Hi tho quc t Khu vc v vic lm phi chnh thc Phng php thng k, Tc ng kinh t v Chnh sch cng

International Conference The Informal Sector and Informal Employment Statistical Measurement, Economic Implications and Public Policies

PROGRAM BOOK

This International Conference is organized by VASS (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences) and IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement), in partnership with GSO (General Statistical Office), MOLISA (Ministry of Labour, War Invalids and Social Affairs), with support from the following international organizations: - AFD (Agence Franaise de Dveloppement); - DFID (Department for International Development); - ILO (International Labour Organization); - UNDP (United Nations Development Programme); - and the World Bank.

Hi tho do Vin Khoa hc X hi Vit Nam (VASS), Vin nghin cu Pht trin (IRD) phi hp cng Tng cc thng k (GSO),B Lao ng,Thng binh v X hi MOLISA v cc t chc quc t: - C quan Pht trin Php (AFD) - Vin Nghin cu B Pht trin Quc t Vng quc Anh (DFID) - T chc Lao ng quc t (ILO) - Chng tr.nh Pht trin Lin Hp Quc (UNDP) - v Ngn hng Th gii (WB)

Objective of the Conference

In spite of its predominant economic weight in developing countries, little is known about the informal sector and informal employment, which is still a huge black hole of our knowledge largely neglected by public policies. However, an increasing number of surveys have been conducted over the last few years; concepts and methodology to measure this sector have progressed; some international research has also been done. It is therefore time to take stock of all these advances and to think of new directions. Moreover, in Vit Nam as in other developing countries, the current international economic crisis is provoking huge employment losses and employment restructuring. This increases the interest for the informal sector, which is one of the main victims of the crisis. The purpose of the International Conference on the Informal Sector and Informal Employment is to look into the definition and statistical measurement of the concepts, analyse the economic implications of these phenomena, and study public policies implemented. More than fifteen years have passed since the 1993 adoption of a common international definition of the informal sector (International Labour Organization). The time has come to look at what we have learned from all the experiences worldwide, as much in terms of economic analyses and statistical measurement as in terms of policies implemented. In addition to this theme, which has taken on new significance with the process of globalization and crisis, the International Conference will break new ground by bringing together three types of audiences who rarely have the opportunity to discuss and compare their approaches: researchers, statisticians and the development community that develops and implements the economic policies. The aim of the Conference is to move forward along three directions: Advance towards defining common approaches to the measurement and definition of the informal sector and the informal employment in developing countries, on the basis of the work by the Delhi Group coordinated by the United Nations and the ILO (national experiences of informal sector and informal employment surveys, implementation challenges); Present and discuss the comparative outcomes of recent economic papers on the informal sector and the informal employment (and related issues) by academic researchers and international organizations that have benefited from the availability of new data drawn from statistical surveys; this work provides a better understanding of how the sector operates and its dynamics; As regards the new international poverty reduction strategies and in the crisis context, use the diagnoses and past experiences to help define targeted assistance policies for the informal sector and job creation (in particular, impact evaluation studies). Steering committee The steering committee defines the main orientations of the Conference. It is composed of representatives of each of the institutions participating to the Conference. Scientific committee - Trng Khanh, Director of the Methodology Department, General Statistics Office, H Ni - Michael Grimm, Professor, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague - Ralf Hussmans, Senior Statistician, International Labour Office, Geneva - L Vn Dy, Deputy Director, Institute of Statistical Science (ISS), General Statistics Office, H Ni - Benoit Massuyeau, Agence Franaise de Dveloppement, H Ni - Nguyn Thng, Director, Centre of Analysis and Forecasting (CAF), Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, H Ni - Martin Rama, Chief economist, World Bank Vietnam, H Ni - V Quc Huy, Professor, College of Economics, Vit Nam National University, H Ni - Alex Warren-Rodriguez, United Nations Development Programme, H Ni - Research team, Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, DIAL, H Ni Organizing committee - Trn Th Lan Anh, VASS, Stphane Lagre, AFD/VASS/EFEO and Bi Thu Trang, AFD/VASS, H Ni - Jean-Pierre Cling, Mireille Razafindrakoto and Franois Roubaud, IRD, DIAL, Hanoi

Objectifs de la Confrence
En dpit de leur poids prdominant dans les pays en dveloppement (PED) et en transition, le secteur et lemploi informels restent ce jour largement mconnus et constituent un vritable trou noir pour la connaissance tout en tant ngligs par les politiques publiques. Cependant, un nombre croissant denqutes statistiques ont t ralises au cours des dernires annes ; les concepts et les mthodologies de mesure ont progress sensiblement ; des recherches de qualit ont t entreprises dans de nombreux pays. Il est donc opportun de capitaliser ces expriences diverses et de rflchir aux enjeux venir. De plus, au Vit Nam comme dans les autres PED et pays en transition, la crise conomique en cours lchelle mondiale se traduit par des pertes demplois massives et des restructurations profondes sur le march du travail. Cette situation renforce lintrt pour le secteur et lemploi informels, qui constituent les principales variables dajustement de la crise. Lobjectif de la Confrence internationale sur le secteur et lemploi informels est de sinterroger sur les concepts et la mesure statistique du phnomne, danalyser les implications conomiques de sa prsence voire de son dveloppement, et dtudier les politiques mises en place ou promouvoir dans ce domaine. Plus de quinze ans se sont couls depuis ladoption dune dfinition internationale commune du secteur informel (Organisation Internationale du Travail). Il est temps de tirer les enseignements de ce que nous avons appris dans le monde, aussi bien en matire danalyse conomique et de mesure statistique, que de politiques conomiques mises en oeuvre. Par ailleurs, la Confrence internationale cherche mettre en relation trois types de publics qui ont rarement loccasion dchanger et de confronter leurs approches : les chercheurs, les statisticiens et la communaut du dveloppement qui labore et met en place les politiques conomiques.
Lobjectif de la Confrence est davancer dans trois directions :

adoption dapproches communes pour la dfinition et la mesure du secteur et de lemploi informels dans les PED, sur la base des travaux raliss par le Groupe de Delhi, coordonn par les Nations Unies et le BIT (expriences nationales denqutes sur le secteur et lemploi informels : mise en place, contraintes et solutions) ; prsentation et discussion des rsultats comparatifs dtudes conomiques et de recherches rcentes sur le secteur et lemploi informels (ainsi que sur des thmatiques associes) par le monde acadmique et les institutions internationales, qui ont bnfici de la mise disposition de nouvelles donnes tires des enqutes statistiques ; ces travaux procurent une meilleure comprhension de la faon dont ce secteur opre et de sa dynamique ; en lien avec les nouvelles stratgies internationales de lutte contre la pauvret dans un contexte de crise, mobilisation des diagnostics et expriences passs pour mieux laborer les politiques dappui au secteur informel et la cration demplois (en particulier, les tudes dvaluation dimpact).

Comit dorientation Le comit dfinit les orientations de la Confrence. Il est compos de reprsentants de chacune des institutions organisatrices. Comit scientifique - Trng Khanh, Directeur du dpartement mthodologie, Office Gnral des Statistiques, H Ni - Michael Grimm, Professeur, Institut des Etudes sociales, La Haye - Ralf Hussmans, Statisticien senior, Organisation Internationale du Travail, Genve - L Vn Dy, Directeur-adjoint de lInstitut des Sciences Statistiques, Office Gnral des Statistiques, H Ni - Benoit Massuyeau, Agence Franaise de Dveloppement, H Ni - Nguyn Thng, Directeur du Centre danalyses et de prvisions, Acadmie des Sciences Sociales du Vit Nam, H Ni - Martin Rama, conomiste en chef, Banque mondiale, H Ni - V Quc Huy, Professeur, Ecole dconomie, Universit Nationale du Vit Nam, H Ni - Alex Warren-Rodriguez, Programme des Nations-Unis pour le Dveloppement, H Ni - Equipe de recherche, Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, DIAL, H Ni Comit dorganisation - Trn Th Lan Anh, ASSV, Stphane Lagre, AFD/ASSV/EFEO et Bi Thu Trang, AFD/ASSV - Jean-Pierre Cling, Mireille Razafindrakoto et Franois Roubaud, IRD, DIAL, H Ni
4

CONTENT

Objective of the Conference PROGRAM SUMMARY DETAILED PROGRAM PLENARY SESSION

Ralf Hussmanns, Informal sector and informal employment International statistical standard definitions and their measurement Marc Bacchetta, Globalization and informal jobs in developing countries

3 7 8 18
19 38

PARALLEL SESSIONS II.1. Economic and institutional constraints II.2. Concepts and measures (1): National Experiences II.3. The vietnamese case in perspective II.4. Sectoral allocation and social constraints III.1. Micro and macro Dynamics III.2. Concepts and measures (2): National Experiences III.3. International Projects: Statistics and Research III.4. Policies and cross cutting issues PLENARY SESSION: Taking Stock / Challenges LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (Speakers, co-authors and chairmen) General Information

45 46 53 61 66 72 77 84 88 94 189 196

PROGRAM SUMMARY
Thursday, May 6 PLENARY SESSION (I) I.1. Opening session I.2. Global approach (keynote speakers) The dynamics of the informal sector and policy challenges Challenges involved by the measurement of the informal sector and informal employment Discussions

Lunch break
PARALLEL SESSIONS (II) Session II.1 Economic & Institutional Constraints Four presentations Discussions Tea break Three presentations Discussions Session II.2 Concepts and Measures: National Experiences Four presentations Discussions Tea break Four presentations Discussions Session II.3 The Vietnamese Case in Perspective Session II.4 Sectoral Allocation & Social Constraints Three presentations Discussions Tea break Three presentations Discussions

Four presentations Discussions Tea break Four presentations Discussions

Friday, May 7 PARALLEL SESSIONS (III) Session III.1 Micro and Macro Dynamics Four presentations Discussions Tea break Three presentations Discussions Session III.2 Concepts and Measures: National Experiences Three presentations Discussions Tea break Three presentations Discussions Session III.3 International Projects Session III.4 Policy and CrossCutting Issues Four presentations Discussions Tea break Three presentations Discussions

Three presentations Discussions Tea break Three presentations Discussions

Lunch break
PLENARY SESSION (IV) IV.1. Round table: Prospects in terms of measurement, analysis and policy Wrap up of the parallel sessions (main findings and discussions) Round table: Tacking stock / learning from the conference Discussions IV.2. Closing session
7

DETAILED PROGRAM

Thursday, May 6, 2010

(8:00 12:00)

8:00 am

Registration of the participant

I.

