin birbirinin nnde veye arkasnda olduunu (in front of / behind) ile ifade ederiz. Ancak; ayn zemin zerinde nde / arkada derken (at the front / at the back)
We are sitting at the front of the cinema Some students prefer to sit at back of the classroom

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Ancak;
on the front / on the back page in the front row / in the back row in the front / in the back of the car on the front / on the back of the bus

gazetede srada arabada tatlarda

e) (Home / abroad / here / there) ile (go, come, get, fly, arrive, drive) fiilleriyle preposition kullanlmaz.
Get home / go abroad / come here / drive there

f) Varmak ulamak anlamda reach ile preposition kullanlmaz.

When I reached the hotel, I went straight to bed.

Bireye yetimek, almak iin reach for alr.

Why dont you ask me to pass you the butter instead of reaching for it yourself?

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MODEL VERBS
1) REQUEST & PERMISSION 2) OBLIGATION 3) ADVICE 4) EXPECTATION 5) ABILITY 6) MAKING SUGGESTION 7) POSSIBILITY 8) PREFERENCE 1) REQUEST / PERMISSION A) With subject (I) MAY / CAN / COULD I C)

May I borrow your car? Could I see you again? Can I answer this question?

FORMAL FORMAL INFORMAL

B) With subject (You WOULD / COULD / WILL / CAN You) You C)

Would you give me some information about your business? Could you help me please? Will you lend me your book please? Can you open the door please?
C) WOULD YOU MIND WOULD YOU MIND IF + PAST S MPLE

Would you mind if I smoke here?

WOULD YOU MIND + DOING STH

Would you mind posting these letters for me?

2) OBLIGATION (MUST / HAVE TO / HAVE GOT TO)

MUST: Konumacnn fikrini ifade eder. Dardan bir zorlama yoktur.

I must pass the UDS exam You mustnt come home late I had to pass the UDS exam I didnt have to study very hard Must you leave now? Have you got to leave now?

Olumlu Olumsuz Olumlu Past Olumsuz Past Soru Olumlu

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HAVE TO: Kanun ve kurallara dayal zorunluluk.

thirteen. Children have to go to school until they are thirteen.

NOT: Have to nun olumsuz hali mustnt dr. Dont have to seenek ifade eder.

You mustnt cross the road when the light is red You dont have to go to England to learn English I dont have to / dont need to/ neednt get up early
Have got to olumsuz biimi Havent got to dur.

I had to work until late yesterday.

DIDNT HAVE TO / DIDNT NEED TO : Yapmak zorunda deildim. Yapmadm.

for them. I didnt have to / need to wait for them. They came on time.
NEEDNT HAVE DONE : Yapmam gerekmedii halde yaptm.

You neednt have bought such an expensive present

3) ADVICE (SHOULD / OUGHT TO / HAD BETTER) A) SHOULD / OUGHT TO: Yapmam gerekir anlamnda kullanlrlar. Bu yapda ifade edilen eylemleri erteleme olanamz vardr. D)

I should / ought to clean my car. I dont feel well now. I think I will clean it tomorrow.
B) HAD BETTER: Yapacamz ii erteleme ansmz yok. Yapmazsak kt eyler olur.

otherwise, I had better go home early; otherwise, my father will get angry with me.
B) SHOULD NOT / OUGHT NOT TO / HAD BETTER NOT: Yaplmamas gereken eyleri tler. E)

You shouldnt / ought not to (oughtnt to) treat him so unkindly Youd better study so hard, or you will get ill.

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PRESENT ADV CE (SHOULD BE DOING / OUGHT TO BE DOING): inde bulunduumuz ana ilikin bir tavsiyeyi ifade eder.

Why are you sleeping? You should be studying now now. Im watching TV now, but in fact; I ought to be studying for my exam.
PAST ADVICE (SHOULD HAVE DONE / OUGHT TO HAVE DONE): OUGHT Gemite yaplmas gereken eylemin yaplmadn ve sonucun kt olduunu ifade eder.

He failed the test. He should have studied harder. He ignored my warnings and had an accident. He shouldnt have ignored my warnings.
NOT: SHOULD HAVE BEEN DOING / OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN DOING: Gemite belli bir zaman dilimi ierisinde devam etmekte olan bir olaya ilikin tavsiyede bulunmak iin kullanlr.

On my way to work, I saw some children playing in the street yesterday. playing They shouldnt have been playing in the street but in the park.
4) EXPECTATIONS (BE TO / BE SUPPOSED TO) A) Bir programa gre olmas gereken olay ifade eder. be due to ile ayn anlamdadr.

The film is to start at 11.oo. The film is supposed to start at 11.oo. The film is due to start at 11.oo.
B) Birinin bir bakasndan beklentisini ifade eder. be supposed to should ile ayn anlamdadr, ancak be supposed to da gereklilik daima d etkenlerden kaynaklanr.

supposed otherwise, I am supposed to go home early; otherwise, my mother gets angry.

be to must ile yakn anlama sahiptir. Ancak zorunluluk d etkenlerden kaynaklanr ve be supposed todan gl bir ifade tar.

I am to go to work early tomorrow. My boss ordered.

D) WAS / WERE SUPPOSED TO: Bir bakasnn gemite bizden beklentisini ifade eder. Should have done ile yakn anlam tar. Zorlama dardandr.

I supposed to go to work early. My boss got angry.

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5) ABILITY (CAN / BE ABLE TO) A) Yeteneklerimizi ifade ederiz. F)

I can speak two foreign languages fluently. to I am able to speak two foreign languages fluently.
B) CAN yaplmas mmkn olaylar ifade eder.

I can help you. I am free now. I cant help you. I am buzy now.
C) Gemite zor bir iin stnden gelme ifade edildiinde was /were able to kullanlr. Could kullanlmaz.

I could / was able to sing very well. Ability in the past. The students were able to / were allowed to leave school earlier. Permission I missed the bus yesterday, but I was able to get to work on time by taxi.
gelme. Gemite zor bir iin stesinden gelme. 6) MAKING SUGGESTIONS A) LETS DO SOMETHING:

Its a nice day today. Lets go out and have a walk.

B) MAY / MIGHT: neri getirilirken olumlu veya olumsuz dz cmlede kullanlr.

If you dont have any other plans, we may / might invite some friends over the weekend.
NOT: MAY / MIGHT AS WELL Lets anlamn verir ancak neri zorunluluktan kaynaklanan gnlszce yaplan neridir.

Since we cant afford to go to the cinema, we may / might as well hire a video and watch it at home.
MAY / MIGHT AS WELL: Olumsuz cmlelerde neednt anlamn verir.

Since you are not close friends with Lucy, you may / might as well not attend her wedding next Sunday.
C) WHY DONT + SUBJECT: Soru cmlesi olmasna ramen soru deil neri getirir.

I am getting sleepy. Why dont you go to bed?

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D) SHALL WE / I: zne olarak sadece we ve I kullanlr. Trkeye Yapaym m/ yapalm m olarak evrilir.

Shall I help you? Sana yardm edeyim mi?

E) COULD:

What shall we do tomorrow? We could meet friends and go fishing.

7) EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY A) PRESENT POSSIBILITY 1- ayet bir gerei kesin olarak biliyorsak modal verb kullanmaya gerek yoktur.

Why didnt he go to school today? He is ill. (I know that he is ill)

2- Gerei kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama gl bir tahminde bulunuyorsak MUST kullanrz.

hungry. The baby is crying. She must be hungry. (A olmal)

3- Gerei kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama gsz bir tahminde bulunuyorsak MAY / MIGHT / COULD kullanrz.

Why is Ali at home today? He may/might/could be ill. Hasta olabilir.

B) PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Where is your brother? He is studying in his room. He must be studying in his room. He may be /might be / could be studying in his room. He isnt studying in his room. He cant /couldnt be studying in his room. (alyor olamaz) He must not be studying in his room. (almyor olmal) room. He may / might not be studying in his room (almyor olmal)
C) PAST POSSIBILITY

I cant find my grammar book. You must have left it in the classroom. You may /might/could have left it in the classroom. /couldnt You cant /couldnt have left it in the classroom. (alm olamaz) You must not have left it in the classroom. (almam olmal)
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You may/might not have left it in the classroom.

NOT: could have done / couldnt have done 1- Yapabilirdim ama yapmamay tercih ettim.

I had lots of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema but I cinema, preferred to stay at home.
2- steseydi bile yapamazd.

We found out that the match had been cancelled, so we couldnt have gone even if we had wanted to.
3- Gemite olma olasl olup, olmadndan emin olduumuz durumlarda Might / could have done kullanrz.

I had a close friend at the police station, otherwise; I might / could have been arrested.
D) PAST PROGRESSIVE POSSIBILITY

Ali had a car accident Last Saturday. He must have been driving very fast. The light in my brothers room was on at 3.00 yesterday. He may/might/could have been reading book.
E) FUTURE POSSIBILITY: Gelecee ynelik olaslklardan sz ederken should / should could ought to / may / might / could kullanrz. NOT: must gelecee ilikin tahminlerde bulunurken kullanlmaz. Ancak iinde bulunduumuz anda gelecekte bir eylemin olacana ilikin bir belirti varsa must be must doing doing kullanabiliz.

I saw Aye buying lots of food and drink at the market. She must be having a huge party next week. He is very good at driving. He will pass the test. Kesin He took plenty of lessons. He should / ought to pass the test. Gl He took some lessons. He may / might / could pass the test Zayf test.

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8) EXPRESSING PREFERENCE: (WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER) A) Ayn anlamda olup; bir eyi bir eye tercih ettiimizi ifade etmek iin kullanrz.

I would rather read a book than watch TV.

B) Would rather be doing something: u anda yaptmz iten honut olmadmz, onun yerine baka bir ii yapmay tercih ettiimizi ifade eder.

I would rather be walking by the seaside than studying.

C) Would rather / would sooner have done something: Would prefer to have done something: Gemite yapmay tercih ettiimiz; ama yapamadmz eyleri ifade eder.

I would rather have studied at home than (have) gone out.

D) Would prefer: Anlam olarak would rather ile ayndr, ama kullanm farkldr. NOT: Would Prefer fiil ya da isim alr, ama Would Rather ancak fiil alr.

I would prefer to stay at home tonight than go out. I would rather stay at home tonight than go out. tea. I would prefer coffee to tea. I would prefer to drink coffee to tea.
E) Prefer: would prefer gibi hem isim hem fiil alr.

(drink drink) I prefer to drink coffee rather than (drink) tea. meat. meat.

I prefer vegetables to

F) Would rather somebody did something / Would prefer somebody to do stg.

(Present) I would rather they travelled by bus. I would rather they had travelled by car. (Past) They would prefer me not to leave early

21

THE PASSIVE SENTENCES

1) TENSLERE GRE PASS VE YAPILAR: She is cleaning the house. She cleans the house. She cleaned the house. She was cleaning the house. She has cleaned the house. She had cleaned the house. She will clean the house. She is going to clean the house. She can clean the house. She will have cleaned the house. She will be cleaning the house. She has been cleaning the house. She had been cleaning the house. She will have been cleaning the house. Eylemi yapan kiiyi veya eylemin hangi arala yapldn ifade etmek iin: The house is being cleaned. The house is cleaned. The house was cleaned. The house was being cleaned. The house has been cleaned. The house had been cleaned. The house will be cleaned. The house is going to be cleaned. The house can be cleaned. The house will have been cleaned.

By: This song was composed by Ziya Takent. Preposition: The wood was chopped with an axe by my brother brother.
NOT: ayet eylem kendiliinden gereklemi ise nesneler iinde by kullanlr.

She was injured by a rolling stone.

2) STATE PASSIVE: Bir eylem deil de bir durum bildiren passive yaplar.

yesterday. The window was broken by Ali yesterday. (Eylem bildiriyor) broken. When I came in, the window was broken. (Durum bildiriyor)
3) PASSIVE WITH GERUNDS & INFINITIVES:

Everybody likes someone giving them a present. Everybody likes being given a present. I hate anyone cheating me. I hate being cheated. They dont permit people to take food in to the hotel rooms. taken Food is not permitted to be taken in to the hotel rooms.
NOT: Need fiili aktif cmlede infinitive alr. Pasif cmlede infinitive veya gerund alr. ayet cmlenin znesi insan ise infinitive alr. 22

My shirt needs to be ironed. My shirt needs ironing. I need to be told the truth.
4) K NESNEL CMLELERDE PASSIVE:

I gave him some money yesterday. He was given some money by me yesterday. Some money was given to him by me yesterday.
5) R VAYET PASS VE: A) PRESENT (TO BE)

They say the man upstairs is a murderer. Its said that the man upstairs is a murderer. The man upstairs is said to be a thief.
B) PRESENT SIMPLE:

We understand that he dislikes children. Its understood that he dislikes children. He is understood to dislike children.
C) PAST (WAS / WERE)

They say that he was very rich in the past. Its said that he was very rich in the past. said He is said to have been very rich in the past.
D) PAST SIMPLE:

They claim that he left the country yesterday. Its claimed that he left the country yesterday. He is claimed to have left the country yesterday.
E) PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:

I think he is waiting there now. Its thought that he is waiting there now. He is thought to be waiting there now.
F) PAST PROGRESSIVE:

People say he was working very hard. It is said that he was working very hard. He is said to have been working very hard.
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G) FUTURE (will/going to)

People expect that the exchange rate will go down soon. It is expected that the exchange rate will go down soon. The exchange rate is expected to go down soon.
H) PRESENT PASSIVE (will/going to)

They say that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. It is said that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. A lot of electrical appliances are said to be stolen every day.
) PAST PASSIVE:

They report that two people were killed in the explosion. killed It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion. Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion.
NOT: 1- Hem temel cmlenin hem de yan cmlenin yklemi Past ise iki eylem arasnda zaman fark olmad iin to do biimiyle aktarrz.

