Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis

Dr. Christos Drakos University of Florida

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis Cause of Stresses in Rigid Pavements Curling Load Friction 1. Curling Stresses Where is the tension zone?

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.1 Curling Because of Temperature

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.2 Curling Because of Moisture

1.3 Curling Because of Shrinkage

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.4 Curling Stress of Infinite Plate
T+T

X = Y =

t T 2

Assume linear t = coefficient of thermal expansion

X due to curling in X-direction:

X due to curling in Y-direction:

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.5 Bending Stress of Finite Slab Y
LY

X =
X

C XE t T C Y E t T + 2(1 2 ) 2(1 2 )

X =

LX

t T (CX + CY ) 2(1 2 )

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis Correction Factor Chart

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.5 Bending Stress of Finite Slab (cont) Maximum Interior Stress @ Center of Slab
E t T (C X + C Y ) 2(1 2 ) E t T (C Y + C X ) Y = 2(1 2 ) X =

Edge Stress @ Midspan

E t T C 2

may be x or y, depending on whether C is taken as Cx or Cy

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.6 Temperature Curling Example

X Y

25 12

k=200 pci t=5x10-6 /oF t=20oF Ec=4,000,000 psi =0.15

Calculate Stresses

i.

Radius of Relative Stiffness:

1/4

Eh3 l= 2 12 (1 )k

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis

ii. Maximum Interior Stress @ Center of Slab

E t T (C X + C Y ) 2(1 2 ) E t T Y = (C Y + C X ) 2(1 2 ) X =

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.6 Temperature Curling Example (cont)
Xint = E t T (C X + C Y ) 2(1 2 )

Yint =

E t T (C Y + C X ) 2(1 2 )

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.6 Temperature Curling Example (cont)
iii. Edge Stress @ Midspan

X =

E t T CX 2

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 1.7 Combined Stresses Curling stresses are high, but usually not considered in the thickness design for the following reasons: Joints and steel relieve and take care of curling stresses (as long as the cracks are held together by reinforcement and are still able to transfer load they will not affect performance) Curling stresses add to load stresses during the day and subtract to load stresses during the night Fatigue principle is based on # of repetitions; curling effect limited compared to load repetitions

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2. Loading Stresses Three ways of determining & : Closed form solutions (Westergaard single-wheel) Influence charts (Picket & Ray, 1951 multiple-wheel) Finite Element (FE) solutions 2.1 Closed-form solutions Westergaard theory 2.1.1 Assumptions All forces on the surface of the plate are perpendicular to the surface Slab has uniform cross-section and constant thickness Slab length Slab placed

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.2 Limitations Only corner loading/edge loading or mid-slab deformation and stresses can be calculated No discontinuities or voids beneath the slab Developed for single wheel loads

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.3 Corner Loading

0.6 3P a 2 1 h2 l a 2 P c = 2 1.1 0.88 l kl

c =

Where: k = modulus of subgrade reaction l = radius of relative stiffness a = load contact radius P = load

2.1.4 Interior Loading

i = i = 0.316P l 4 log + 1.069 h2 b P 8kl 2
b=a
when a1.724h

b = 1.6a2 + h2 0.675h when a<1.724h

2 a 1 a 1+ ln 0.673 2l 2 l

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.5 Edge Loading

e = e = 0.803P a l 4 log a + 0.666 l 0.034 2 h 0.431P a 1 0.82 l 2 kl

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.6 Dual Tires

Assume that:

Pd 0.5227q

Then, area of the equivalent circle:

a2 = 2 0.5227L2 + (S d 0.6L )L 0.8521 Pd S d Pd a= + 0.5227q q

1/2

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.7 Dual Tire Example

P=10000 lb q=88.42 psi k=100pci Sd=14 Ec=4,000,000 psi h=10
14

Calculate stresses.

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.7 Dual Tire Example (cont)
iii. Corner Stress:

3P a 2 c = 2 1 h l

0.6

iv. Interior Stress:

i =

0.316P l 4 log b + 1.069 2 h

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 2.1.7 Dual Tire Example (cont)
v.
e =

Edge Stress:
0.803P a l 4 log a + 0.666 l 0.034 2 h

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 3. Friction Stresses Friction between concrete slab and its foundations induces internal tensile stresses in the concrete. If the slab is reinforced, these stresses are eventually carried by the steel reinforcement.
L What happens to PCC w/ T? L/2 h

Where: c=Unit weight of PCC fa=Average friction between slab & foundation

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis Steel Stresses: Reinforcing steel Tie bars Dowels

3.1 Reinforcement Wire fabric or Do Increase

L/2
t f

Where: As = Area of required steel per unit width fs = Allowable stress in steel

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis

Longitudinal

3.1.1 Welded Wire Fabric What does (6 x 12 W8 x W6) mean?

Orientation

Transverse

Wire Reinforcement Institute Guidelines:

Minimum wires W4 or D4 (because wires are subjected to bending and tension) Minimum spacing 4in (allow for PCC placement and vibration) Maximum 12x24 Wire fabric should have end and side laps: Fabric should extend to about 2in but no more than 6in from the slab edges
Longitudinal: 30*Diam. but no less than 12 Transverse: 20*Diam. but no less than 6

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 3.2 Tie Bars Placed along the
L

As =

L = distance from the longitudinal joint to Length of tie bars L

= allowable bond stress d = bar diameter

fa cL'h fs

Spacing of tie bars

Many Agencies use

Topic 8 Rigid Pavement Stress Analysis 4. Joint Opening

Where: = Joint opening t = Coefficient of thermal contraction = Drying shrinkage coefficient L = Slab length C = adjustment factor for subgrade friction Stabilized = Granular =