PLENARY SESSION: GLOBAL APPROACH

Opening Session Chairman: NGUYEN Xuan Thang (VASS)

8:30 8:40 8:50 9:00 9:10

Speech of the President of VASS (Mr DO HOAI NAM) Speech of the General Director of IRD (Mr Michel LAURENT) Speech of the Vice Minister of MoLISA (Mr NGUYEN THANH HOA) Speech of the Representative of the GSO (Mr NGUYEN BICH LAM) Speech of the UN Resident Coordinator (Mr John HENDRA)

Tea break Chairman: NGUYEN Thang (VASS)

9:50 Informal sector and informal employment - A cross-country analysis of key data based on the international statistical standard definitions (R. HUSSMANNS, ILO, Geneva) 10:20 Globalization and Informal Jobs in Developing Countries (M. BACCHETTA, Economic Research and Statistics Division, WTO, Geneva) 10:50 Discussions Lunch break

Thursday, May 6, 2010

(13:30 17:30)

PARALLEL SESSIONS II.1.

ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS Chair facilitator: Jacques CHARMES (IRD) Chair discussant: Jean-Marc SIRON (Paris Dauphine University)

13:30 Barriers of entry and capital returns in informal activities: Evidence from SubSaharan Africa (M. GRIMM, ISS, La Haye; J. KRUGER & J. LAY, University of Gottingen) 13:50 Heterogeneous informal jobs and segmentation of the Turkish labour market (M. BEN SALEM, I. BENSIDOUN I., CEE, France) Emplois informels htrognes et segmentation du march du travail turc 14:10 Corruption and the informal sector in Sub-Saharan Africa (E. LAVALLEE, Universit Paris Dauphine, DIAL, France, F. ROUBAUD, IRD-DIAL, Hanoi) 14:30 Efficiency of informal production units and its determinants: applying the quantile regression method in the case of Antananarivo (F. RAKOTOMANANA, INSTAT, Madagascar) Efficacit des units de production informelles et ses dterminants : utilisation de la mthode de rgression par quantile sur le cas de lagglomration dAntananarivo (Madagascar) 14:50 Discussions 15:10 Tea break 15:30 Employment in Indias Informal sector: size, patterns, growth and determinants (I. BAIRAGYA, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, India) 15:50 The integration of the informal sector into the formal sector: sub-contracting in craft villages in the Red river delta (S. FANCHETTE, IRD, Hanoi, NGUYEN XUAN HOAN, CASRAD, Hanoi) Lintgration du secteur informel au secteur formel : la sous-traitance dans les villages de mtier du delta du fleuve Rouge 16:10 Microfinance and self-employment in rural South-India: analysis of a failure (I. GUERIN, IRD/Paris I University, France ; ROESCH M., CIRAD, France & VENKATASUBRAMANIAN, Institut Franais de Pondichery, India) Microfinance et auto-emploi en Inde rurale du Sud: analyses dun chec 16:30 Discussions

19:00 Dinner (hosted by the MOLISA)

Thursday, May 6, 2010

(13:30 17:30)

PARALLEL SESSIONS II. 2. CONCEPTS AND MEASURES (1): NATIONAL EXPERIENCES

Chair facilitator: Martin BALEPA (AFRISTAT) Chair discussant: Benoit MASSUYEAU (AFD)

13:30 The informal sector and informal employment: What is the most adequate instrument in Africa? (E. RAMILISON, Afristat, Mali) Secteur et emploi informels : Quel instrument de mesure pour lAfrique ? 13:50 Two decades of surveys on informal sector and informal employment in Mexico (G. LUNA, R. MARTINEZ & NEGRETE R., INEGI, Mexico) 14:10 The methodology of the 1-2-3 survey: the vietnamese experience (NGUYEN THI HUYEN, NGUYEN VAN DOAN, LE VAN DUY, GSO-ISS, Vietnam) 14:30 The informal sector in Morocco: approach, methodology and evolution (M. BENNANI, Direction de la Statistique, Morocco) Le secteur informel au Maroc: approche, mthodologie et volution 14:50 Discussions 15:10 Tea break 15:30 The ENAHO: a tool for measuring and analyzing the informal sector in Peru. (N. HIDALGO, INEI, Peru) Las ENAHO: Un instrumento para la medicin y anlisis del sector informal. La experiencia peruana 15:50 Development and informal sector: Sixteen years of studies and analyses in Cameroon (J.G.B. SHE ETOUNDI, INS, Cameroon) Dveloppement et secteur informel : Seize ans dtudes et danalyse au Cameroun 16:10 An original 1-2 mixed survey to capture the informal sector in Mongolia (I. BADAMTSETSEG, NSO, Mongolia) 16:30 A methodological alternative to measure the labour market in rural areas in Colombia (ALVARO SUAREZ R., Universidad de los Andes Colombia) Una alternativa metodologica para la mediacion del mercado laboral en zonas rurales en Colombia 16:50 Discussions

19:00 Dinner (hosted by the MOLISA)

10

Thursday, May 6, 2010

(13:30 17:30)

PARALLEL SESSIONS II.3.

THE VIETNAMESE CASE IN PERSPECTIVE

Chair facilitator: Adam FFORDE (Victoria University, Melbourne) Chair discussant: Alex WARREN-RODRIGUEZ (UNDP) 13:30 Shedding light on a huge blackhole: the informal sector in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (LE VAN DUY, NGUYEN THI HUYEN, NGUYEN HUU CHI, PHAN THI NGOC TRAM, GSO-ISS, Vietnam) 13:50 An approach to the informal sector in Vietnamese metropolises: from the knowable towards the unknown (P. GUBRY, IRD, France; LE THI HUONG, HIDS, Vietnam; NGUYEN THI THIENG, IPSS, Vietnam & PHAM THUY HUONG, NEU, Vietnam) Approches du secteur informel dans les mtropoles vietnamiennes : du connaissable vers linconnu 14:10 Informal Employment for Rural Migrants in Urban Labor Market in the Red River Delta: a comparative analysis of sector choice and earnings with urban migrants and urban residents (Hanoi, Hai Phong and Hai Duong) (NGUYEN HUU CHI, National Economic University, IRD, Vietnam) 14:30 Impacts of international migration on employment in the informal sector: the case of Vietnam (TRAN THI BICH, NGUYEN HUU CHI, NGUYEN THI XUAN MAI, AND NGO THI PHUONG THAO, The National Economics University of Hanoi) 14:50 Discussions 15:10 Tea break 15:30 Diversification in land and labor allocation in response to shocks among small-scale farmers in central Vietnam (TUNG PHUNG DUC & H. WAIBEL, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany) 15:50 Informal micro-finance: institutional framework to stimulate development in rural areas (NGUYEN VAN HUAN, VASS, Vietnam) Ti chnh vi m phi chnh thc : Mt th ch t nguyn thc y s pht trin nng thn 16:10 Wage determinants and discriminations among immigrant laborers: The case of the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam (HUYNH TRUONG HUY, Antwerpen University, Belgium) 16:30 The benefits of formalization: evidence from Vietnamese SMEs (J. RAND & N. TORM, University of Copenhagen, Danemark) 16:50 Discussions

19:00 Dinner (hosted by the MOLISA)

11

Thursday, May 6, 2010

(13:30 17:30)