They believed she knew the truth. She was believed to know the truth.
2- Yan cmle daha nce gereklemi ise bu past perfect ile ifade edilir. Bu cmleyi passive yapmak iin ise to have done kullanrz.

They believed she had acted deliberately. She was believed to have acted deliberately.
6) PASSIVE WITH GET: (GET + PAST PARTICIPLE): Durum bildiren yapy eylem bildiren yapya dntrr.

She didnt want to go out because she was tired. Having worked for three hours, she got tired.

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PREPOSITIONS WITH STATE PASSIVES 1) BE DERIVED FROM: A lot of language used in advertising plans is derived from military terms such as target, tactics etc. 2) BE CONVINCED OF: I am not convinced of the advisability of this project. 3) BE ADDICTED TO: He eats so much chocolate. I believe that he is addicted to chocolate. 4) BE ANNOYED AT / ABOUT / WITH: Are you annoyed with me? No, I am annoyed at / about what you said. 5) BE TIRED FROM: I am tried from long journey. 6) BE TIRED OF: I am tried of listening your nonsence comments. 7) BE CONNECTED TO / WITH: Through Panama Canal, the Atlantic Ocean is connected to / with the pasific. 8) BE BLESSEED WITH: He was blessed with a supportive familiy. 9) BE OPPESED TO: I am opposed to nuclear energy. 10) BE RELATED TO: The flying fox is not a really fox. It is elated to the bat. 11) BE EQUIPPED WITH: Long-distance Lorries are equipped with a tachometer. 12) BE CROWDED WITH: The city centre is crowded with football supporters. 13) BE PREPARED FOR: I am not prepared for the interview. 14) BE DISCRIMINATED AGAINST: Immigrants are fearful that they will be discriminated against by the company. 15) BE FED UP WITH: 25

I am fed up with being a government employee. 16) GOT CONFUSED WITH: I always got the word right confused with the word write 17) BE USED FOR: A barometer is an instrument, which is used for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. 18) BE BASED ON: The film Amistad is based on a true-life story. 19) BE COMMITTED TO: Aye is committed to helping preserve to environment. 20) BE INVOLVED IN: Aye is involved in conservation projects. 21) BE DEVOTED TO: I am devoted to my family. 22) BE DISGUSTED AT: I am disgusted at his table manners. 23) BE SUPPLIED WITH: On the trip, I was supplied with little food. 24) BE CRITICIZED FOR: The referee was criticized for not being impartial. 25) BE DISSUADED FROM: I could have been dissuaded from my decision. 26) BE SUSPECTED OF: He was suspected of stealing the money. 27) BE THRILLED WITH: I was thrilled with the present she gave me. 28) BE FORCED OPEN WITH: The door was forced open with a screwdriver. 29) BE REPLACED WITH: All the money in the safe had been replaced with forgeries. 30) BE THROUBLED WITH: I have been troubled with a bad back since 1996. 31) BE ORGANIZED WITH: The conference was organized with enough attention. 26

32) BE OBLIGED TO SOMEBODY: I am obliged to you for your understanding. 33) BE PROVIDED WITH: If you work hard, you will be provided with a computer. 34) BE PLEASED WITH: I am pleased with the amount of money you offer. 35) BE COMPOSED OF: Granite is composed of minerals. 36) BE MARRIED TO: Ahmet is married to an English girl. 37) BE LIMITED TO: The party is limited to their close friends. 38) BE SLAPPED IN THE FACE WITH: It is regarded funny when you are slapped in the face with a cream-pie. 39) BE DRESSED IN: She was dressed in a white dress at the party. 40) BE AMAZE AT: The visitors will be amazed at the exhibits. 41) BE SHOT IN THE BACK: He was shot in the back with a gun. 42) BE ASSOCIATED WITH: Autopsy is associated with forensic. 43) BE FILLED WITH: I was filled with excitement when I met her. 44) BE INTERESTED IN: I am interested in archaeology. 45) BE CONCERNED ABOUT: I am concerned about the rises in drug taking. 46) BE EXPOSED TO: When the children are exposed to toxic substances, you should take them to hospital immediately.

27

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1) TYPE 1 (If + Present Simple +will) Mmkn olan artlar ve bu artlar yerine geldiinde bunun muhtemel sonularn anlatr.

If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go on picnic.

TEMEL CMLEDE KULLANAB LECE M Z YAPILAR A) Will ve versiyonlar:

hired. She will be working there next month if she is hired. You will have finished it by June if you start writing now. I will have been working here for ten years by the time I retire if everything goes all right.
B) Model Verbs:

We may / might / can cancel the picnic if the weather continues like this.
IF CLAUSE LE KULLANAB LECE M Z YAPILAR a. Can:

student. If you can pass the exam, you will be the luckiest student.
b. Have to:

If I have to work overtime, I will let you know.

c. Present Continuous:

If you are looking for your slippers, they are under the bed.
d. Present Perfect Tense:

If you have finished your lunch, I will ask for the bill.
e. Should:

If you should need any help, I can help you.

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2) TYPE 2 (If + Past Simple +would +would) If Mmkn olmayan artlar ve bu artlarn olas sonularn ifade eder. If clause past olmasna ramen ifade Present veya Futuredr.

If I had enough money, I would lend you some. (I dont have) If I saw a ghost, I would run away. (I dont believe I will see)
TEMEL CMLEDE KULLANAB LECE M Z YAPILAR a. Would ve would be doing:

rich, If I were rich, I would help the poor people in Turkey. hungry, If the baby werent hungry, she wouldnt be crying now.
b. Could, would be able to, might we would have to:

tomorrow, could/ If I had some time tomorrow, I could/would be able to help you. might/ If you could speak Turkish, You might/could get the job. If I didnt have an exam tomorrow, I wouldnt have to study now.
IF CLAUSE LE KULLANAB LECE M Z YAPILAR a. Past Continuous: If I werent studying now, I could help you. b. Could: If she could speak English well, I would employ her. c. Had to: If I had to study for my exams, I wouldnt go out. d. Should: If there should be a nuclear war, many creatures should

would disappear.
3) TYPE 3 (If + Past Perfect +would have done) Bu yap; mmkn olmayan artlar ve bu artlarn sonularn ifade eder. Gemite olmu bir olaya zt bir art ileri srp bu artn hayal rn sonucunu ifade ederiz.

If she had warned the child about the boiling kettle, he wouldnt have burnt him self.

29

4) MIXED TYPE: d) If+past perfect would do stg b) If past simple+would have done stg stg. simple+ stg.

pass If you had studied hard, you would pass your exam now.
Past Present

If I didnt love her (because I do love her), I wouldnt have married. (I did) If you werent a rude person (But you are), you wouldnt have rebuked your wife (But you did). If he didnt smoke much (because he does), he wouldnt have coughed. (He did)
5) ZERO CONDITIONALS

If she had warned the child about the boiling kettle, he wouldnt have burnt him self.
OTHER CONDITIONALS A) Provided / providing that / as long as / so long as / only if / on condition that

You can pass the exam

provided providing that as long as so long as only if you study hard.

* Provided that / providing that / as long as tense kurallar asndan if gibi kullanlrlar. * Only if cmlenin bana gelirse 2. cmleyi devrik yapar.

I can forgive her as long as she apologizes to me. I could forgive her so long as she apologized to me. apologized I could have forgiven so long as she had apologized to me.
B) Unless (medike - madka): Olumsuz bir anlama sahiptir. Bal olduu cmle genellikle olumlu olur.

Unless you study hard, you cant pass your exam.

30

C) Even f (olsa bile/olmasa bile): stenilen koul yerine gelse bile kural deimez.

I wont forgive her even if she apologizes to me. wont I wouldnt forgive her even if she apologized to me.

D) Whether... or not (olsa da/olmasa da):

I will go to the party whether they invite me or not.

E) Suppose that / supposing that /what if

we How else can we get there suppose that we miss the train? How would you react supposing that he cheated on you? What if he didnt come tomorrow? = What would happen? What if you dont get your salary? = What will happen if.. have What if you hadnt pass UDS = what would have happened?
F) As if / As though (sanki/gibi): seem / look / sound gibi fiillerle sk kullanlr.

if/as There are dark clouds. It seems as if/as though it is going to rain. The problem was difficult, but he seemed as if he could solve it.
Eer; gerek bir izlenim ifade ediliyor ise; temel cmlenin fiili past ise;

Do yerine did Did veya have / has done yerine had done Will yerine would Can yerine could Am, is, are yerine was were It seemed as if it was going to rain. well She seemed as if she hadnt slept well the previous right. He seemed as if he could solve it by him self. They seemed as if they were having a good time She seemed as if she would help me.
* As if / as though ile gerek izlenim deil de benzetme yapyorsak, temel cmlenin fiili present da olsa past da olsa gerei ifade eden cmlenin past biimi kullanlr. (be) fiili (were) olur.
everything) She speaks as if she knew everything. (She doesnt know everything) She treated me as if I were her daughter. (I am not her daughter)

31

WISH CLAUSES (wish / If only) A) Wish about the present (wish + past simple)

Ali wishes he were as strong as superman.

B) Wish about the past (wish + past perfect)

He had to work yesterday. I wish he hadnt had to work. I couldnt get up early yesterday. I wish I could have got up early yesterday. I wish I had been able to get up early yesterday.
C) Wish about the future: Temel ve yan cmlenin znesi ayn ise (could) kullanlr.

She cant come with us tomorrow. She wishes she could come with us tomorrow.
*ayet temel ve yan cmlenin znesi farkl ise would kullanrz.

I wish you would come too.

INVERSION WITH IF CLAUSES *ayet; if clause (should/were/had) ile balarsa cmleden if atlr.

If any of these should cost you anything, you can send the bill to me. Should any of these cost you anything, you can send the bill to me. If she were to find out the truth, it would be embarrassing. Were she to find out the truth, it would be embarrassing. If they hadnt rushed him to hospital, he could have died. Had they not rushed him to hospital, he could have died.

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NOUN CLAUSES
(Cmlede zne yada nesne grevinde bulunan cmlecik.) 1) Noun clauses beginning with a question word NG L ZCEDE K SORU SZCKLER Who Whom Whose What Which Where When Why How How long How often How far How much How many : (Kim/kimi/kime) : (Kimi / Kime) : (Kimin) : (insanlar iin kullanm ok azdr. Nesneler iin kullanlr.) : (Hangisi) : (Nerede) : (Ne zaman) : (Neden) : (Nasl) : (Nekadar sreyle / ne zamandan beri) : (Nekadar sklkla) : (Nekadar uzaklkta) : (Ka para) : (Ka tane)

A) Soru szc ile balayan bir cmleyi Noun Claus a dntrmek iin o cmleyi dz cmle haline getiririz.

Why is he coming tomorrow? Why he is coming tomorrow is a secret.

B) Eer soru szc cmlenin znesini soruyorsa o cmleyi dz cmleye dntremeyiz.

Who is coming tomorrow? (Cmlenin znesini soruyor.) I dont know who is coming tomorrow.
C) Soru szckleriyle cmlenin zne nesnesinin sorulmas Who = zne

Who loves you? (Seni kim seviyor?) Nobody knows who loves you.
Who = Nesne 33

Who do you love? (Kimi seviyorsun?) I have no idea who you love?
What = zne

What happens here at the weekend? Please tell me what happens here at the weekend.

What = Nesne

What did you buy for her birthday? Please tell me what you brought for her birthday.
2) Noun clauses beginning with whether / if or not

if/whether to Please tell me if/whether she is coming to the party or not.

*ayet cmlede Noun Clause zne durumunda ise yalnzca whether or not kullanabiliriz.

Whether she is coming to the party or not isnt certain.

3) Noun Clauses beginning with that *Dz cmleyi noun clause yapmak iin bana that getirilir. Noun clause nesne ise that atlabilir.

He cant win the election. That he cant win the election is certain.
*That ile balayan Noun Clause yerine daha ok

It is obvious / known that he cant win the election. Tercih edilir. She doesnt like pop music. (that that) We know (that) she doesnt like pop music.
NOT: That clause bir prepositiondan sonra the fact that biiminde kullanlr.

He was devastated by the tragic news. We talked about the fact that he was devastated by the tragic news. She is the author of two well-known books. wellI am interested in the fact that she is the author of two well-known books.
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THAT CLAUSEIN ZEL KULLANIMLARI

A) sonu (ing / ed) ile biten sfatlardan sonra ve (Sorry, glad, happy, afraid, surprised,
disappointed, sure, pleased true, strange, fair, unfair, obvious, apparent, likely, unlikely, too bad) gibi baz sfatlardan sonra. bad) sonra

(that that) I am glad (that) you told me the truth about the event. (that that) I am sorry (that) I couldnt help you do your homework. (that that) another It is likely (that) there will be another earthquake soon. (that that) It is unfair (that) women still work in the fields. (that that) exam. It is surprising (that) she passed her exam. I am very surprised (that) she passed her exam. (that) exam. that
theory, B) isimlerden sonra (Miracle, pity, shame, wonder, relief, a good thing, fact, bief, theory, opinion) impression, opinion)

(that that) It is a wonder (that) she survived the accident. (that that) It is my opinion (that) your parents will not allow you to go out.
C) Baz fiillerden sonra:
ACKNOWLEDGE ADD ADMIT ADVISE ALLEGE ANNOUNCE (WH) ANSWER APPEAR ARGUE ARRANGE (WH) ASSUME ASSURE BELIEVE (WH) CLAIM COMMAND COMPLAIN CONFESS CONFIRM CONSIDER (WH) DECLARE DECIDE (WH) DEMAND FEAR FEEL FIND OUT (WH) FORGET (WH) GUESS (WH) GRUMBLE GUARANTEE HAPPEN HEAR (WH) HOPE IMAGINE (WH) IMPLY INFORM INSIST KNOW (WH) LEARN (WH) MEAN NOTICE (WH) OBJECT OBSERVE OCCUR TO ORDER REALIZE (WH) RECKON (WH) RECOGNIZE RECOMMEND REMARK REMEMBER (WH) REMIND REPLY REPORT REQUEST RESOLVE SAY SEE (WH) SEEM SENSE SHOW (WH) STATE (WH) STIPULATE SUGGEST (WH) SUPPOSE SUSPECT TEACH

35

DEMONSTRATE (WH) DENY DETERMINE (WH) DISCOVER (WH) DOUBT (WH) ESTIMATE (WH) EXPECT EXPLAIN

PERCEIVE POINT OUT PREDICY (WH) PRESUME PRETEND PROMISE PROPOSE PROVE

TELL (WH) THINK (WH) THREATEN TURN OUT UNDERSTAND (WH) URGE WARN WISH WONDER (WH)

(WH) soru kelimesi ile balayan cmle de alabilir. 4) Noun clause as object of the preposition

She takes no notice of my warnings (Noun) what I say (Noun clause) Your question isnt related to this subject. (Noun) what we are discussing now.
5) Noun clauses with ever vords

Whoever / whomever I spoke to said they liked the party. You can put your suitcase wherever you think is suitable However you cook the egg is all right with me. Shall we try to do whatever is needed? You can choose whichever you want. You may leave whenever you wish.
REPORTED SPEECH 1) REPORTED STATEMENT Reporting verbs:
SAY (Say)den sonar hemen cmle gelir.

pilot. He said that he was a pilot.

*ayet szn kime sylendiini belirtmek istersek;

He said to me that he was a pilot.

TELL Szn kime sylendiini belirtmek zorundayz.

Ahmet told me that he was a pilot.

a) PRESENT SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT / FUTURE SIMPLE: le yaplan aktarmalarda cmlenin tensinde deiiklik yaplmaz.

Ahmet I am not keen to see that film.

36

Ahmet says that he is not to see that film. he Ahmet has told us that he is not keen to see that Ahmet will tell you that he is not keen to see that

b) ayet aktarma szcnn yaps Past simple, Past perfect ise cmlenin tensi bir tense geri gider. Zaman zarflar da deiir. Zaman Deiiklikleri Today That day Yesterday The previous day / The day before A year ago A year before Last week The previous week Tomorrow The next day / The following day. Now Then / mmediately *Szcn sylendii ve aktarld gn ayn ise today = TODAY kalr.

I will help you tomorrow She told me (that) she would help me the following day. I never get up late. said She said that she never got up late. I am working on my thesis. She told me that she was working on her thesis. I applied for a new job. She said that she had applied for a new job. I have been working for two hours. He said that he had been working for two hours. I was working in Ankara last year. He said that he had been working in Ankara the previous year.
NOT: Direk cmledeki WOULD / WOULD LIKE / WOULD RATHER gibi yaplar ayn kalr. c) Dier Aktarma Szckleri:

37

Add / admit / answer / assure / boast / complain / grumble / inform / object out / point out / promise / protest / remark / remind / reply / scream / shout / whisper / yell.

2) REPORTED QUESTION: Reported statements kurallar bu yapylada uygulanr. Reporting Verbs: Ask / inquire / wonder / want to know. a) Qestion word ile yaplan sorularn aktarlmas

Why didnt you come to the party? She asked (me) why I hadnt come to the party.
b) Yardmc fiil ile yaplan soru cmlelerinin aktarlmas

Are you coming with us? She asked (me) if / whether I was coming/going with them.
3) REPORTED IMPERATIVE: Emir cmlelerinin aktarlmas Reporting Verbs: tell / ask / order / remind / advise a) Olumlu emir cmlelerinin aktarlmas (tell somebody to do something)

Our teacher told us to study hard.

b) Olumlsuz emir cmlelerinin aktarlmas (tell somebody to do something)

Our teacher warned us not to cheat during the exam.

AUXILIARY VERBS IN SHORT ANSWERS 1) TOO / EITHER Too/as well: Olumlu cmlelerin sonun da (de-da) anlamnda kullanlr.

They have a pet dog at home. They have a cat too.

Either: Olumsuz cmlelerin sonunda (de-da) anlamnda kullanlr.

farm. He doesnt raise cows on his farm. He doesnt raise pigs either.
38

2) SO / NEITHER veya NOR ki cmle anlamca ayn zneler farklysa (de-da) anlamnda Olumlu cmlelerde = so, olumsuz cmlelerde = neither / nor

I like reading. So does my wife. I dont like cats. wife. Neither does my wife. / Nor does my wife. My wife doesnt either.

*NOT: Komplex cmlelerde temel cmlenin yardmc fiilini dikkate alrz.

I dont think we can afford such an expensive car. Neither does my brother. = Ben sylyorum. Neither can your father. = Bakas sylyorsa.
*ayet bizim dncemiz bakasyla eliiyorsa;

My wife doesnt like fish = But I do.

3) ECO QUESTION Birisiyle sohbet ederken karmzdakinin syledikleriyle ilgilendiimizi gstermek iin; ylemi / gerekten mi? szlerini kullanrz. a) Sylenen szn tenseine dikkat ederiz. b) Cmle olumlu ise olumlu, olumsuz ise olumsuz bir yardmc fiil kullanrz.

I cant go on holiday this summer. Really? Cant you? I have never been abroad. Realy? Havent you? I can cook very well. Can you?
4) QUESTION TAGS Pozitive cmle Negative tag Negative cmle _ Pozitive tag. a) Emin olmadmz bilgiyi onaylatmak iin. b) Karmzdaki kiiyi sohbete davet etmek iin. c) Karmzdaki kiinin bir ii yapmasn istemediimizi belirtmek iin.

Your brother is still at university isnt he? Yes he is. We have ten fingers, dont we? Yes we do. we? You dont want another cup of tea, do you? No I dont.
NEML NOTLAR 39

a) Cmlenin znesi; everybody / everyone /somebody / someone / anybody / anyone gibi belgisiz zamir ise Question tag They olur. They They

Everyone is here arent they?

b) Cmlenin znesi; nothing / everything / something / question tag It olur It anything / gibi belgisiz zamir ise

Nothing has been done yet has it?

c) Olumlu yada olumsuz emir cmleleri will you will d) Lets ile balayan cmlelerin question tagI shall we shall

Lets meet in front of the cinema, shall we?

5) THAT CLAUSE YER NE SO / NOT KULLANIMI Believe / expect / suppose / think / hope gibi fiillerden, I am afraid / it seems / it appears gibi yaplardan sonar gelen THAT CLAUSE yerine SO / NOT kullanrz.

Will that party win the election? I think (that) that party will win the election. I think so
Olumsuz bir ifade ederken Think olumsuz yaplr.

I dont think (that) that party will win the election. I dont think so. Has your brother found a solution? I dont believe / suppose / expect (that) he has found d a solution. (olumlu) I dont believe / suppose / expect so. I believe / suppose / expect (that) he hasnt found a solution. Olumsuz I believe / suppose / expect not.
6) THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES Btn znelerle fiil yaln halde kullanlr. BE fiili de btn znelerle BE biimindedir.

Its important that we be punctual. The boss insists that everybody be present at the meeting. The doctor insists that I stop smoking. I suggest that you go to a doctor. I demand that your son not be so obedient. His employer has requested that he not leave his job until the
40

project has

been finished.

*Temel cmle past olsa da subjunctivede fiilin yaln hali kullanlr.

doctor. I suggested that he go to a doctor. It was important that we not be late for the meeting.

GERUNDS & INFINITIVES

1) GERUNDS a) Cmlenin znesi olarak kullanlr.

Reading is essential to broaden your horizons. Eating too much makes people fat. (Gerund phrase)
b) To be fiilinden sonar gelerek subject complement olur.

My fovourite pastime is watching.

c) Baz fiillerden sonar gelerek cmlenin nesnesi olur.

I like walking by the sea very much.

GERUND ALAN F LLER Admit / anticipate / appreciate / avoid / miss / postpone / stop / suggest / delay / deny / detest discuss / practice / quit / tolarate / imagine / dislike / enjoy / finish / forgive / recall / recollect recommend / remembe r / involve / keep / mention / mind / resent / resist / risk / understand d) Prepositiondan sonra gelerek object of preposition grevini alr.

dark. She is afraid of the dark. Noun out. She is afraid of going out. Gerund
PERFECT GERUND (HAV NG DONE): Gerund ile anlatlan eylem cmlenin yklemindeki eylemden nce gereklemi ise kullanrz. Bu yap ADMIT, DENY, and REGRET fiilleriyle yaygn olarak kullanlr.

The thief admitted having stolen the car. The headmaster denied having hit the child. He regrets not attending / not having attended university.
41

PASSIVE GERUND (BEING DONE)

I hate being asked personal questions. cant You cant go to the party without being invited.

SONUNDA GERUND ALAN YAPILAR Abstain from: You have to abstain from drinking alcohol. Accuse somebody of doing stg: They accused the man of robbing the bank. Adjust to: You will have to adjust to eating Turkish food. Apologize for: I apologized for being late. Apologize to somebody for doing stg: She apologized to me for being late. Approve of: Do you approve of her staying out so late? Arrest somebody for doing stg: They arrested the guard for helping the robbers. Be accustomed to: I am accustomed to drinking Turkish coffee. Be opposed to: I am opposed to spending exclusively on cosmetics. Be tired from doing something: Bir eyi yapmaktan yorulmak. Be tired of doing something: Bir eyi yapmaktan bkmak. Be used to: I am used to living in Eskiehir. Believe in: I really believe in working hard for world peace. Blame somebody for doing something: They blamed her for making me late. Care about: Do you care about being well dressed? Care for: I dont care for going to that film. Charge somebody with doing stg: They will charge him with falsifying the accounts. Comment on: I dont want to comment on his solving the problem. Complain about: He always complains about having too much work. Complain to somebody about doing stg: I complained to the owner about hassling. Complain of stg: We called a doctor because Ali was complaining of a pain in his arm. Concentrate on: You have to concentrate on improving vocabulary. Congratulate somebody on doing stg: I congratulated him on being the top student. Consist of: Being a good student consists of studying regularly. Deal with: I want to deal with redecorating the house first. Depend on: To pass the exam depends on your studying hard. Deter somebody from doing stg: The storm deterred the climbers from climbing. Devote something to doing stg: She devoted herself to bringing up her children. Discourage somebody from doing stg: He discouraged me from climbing. Dream of: I have always dreamed of being a famous writer. Dream about: I dreamt about you last night. Excuse for doing something: Mazeretiyle Feel like: I feel like having a short trip. For fear of doing something: In korkusuyla For the sake of doing something: n hatrna Forget about: She is trying to forget about being deceived by him. 42

Forgive somebody for doing something: I cant forgive her for lying to me. Have an objection to: I have an objection to carrying out your plan. Have difficult in doing something: yapmakta glk ekmek In addition to doing something: E ilaveten In charge of doing something: yapmakla ykml olmak In danger of doing something: Tehlikesiyle kar karya olmak In exchange for doing something: E karlk olarak In favour of doing something: In taraftar olmak In return for doing something: Karlk olarak In the course of doing something: Srasnda, esnasnda In the habit of doing something: Alkanlnda olmak In the middle of doing something: Ortasnda Insist on: Do you still insist on wearing that funny tie. Instead of doing something: n yerine Involve somebody in doing stg: I dont involve my father in fighting with my rivals. Keep somebody from doing stg: They kept me from studying. Look forward to: I am look forward to seeing you here. Need for doing something: yapmaya ihtiya duymak. Object to: Why do you always object to my wearing jeans? On account of doing something: Yznden On the point of doing something: yapmak zere olmak Participate in: I want to participate in formulating the budget. Plan on: What do you plan on doing this weekend? Prevent somebody from doing stg: What prevented you from studying at university? Punish somebody for doing stg: You should not punish him for stealing bread. Refer to: The chairman referred to expanding the firm. Stop somebody from doing stg: Her attitude stopped me from seeing her again. Succeed in: Are you sure you will succeed in persuading your father. Suspect somebody of doing stg: They suspected him of betraying his partner. Take advantage of: We should take advantage of living in a big city. Thank somebody for doing stg: I want to thank you for helping me. Warn somebody about / against doing stg: I warned him against swimming in the lake. Worry about Dont worry about my working so hard -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Be busy doing stg: The students were busy talking when I came in. By doing stg: She passed UDS exam by studying hard. Have fun / have a good time doing stg: We had fun dancing at the party. It is no use / It is no good doing stg: It is no use good trying to persuade my father Its waste of time / money / energy doing stg: Its waste of time trying to Its worth (in) doing stg: Its worth seeing the movie. Sit / stand / lie doing stg: I stood there waiting in vain for her to come. Spend / Waste money, time, and energy doing stg: He spends hours trying to There is no point in doing stg: There is no point in waiting for him.