PARALLEL SESSIONS II.4. SECTORAL ALLOCATION AND SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS

Chair facilitator: DANG Nguyen Anh (VASS) Chair discussant: Xavier OUDIN (IRD, DIAL) 13:30 Impact of Informal Sector on Poverty and Employment in Nepal Micro-level Study of Chitwan District (M.K. AGARWAL, University of Lucknow, R. C. DHAKAL, Nepal) 13:50 Domestic work and informal employment in Africa: what trade off for women?(J. HERRERA, IRD, DIAL & C. TORELLI, INSEE, DIAL, France) Travail domestique et emploi informel en Afrique : quel arbitrage pour les femmes ? 14:10 Intergenerational transmission of self-employed status in the informal sector: a constrained choice or better income prospects? Evidence from seven West-African countries (L. PASQUIER DOUMER, IRD-DIAL, France) Entrepreneur dans le secteur informel : un choix contraint ou une rente intergnrationnelle ? Le cas de sept pays ouest-africains 14:30 Discussions 15:00 Tea break 15:30 To be or to become an informal sector worker in Cameroon: the role of social capital and of capital (C. KANA KENFACK , INS, Cameroun) Etre ou devenir travailleur du secteur informel au Cameroun : le rle du capital social et du capital 15:50 Does forced solidarity hamper entrepreneurial activity? Evidence from seven West-African countries (M. GRIMM, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Netherland; F. GUBERT, IRD-DIAL, France; O. KORIKO, Afristat, Mali, J. LAY, University of Gottingen, Germany, C.J. NORDMAN, IRD-DIAL, France) 16:10 Satisfaction at work and informal sector in Vietnam (J.-M. WACHSBERGER, Universit de Lille III, DIAL, France, M. RAZAFINDRAKOTO, F. ROUBAUD, IRD, DIAL, Hanoi) Satisfaction dans lemploi et secteur informel au Vietnam 16:30 Discussions

19:00 Dinner (hosted by the MOLISA)

12

Friday, May 7, 2010

(8:30 12:15)

PARALLEL SESSIONS III. 1. MICRO AND MACRO DYNAMICS

Chair facilitator: NGUYEN Thi Lan Huong (ILSSA) Chair discussant: NGUYEN Thang (VASS)

8:30 Links between Poverty Dynamics and the Labor market in Peru. The Role of the Informal Sector (N. HIDALGO, INEI, Peru, J. HERRERA, IRD, DIAL, France) 8:50 Labor informality in Latin America : poverty and vulnerability (R. MAURIZIO, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina) 9:10 Effect of rural women informal economic activities on employment creation in Imo state, Nigeria (E.C. ONYENECHERE, Imo State University, Nigeria) 9:30 Panel data analysis of the dynamics of labour allocation and earnings in Vietnam (NGUYEN HUU CHI, National Economic University, Vietnam, C. J. NORDMAN, IRD-DIAL, France, F. ROUBAUD, IRD, DIAL, Hanoi) 9:50 Discussions

10:10 Tea break 10:30 Informality and income mobility in Mexico and Argentina: a pseudo-panel analysis (F. GROISMAN, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina) 10:50 Paths between the formal and the informal sectors. Case study on Thailand: case study on Thailand (X. OUDIN, IRD-DIAL, France) Trajectoires entre le secteur moderne et le secteur informel. Etude de cas sur la Thalande 11:10 Assessing the impact of the global crisis on the labour market and the informal sector in Vietnam (J.-P. CLING, M. RAZAFINDRAKOTO, F. ROUBAUD, IRD-DIAL, Hanoi, Vietnam) 11:30 Discussions Lunch break

13

Friday, May 7, 2010

(8:30 12:15)

PARALLEL SESSIONS III. 2. CONCEPTS AND MEASURES (2): NATIONAL EXPERIENCES

Chair facilitator: DO Trong Khanh (GSO) Chair discussant: Margarita GUERERO (UN-ESCAP) 8:30 The informal sector and National accounts (M. SERUZIER, Comptable national, France) Secteur informel et Comptabilit nationale 8:50 Measurement and integration of the informal sector in the National accounts: the case of Peru (J.-L. ROBLES, INEI, Peru) Medicin e Integracin del Sector Informal en el Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales: el caso peruano 9:10 Macro-economic statistical and accounting cooking; a paradox of the Cameroon survey on employment and the informal sector (B. LEENHARDT (DIAL, France) et M. KUEPIE (DIAL-CEPS, France, Luxembourg) Cuisine macroconomique, statistique et comptable autour dun paradoxe de lenqute camerounaise 9:30 Discussions

10:00 Tea break 10:30 Trying to operationalize the informal sector and employment concepts and elaborating the economic accounts of IPUs using the surveys on employment and the informal sector in Cameroon (R. A. AMOUGOU, A. D. DZOSSA, J. FOUOKING, S. NEPETSOUN et J. TEDOU, INS, Cameroun) Essai doprationnalisation des concepts du secteur informel et demploi informels et laboration des comptes des UPI la lumire des enqutes sur lemploi et le secteur informel au Cameroun. 10:50 Measuring the informal sector: the 1-2 survey experience in Sri Lanka (C. WEERAKOONE, NSO, Sri Lanka) 11:10 The informal sector in Morocco National accounts (Y.A. KHELLOU, Direction de la Statistique, Morocco) Le secteur informel dans les comptes nationaux marocains 11:30 Discussions Lunch break

14

Friday, May 7, 2010

(8:30 12:15)

PARALLEL SESSIONS III. 3. INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS: STATISTICS AND RESEARCH

Chair facilitator: Rie VEJS KJELDGAARD (ILO) Chair discussant: Marc BACCHETTA (WTO)

8:30 1-2 Surveys for Estimating Informal Employment and Value-added of Informal Sector Enterprises: Results of Three National Surveys in Asia (Mongolia, Philippines and Sri Lanka) (M. GUERRERO, UN-ESCAP, Bangkok) 8:50 The action plan to improve the statistics on informal sector in Africa PASSIA (M. BALEPA, AFRISTAT, Bamako) Le Plan dAction pour lamlioration des Statistiques sur le Secteur Informel en Afrique PASSIA. 9:10 Towards a Reliable and Cost-Effective Data Collection Strategy for the Informal Sector and Informal Employment (D.S. MALIGALIG, ADB, Manila) 9:30 Discussions

10:00 Tea break 10:30 Women and Men in the Informal Economy 2010 - A Statistical Picture: plans for an updated report (J. HEINTZ, Univ. of Massachusetts, J. VANEK, WIEGO, USA) 10:50 Unlocking potential: tackling economic, institutional and social constraints of informal entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa (M. GRIMM, Rotterdan University, F. GUBERT, C. NORDMAN, IRD-DIAL, J. LAY, University of Gottingen) 11:10 Is informal normal? Towards more and better jobs (J. R. De LAIGLESIA & J. JUTTING, OCDE) 11:30 Discussions Lunch break

15

Friday, May 7, 2010

(8:30 12:15)

PARALLEL SESSIONS III. 4. POLICIES AND CROSS CUTTING ISSUES

Chair facilitator: Kirsty MASON (DFID) Chair discussant: Azita BERAR AWAD (ILO)

8:30 Vietnam - Informality and Social and Health Insurance Issues (P. CASTEL, Economist, Hanoi, GIAN THANH CONG, ILSSA, Vietnam) 8:50 Estimating the returns to education in Cameroun informal sector (P. NGUETSE TEGOUM, Ministry of economy, Cameroon) 9:10 When the informal is never entirely informal, and the formal is never entirely formal (A. FFORDE and P. SHEEHAN, The Centre for Strategic Economics Studies, Victoria University, Melbourne) 9:30 Migrants and Residents Living Standards in Hanoi and Hochiminh City (Hanoi and Hochiminh Provincial People Committees / Statistics Offices and UNDP, Vietnam) 9:50 Discussions

10:10 Tea break 10:30 Policy approaches towards the informal economy: the debate on transition to formality (A. BERAR AWAD, ILO, Geneva) 10:50 Are there limits to informality growth in South America? (F. VERDERA Catholic University, Lima) 11:10 Assessment and challenges of impact evaluation methodology: the example of microfinance in Morocco (T. BERNARD, AFD, France) 11:30 Discussions Lunch break

16

Friday, May 7 2010

(13:30 17:30)

IV.

PLENARY SESSION: TAKING STOCK / CHALLENGES

Chair: Joann VANEK (WIEGO) Wrap up of different sessions 13:30 13:37 13:44 13:51 13:58 14:05 14:12 14:19 14:30 15:10 Concept and Measures: National experiences (II.2), Benoit MASSUYEAU Concept and Measures: National experiences (III.2), Margarita GUERRERO Economic & Institutional Constraints (II.1), Jean-Marc SIRON Sectoral Allocation and Social Constraints (II.4), Xavier OUDIN Micro and Macro Dynamics (III.1), Nguyen THANG The Vietnamese Case in Perspective (II.3), Alex WARREN-RODRIGUEZ Policy and Cross-cutting Issues (III.4), Azita BERAR AWAD International Projects (III.3), Marc BACCHETTA Discussions Tea break

Chair: VU Quoc Huy (University of Economics and Business, VNU)

15 :30

Insights on the informal sector : Interview of Franois BOURGUIGNON (video Hanoi-Paris) (Director of Paris School of Economics, France) Round Table: measurement, research and policies: which prospects? Introduced by: Martin RAMA, Franois ROUBAUD, Rie VEJS KJELDGAARD Discussions Closing session

16:00 16:45 17:30

Cocktail (hosted by the GSO-ISS)

17

PLENARY SESSION Global approach

Ralf Hussmanns, Informal sector and informal employment International statistical standard definitions and their measurement, Department of Statistics International Labour Office, Geneva

Marc Bacchetta, Ekkehard Ernst, Juana P. Bustamante. Globalization and informal jobs in developing countries, International Labour Organization, International Institute for Labour Studies, World Trade Organization, Geneva, 2009

18

Informal sector and informal employment International statistical standard definitions and their measurement Ralf Hussmanns
Department of Statistics International Labour Office, Geneva Contents 1. 2. Introduction Definitions 2.1 International statistical definition of employment in the informal sector 2.2 International statistical definition of informal employment 2.3 Related issues 2.3.1 Jobs at the borderline of status-in-employment categories 2.3.2 Further sub-divisions of informal jobs 2.3.3 Statistics on informal employment in the absence of data on informal sector employment 2.3.4 Informal jobs in agriculture 2.3.5 Informal sector/employment vs. underground/illegal production Measurement 3.1 Labour force surveys as a source of data on informal sector employment/informal employment 3.2 Survey questions 3.2.1 Employment in the informal sector 3.2.2 Informal employment Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector, adopted by the 15th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (January 1993) (Extract) Guidelines concerning a statistical definition of informal employment, endorsed by the 17th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (November-December 2003)

3.