43

2) INFINITIVES: a) Cmlenin ZNES olarak kullanlr.

To swim in that river is not at all wise (zel durum) Swimming is my favourite sport (Genel durum)
b) Subject complement olarak kullanlr.

What I need is to get some fresh air.

c) Sfat olarak kullanlr.

I have no time to spend with you.

d) Zarf olarak kullanlr.

We come to SISTEM to get higher marks in the exam.

INFINITIVE ALAN F LLLER Afford / agree / appear / arrange / care / choose / claim / consent / decide / demand / deserve endeavor / fail / happen / hesitate / hope / proceed / tend / promise / prove / refuse / seem struggle / swear / threaten / volunteer / wait. VERB + INFINITIVE veya VERB + NOUN + INFINITIVE ASK

I asked to leave the classroom. I asked the noisy students to leave the classroom.
BEG

My little sister begged to come with us. My friends begged me to change my wind.
44

CHOOSE

I choose to investigate the case. I choose one of my friends to investigate the case.
DARE

I cant dare to go out alone in the dark. I dared my brother to go out alone in the dark.
EXPECT

I expected to arrive at the airport in time. They expected me to arrive home early.
NEED

She needs to clean the house. She needs someone to clean the house.
PREFER

I prefer to stay at home tonight. I prefer you to stay at home tonight.

PREOMISE

She promised not to be late. She promised me not to be late.

WISH

The client wished to see the manager. The client wished me to inform the manager about the case.
WOULD L KE

I would like to study abroad. I would like you to study abroad.

ANLAMINDA DE KL K OLMAKSIZIN GERUND ve INFINITIVE ALAN F LLER BEGIN

It began raining. It began to rain

CONTINUE

Present Continuous yapda mutlaka infiniteve alr.

We continued to work. We continued working.

START

Present Continuous yapda mutlaka infiniteve alr.

I will start studying soon. I will start to study soon.

Present Continuous yapda mutlaka infiniteve alr. 45

ATTEMPT

I attempted to do the job without getting any help. I attempted doing the job without getting any help.
CANT BEAR

I cant bear listening to pop music. I cant bear to listen to pop music.
DISL KE

She dislikes being told what to do. She dislikes to be told what to do.

HATE

I hate washing the dishes. I hate to wash the dishes.

INTEND

They intended moving in to a bigger house. They intended to move in to a bigger house.
LIKE

I like walking. I like to walk.

LOVE

She loves playing with children. She loves to play with children.
NEGLECT

He neglected informing us about the case. He neglected to inform us about the case.
OBJECT (you/him/her) VARSA INFINITIVE YOKSA GERUND ALAN F LLLER ADVISE

I advise driving more slowly. I advise you to drive more slowly.

ALLOW

I dont allow chewing gum in my classroom. I dont allow my students to chew gum in my classroom.
ENCOURAGE

I encourage speaking freely.

46

students I encourage my students to speak freely.

FORBID

The law forbids smoking in the buildings. The law forbids us to smoke in the buildings.
PERMIT

I dont permit cheating in the exams. I dont permit my students to cheat in the exams.
RECOMMEND

I recommend staying at home. I recommend you to stay at home.

NEED: Active cmlede infinitive passive cmlede infinitive veya gerund alr. ayet passive cmlenin znesi insan ise kesinlikle infinitive alr.

I need to iron my shirts. Active cmle My shirts need to be ironed. My shirts need ironing. truth. zne insane I need to be told the truth.
INFINITIVE veya GERUND ALDIINDA ANLAMLARI DE EN F LLER REMEMBER / FORGET / REGRET Gerund aldnda gemite yaptmz bir ii. Infinitive aldnda gelecekte yapacamz bir ii anlatr.

I remember walking hand in hand with you on the beach. party. Dont forget to invite her to the party. He regrets not attending / not having attended university.
STOP

smoking. I stopped smoking. (Brakmak, terk etmek) I stopped to buy some icecream. (Durmak)
TRY

She tried to persuade her father. (Eylemin amacn anlatr) She tried persuading her father to go to the party. (Metodu anlatr.)
MEAN Gerund anlamna gelmek. Infinitive kastetmek, niyetinde olmak. 47

Being a parent means having a lot of responsibilities. I dont mean to hurt you by criticising.
PASSIVE INFINITIVE (To be done)

dont I dont want to be ordered what to do.

PAST INFINITIVE (To have done)

abroad. She is fortunate to study abroad Yurt dnda eitim grecei iin ansl. abroad. She is fortunate to have studied abroad Yurt dnda eitim grd iin ansl. abroad. She is lucky to be sent abroad. Yurt dna gnderilecei iin ok ansl. She is lucky to have been sent abroad. Yurt dna gnderildii iin ansl.
NEML NOTLAR: 1) Bir nesnenin ne ie yaradn used for doing/used to do/used in order to kalplaryla ifade ederiz.

An axe is used for chopping wood. An axe is used to chop wood. An axe is used in order to chap wood.
*ayet be used kullanmyorsak;

An axe is a tool for chopping wood.

2) INFINITIVE WITH TOO / ENOUGH

She is too young to get married. She isnt old enough to get married. She spoke too quietly to hear.

Adj. Adj. Adv.

3) SEE / HEAR / WATCH / FEEL gibi fiiller gerund yada fiilin yaln halini alr. Gerund aldnda; Bir eylemin sadece bir ann grdmz anlatr.

playing I saw some children playing in the street.

Fiilin yaln halini aldnda; Olay batan sona grdmz anlatr.

I always watch my son play with other children in the park.

*** Passive cmlede gerund kullanm ayn kalr. 48

Someone saw the missing child walking along the river.

The missing child was seen walking along the river. *** Passive cmlede fiilin yaln hali to infinitive

Someone saw him leave the country. He was seen to leave the country.
4) LET (Let somebody do something)

learn I will let you know when I learn the result.

5) HELP (Help somebody do something / to do something)

Will you please help me lay / to lay the table.

CAUSATIVE a) Have somebody do something: Bir ii ustasna yaptrmak.

Yesterday, I had the mechanic repair my car.

*** nemli olan ii yapan deil iin yaplmas ise:

Yesterday, I had my car repaired.

b) Get somebody to do something: Bir kiiyi ikna ederek bir ii yaptrmak.

Yesterday, I got my friend to write a composition for me.

*** nemli olan ii yapan deil iin yaplmas ise:

Yesterday, I got a composition written for me.

c) Make somebody do something / make somebody adjective

I made my son do his work before he went to bed. His coming late made me angry.
*** Passive cmlede make infinitive alr.

I was made to come home early yesterday.

49

ADJECTIVE & ADVERB

ADJECTIVE Comparative Cheap Small Big Funny Early Heavy Careful Expensive Boring Good Bad Far Much / many Cheaper Smaller Big Funnier Earlier Heavier Superlative The cheapest The smallest The biggest The funniest The earliest The heaviest

Ksa Sfatlar

Sonu y ile bitten sfatlar

Birden fazla heceli sfatlar

More careful The most careful More expensive The most expensive More boring The most boring Better Worse Further / farther More The best The worst The furthest / farthest The most

Dzensiz sfatlar

ki ekilide alanlar: Friendlier / more friendly Politer / more polite Simpler / more simple Narrower / more narrower 50

B R ZELL BAKIMINDAN K VARLIIN KARILATIRILMASI

I am older than you. I was more bored than everybody. Aye is more intelligent than Fadime.
Bu karlatrmalarda vurgu yapmak iin MUCH kullanrz. Ayrca Much gibi comparative yaplarda FAR / A LOT /A LITTLE / A BIT / EVEN / NO / ANY / RATHER EVEN CONSIDERABLY/ SLIGHTLY zarflar da vergu iin kullanabiliriz.

Aliye is much nicer than her sister. Adana is much more modern than Eskiehir.
Eskiehir is far/a lot/a little/a bir/even/no/any/rather more expensive than Adana *NOT: Bir zellii bakmndan iki varlk karlatrldnda; Sonu ing / ed / s ile bitten sfatlar er almaz more alr.

More tired / more bored / more serious

AS / ADJECTIVE / AS SO / AS / ADJECTIVE / AS Bir nesnenin dier bir nesne ile sahip olduklar bir zellik bakmndan eit olduunu ifade etmek iin kullanlr.

I am as strong as superman. (Olumlu) I am not so / as pessimistic as you are. (Olumsuz)

Yukardaki eitliin ifadesinde isim kullanlrsa THE SAME + NOUN + AS kullanlr.

My father is the same age as my mother. Your eyes are the same colour as your mothers Your eye colour is the same as your mothers.
Nicelik sfat olarak; MUCH ve MANY LITTLE FEW = = = MORE LESS FEWER

I have more money than all off you. money I have less money than you. You have fewer books than me.
SIFATLARIN EN STNLK DERECES (SUPERLATIVE FORMS) a) Tanmladmz nesnenin hangi ortamda en iyi, kt vs. olduunu belirtirken: 51

Ortam bir yer ise: Zaman veya grup ise: Sadece grup ise:

in of among da kullanabiliriz

Mount Ararat is the highest mountain in Turkey. February is the shortest month of the year. Ali is the most intelligent student among my students.
b) Bir superlative nnde (his / my / this / that) gibi szck kullanlyorsa the kullanlmaz.

nder is one of my most interesting friends.

c) Vurgu yapmak iin superlative nne QUITE/MUCH/VERY/FAR kullanabiliriz.

February is QUITE/MUCH/VERY/FAR the coldest month of the year.

DUYU B LD REN F LLERLE SIFATLARIN KULLANIMI: SEEM / APPEAR / LOOK Grdmz eyleri ifade eder.

You seem / appear / look tired.

SEEM / APPEAR to be alabilir ama look alamaz.

He seems / appears to be exhausted.

FEEL + ADJECTIVE I felt sad when I got the bad news. TASTE + ADJECTIVE The soap tastes awful. tastes SMELL + ADJECTIVE Roses smell nice. nice. SOUND + ADJECTIVE The music sounds a bit loud. LOOK / FEEL / TASTE / SMELL / SOUND + LIKE +NOUN

thief. The man looks like a thief. wool. This material feels like wool. soap. This coffee tastes like soap. food Your food smells like Adana Kebap. crash. It sounds like a car crash.

52

GET / TURN / TUR OUT / GROW + ADJECTIVE Bir nesnenin durumundaki deiiklii ifade ederiz.

My hair has turned grey. When it grew dark, we began to run home hurriedly. When I got tired, I had a rest for a few hours.
KEEP / REMAIN + ADJECTIVE Bir kiinin / nesnenin durumunu ifade eder.

She remained silent although I shouted at her. I kept calm even though things were going badly.
PRESENT / PAST PARTICIBLEIN SIFAT OLARAK KULLANIMI a) Present participle sfat olarak kullanldnda cmlenin znesi active olur.

exciting. This film is very exciting.

b) Past participle sfat olarak kullanlrsa cmlenin znesi passive olur.

His is bored with his job.

ADVERBS a) Bir eylemin nasl yapldn ifade eder.

She acted deliberately. (Zarf) Her action was deliberate. (Sfat)

b) Bir sfatn veya baka bir zarfn derecesini artrmak veya azaltmak iin kullanlr.

His is extremely clever. (Sfat) He drove his car unbelievably carelessly. (Zarf)
IRREGULAR ADVERBS GOOD / WELL

My mother is a good cook. (Adjective) well. My mother cooks well. (Adverb)

Sadece insanlarn salk durumunu ifade edilirken well sfat olarak kullanlr.

How is she? She is very well.