References Annex I: Annex II:

1. Introduction In January 1993, the Fifteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (15th ICLS) adopted an international statistical definition of the informal sector, which was subsequently included in the revised international System of National Accounts (SNA 1993) 1 . Inclusion in the SNA of the informal sector definition was considered essential as it would make it possible to identify the informal sector separately in the accounts and, hence, to quantify the contribution of the informal sector to the gross domestic product. In order to obtain an internationally agreed definition of the informal sector, which was acceptable to labour statisticians as well as national accountants, the informal sector had to be defined in terms of characteristics of the production units (enterprises) in which the activities take place (enterprise approach), rather than in terms of the characteristics of the persons involved or of their jobs (labour approach). A criticism sometimes made of the informal sector definition adopted by the 15th ICLS is that persons engaged in very small-scale or casual self-employment activities may not report in statistical surveys that they are self-employed, or employed at all, although their activity falls within the enterprise-based definition. Another criticism is that informal sector statistics may be affected by errors in classifying certain groups of employed persons by status in employment, such as outworkers, subcontractors, freelancers or other workers whose activity is at the borderline between self-employment and wage
1

Chapter IV of the SNA 1993 only reproduced the main parts of the definition. The SNA 2008 provides more detail as it includes a full chapter on Informal aspects of the economy (SNA 2008, Chapter 25). 19

employment. Women are more likely than men to be engaged in such activities. Still another criticism is that an enterprise-based definition of the informal sector is unable to capture all aspects of the increasing so-called informalisation of employment, which has led to a rise in various forms of informal (or non-standard, atypical, alternative, irregular, precarious, etc) employment, in parallel to the growth of the informal sector that can be observed in many countries. From the very beginning, it had however been clear that the informal sector definition adopted by the 15th ICLS was not meant to serve this purpose, which goes far beyond the measurement of employment in the informal sector. For the above-mentioned reasons, the Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics (Delhi Group) joined statistics users in concluding that the definition and measurement of employment in the informal sector need(ed) to be complemented with a definition and measurement of informal employment (CSO/India 2001). Employment in the informal sector and informal employment are concepts, which refer to different aspects of the informalisation of employment and to different targets for policy-making. One of the two concepts cannot replace the other. They are both useful for analytical purposes and, hence, complement each other. However, the two concepts need to be defined and measured in a coherent and consistent manner, so that one can be clearly distinguished from the other. Statistics users and others often tend to confuse the two concepts because they are unaware of the different observation units involved: enterprises on the one had, and jobs on the other. During its 90th Session (2002), the International Labour Conference (ILC) engaged in an extensive discussion on Decent work and the informal economy, which emphasised repeatedly the need for more and better statistics on the informal economy and requested the ILO to assist member States in the collection, analysis and dissemination of consistent, disaggregated statistics on the size, composition and contribution of the informal economy (ILO 2002a). However, in order to be able to collect statistics on the informal economy, one needs to have a definition of the informal economy. The ILC used the term informal economy as referring to all economic activities by workers and economic units that are in law or in practice not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangements (ILO 2002a). The ILO report on Decent work and the Informal Economy (ILO 2002b), which had been prepared as a basis for the discussion by the ILC, defined employment in the informal economy as comprising two components: (i) employment in the informal sector as defined by the 15th ICLS, and (ii) other forms of informal employment (i.e. informal employment outside the informal sector). As part of the report, the ILO developed a conceptual framework for employment in the informal economy. The framework lent itself to statistical measurement as it built upon internationally agreed statistical definitions, which were used because of their consistency and coherence. It enables measures of employment in the informal sector to be complemented with broader measures of informal employment (Hussmanns 2001; 2002). At its fifth meeting, the Delhi Group endorsed the framework and recommended it to countries for testing (CSO/India 2001). Subsequently, several countries (Brazil, Georgia, India, Mexico and the Republic of Moldova) tested the framework successfully. The conceptual framework developed by the ILO was submitted to the 17th ICLS (NovemberDecember 2003) for discussion. The 17th ICLS examined the framework, made some minor amendments to it, and adopted guidelines endorsing it as an international statistical standard (ILO 2003). These guidelines, which are attached as an annex to the present paper, complement the 15th ICLS Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector. The work by the Delhi Group and its members was essential to the development and adoption of the guidelines. The 17th ICLS unanimously agreed that international guidelines were useful in assisting countries in the development of national definitions of informal employment, and in enhancing the international comparability of the resulting statistics to the extent possible. It also realized that such guidelines were needed in support of the request, which had been made by the ILC in 2002, that the ILO should assist countries in the collection, analysis and dissemination of statistics on the informal economy. The concept of informal employment is considered to be relevant not only for developing and transition countries, but also for developed countries, for many of which the concept of the informal sector is of limited relevance. The 17th ICLS acknowledged, however, that the relevance and meaning of informal employment varied among countries, and that therefore a decision to develop statistics on it would depend on national circumstances and priorities.
20

During discussions on terminology, some considered the term informal employment as being too positive and thus potentially misleading for policy purposes. Others feared that statistics users might have difficulties to understand the difference between informal employment and employment in the informal sector and confuse the two terms. Nevertheless, the term informal employment was retained by the 17th ICLS because of its broadness, and because there was no agreement regarding the use of an alternative term, such as unprotected employment. The paper is organised as follows: Section 2 of the paper summarises and explains the international statistical definitions of the informal sector and of informal employment as adopted by the 15th and 17th ICLS in 1993 and 2003. It also deals with a number of related issues, including the links of the concepts of informal sector and informal employment with the concept of the non-observed economy. Section 3 discusses the possibilities and limitations of labour force surveys as a source of data on employment in the informal sector and informal employment. To illustrate how the information can be obtained, examples of possible survey questions are included. 2. 2.1 Definitions International statistical definition of employment in the informal sector
th

The 15 ICLS (ILO 2000) defined employment in the informal sector as comprising all jobs in informal sector enterprises, or all persons who, during a given reference period, were employed in at least one informal sector enterprise, irrespective of their status in employment and whether it was their main or a secondary job. Informal sector enterprises were defined by the 15th ICLS on the basis of the following criteria: They are private unincorporated enterprises (excluding quasi-corporations) 2 , i.e. enterprises owned by individuals or households that are not constituted as separate legal entities independently of their owners, and for which no complete accounts are available that would permit a financial separation of the production activities of the enterprise from the other activities of its owner(s). Private unincorporated enterprises include unincorporated enterprises owned and operated by individual household members or by several members of the same household, as well as unincorporated partnerships and co-operatives formed by members of different households, if they lack complete sets of accounts. All or at least some of the goods or services produced are meant for sale or barter, with the possible inclusion in the informal sector of households which produce domestic or personal services in employing paid domestic employees. Their size in terms of employment is below a certain threshold to be determined according to national circumstances 3 , and/or they are not registered under specific forms of national legislation (such as factories or commercial acts, tax or social security laws, professional groups regulatory acts, or similar acts, laws or regulations established by national legislative bodies as distinct from local regulations for issuing trade licenses or business permits), and/or their employees (if any) are not registered. They are engaged in non-agricultural activities, including secondary non-agricultural activities of enterprises in the agricultural sector 4 . The relevant paragraphs of the 15th ICLS Resolution are reproduced in Annex I to this paper. The meaning of the term sector follows the SNA. For national accounting purposes, a sector (institutional sector) is different from a branch of economic activity (industry). It simply groups
In the SNA, such enterprises are called household unincorporated enterprises or household enterprises because they form part of the SNA institutional sector households. Since readers, who are not familiar with the SNA framework, often misinterpret these terms, the term private unincorporated enterprises is used in this paper. 3 During its third meeting, the Delhi Group recommended that for international reporting the size criterion should be defined as less than five employees (CSO/India 1999). 4 The 15th ICLS recognised that, from a conceptual point of view, there was nothing against the inclusion, within the scope of the informal sector, of private unincorporated enterprises engaged in agricultural and related activities, if they met the criteria of the informal sector definition. The recommendation to exclude agricultural and related activities from the scope of informal sector surveys, and to measure them separately, was however made for practical data collection reasons. 21
2