Well sk olarak past participle ile birlikte kullanlr. Well known / wellorganize / welldressed 53

SIFAT VE ZARF B MLER AYNI OLAN KEL MELER FAST :He is a faster runner / He runs faster. HARD :He is a hard worker / He works hard. LATE :He will go on a late train / I arrived home late. EARLY :She travels to work on an early train / The train come early. BACK :Please use the back door / She will come back soon. DIRECT :This is the direct route to your house / You can dial Adana direct. RIGHT :This is the right answer / Turn right here. STRAIGHT :Walk on this straight line / She went straight home. WRONG :That was the wrong way you took. / He led us wrong.

FAR a) Yaln biimde daha ok OLUMSUZ ve SORU cmlelerinde kullanlr.

How far can you see? (Soru) I cant see far. (Olumsuz)
OLUMLU CMLELERDE FAR : A long way = He sailed a long way. FAR AWAY : A long way a way = He lives a long way away. away. b) stnlk ve en stnlk ifadelerde olduka serbest kullanlr. * FARTHER / FARTHEST = Uzaklk ifade eder.

It isnt safe to go any father in this fog.

* FURTHER / FURTHEST = Hem uzaklk hemde soyut kavramlar ifade eder.

Aye went further and said that no toy pistols should be sold. Fatma went furthest of all and said that
DERECELEND RME ZARLARI (ADVERBS OF DEGREE) F L / SIFATI / ZARFI tamamlar; deerini ya azaltr yada oaltr. 54

I really enjoyed the meal. (Fiili tamamlyor.) archaeology I find archaeology quite interesting. (sfat tamamlyor.) I was driving very fast. (zarf tamamlyor)
SONU LY LE TEN PEK OK ZARF ERECELEND RME YAPAR. He is incredibly lucky. Everything is surprisingly cheap in Turkey I was deeply hurt by his remarks. Some of our traditions are utterly peculiar to foreigners. I greatly appreciate your helping me. I certainly dont want to come with you. Football is becoming increasingly popular in Turkey. She was exceptionally elegant at the party. Adanaspor is playing unusually well today. The children are remarkably quit today. I havent fully understood what you meant. It is bitterly cold outside. I am terribly sorry. / I was awfully upset by the news. WANT / NEED fiilleriyle sk kullanlr. I badly need a friend to talk to. PRETTY : RATHER / QUITE It was a pretty tiring journey. They are working pretty hard. TOO / VERY / MUCH / ENOUGH TOO: Bir sfat veya bir zarf niteleyebilir ama tek bana bir fili niteleyemez. Fiili nitelemek iin TOO MUCH biimini alr. INCREADIBLY SURPRISINGLY DEEPLY UTTERLY GREATLY CERTAINLY INCREASINGLY EXCEPTIONALLY UNUSUALLY REMARKABLY FULLY BITTERLY TERRIBLY / AWFULLY BADLY : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

It is too hot today. (Sfat) You are eating too quickly. (Zarf) You smoke too much. (Sfat)
*NOT: Too bir ismi nitelerken o ismin saylabilir veya saylamaz olduuna dikkat ederiz.

She has got too many / to few friends. There is too much / to little traffic now.
*Baka zarflar da too yu niteleyebilir.

The skirt is a little too big for my daughter. She has got too many / to few friends. t is rather too dreary today to go out. There were far too many people at the party.
VERY: Bir sfat ya da zarf tanmlar. Fiili tanmlarken VERY MUCH biimini alr.

Everything is very expensive these days. (Sfat)

55

You are driving very fast. (Zarf) I like swimming very much. (Fiil)
VERY MUCH / MUCH: Appreciate / admire / regret / care / mind / enjoy / like /dislike hope / fear gibi derecelerini ifade edebileceimiz fiilerle kullanlr. MUCH: Daha ok olumsuz ifade tayan veya soru cmlelerinde kullanlr.

I dont like football much. I much regret my foolish remarks.

VERY MUCH: Daha ok olumlu cmlelerde kullanlr. Olumsuz cmlelerde cmlenin sonuna gelir.

She wants to bury a car very much. (Olumlu) She very much enjoys being with friends. (Olumlu) I dont like football very much. (olumsuz)

ENOUGH:

This rope isnt strong enough to climb. (Sfattan sonra) I drove carefully enough. (Zarftan sonra) I have worked enough for today. (Fiilden sonra) I have enough money to buy a new house. ( simden nce)
BARELY / HARDLY / SCARCELY: Zar zor / G bela anlamndadr.

avoided He barely / hardly / scarcly avoided the accident.

LITTLE: Think / imagine / expect / realize gibi dnce bildiren fiileri niteler.

I little expect him to pass the exam.

ALMOST / NEARLY / PRACTICALLY: (Hemen hemen/Neredeyse)

I almost / nearly / practically hit the child. (But I didnt)

VIRTUALLY: Dierlerinden daha gldr.NEREDEYSE GERETEN anlamndadr.

The defeat of our team was virtually a disaster. (It wasnt a real disaster.)
FAIRLY / QUITE: Olumlu zellik ifade eden sfat yada zarfarla kulanlr. 56

tall. She is fairly tall. Its quite warm today. *** QUITE: Superlative yaplarda vurgu yapmak iin kullanlabilir. Istanbul is quite the most espensive city in Turkey.
RATHER: Olumsuz zellik ifade eden cmlelerde kullanlr. like / enjoy / dislike gibi fiilleri niteler.

It is rather cold today. (Sfat) She behaved rather foolishly. (Zarf) She rather likes cooking. (Fiil) *** RATHER: Comparative yaplarda vurgu yapmak iin kullanlabilir. Adana. Eskiehir is rather more expensive than Adana.

NEML NOTLAR: a) Sonu ly ile bitten zarflarn bana more gelir. Slowly more slowly Easily more easily Quickly more quickly Cleverly more cleverly

Sonu ly ile bitmeyen zarflar er taksn alr.

Fast Faster

Late later

Hard Harder
EARLY = EARL ER olur.

ANCAK; OFTEN = MORE OFTEN b) Zarf olarak kyaslamada MUCH ve LITTLE Much = More Little = Less

I drove the car much. (I drove the car more than you did.) I used read much. (I used to read more than you do now.) She thinks little. (She thinks less than her sister does.)
c) Bir durumun srekli olarak deitiini vurgulamak iin er alan sfatlarn kendisi ift sylenir; ok heceli sfatlar ise more yinelenir. 57

Faster and faster / better and better More and more expensieve Everything is getting more and more expensive It is becoming harder harder to find a Job.
d) Karlatrmal yapy iki durumun birbirine bal olarak deitiini ifade etmek iin kullanrz.

work, The harder you work the more successful you will be. less eat, The less you eat the more quickly you will lose weight. earn, The more you earn the more you can spend.
e) As adv. As = olumlu cmlelerde So/as adv. as = olumsuz cmlelerde

He works as sowly as he dares. He doesnt snore so / as loudly as my brother does.

f) En stnlk ifadesi; Tanmladmz enin hangi ortamda en iyi / kt olduunu belirtirken Yerler iin in / Grup ifade eden szck of veya among.

Ahmet drives the most carefully of all the drives. She speaks English the best in my classroom.
SENTENCE ADVERBS Cmleyi niteleyen ve konumacnn dncesini ifade eden zarflardr. a) Olaslk ifade eden zarflar: Actually / clearly / perhaps / indeed / evidently / possibly / really / obviously / probably / Infact / of course / presumably / surely / undoubtedly / maybe / certainly doubtlessly / definitely Bu zarflardan definitely / perhaps / may be / of course hari dierleri cmlenin banda, ortasnda ya da sonunda yer alabilir. DEFINITELY: Daha ok cmlenin ortasnda yer alr. Nadiren sonunda da yer alabilir.

He was definitely at home at that hour.

58

definitely. He is trying to do his best, definitely.

PERHAPS / MAY BE / OF COURSE: Daha ok cmlenin banda kullanlr. Ancak; vurguyu arttrmak iin ortada kullanlabilir, bu durumda iki virgl arasnda kullanlr.

Perhaps he can help us do our homework. perhaps, He can, perhaps, help us do our homework. Of course he is capable of answering these questions. course, He is, of course, capabe of answering the question.
b) Cmleyi niteleyen zarflar: Admittedly / annoyingly / frankly / fortunately / unfortunately / luckily / unluckily / Honestly / personally / naturally / rightly / wrongly /seriously / surprisingly / Understandably Bu zarflar genellikle cmlenin banda kulanlr ve virglle cmleden ayrlr.

Frankly, doesnt Frankly, he doesnt work hard enough to succeed.

FOCUSING ADVERBS Cmlenin bir esini vurgulayan ve vurguladklar enin hemen nnde yer alan zarflardr. Only / just / merely / simply / solely / purely / exclusively / primarily / chiefly / mainly exactly / mostly / especially / particularly / too / either / as well / also / even a) MARELY / PURELY / SIMPLY: Her zaman vurguladklar szckten nce gelir. I purely / simply / merely / wanted to warn you. I had no other intention. b) JUST / ONLY / EVEN: Vurguladklar szckten nce gelir. Ancak arada kullanlan zarf biimi de yer alabilir.

I just / only go to say I love you. I bought only / just a sweater. I will eat only a sandwich. I left without saying anything. I didnt even say goodbye. many I bought many things; I even bought a pet canary.
c) TOO / ALSO / AS WELL / EITHER (de-da): 59

EITHER: Daima cmlenin sonunda ve olumsuz cmlelerde kullanlr.

My wife didnt want to go to the cinema. He didnt want us to go either. either.

TOO / AS WELL: Cmlenin sonunda olumlu cmlelerde kullanlr. Ancak too zneyi vurgularken ortada da kullanlabilir.

Everybody enjoyed the party. Ali enjoyed it too / as well. too, I, too, had expected him to pass.
ALSO: Vurgulad eye bal olarak cmle iindeki yeri deiir.

I also had expected him to pass. also. I had expected him to pass also. I had expected also him to pass.
d) EXACTLY: Vurgulama zarf olarak wh soru szc ile kullanlr.

What exactly do you mean? How exactly did the accident happen?

ADJECTIVE and ADVERB STRUCTURES STRUCTURES TOO + ADJ. / ADV + TO DO SOMETHING: Cmle olumlu ama anlam olumsuz.

I am too tired to go out tonight. You are working too slowly to finish your report by 5 oclock.
ADJ. / ADV + ENOUGH + TO DO SOMETHING:

her She is mature enough to decide for her self. We are walking fast enough to catch the train.
* NOT: Enough isimen nce gelir.

We dont have enough money to buy a new car.

SO + ADJ. / ADV + THAT:

She was so gorgeous that everybody admired her. whatever She speaks so slowly that we can understand whatever she says.
SUCH + NOUN + THAT: 60

day It was such an absurd day that nothing went right.

SO VE SUCH LE SRE / MESAFE / M KTAR FADE ED LMES SO + ADJ. = SO LONG Zaman Sre SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A LONG TIME

such I dont think the job will take so long / such a long time.
SO + ADJ. = SO FAR Mesafe SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A LONG WAY

I didnt know your house was so far / such a long way.

SO + ADJ. = SO MANY Miktar /Countable SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A LOT OF

lonely. I have so many / such a lot of friends that I never feel lonely.
SO + ADJ. = SO MUCH Miktar /uncountable SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A LOT OF

I have so much / such a lot of food in the fridge that you wont leave hungry.
SO + ADJ. = SO FEW Countable SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A FEW

feel I have so few / such a few friends that I feel lonely.

SO + ADJ. = SO LITTLE Uncountable SUCH + NOUN = SUCH A LITTLE

I cant bring up my children with so little / such a little money.

RELATIVE CLAUSES
A) DEFINING RELAT VE CLAUSES: Bir ismi tanmlayarak tam olarak kimden yada neden bahsedildiini ifade eder.

Politicians who tell lies are adious. I will lend you the book that changed my life totally.
KULLANILAN ZAM RLER A) NSANLAR N zne durumunda: WHO / (THAT)

The man who lives next door is a politician.

Nesne durumunda: WHO / WHOM (THAT)

The girl who I met at the party was a model.

B) VARLIKLAR VE HAYVANLAR N zne durumunda: THAT / (WHICH) 61

I will tell you the story that influenced me deeply.

Nesne durumunda: THAT / (WHICH)

party. I will show you the photograph that I took at the party.
RELATIVE PRONOUN (who/which/that)IN ATILMASI *ayet relative clause DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE ve relative pronounda NESNE durumunda ise pronoun atlabilir.

Did you like the present that I gave you for your birthday? Did you like the present I gave you for your birthday? Who was the man who you were talking to? Who was the man you were talking to?
NOT: Preposition genellikle R.C.un sonuna gelir.

with. Come and meet the people who I work with. about. This is the book that I was telling you about.
NOT: Akademik ifade de preposition relative pronounun nnde yer alr.

Come and meet people with whom I work. This is the book about which I was telling you.
B) NON-DEFINING RELAT VE CLAUSES: simleri tanmlamayan ama isimler hakknda ekstra bilgi veren relative clouselardr.