together similar kinds of production units, which in terms of their principal functions, behaviour and objectives have certain characteristics in common. The result is not necessarily a homogeneous set of production units. For the purposes of analysis and policy-making, it may thus be useful to divide a sector into more homogeneous sub-sectors. Informal sector enterprises as defined by the 15th ICLS cannot be considered a sub-sector of the SNA institutional sector households because the definition only takes the productive activities of households into account. Informal sector enterprises represent, however, a subset of household unincorporated enterprises. The term enterprise is used here in a broad sense, referring to any unit engaged in the production of goods or services for sale or barter. It covers not only production units, which employ hired labour, but also production units that are owned and operated by single individuals working on own account as self-employed persons, either alone or with the help of unpaid family members. The activities may be undertaken inside or outside the enterprise owners home, and they may be carried out in identifiable premises, unidentifiable premises or without fixed location. Accordingly, self-employed street vendors, taxi drivers, home-based workers, etc. are all considered enterprises. 2.2 International statistical definition of informal employment The conceptual framework endorsed by the 17th ICLS relates the enterprise-based concept of employment in the informal sector in a coherent and consistent manner with a broader, job-based concept of informal employment. A person can simultaneously have two or more formal and/or informal jobs. Due to the existence of such multiple jobholding, jobs rather than employed persons were taken as the observation units for employment. Employed persons hold jobs that can be described by various job-related characteristics, and these jobs are undertaken in production units (enterprises) that can be described by various enterprise-related characteristics. Thus, using a building-block approach the framework disaggregates total employment according to two dimensions: type of production unit and type of job (see the matrix included in Annex II). Type of production unit (rows of the matrix) is defined in terms of legal organisation and other enterpriserelated characteristics, while type of job (columns of the matrix) is defined in terms of status in employment and other job-related characteristics. Production units are classified into three groups: formal sector enterprises, informal sector enterprises, and households. Formal sector enterprises comprise corporations (including quasi-corporate enterprises), non-profit institutions, unincorporated enterprises owned by government units, and those private unincorporated enterprises producing goods or services for sale or barter which are not part of the informal sector. The definition of informal sector enterprises has already been given in Section 2.1 above. Households as production units are defined here as including households producing goods exclusively for their own final use (e.g. subsistence farming, do-it-yourself construction of own dwellings), as well as households employing paid domestic workers (maids, laundresses, gardeners, watchmen, drivers, etc.) 5 . Households producing unpaid domestic or personal services (e.g., housework, caring for family members) for their own final consumption are excluded, as such activities fall presently outside the SNA production boundary and are not considered employment. Jobs are distinguished according to status-in-employment categories and according to their formal or informal nature. For status in employment, the following five ICSE-93 groups are used: own-account workers; employers; contributing family workers; employees; and members of producers cooperatives. The breakdown by status in employment was needed for definitional purposes; however, it was also considered useful for analytical and policy-making purposes. There are three different types of cells in the matrix included in Annex II. Cells shaded in dark grey refer to jobs, which, by definition, do not exist in the type of production unit in question. For example, there cannot be contributing family workers in household non-market production units. Cells shaded in light grey refer to formal jobs. Examples are own-account workers and employers owning formal
The 15th ICLS definition of the informal sector excludes households producing goods exclusively for their own final use, but provides an option to include households employing paid domestic workers. The framework presented in this paper and adopted by the 17th ICLS does not use this option and, hence, excludes households employing paid domestic workers from the informal sector. The exclusion is in line with a recommendation made by the Delhi Group during its third meeting (CSO/India 1999). 22
5

sector enterprises, employees holding formal jobs in formal sector enterprises, or members of formally established producers cooperatives. The remaining, un-shaded cells represent the various types of informal jobs. The 17th ICLS defined informal employment as the total number of informal jobs, whether carried out in formal sector enterprises, informal sector enterprises, or households, during a given reference period (see Annex II). It comprises: Own-account workers and employers employed in their own informal sector enterprises (Cells 3 and 4). The employment situation of own-account workers and employers can hardly be separated from the type of enterprise, which they own. The informal nature of their jobs follows thus directly from the characteristics of the enterprise. Contributing family workers, irrespective of whether they work in formal or informal sector enterprises (Cells 1 and 5). The informal nature of their jobs is due to the fact that contributing family workers usually do not have explicit, written contracts of employment, and that usually their employment is not subject to labour legislation, social security regulations, collective agreements, etc. 6 . Employees holding informal jobs, whether employed by formal sector enterprises, informal sector enterprises, or as paid domestic workers by households (Cells 2, 6 and 10) 7 . According to the guidelines endorsed by the 17th ICLS, employees are considered to have informal jobs if their employment relationship is, in law or in practice, not subject to national labour legislation, income taxation, social protection or entitlement to certain employment benefits (advance notice of dismissal, severance pay, paid annual or sick leave, etc.) for reasons such as: non-declaration of the jobs or the employees; casual jobs or jobs of a limited short duration; jobs with hours of work or wages below a specified threshold (e.g. for social security contributions); employment by unincorporated enterprises or by persons in households; jobs where the employees place of work is outside the premises of the employers enterprise (e.g. outworkers without employment contract); or jobs, for which labour regulations are not applied, not enforced, or not complied with for any other reason 8 . Members of informal producers cooperatives (Cell 8). The informal nature of their jobs follows directly from the characteristics of the cooperative of which they are member 9 . Own-account workers engaged in the production of goods exclusively for own final use by their household (such as subsistence farming or do-it-yourself construction of own dwellings), if considered employed according to the 13th ICLS definition of employment 10 (Cell 9). The major new element is the above definition of informal jobs of employees. However, given the large diversity of informal employment situations found in different countries, the 17th ICLS had to
6 7

Family workers with a contract of employment and/or wage would be considered employees.

Cell 7 refers to employees holding formal jobs in informal sector enterprises. Such cases, which are included in employment in the informal sector but excluded from informal employment, may occur when enterprises are defined as informal in using size as the only criterion, or where there is no administrative link between the registration of employees and the registration of their employers. However, the number of such employees is likely to be small in most countries. Where the number is significant, it might be useful to define the informal sector in such a way that enterprises employing formal employees are excluded. Such a definition has been proposed, for example, for Argentina (Pok 1992) and is in line with the 15th ICLS resolution, which includes the non-registration of the employees of the enterprise among the criteria for defining the informal sector (ILO 2000). 8 The definition corresponds to the definition of unregistered employees as specified in paragraph 9 (6) of the informal sector resolution adopted by the 15th ICLS. It encompasses the ICSE-93 definitions of non-regular employees, workers in precarious employment (casual workers, short-term workers, seasonal workers, etc.) and contractors. 9 Producers cooperatives, which are formally established as legal entities, are incorporated enterprises and, hence, part of the formal sector. Members of such formally established producers cooperatives are considered to have formal jobs. Producers cooperatives, which are not formally established as legal entities, are treated as private unincorporated enterprises owned by members of several households. They are part of the informal sector if they also meet the other criteria of the definition. 10 The definition specifies that persons engaged in household production for own final use should be considered employed if their production represents an important contribution to the total consumption of the household. 23

leave the operational criteria for defining informal jobs of employees for determination by countries in accordance with national circumstances and data availability. The impact on the international comparability of the resulting statistics was recognized by the 17th ICLS. An important definitional issue is the possible discrepancy between the formality of employment situations and their reality. Sometimes employees, although in theory protected by labour legislation, covered by social security, entitled to employment benefits, etc., are in practice not in a position to claim their rights because mechanisms to enforce the existing regulations are lacking or deficient. Or the regulations are not applied when the employees agree to waive their rights, because they prefer to trade in higher take-home pay for legal and social protection. For these reasons, the 17th ICLS definition of informal jobs of employees covers not only employment situations, which are de jure informal, but also employment situations, which are de facto informal (in law or in practice). Employment in the informal sector encompasses the sum of Cells 3 to 8. Informal employment encompasses the sum of Cells 1 to 6 and 8 to 10. The sum of Cells 1, 2, 9 and 10 is called informal employment outside the informal sector. Informal employment outside the informal sector comprises the following types of jobs: Employees holding informal jobs in formal sector enterprises (Cell 2) or as paid domestic workers employed by households (Cell 10); Contributing family workers working in formal sector enterprises (Cell 1); Own-account workers engaged in the production of goods exclusively for own final use by their household, if considered employed according to the 13th ICLS definition of employment (Cell 9). Of these, Cell 2 (employees holding informal jobs in formal sector enterprises) tends to generate the largest interest among researchers, social partners and policy-makers. It should be noted that the 17th ICLS did not endorse the term employment in the informal economy, which had been used by the ILO to refer to the sum of employment in the informal sector and informal employment outside the informal sector (Cells 1 to 10). The 17th ICLS agreed that, for statistical purposes, it would be better to keep the concepts of informal sector and of informal employment separate. The informal sector concept, as defined by the 15th ICLS, needed to be retained because it had become part of the SNA, and because a large number of countries, as documented by the ILO (ILO 2002c), were collecting statistics based on it. 2.3 2.3.1 Related issues Jobs at the borderline of status-in-employment categories

It is widely recognized that certain types of jobs are difficult to classify by status in employment because they are at the borderline of two or more of the ICSE-93 groups, especially between ownaccount workers and employees. An example is outworkers (home-workers). The framework presented in this paper and adopted by the 17th ICLS makes it possible to capture all outworkers in informal employment, irrespective of their classification by status in employment. Outworkers would be included in Cells 3 or 4, if they are deemed to constitute enterprises of their own as self-employed persons, and if these enterprises meet the criteria of the informal sector definition. Persons working for such informal outworking enterprises as contributing family workers would be included in Cell 5, and persons working for them as employees in Cells 6 or 7. Outworkers working as employees for formal sector enterprises would be included in Cell 2, if they have informal jobs, and in the light grey cell next to Cell 2, if they have formal jobs. Thus, problems in assigning jobs to status-in-employment categories affect data on informal employment based on the labour approach to a lesser extent than they affect data on employment in the informal sector based on the enterprise approach. They would lead to classification errors rather than coverage errors. However, further work is needed to develop methodologies, which would help to reduce such classification errors. 2.3.2 Further sub-divisions of informal jobs As part of its guidelines, the 17th ICLS mentions that, for purposes of analysis and policy-making, it may be useful to disaggregate the different types of informal jobs, especially those held by employees. Such a typology and definitions should be developed as part of further work on classifications by status in employment at the international and national levels. A strategy for developing a typology of

24

atypical forms of employment, based on the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-93), has been outlined by Mata Greenwood and Hoffmann (2002). 2.3.3 Statistics on informal employment in the absence of data on informal sector employment Some countries may wish to develop statistics on informal employment, although they do not have statistics on employment in the informal sector. Other countries may wish to develop statistics on informal employment, but find that a classification of employment by type of production unit is not much relevant to them. Unless such countries want to limit the measurement of informal employment to employee jobs, they need to specify appropriate definitions of informal jobs of own-account workers, employers and members of producers cooperatives, which do not explicitly use the informal sector concept. 2.3.4 Informal jobs in agriculture In respect of the statistical treatment of persons engaged in agricultural activities a similar issue arises for countries, which, in line with paragraph 16 of the 15th ICLS resolution, exclude agriculture from the scope of their informal sector statistics. In order to be able to classify all jobs (including agricultural jobs) as formal or informal, these countries will have to develop suitable definitions of informal jobs in agriculture other than those held by persons engaged in subsistence farming (Cell 9). This applies, in particular, to jobs held in agriculture by own-account workers, employers and members of producers cooperatives. Regarding the definition of informal employee jobs in agriculture, it is most likely that the same criteria can be used as for the definition of informal employee jobs in other activities 11 . 2.3.5 Informal sector/employment vs. underground/illegal production
th

The 17 ICLS requested the links between the concepts of informal employment and non-observed economy to be indicated. In the preamble to its guidelines, it therefore mentioned that an international conceptual framework for measurement of the non-observed economy already existed. The framework was developed as part of a handbook for measurement of the non-observed economy, which was published in 2002 by the OECD, IMF, ILO and CIS STAT (Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States) as a supplement to the SNA 1993 (OECD et. al. 2002). The handbook puts the informal sector in a broader context of non-observed economy and relates it to four other concepts, with which it is often confused: underground production; illegal production; household production for own final use; and production missed due to deficiencies in data collection programmes 12 . The SNA 2008 defines illegal production as comprising (i) the production of goods or services whose sale, distribution are possession is forbidden by law, and (ii) production activities which are usually legal but become illegal when carried out by unauthorised producers (European Commission et. al, 2009). Examples are drug trafficking or abortions practiced by unauthorised persons. Concealed (or underground) production is defined in the SNA 2008 as production activities, which are legal when performed in compliance with relevant standards or regulations, but which are deliberately concealed from public authorities. An example is the sale of legal goods or services without tax declaration. The SNA 2008 acknowledges that, in practice, it may not always be easy to draw a clear borderline between underground production and illegal production. For conceptual purposes, one can however use the above-mentioned definitions to distinguish three types of production activities: (i) activities, which are legal and not underground; (ii) activities, which are legal, but underground; and (iii) activities, which are illegal. As indicated in Diagram 1 below, any type of production units (formal sector enterprises; informal sector enterprises; households) can be engaged in any type of activities (legal, not underground; legal, underground; illegal). Nevertheless, it is widely known that in developing and transition countries
Negrete (2002) already discussed these issues in his paper for the sixth meeting of the Delhi Group and made some suggestions for Mexico. 12 The need to distinguish the concept of the informal sector from the concept of the hidden or underground economy had already been recognized by the 15th ICLS in paragraph 5 (3) of its Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector. 25
11

most informal sector activities are neither underground nor illegal, as they represent simply a survival strategy for the persons involved in them and for their households. This greatly facilitates the conduct of surveys on the informal sector in these countries. Diagram 1 Production units Formal sector enterprises Informal sector enterprises (a) Households (b) (a) As defined by the 15th ICLS (excluding households employing paid domestic workers). (b) Households producing goods exclusively for their own final use and households employing paid domestic workers. The activities carried out by production units are undertaken by persons employed in formal jobs or in informal jobs. This conceptual link is shown in Diagram 2 below, which combines Diagram 1 with a simplified version of the matrix adopted by the 17th ICLS as part of its guidelines. The result is a three-dimensional cube composed of 18 smaller cubes (or 45 smaller cubes, if the full version of the matrix is used). Each of the smaller cubes stands for a specific combination of type of production unit, type of activity, and type of job. Each of the smaller cubes can be defined, and examples can be given for the employment situations represented by it. This will hopefully help to sort out the widespread confusion concerning the use of the terms informal sector, informal employment and underground or illegal production, which currently still exists. Diagram 2 Activities Legal Not underground Underground Illegal

Production units

Activities Legal
Not underground Underground

Illegal

Formal sector enterprises Informal sector enterprises Households

26

3.

Measurement

3.1 Labour force surveys as a source of data on informal sector employment/ informal employment Many countries have already made positive experiences in the use of labour force surveys as a source of data on employment in the informal sector (ILO 2002c). In addition, labour force surveys appear to be the most appropriate survey instrument for applying the definition of informal employment adopted by the 17th ICLS. Monitoring the number and characteristics of the persons working in the informal sector, or in informal employment, and the conditions of their employment and work can be achieved by periodically including, in an existing labour force survey, a few additional questions pertaining to the informal sector or informal employment definitions and to the characteristics of informal sector employment or informal employment. The costs of doing so are relatively low. The additional questions should be asked of all persons employed during the reference period of the survey, irrespective of their status in employment. In this way, it is possible to collect comprehensive data on the volume and characteristics of informal sector employment or informal employment and to obtain information on employment and working conditions from all categories of informal workers, including employees and contributing family workers 13 . These data can be related at the macro-level to the corresponding data on formal sector employment or formal employment and on unemployment as obtained from the same source, and at the micro-level to all the other information collected in the same survey concerning the persons in question. In other words, the total population (or working age population) can be classified into employed, unemployed and economically inactive persons, and the employed can be sub-classified by status in employment, the informal vs. formal nature of their jobs, the type of production units (formal sector enterprises, informal sector enterprises, or households) in which the activities are undertaken, etc. A labour force survey can also be used as the first phase of a mixed household and enterprise survey on the informal sector. Labour force surveys are often conducted at a higher frequency than specialised, in-depth informal sector surveys. Thus, the data obtained from the former concerning the evolution of labour inputs to informal sector activities or informal jobs can be used to extrapolate data from the latter concerning other characteristics (e.g. value added) of the informal sector or informal employment. Employees may find it difficult to provide information on some of the criteria used to define the informal sector, especially the legal organisation, bookkeeping practices and registration of the enterprise for which they work. It is, however, possible to obtain an estimate of the total number of persons employed in the informal sector using only the information on the characteristics of their enterprise (including legal organisation, bookkeeping practices, registration and/or number of persons engaged) provided by respondents identified as employers or own-account workers. Another possibility is to base the estimate on all respondents irrespective of their status in employment, and to obtain from respondents, who are employees, approximate information on the legal organisation, type of accounts and registration of the enterprise for which they work. For this purpose, one or two questions on income tax or social security deductions from the salary or on the type of enterprise (government agency, public enterprise, factory, bank, insurance company, commercial chain, small workshop, shop or restaurant, etc.) are required. Both approaches have been used in the sequence of questions included in Section 3.2.1 below. It should be noted that the estimate of total employment in the informal sector obtained through the first approach is likely to have a higher sampling error than the estimate obtained through the second approach. Persons can be classified in the informal sector or informal employment only if they have been identified as employed in the first place. To ensure that all informal sector activities or informal jobs are covered, it is often necessary to make special probes on activities or jobs that might otherwise go unreported as employment. For example, special probes may be required for unpaid work in small family enterprises, activities undertaken by women on their own account at or from home, undeclared
This is an advantage as compared with stand-alone informal sector surveys, where usually all information on the informal sector enterprise and its work force is obtained from the enterprise owner. 27
13

activities, casual jobs, and informal activities performed as secondary jobs by farmers, government officials or employees of the private formal sector 14 . In order to capture adequately the work of children in the informal sector or in informal jobs, it may also be necessary to lower the minimum age limit, which the surveys use for measurement of the economically active population. In designing or re-designing the survey sample, care should be taken to include an adequate number of areas where informal workers live. There are certain limitations to the use of labour force surveys as a source of data on informal sector employment or informal employment: Often, labour force surveys only collect information on the characteristics of the respondents main job. In many countries, however, a large number of informal sector activities or informal jobs are undertaken as secondary jobs. Thus, it is essential that the questions for identification of the informal sector or informal employment be asked not only in respect of the respondents main jobs, but also in respect of their secondary jobs. Otherwise, the size of the informal sector or informal employment is likely to be underestimated. Informal sector employment or informal employment is obtained as part of total employment, which is usually measured in relation to a short reference period such as one week. Since many informal sector activities or informal jobs are characterised by seasonal and other variations over time, the data on informal sector employment or informal employment obtained for a short reference period may not be representative for the whole year. Improved representation of the time dimension can be achieved by repeating the measurement several times during the year in the case of quarterly, monthly or continuous surveys, or by using a longer reference period such as one year in the case of annual or less frequent surveys. Estimation of the number of informal sector enterprises is difficult, if not impossible. This is because the number of informal sector enterprises is not identical with the number of informal sector entrepreneurs, due to the existence of business partnerships. The possibilities for disaggregating the data by branch of economic activity (industry) and other characteristics depend upon the sample size and design. Sometimes, the number of informal workers included in the survey sample is too small to make any detailed sub-classifications. 3.2 3.2.1 Survey questions Employment in the informal sector