Ali, My best friend Ali, who is a lawyer, plays saz very well.
Baz durumlarda Non-defining Relative Clouse which ile btn cmleyi niteler.

time, She arrived on time, which surprised everybody.

KULLANILAN ZAM RLER A) NSANLAR N zne durumunda: WHO

son, England, My son, who lives in England, is an engineer.

Nesne durumunda: WHO/WHOM

with, The blond girl, who I danced with, was a journalist.

B) VARLIKLAR VE HAYVANLAR N 62

zne ve nesne durumunda: (WHICH)

book, has His last book, which received a lot of praise, has been a great success. His last film, which I couldnt understand, received a lot of praise. film,
NOT: Non-defining R.C. bilgi verdii ismin tamamn kapsar.

My son who lives in England is getting married next week. married My son, who lives in England, is getting married soon. I had a coctail, which was very unusual. I had a coctail which was very unusual.

KULLANILAN D ER ZAM RLER WHOSE AND OF WHICH yelik bildiriliyorsa hem insanlar hem de nesneler iin kullanlr.

was Do you know the man whose car was stolen? The book whose cover I accidentally tore was my friends.
NOT: Nesneler iin whose yerine of which kullanabiliriz.

This is the machine whose properties I described. This is the machine the properties of which I described.
Of whichli yapda preposition ofun nndeki isimden nce yer alr.

The mountain on the top of which / on whose top you can see snow is a part of Bozda mountain range.
WHERE Tanmlayan cmlede yer bildiriyorsa where kullanabiliriz.

I liked the hotel where we spent our holiday last summer. studying. Dont clean the room where my son is studying.
NOT: Yer bildiren ismi tanmlarken WHICH kullanabiliriz. Ancak bu yaplarla o isme ait preposition mutlaka kullanmak zorundayz. 63

I liked the hotel which we spent our holiday in last summer. I liked the hotel in which we spent our holiday last summer. I liked the resort we spent our holiday in last summer. This is the restaurant. I usually eat lunch there. This is the restaurant which I usually ate lunch at. This This is the restaurant at which I usually ate lunch. This is the restaurant I usually ate lunch.
WHEN (on that day / in that year / at that hour gibi bir zaman belirtiyorsa (when / which / hour) on when that) that kullanabiliriz. NOT: Sadece WHICH on which /at which/in which gibi preposition ile kullanlr.

then. 1923 is the year. The republic of Turkey was founded then 1923 is the year when the Republic of Turkey was founded. 1923 is the year in which the Republic of Turkey was founded. Republic 1923 is the year that the Republic of Turkey was founded.
WHY Reason szcnden sonra neden ifade eden cmle getiriyorsak WHY / FOR WHICH / THAT

The reason why we are holding this meeting is to seek solutions to our problems. The reason for which we are holding this meeting is. The reason that we are holding this meeting is
NOT: Reason / explanation gibi szckleri NEDEN deil, yapt aklama olarak kullanyorsak WHY kullanamayz. Bu anlamda onlar cansz varlk gibi dnp WHICH / THAT kullanabiliriz.

The reason that he gave us for the delay frustrated us all. The reason which he gave us for the delay? The reason he gave us for the delay. The explanation that he made on the subject confused us. The explanation which he made on the subject confused us. RELATIVE REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
ayet Relative Pronoun zne durumunda ise Relative Clauseu ksaltabiliriz.

64

Aktif Cmlelerde = v+ing. Passive cmlelerde = v+ed kullanrz. v+ed A) Relative clausen v+ing olarak ksaltlmas 1- Permanent characteristic gstermesi gerekir.

The castle that overlooked the city was destroyed by an eartquake last year. The castle overlooking the city was destroyed by an eartquake last year.
Not: Tek ve tamamlanm bir eylemden bahsediyorsak ksaltma yapamayz.

arm. The girl who fell over on the ice broke her arm (Ksaltlamaz)
2- On going activity gstermesi gerekir.

The detective who is investigating the case has found a clue. The detective investigating the case has found a clue.

B) Relative clausen (-ed) passive ksaltlmas

The woman who was invited to join the club declined the invitation yesterday. The woman invited to join the club declined it yesterday.
C) Be + Adj. Phrase:

The girl who is happy with her exam results is smiling. is The girl happy with her exam results is smiling.
D) Be + Prepositional Phrase:

The books that are on top of the shelf are very expensive. The books on the top of the shelf are very expensive.
E) to do infinitive olarak ksaltma: The first / the second / the last / the only gibi ifadelerden sonra ve bazan da Superlative Yaplardan sonra ve something / anything / someone gibi szcklerden sonra ve zorunluluk ifade eden yaplarda R.C to do olarak ksaltlabilir.

I am usually the firs person who leaves the office. person office. I am usually the firs person to leave the office.
65

The best route tahat can be followed is through the woods. The best route to be followed is through the woods. There was nothing that we could do. do. There was nothing to do. I have a lot of work that I must do. of do. I have a lot of work to do.

(v+ing v+ing) PRESENT PARTICIPLE (v+ing) ZARF OLARAK KULLANIMI

1 Ayn anda devam eden iki eylemi ifade eder. (-arak..-erek)

While I was listening to pop music, I ironed my shirts. shirts. While listening to pop music last night, I ironed my shirts. night, Listening to pop music last night, I ironed my shirts.
(Passive)

While it was being carried, the table got broken. While being carried, the table got broken. book. She sat by the fire reading a book (kitap okuyarak minenin banda oturdu)
2 Birbiri ardna meydana gelen iki eylemi ifade eder.

After we ate / had eaten dinner, we went out for a walk. dinner, dinner, After eating / after having eaten dinner, we went out for a walk. Having eaten dinner, we went out for a walk.
(Passive) 66

had promoted, After he was / had been promoted, he became more interested in his job. promoted, After being / having been promoted, he became more interested in his job. Having been promoted, he became more interested in his job. Presenting his proposal to the director, the young engineer waited for her reaction to it.
*ayet ikinci eylem balamadan birinci eylemin tamamland vurgulanrsa (having done) kullanlr.

Having presented his proposal to the director, the young engineer waited for her reaction to it. The young engineer, having presented his proposal to the director, waited for her reaction to it.

3 Bir eylemin olmasna neden olan dier bir eylem vurgulanmak istenirse; (Active cmle: Doing / Passive cmle: being done) (Active cmle: Having done / Passive cmle: having been done) ayet Adverbial clause daki eylem daha nce gereklemise kullanlr.

Because she is married now, she has more responsibility. Being married now, she has more responsibility. Since she was tired, she went to bed early. Being tired, she went to bed early.
*** Adverbial clausedaki eylem, temel cmledeki eylemden nce gereklemi ise;

Because I sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty in walking. Having sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty in walking. Because Because I had sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk. Having sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk. Because he had been transferred to a remote branch, he
67

resigned. Having been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned.

Adverbial clauseda be + Adjective kullanlmsa bu yap being + Adjective ya da sadece Adjective biiminde ksaltlr.

Because she is responsible for the office, she has to be there early. Being responsible / responsible for the office, she has to be there early.
OLUMSUZ

Because she hadnt slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning. Not having slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning.
*** NOT: Neden-sonu bildiren cmlelerde temel ve yan cmlelerin zneleri farkl olsada ksaltma yapmak mmkn ama her iki cmlenin znelerini belirtmek gerekir.

Because our car is broken down, we have walked to work since last week. Our car being broken down, we have walked to work since last week. cancel As the weather was cold, we had to cancel the picnic. cold, The weather being cold, we had to cancel the picnic. As the manager has gone abroad, I will priside over the meeting. The manager having gone aboad, I will priside over the meeting. Because there was a serious accident, we had to wait for a long time. There being a serious accident, we had to wait for a long time. separated, Not wanting to be separated, the twins will attend London University. separated, The twins, not wanting to be separated, will attend London University. introduced pary, Not having been introduced to anyone at the pary, she found it difficult to start up convesation.
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pary, She, not having been introduced to anyone at the pary, found it difficult to start up convesation

QUANTIFIERS
QUANTIFIERS WITH OF/ WITHOUT OF Quantifiersdan sonara pronoun / possessive form / determiner varsa of kullanlr. SOME: I made some fresh coffee. Some of my jewellery is missing. ANY: I dont have any friends. Have you read any of these books? MUCH: She did it with much enthusiasm. Snow has covered much of the country.

MANY: Many scientists lost their lives in the war. Many of her paintings were stolen. BOTH: Both Ali and Veli enjoyed the film. Both of my parents are teachers. ALL: All people over 18 are voting. All of Ahmets friends come to his party. EACH: Write the cost of each item please. Each of you should sign the paper. FEW: There was slience for a few seconds. They invited a few of their friends. 69

LITTLE: It will take a little time to finish it. A little of his money came from lottery. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SOME: Olumlu cmlelerde saylabilen ve saylamayan isimlerle kullanlr.

There is some milk in the firidge. (Uncountable noun) There are some apples on the table. (Countable noun)
Cevabn olumlu olacan umduumuzda soru cmlesinde de some kullanabiliriz.

Would you like some more tea?

Someone/somebody/something/somewhere yaplar SOME ile ayn kullanlr, ve Singular Verb alr.

I met somebody who knows you at the party. There is something in your eye. Lets go somewhere hot for our holiday.
Saylardan nce kullanldnda SOME approximately anlamn alr.

There were some 2000 people at the proteset march.

Kimden sz edildiini bilmiyorsak veya hatrlamyorsak some+singular noun kullanrz.

Some student in your classroom asked me a really difficult question.

ANY: Olumsuz anlam tayan cmlelerle ve soru cmleleri ile kullanlr.

There is seldom any world news in the Newspapers nowadays. Ayes father scarcely ever let her have any friends around. I havent got any butter left. Are there any apples left?
ANY OF + PLURAL NOUN: Hangisinin olduu nemli deil. Hepsi (all of them) olabilir.

Any of the students could have answered the question. Some of the students = hepsi deil bazlar
ANY yaygn olarak conditional clouse ile kullanlr.

If you have any problems, let me know. If you have some problems = problem beklentisi fazladr.
ANYONE / ANYBODY / ANYTHING / ANYWHERE: Kullanm ANY ile ayndr.

Hardly anybody / anyone turned up to the meeting.

70

Are you going anywhere this weekend?

MUCH: Olumsuz ve soru cmlelerinde saylamayan isimlerle kullanlr.

do? Have you got much homework to do? He didnt show much interest in what I said.
MANY: Olumsuz ve soru cmlelerinde saylabilen isimlerle kullanlr.

Not many of my friends knew I was getting married. How many questions could you answer?
A LOT OF / LOTS OF / PLENTY OF: Olumlu cmlelerde (informal) konuma dilinde saylabilen ve saylamayan isimlerle kullanlr.

Lots of my students studied at university to become teachers. We had plenty of hotels to choose from. thought. I have given the problem a lot of thought.
Resmi dilde yukardaki yaplar yerine many of / much of / a great deal of / a large amount of / a large number of / kullanabiliriz.

A great deal of / A large amount of / much of = Saylamayan isimlerle A great number of / many of = Saylabilen isimlerle
ALL: Saylabilir tekil ve oul veya saylamaz isimlerle kullanlr. (Bir grup iindeki eylerin tamamn dnyorsak)

All (of) my brothers and sisters were at the airport. (of) The baby seems to cry all (of) the time. Not all the seats were taken.
Saylabilir tekil isimlerle genellikle of kaldrlr. All my life / all the book / all the house ALL + RELATIVE CLAUSE + SINGULAR VERB

All she wants is a car, a flat and a lot of money.

THE WHOLE: Saylabilen tekil isim alr.

They werent able to stay the whole concert. The whole of the town was flooded.
WHOLE: Saylabilir oul isim alr. 71

Whole towns were left without food and water.

BOTH: (Her ikisi) ki isimden birlikte bahsettiimizde

Both (of) the houses have been sold. them. I went on holiday with both of them. (With them both)
NEITHER / EITHER: ( kiden hibiri / biri yada br) ki isimden szettiimizde: a) Tek bana kullanlabilir yada saylabilir tekil isim alabilirler.

Which of these apples would you like? olduu I can take either / either apple. (Hangisi olduu nemli deil) Which of these two girls is your friend? friend. Neither / neither girl is my friend.
b) Neither of / Either of dan sonra oul isim gelir. Bu durumda fiil tekil ya da oul olabilir. Either of / Neither ofdan sonra us / you / them / these / those gibi pronounlar kullanabiliriz.

Either of those dresses is (are) suitable for the party. Neither of my parents approves (approve) of my smoking.

c) Either, ancak olumlu bir cmlenin; yada soru cmlesinin znesi olabilir. Olumsuz cmlenin znesi olamaz.