Usually, the following information on persons employed in the informal sector or informal employment is already available from a labour force survey: Socio-demographic characteristics: sex, age, marital status, relationship to the reference person of the household, level of education, place of usual residence, urban vs. rural area, etc.; Household/family characteristics: number of household/family members, household/family type, etc.; Hours of work and earnings; Kind of economic activity (industry), occupation and status in employment; Other characteristics of the job: full-time vs. part-time work, job permanency (permanent, temporary, seasonal, occasional, etc. job). The information obtained from the survey question(s) on kind of economic activity makes it possible to identify persons engaged in agriculture, forestry and fishing activities (ISIC Rev. 4, Section A), domestic employees employed by households (ISIC Rev. 4, Group 970 Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel), as well as persons engaged in the production of goods for own final use (ISIC Rev. 4, Group 981 - Undifferentiated goods-producing activities of private households for own use). It should also be noted that, if properly designed, questions on the form of registration of the enterprise can cover not only the criterion of non-registration, but at the same time also the criteria of kind of ownership, legal organisation and type of accounts, which are used to define private unincorporated

The underreporting of secondary jobs in labour force surveys is a widespread phenomenon requiring special attention. 28

14

enterprises (excluding quasi-corporations) 15 . Thus, only few questions need to be added to a labour force survey questionnaire in order to identify persons employed in the informal sector. An example based on the type of questions, which many countries ask in their labour force surveys, is given below. For all respondents except paid domestic workers: Q1: How many persons (including yourself) usually work in your enterprise/the enterprise or institution which employs you? (If the enterprise/institution has more than one establishment, the number of persons usually working in the largest establishment should be reported.) 1. Less than 10 2. 10 to 19 ) Go to Q4 3. 20 to 49 ) 4. 50 to 99 ) 5. 100 or more ) (Size classes to be determined according to national circumstances.) Q2: Please give the exact number: /_/_/ Q3: How many of the persons working in your enterprise/the enterprise or institution which employs you, are ? Total Male Female 1. Owners (incl. business partners) /_/_/ /_/_/ /_/_/ 2. Contributing family workers /_/_/ /_/_/ /_/_/ 3. Paid employees /_/_/ /_/_/ /_/_/ 4. Unpaid employees /_/_/ /_/_/ /_/_/ (Note: If it is difficult to obtain information on the characteristics of enterprises from employees, an estimate of employment in the informal sector by sex and status in employment can be obtained only on the basis of the answers to Q3 provided by informal own-account workers and employers. Q3 is also needed for application of the harmonised definition of informal sector recommended by the Delhi Group, which specifies the size criterion in terms of less than five paid employees (Central Statistical Organisation/India 1999).) For employees other than paid domestic workers: Q4: Are you employed by ... ? 1. Government ) Go to Q10 2. Public or state-owned enterprise ) 3. Non-profit institution, NGO, association, etc. ) 4. Private enterprise Does the employer deduct income tax and/or social security contributions from your salary? 1. Yes 2. No

Q5:

For employers, own-account workers, contributing family workers and employees of private enterprises: Q6: Which is the legal organisation/status of your enterprise/the enterprise which employs you? 1. Joint stock company, corporation ) Go to Q10 2. Limited liability company/partnership ) 3. Registered cooperative ) 4. Ordinary partnership ) Go to Q8 5. Individual ownership ) 6. Do not know Q7: Which type of enterprise do you have/employs you?
In some countries (e.g. Turkey), the type of tax payment by enterprises depends upon their legal organisation and registration, which also determine the type of accounts to be submitted by the enterprise. In such cases, a question on the type of tax payment may be more easily understood by survey respondents than questions on the registration of the enterprise. 29
15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Factory or plantation Bank or insurance company Commercial/restaurant/service chain Construction company Private hospital or school Engineering firm, architects/lawyers/doctors office, etc. Farm, small workshop/garage/shop/restaurant/service undertaking Other, specify

(Note: Code 7 may serve as a proxy for the identification of informal sector enterprises, if no information is provided in Q6 and other questions.) Q8: Has your enterprise/the enterprise which employs you, already been registered? 1. Yes 2. Is in the process of being registered ) Go to Q10 3. No ) 4. Do not know ) 5. Do not want to answer ) Q9: Under which form is the enterprise registered? (Response categories to be determined according to national circumstances.) (Note: The sequence includes no question on the type of accounts because the number of quasi-corporations tends to be very small in most countries.) For all respondents: Q10: Where do you mainly undertake your work? 1. At your home (no special work space) 2. Work space inside or attached to your home 3. Factory, office, workshop, shop, kiosk, etc. independent from home 4. Farm or agricultural plot 5. Home or workplace of client 6. Employers home 7. Construction site 8. Market or bazaar stall 9. Street stall 10. No fixed location (mobile) 11. Other, specify (Note: While place of work is not used as a criterion to define the informal sector or informal employment, a question on it is nevertheless useful to help identify certain sub-groups of informal workers, such as home-based workers and street vendors.) 3.2.2 Informal employment To obtain data on the number of persons in informal employment, it suffices to include some questions for the identification of informal jobs of employees. For all other categories of status in employment, the classification of jobs as informal follows directly from the status in employment of the job and/or the characteristics of the enterprise in which the job is undertaken. Thus, the survey questions, which are suggested below as a possible basis to start from, refer to employees only. Countries such as Brazil, India, Mexico, Panama, Russian Federation, South Africa, Turkey, the Ukraine and Zimbabwe have used the following operational criteria to define informal employment: lack of coverage by the social security system, lack of entitlement to paid annual or sick leave, lack of a written employment contract, or the casual/temporary nature of the work. The following example is based on a sequence of questions that was tested during 2003 in the continuous labour force survey of the Republic of Moldova (Department for Statistics and Sociology 2003). For employees only: Q11: Were you employed on the basis of a ... ? 1. written contract 2. oral agreement
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Q12: Q13: for you?

Is your contract or agreement of a ... ? 1. limited duration 2. unlimited duration Does your employer pay social contributions (pension fund and unemployment fund)