Either of these solutions will work. Can either of you speak English?
Either olumsuz bir cmlenin nesnesi olarak kullanlabilir. Bu durumda; Olumsuz bir fiil + either = Olumlu bir fiil + neither Ayn anlam verir.

invite I wont invite either of them. = I will invite neither of them. I havent read either of them. = I have read neither of them.
EACH / EVERY: SINGULAR NOUN a) Each hem sfat hemde zamir olarak kullanlr. Every ise sadece sfattr. Kendinden sonra mutlaka bir isim gelir. Each en az iki ismi, Every ise en az ismi ierir.

paper. Each (student) has to prepare a term paper. (En az 2 isim) Every student has to prepare a term paper. (En az 3 isim)
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b) Each (herbiri) anlamn verir ve her bir eyi tek tek dndmz ifade eder. Every (all / hepsi) anlamn verir ve eleri bir btn olarak dndmz vurgular.

Each student was given a part in the school play. Every student took part in the school play. (Hepsi)
c) Each / Every specific bir isimle of lu tamlamalarda kullanlabilir. sim mutlaka saylabilir ve oul isimdir, ancak fiil tekildir.

Each of the children is going to give a prize. Every one of the children has to take this exam.
NO + NOUN:

She had no shoes on. given No information was given about the new computer.
NONE: Ksa cevaplarda tek bana kullanlabilir.

How much money do you have? None (no money) How many appliciants are there? None (no applicants)
Ancak kendinden sonra isim kullanlacaksa (of) ile saylabilir oul isim veya saylamaz isim gelir.

(is is) None of these books are (is) suitable for you. None of this money belongs to you.
HALF: (Yars) Half tan sonra saylabilir tekil veya oul bir isim veya saylamayan bir isim kullanlr. Half ile isim arasndaki of genellikle kaldrlr, ancak us / them / you gibizamirlerle of kaldrlmaz. Half of the students = Half of the money Half of the book Half the students = = Half the money = Half the book Half of them = Half of it = Half of it

FEW / A FEW: Saylabilen isimlerle kullanlr.

I have few friends. Ifeel lonely. Few cmleye negative anlam verir. I have a few friends. I am happy and I dont feel lonely. A few
cmleye positive anlam verir. LITTLE / A LITTLE: Saylamayan isimlerle kullanlr.

We have little money left. We must abondane our trip. Little

cmleye negative anlam verir. 73

We had little money left. So we went out for a meal. A Little

cmleye positive anlam verir.

LIKE / ALIKE / UNLIKE: Like similar anlamnda olup; isim alan bir prepositiondur.

I am architect like my father.

Unlike Not similaranlamndadr.

Unlike my father, his father has a full time job.

Alike Equally anlamnda Zarf, Similar anlamnda sfattr.

The tution icrease was opposed by students and teachers alike. teachers My mother and my sister are alike in many ways.

OTHER YAPILARI ANOTHER + SINGULAR NOUN (Baka bir)

please. Tomorrow is not suitable for me. Come another day please (Sfat) This sweater is too big. Can you show me another please? (Zamir)
ANOTHER + TIME + MONEY + DISTANCE Zaman, para miktar ve mesafe bildiren szckler ANOTHER ile kullanlabilir. simler oul olabilir.

I havent finished my report yet. I need another half hour. dollars. This isnt enough. You should give me another fifty dollars. I am not feeling tired. I can walk another two kilometres.
THE OTHER A) The Other+ SINGULAR NOUN: Says bilinen gruptan geriye kalan sonuncusu anlamndadr. Sfat yada Zamir olarak kullanlr. 74

We bought three peaches. My brother and I ate one, and we left the other peach on the table. (Sfat) Can you see those three girls? Two of them are from England. The other is from Germany. (Zamir)
B) THE OTHER + PLURAL NOUN: Says belli bir grubun iinde geri kalan btn eleri sayyorsak (the other +plural noun) sfat olarak; (the others) zarf olarak kullanlr.

She has visited four European countries. One is Germany, another is England and the other countries / the others are Italy, and France C) THE OTHER + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN: (ALL THE REST) We put oranges in a bowl, and stored the other fruit in the fridge.
OTHER + PLURAL NOUN: (MORE OF THE GROUP) Saysn bilmediimiz oul isimlerle kullanlr. Other + plural noun = Sfat olarak kullanlr. Others = Zamir olarak kullanlr.

Antalya Antalya is an attractive summer resort in the south. Other summer resorts in the south are Kemer and Ka. Others are Kemer and Ka.
ANY / SOME / MANY + OTHER veya OTHERS

Any other + plural noun

any others

on Have you got any other books / any others on this subject. Some other + plural noun some others

factors. In addition to this, we have to consider some other factors. Many other + plural noun many others

Besides this problem, we have many other problems / many others. others.
EACH OTHER / ONE ANOTHER (Birbirimize / Birbirinize / Birbirlerine) 75

When we met on the street, we greeted each other / one another. They are happily married couple. They love each other / one another.
EVERY OTHER + SINGULAR NOUN Periyodik olan eyleri ifade eder. Bir atlayarak devam eden olaylardr.

I wash my hair every other day. (Every two days.) He comes to Adana every other month. (Every two months.) This meeting is held every other year. (Every two years.)
ARTICLES 1) INDEFINITE ARTICLES (A / AN) a) Mesleklerden nce: I am an engineer b) Baz deyimlerden nce: A pair of / a couple of / three times a day c) nlem ifade eden yaplardan nce: What a beautiful girl. d) Bir isim bir cmlede ilk defa geiyorsa herhangi bir anlamnda: I bought a toy.

2)

DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE) a) Deniz ismlerinden The black sea, Nehir isimlerinden The Kzlrmak, Otel isimlerinden The Hilton Hotel, cinema The cinema Theatre The theatre The bank The museum The Anatolian Civilization Museum, Gazete isimlerinden The Hurriyet nce THE gelir. b) Evrende tek olan isimlerinden nce THE gelir.

The sun / The moon / The world.

c) Topluluk isimlerinden nce THE gelir.

The United Nations / The United Kingdom / The Toros Mountains.

d) Bir isimden ikinci defa bahsediliyor ise. 76

I bought a computer yesterday. The computer was very expensive.

e) Bir bir sfat cmlecii tarafndan tanmlanyor ise.

The computer that I bought yesterday was very expensive.

3) ZERO ARTICLES a) simler genel anlamda kullanlyorsa

Computers have changed our lives totally.

a) lke isimlerinden America / ehir isimlerinden Adana / cadde isimlerinden Kbrs ehitleri Street / dil isimlerinden German / Magazine isimlerinden amdan / hava alan Atatrk Airport / istasyon Eskiehir Station / da isimlerinden Mount Ararat / gl isimlerinden Lake Van / n isimlerinden (breakfast-lunch-dinner) nce article gelmez. breakfast-lunchc) ZERO ATRICLE AND DEFINITE ARTICLE ALDIINDA ANLAM FARKLILII. Go to bed Go to the bed Go to school Go to the school Go to hospital Go to the hospital Go to prison Go to the prison YEL K SIFATLARI My Your His/Her/Its + Our Your Their Yatmak Belli bir yataa doru gitmek Eitim grmek amacyla (renci) gitmek Belli bir okula eitim amac dnda bir amala gitmek Tedavi amacyla hastaneye gitmek Baka bir amala hastaneye gitmek Hapse gitmek Baka bir amala hapisaneye gitmek YEL K ZAM RLER Mine Yours His / Hers / Its Ours Yours Theirs

SM

AHIS ZAM RLER zne konumunda I You He / she / t We They 77 Tmle Konumunda Me You Him / her / it Us Them

DNML ZAM RLER I You He She It We You They Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves

CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS

CONJUNCTIONS (Balalar): Ayn gramer yapsna sahip (iki isim, iki sfat, iki zarf) gibi szckleri ya da cmleleri balayan kelimelerdir. And / once gibi tek bir szckten yada in order that / so that / as long as gibi szck beklerinden olabilir.

Altough she studied hard, she couldnt pass the exam.

TRANSITIONS: Bir dnceden dier bir dnceye geii salayan cmle balalardr.

She studied hard; nevertheless, she couldnt pass the exam.

A) COORDINATING CONJUNTIONS (AND / OR / BUT / YET): Szckleri ya da cmleleri balamak iin kullanlr. AND: Her ikiside olumlu ya da her ikisi de olumsuz szckleri balar. 78

Beautiful and clever

BUT / YET: Ztlk vurgular.

Sunny and warm

Crowded and noisy

Beautiful but / yet stupid. / Warm but / yet windy. / Cheap but / yet good.
NOT: ki tam cmleyi, ya birinci cmleyi noktalayarak ya da araya bir virgl koyduktan sonra ikinci cmlenin bana bala getirerek ifade ederiz. And / but / or byk harfle cmle balatabilir. Ama resmi dilde bu kullanm tercih edilmez.

The children were playing. The parents were chatting. The children were playing. And the parents were chatting. Tercih edilmez. The children were playing and the parents were chatting. children The children were playing, and the parents were chatting.
YET / SO / FOR: Bala olarak kullanldnda kendilerinden nceki cmleden bir virgl ile ayrlr.

She didnt feel well, so she didnt go to work. She didnt go to work, for she didnt feel well. She She didnt feel well, yet she still went to work.

B) CORRALATIVE CONJUNCTIONS: Bu gruptaki balalar: both and / either or / Neither nor / not only but also gibi ikili olarak kullanlrlar. a) ki cmlenin farkl elerinden birinin bana balacn birinci blm, dierinin bana balacn ikinci blm getirilir.

Ali will come with us. Aye will come with us. Both Ali and Aye will come with us. Not only Ali but also Aye will come with us. clever. She is beautiful. She is clever. She is both beautiful and clever. She isnt tall. She isnt short.
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She is neither tall nor short.

b) Both . and iki ismi balyorsa fiil daima oul, dier balalarda ise ikinci zne temel alnr.

Both my parents and my sister are coming tomorrow. Not only my parents but also my sister is coming tomorrow. Neither the manager nor my collegues approve of the plan. Either the students or the teacher has made a mistake.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
1) ADVERBIAL CL. OF TIME 2) ADVERBIAL CL. OF REASON 3) ADVERBIAL CL. OF PURPOSE 4) ADVERBIAL CL. OF CONTRAST 5) ADVERBIAL CL. OF CONDITION 6) ADVERBIAL CL. OF MANNER 1) ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

AFTER

After I finish / I have finished this report, I will go out for lunch. After I finished/ I had finished the report, I went out for lunch.
80

BEFORE

Before I go out for lunch, I will finish this report. Before I went out for lunch, I finished / had finished the report.
UNTIL / TILL: Ana cmledeki eylemin belirtilen zamana kadar srdn / sreceini belirtmek iin kullanlr.

Until you come back, I will stay at home. Until the boss came back, I had waited at the office.
WHEN / WHILE / AS: Bir hareket devam ederken baka bir olayn olduunu vurgulamak iin kullanrz. a) Ayn anda vuku bulan iki ksa olay AS / WHEN ile

As / When the can is opened, the content heats automatically.

b) Ayn anda vuku bulan iki uzun sreli olay AS / WHILE ile anlatrz.

As / while my wife cleaned the house, I went shopping. As / while I was shopping, my was cleaning the house.
BY THE TIME: Zaman zarf cmleciinde belirtilen zamana kadar ana cmledeki eylemin bitirilmi / bitirilecek olduunu vurgular.

By the time he comes back, we will have finished our work. came By the time he came back, it was too late.
AS SOON AS / ONCE / THE MOMENT / IMMEDIATELY

As soon as / once / the moment / immediately I saw him, I understood that something was rong.
AS LONG AS / SO LONG AS

I wont forgive him as long as / so long as I live. I never bought anyting from that shop as long as / so long as I lived here.
WHENEVER / EVERYTIME

I greet him whenever / everytime I see him. I greeted (used to greet) him whenever / everytime I saw him.
NOW (THAT) D iini, Mademki 81

finished walk. Now that we have finished our work, we can go out for a walk.
HARDLY, SCARCELY, BARELY. WHEN NO SOONER .. THAN Bir eylemin ardndan hemen ikinci bir eylemin baladn vurgulamak iin genellikle PAST PERFECT ve DEVR K CMLE ile kullanlr.

received I had no sooner received his letter than he him self arrived. No sooner had she gone to bed than the telephone rang. I had scarcely / hardly received his letter when he himself arrived. Hardly had she gone to bed when the telephone rang.
AFTERWARDS / AFTER AFTERWARDS (later / after that) anlamnda zarftr. AFTER Preposition olarak isim, Bala olarak cmle alr. After the class After the meeting After she came After she graduated PREPOSITION BALA

2)

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF REASON Because Since As + Inasmuch as Seeing that, seeing as

Cmle gelir

Because I was ill, I didnt go to work. Since she wants to lose weight quickly, she is on a strict diet. As it was very cold in the garden, we decided to eat inside.
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traffic Seeing that / seeing as the traffic was heavy, we walked to work yesterday.
Because of On account of Owing to Due to + sim / gerund gelir.

Because of illness, she couldnt go to school. On account of the the heavy traffic, we took another way to work yesterday. to Owing to dramatically rising prices, it is difficult to make ends meet. Due to the limited employment, many people are moving the big cities.
Because of On account of Due to + Owing to

The fact that

cmle gelir

Due to the fact that she neglected the children, they became disobedient.
THEREFORE / CONSEQUENTLY / AS A RESULT Neden sonu ilikisini bildiren gei szckleridir. kinci cmlede kullanlr. Cmlenin banda, zneden sonra, ve cmlenin sonunda gelir ve cmleden bir virgule ayrlr.

didnt She didnt feel well. Therefore, she left the office early. She didnt feel well. She, consequently, left the office early. She didnt feel well. She left the office early, as a result.

3)

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT + CMLE

She is learning English so that / in order that she can find a better job. I withdrew some money so that / in order that I would have me.
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plenty on

FOR THE PURPOSE THAT + CMLE So that ile ayn anlamdadr.

She is attending a conversation club for the purpose that she can practice speaking English.
LEST: for fear that / so that . not ile ayn anlamdadr. Genellikle SHOULD ya da SUBJUNCTIVE yapyla kullanlr.

We all spoke in quite voices lest we wake / should wake the baby. (Bebei uyandrmayalm diye hepimiz ok alak sesle konutuk) baby.
FOR THE PURPOSE OF / FOR FEAR OF + GERUND veya NOUN

We all spoke in quiet voices for fear of waking the baby. She went to her husbands office for the purpose of seeing him.
IN ORDER TO / TO / SO AS TO

She She lay on the floor (to / in order to / so as to) rest for a while. We kept the news secret (in order not to / so as not to) upset her.
4) ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONTRAST

EVEN THOUGH / ALTOUGH / THOUGH

Altough/Though/Even though she is good at music, she doesnt want to be a musician.

THOUGH (BUT / YET) Anlamnda iki bamsz cmleyi birletirmek iin de kullanlr. Genellikle cmlenin sonuna gelir, ama bazen ikinci cmlenin banda da yer alabilir.

background I didnt like the film; I liked its background music, though. I didnt like the film, though I liked its background music.

IN SPITE OF / DESPITE + NOUN In spite of /despite the heavy rain, they went on a picnic. *** In spite of / despite + the fact that + cmle

Despite the fact that she is old, she still takes long walks everyday. In spite of the fact that she practices everyday, she is still bad
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at driving.
MUCH AS + CMLE Daha ok duygu ifade eder. Altough anlamn verir.

Much as I like sports, I dislike football.

ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB + AS OR THOUGH + CMLE Kartlk ifade eden bala olarak bir sfat veya zarftan sonra kullanlr.

Patient as / though he is, he couldnt bear the noise they were making. Quickly as / though they worked, they failed to finish the task time. in time.
HOWEVER + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB

However late it is, you can call me for help. However hard I tired, I couldnt succeed.
NO MATTER + QUESTION WORD

No matter who you are, come and join us. Mevlana said.
KARITLIK B LD REN (TRANSITIONS) GE SZCKLER However Nevertheless (;) Nonetheless she went out for a walk (buna ramen / yine de) walk. Even so All the same Notwithstanding

cold. It was cold

Aadaki balalar iki tam cmleyi birletirir. kinci cmlenin banda yer alrlar. Birinci cmleden virgule ayrlrlar veya birinci cmleye nokta koyulup byk harfle balarlar. (Butanyway/But.still/Yet.still) cold, It was cold, cold, It was cold, It was cold, but she went out for a walk anyway. walk. yet she still went out for a walk. but but she still went out for a walk. (Ama yine de.)

ON THE ONE HAND..ON THE OTHER HAND: Bir olayn elien iki ynn ifade eder.

She has a dilemma and she doesnt know what to do. On the hand, one hand, she very much wants to go a broad for her university education. On the other hand, she knows that her family will hand, have difficulty affording it.
IN CONTRAST: ki nesneyi karlatrr. 85

contrast, Adana has got hot summers. Trabzon, in contrast, has got cool summers.
IN CONTRAST TO / W TH + NOUN

In contrast to his sister, Ahmet is a very tidy boy.

ON THE CONTRARY: Sylenilen ifadenin doru olmadn, tam tersi bir durumun sz konusu olduunu ifade eder.

contrary, You say she is very beautiful. We, on the contrary, find her rather ugly.
5) ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONDITION

IF / UNLESS / AS LONG AS / PROVIDED / EVEN IF

We can go camping with us provided you bring your own food. I wont be able to come with you unless I find a baby sitter. We are going for a picnic tomorrow even if it rains. I dont worry about you as long as I know where you are. My father gives me a lift f I miss the school bus.
6) ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF MANNER

AS IF / AS THOUGH / JUST AS / LIKE

Ahmet looks as if something is rong. It smells as though someonen has been smoking here. The weather was cold just as it had been all week along. It sounds like a baby criying.

REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Bir zarf cmleciini ksaltabilmemiz iin yan cmle ile temel cmledeki znenin ayn olmas gerekir. Ancak, considering, following, taking in to account, seeing that gibi yaplarla ve seeing genel ifadeler ierdii zaman when + doing yapsyla znelerin ayn olmas gerekmez.

Consedering the actors performance, the film was below my

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expectations. Fallowing the menagers speech, we will be allowed into the classrooms. classrooms. When travelling in a foreign country, it is best to carry travellers chegues rather than cash.
KISALTMA YAPAB LECE M Z BALALAR WHILE (Active): Ayn anda vuku bulan iki eylemi ifade eder.

While I was listening to pop music last night, I ironed my shirts. While listening to pop music last night, I ironed my shirts. night, Listening to pop music last night, I ironed my shirts.
(Passive)

While it was being carried, the table got broken. While being carried, the table got broken.
AFTER (Active)

ate/ dinner, After we ate/had eaten dinner, we went out for a walk. eating/ dinner, After eating/after having eaten dinner, we went out for a walk. Having eaten dinner, we went out for a walk.
(Passive)

promoted, After he was / had been promoted, he became more interested his in his job. promoted, After being / having been promoted, he became more interested in his job. Having been promoted, he became more interested in his job.

BEFORE Ksaltma yaparken BEFORE atlmaz. (Active)

Before she came to this city, she lived in the country. Before coming to this city, she lived in the country.
(Passive) 87

Before she was elected Prime Minister, she worked as a university teacher. worked: Before being elected Prime Minister, she worked:
WHEN a) Arka arkaya yaplm iki eylem balanyorsa; (Active)

When she finished her report, she left the office. On / upon finishing her report, she left the office.
(Passive) Passive cmlede ya da TO BE fiilinin asl fiil olduu cmlede ZNE ve BE fiili atlr.

When he was a young man, he was very ambitious. When a young man, he was very ambitious. When they are used too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction. When used too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction.
b) NOT: Temel ve yan cmledeki eylemler ayn zamanda oluyor ise when WHILE anlamnda kullanlr.

When you are travelling abroad, you must have travellers chegues with you. When travelling abroad, you must have travellers chegues with you.
UNTIL (Active)

kangaroo. Until I went to Australia, I had never seen a kangaroo. Until going to Australia, I had never seen a kangaroo.
(Passive)

Prepositions must be studied until they are learnt by heart. Prepositions must be studied until learnt by heart.
SINCE (den beri) (since + doing / since + being done)

Since I came to this city, I have lived in the same house. Since coming to this city, I have lived in the same house. Since it was occupied by the USA, Iraq has gone from bad to worse.
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Since being occupied by the USA, Iraq has gone from bad to worse.
BECAUSE / AS / SINCE (d iin) Neden sonu bildiren durumlarda bala atlarak; (Active cmle: Doing / Passive cmle: being done ayet Adverbial clause daki eylem daha cmle: done), Active cmle: nce gereklemise (Active cmle: Having done / Passive cmle: having been done) kullanlr.

Because she is married now, she has more responsibility. Being married now, she has more responsibility. Since she was tired, she went to bed early. Being tired, she went to bed early. difficulty Because I sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty in walking. Having sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty in walking. Because I had sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk. Having sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk. Because he had been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned. resigned. Having been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned.
Adverbial clauseda be + Adjective kullanlmsa bu yap being + Adjective ya da sadece Adjective biiminde ksaltlr.

Because she is responsible for the office, she has to be there early. Being responsible / responsible for the office, she has to be there early.
OLUMSUZ

Because she hadnt slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning. Not having slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning.
*** NOT: Neden-sonu bildiren cmlelerde temel ve yan cmlelerin zneleri farkl olsada ksaltma yapmak mmkn ama her iki cmlenin znelerini belirtmek gerekir.

Because our car is broken down, we have walked to work since last week. being Our car being broken down, we have walked to work since last
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week. As the weather was cold, we had to cancel the picnic. cold, The weather being cold, we had to cancel the picnic. As the manager has gone abroad, I will priside over the meeting. The manager having gone aboad, I will priside over the meeting. Because there was a serious accident, we had to wait for a long time. There being a serious accident, we had to wait for a long time.
KOUL CMLES KISALTILMI YAPILARI IF

together, If they were collected together, his poems would fill a volume. If collected together, his poem would fill a volume. Unless this case is explained properly, it will continue to confuse people. Unless explained properly, this case will continue to confuse people. As if he was known to everyone here, he came to the party and left immediately, without saying a word. As if known to everyone here, he came to the party and left immediately, deepWhether they are cooked in the oven or deep-fried, aubergines vegetables are my favorite vegetables in summer. deepWhether cooked in the oven or deep-fried, aubergines are my favourite vegetables in summer.
ALTHOUGH / THOUGH

Although / though their products are not as good as ours, they are more expensive. Although / though not as good as ours, their products are expensive.
INVERSION (Cmle iirisinde bir szcn yer deitirmesi) 1) Negative exclamations: Olumsuz soru biimindeki baz cmleler aslnda soru deil nlem cmlesidir ve devrik yapdadr. 90

Arent you selfish?

2) So, neither, nor ksa cevaplar

I think Nihat is a better player than Maradona. So do I. I cant stand listening to pop music. Neither / Nor can I. She didnt have any money, and she didnt know anyone she could barrow some. did She didnt have any money, nor did she know anyone she could barrow some.
3) Wishes with May

May you always be happy?

4) Olumsuz anlam tayan yaplarn cmlenin banda yer almas

He hardly ever talks to me. Hardly ever does he talk to me. I scarcely ever actually use my mobile phone. Scarcely ever do I actually use my mobile phone.
ON NO ACCOUNT, IN / UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES In / under any circumstances devrik yapyla kullanlmaz. Yerine in / under no circumstances kullanlr.

You should not, under any circumstances, place your finger in to an place electrical socket. Under no circumstances should you place your finger into an electrical socket. You are on no account to open any of these presents until Christmas. On no account are you to open these presents until Christmas.

EXPRESSION BEGINNING with ONLY Only by + verb, only with + noun

You can improve your language skills only by practicing. Only by practicing can you improve your language skills.
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He only managed to open the jar with his wifes help Only with his wifes help did he managed to open the jar.
Only in this way / only like this / only thus

Tansu won reelection by manipulating the vote; as she is despised by so many voters, it was possible for her to win only in this way. Tansu won reelection by manipulating the vote, as she despised by so many voters, only in this way was it possible for her to win.
Only then / only once

My husband and I work at the same company, but we normally see each other only once a day at lunch time. My husband and I work at the same company, but only once do we normally see each other a day at lunch time.
Only when (after/before) Yan cmle deil temel cmle devrik olur.

Ali was allowed to go home only when he had written Nitric acid is not a board toy on the board 100 times. Only when he had written Nitric acid is not a toy on the board 100 times was Ali allowed to go home.
SO + ADJECTIVE....THAT SUCH + NOUN....THAT

I was so hungry that I would have eaten almost anything. So hungry was I that I would have eaten almost anything. Fatma is such a gullible person that she believes whatever she is told. Such a gullible person is Fatma that she believes whatever she is told.
NEVER AGAIN / BEFORE

again. I will never set foot in that restaurant again. restaurant. Never again will I set foot in that restaurant. He had never done such a foolish thing before. Never before had he done such a foolish thing.
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NOT UNTIL / TILL: Temel cmle devrik olur.

We cant leave until we have turned off all the computers. off Not until we have turned off all the computers can we leave.
NOT ONLY BUT ALSO

The king believed not only in his divine right to rule, but also that he himself was infallible. Not only did the king believe in his devine right to rul, but he also infallible. believed that he himself was infallible.
NOWHERE

The tango is appreciated nowhere more than in the land of its birth, Argentina. Nowhere is the tango appreciated more than in the land of its birth, Argentina.
5) AS ve THAN: Karlatrma yapan kalplarda AS ve THAN den sonra devrik cmle olabilir.

The combodian leader Pol Pot was a murderous dictator, as was his Ugandan contemporary Idi Amin. She is much better swimmer than is her brother.
NOT: THAN ile karlatrma yaparken, devrik cmle kullanm ancak iki tarafn zneleri farklysa mmkndr.

I play the flute much better now than I did five years ago.
6) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE OF PLACE ile balayan cmlelerden sonra.

Out comes the sword from its sheath. Through the harbours and ports pass cargoes. bush Under the bush lay the body of Jimmy Hoffa. Down the road came the soldiers. Up the stairs run the children. Here comes John now.

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