1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know Q14: Do you benefit from paid annual leave or compensation for unused leave? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know Q15: Would you benefit from paid sick leave in case of illness? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know Q16: In case of birth of a child, would you be given the opportunity to benefit from maternity leave? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know 4. Not applicable Q17: Unless there is a fault of yours, could you be dismissed by your employer without advance notice? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know Q18: In case of dismissal, would you receive the benefits and compensation specified in the labour legislation? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not know As a result of the test, the principle no work, no pay was used to classify employee jobs as informal. Accordingly, questions Q13, Q14 and Q15 were chosen for defining informal jobs of employees in operational terms. Q16, Q17 and Q18, which did not work well during the test, were deleted from the survey questionnaire as from January 2004. The other questions were included in the survey questionnaire on a permanent basis. On the basis of the sequence of questions presented in Section 3.2.1 above, employers, own-account workers and contributing family workers employed in the informal sector (excluding persons producing goods exclusively for own final use by their household) can be identified through the following combination of response categories: if legal organisation and size of the enterprise are used as criteria: Q1 = 1 and Q3.3 < 5 and (Q6 = 4-5 or (Q6 = 6 and Q7 = 7)); if legal organisation and non-registration of the enterprise are used as criteria: Q6 = 4-6 and Q8 = 2-5. Employees employed in the informal sector (excluding paid domestic workers) can be identified through the following combination of response categories: if legal organisation and size of the enterprise are used as criteria: Q1 = 1 and Q3.3 < 5 and Q4 = 4 and (Q6 = 4-5 or (Q6 = 6 and Q7 = 7)); if legal organisation and non-registration of the enterprise are used as criteria: Q4 = 4 and Q5 = 2 and Q6 = 4-6 and Q8 = 2-3. Persons in informal employment would include (i) employers and own-account workers having informal sector enterprises, (ii) all contributing family workers, (iii) producers of goods exclusively for own final use by their household (if considered employed), and (iv) those employees (including paid domestic workers) who respond with No to questions Q13 or Q14 or Q15.
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It should be emphasised that the questions Q1-Q18 shown above and their response categories are meant to be merely indicative of the kind of information needed to identify employment in the informal sector and informal employment. Their exact wording will have to be determined by each country itself in light of its national circumstances. Some of the questions may not even be relevant to all countries, in which case they should be omitted or be replaced by other, more pertinent questions. Not only self-respondents, but also proxy-respondents should be able to answer such questions, if properly designed. In the case of proxy-respondents, it will however be more difficult to obtain accurate information for some of the questions. References Central Statistical Organisation/India (1999): Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics (Delhi Group), Report of the Third Meeting (New Delhi, 17-19 May 1999); New Delhi, 1999 Central Statistical Organisation/India (2001): Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics (Delhi Group), Report of the Fifth Meeting (New Delhi, 19-21 September 2001); New Delhi, 2001 Department for Statistics and Sociology/Republic of Moldova (2003): Employment in the Informal Economy in the Republic of Moldova; Chisinau, 2003 European Commission; IMF; OECD; United Nations; World Bank (2009): System of National Accounts 2008; New York, 2009 Hussmanns, Ralf (2001): Informal sector and informal employment: elements of a conceptual framework; Paper presented at the Fifth Meeting of the Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics (Delhi Group), New Delhi, 19-21 September 2001 Hussmanns, Ralf (2002): A labour force survey module on informal employment (including employment in the informal sector) as a tool for enhancing the international comparability of data; Paper presented at the Sixth Meeting of the Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics (Delhi Group), Rio de Janeiro, 16-18 September 2002 International Labour Office (2000): Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector, adopted by the Fifteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (January 1993); in: Current International Recommendations on Labour Statistics, 2000 Edition; International Labour Office, Geneva, 2000 International Labour Office (2002a): Effect to be given to resolutions adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 90th Session (2002), (b) Resolution concerning decent work and the informal economy; Governing Body, 285th Session, Seventh item on the agenda; Geneva, November 2002 (doc. GB.285/7/2) International Labour Office (2002b): Decent Work and the Informal Economy; Report of the DirectorGeneral; International Labour Conference, 90th Session; Report VI; International Labour Office, Geneva, 2002 International Labour Office (2002c): ILO Compendium of official statistics on employment in the informal sector; STAT Working papers, No. 2002-1; International Labour Office, Bureau of Statistics, Geneva, 2002 International Labour Organization (2003): Guidelines concerning a statistical definition of informal employment, endorsed by the Seventeenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (November-December 2003); in: Seventeenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (Geneva, 24 November - 3 December 2003), Report of the Conference; Doc. ICLS/17/2003/R; International Labour Office, Geneva, 2003 Inter-Secretariat Working Group on National Accounts (1993): System of National Accounts 1993; Brussels/Luxembourg, New York, Paris, Washington, D.C., 1993 Mata Greenwood, Adriana; Hoffmann, Eivind (2002): Developing a conceptual framework for a typology of atypical forms of employment: Outline of a strategy; Invited paper prepared for the Joint UNECE-Eurostat-ILO Seminar on Measurement of the Quality of Employment, Geneva, 27-29 May 2002 Negrete, Rodrigo (2002): Case studies on the operation of the concept of Informal Employment as distinct from Informal Sector Employment; Paper presented at the Sixth Meeting of the Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics (Delhi Group), Rio de Janeiro, 16-18 September 2002
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OECD; IMF; ILO; CIS STAT (2002): Measuring the Non-Observed Economy A Handbook; Paris, 2002 Pok, Cynthia (1992): Precariedad laboral: Personificaciones sociales en la frontera de la estructura del empleo; Paper prepared for the Seminario Interamericano sobre Medicin del Sector Informal (Lima, 26-28 August 1992); Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos (Argentina), Buenos Aires, 1992 ANNEX I Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector, adopted by the 15th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (January 1993) [Extract] Concept 5 (1) The informal sector may be broadly characterized as consisting of units engaged in the production of goods or services with the primary objective of generating employment and incomes to the persons concerned. These units typically operate at a low level of organization, with little or no division between labour and capital as factors of production and on a small scale. Labour relations where they exist - are based mostly on casual employment, kinship or personal and social relations rather than contractual arrangements with formal guarantees. (2) Production units of the informal sector have the characteristic features of household enterprises. The fixed and other assets used do not belong to the production units as such but to their owners. The units as such cannot engage in transactions or enter into contracts with other units, nor incur liabilities, on their own behalf. The owners have to raise the necessary finance at their own risk and are personally liable, without limit, for any debts or obligations incurred in the production process. Expenditure for production is often indistinguishable from household expenditure. Similarly, capital goods such as buildings or vehicles may be used indistinguishably for business and household purposes. Operational definitions Informal sector 6 (1) For statistical purposes, the informal sector is regarded as a group of production units which, according to the definitions and classifications provided in the United Nations System of National Accounts (Rev. 4), form part of the household sector as household enterprises or, equivalently, unincorporated enterprises owned by households as defined in paragraph 7. (2) Within the household sector, the informal sector comprises (i) "informal own-account enterprises" as defined in paragraph 8; and (ii) the additional component consisting of "enterprises of informal employers" as defined in paragraph 9. (3) The informal sector is defined irrespective of the kind of workplace where the productive activities are carried out, the extent of fixed capital assets used, the duration of the operation of the enterprise (perennial, seasonal or casual), and its operation as a main or secondary activity of the owner. Household enterprises 7. According to the United Nations System of National Accounts (Rev. 4), household enterprises (or, equivalently, unincorporated enterprises owned by households) are distinguished from corporations and quasi-corporations on the basis of the legal organization of the units and the type of accounts kept for them. Household enterprises are units engaged in the production of goods or services which are not constituted as separate legal entities independently of the households or household members that own them, and for which no complete sets of accounts (including balance sheets of assets and liabilities) are available which would permit a clear distinction of the production activities of the enterprises from the other activities of their owners and the identification of any flows of income and capital between the enterprises and the owners. Household enterprises include unincorporated enterprises owned and operated by individual household members or by two or more members of the same household as well as unincorporated partnerships formed by members of different households.

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Informal own-account enterprises 8 (1) Informal own-account enterprises are household enterprises (in the sense of paragraph 7) owned and operated by own-account workers, either alone or in partnership with members of the same or other households, which may employ contributing family workers and employees on an occasional basis, but do not employ employees on a continuous basis and which have the characteristics described in subparagraphs 5 (1) and (2). (2) For operational purposes, informal own-account enterprises may comprise, depending on national circumstances, either all own-account enterprises or only those which are not registered under specific forms of national legislation. (3) Registration may refer to registration under factories or commercial acts, tax or social security laws, professional groups' regulatory acts, or similar acts, laws, or regulations established by national legislative bodies. Enterprises of informal employers 9 (1) Enterprises of informal employers are household enterprises (in the sense of paragraph 7) owned and operated by employers, either alone or in partnership with members of the same or other households, which employ one or more employees on a continuous basis and which have the characteristics described in subparagraphs 5 (1) and (2). (2) For operational purposes, enterprises of informal employers may be defined, depending on national circumstances, in terms of one or more of the following criteria: (i) size of the unit below a specified level of employment; (ii) non-registration of the enterprise or its employees. (3) While the size criterion should preferably refer to the number of employees employed on a continuous basis, in practice, it may also be specified in terms of the total number of employees or the number of persons engaged during the reference period. (4) The upper size limit in the definition of enterprises of informal employers may vary between countries and branches of economic activity. It may be determined on the basis of minimum size requirements as embodied in relevant national legislations, where they exist, or in terms of empirically determined norms. The choice of the upper size limit should take account of the coverage of statistical inquiries of larger units in the corresponding branches of economic activity, where they exist, in order to avoid an overlap. (5) In the case of enterprises, which carry out their activities in more than one establishment, the size criterion should, in principle, refer to each of the establishments separately rather than to the enterprise as a whole. Accordingly, an enterprise should be considered to satisfy the size criterion if none of its establishments exceeds the specified upper size limit. (6) Registration of the enterprise may refer to registration under specific forms of national legislation as specified in subparagraph 8 (3). Employees may be considered registered if they are employed on the basis of an employment or apprenticeship contract which commits the employer to pay relevant taxes and social security contributions on behalf of the employee or which makes the employment relationship subject to standard labour legislation. 10. For particular analytical purposes, more specific definitions of the informal sector may be developed at the national level by introducing further criteria on the basis of the data collected. Such definitions may vary according to the needs of different users of the statistics. Population employed in the informal sector The population employed in the informal sector comprises all persons who, during a given reference period, were employed (in the sense of paragraph 9 of resolution I adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians) in at least one informal sector unit as defined in paragraphs 8 and 9, irrespective of their status in employment and whether it is their main or a secondary job. Treatment of particular cases 14. Household enterprises, which are exclusively engaged in non-market production, i.e. the production of goods or services for own final consumption or own fixed capital formation as defined by the United Nations System of National Accounts (Rev. 4), should be excluded from the scope of
34

the informal sector for the purpose of statistics of employment in the informal sector. Depending on national circumstances, an exception may be made in respect of households employing domestic workers as referred to in paragraph 19. 16. For practical reasons, the scope of the informal sector may be limited to household enterprises engaged in non-agricultural activities. With account being taken of paragraph 14, all non-agricultural activities should be included in the scope of the informal sector, irrespective of whether the household enterprises carry them out as main or secondary activities. In particular, the informal sector should include secondary non-agricultural activities of household enterprises in the agricultural sector if they fulfil the requirements of paragraphs 8 or 9. 17. Units engaged in professional or technical activities carried out by self-employed persons, such as doctors, lawyers, accountants, architects or engineers, should be included in the informal sector if they fulfil the requirements of paragraphs 8 or 9. 18 (1) Outworkers are persons who agree to work for a particular enterprise, or to supply a certain quantity of goods or services to a particular enterprise, by prior arrangement or contract with that enterprise, but whose place of work is not within any of the establishments, which make up that enterprise. (2) In order to facilitate data collection, all outworkers should be potentially included in the scope of informal sector surveys, irrespective of whether they constitute production units on their own (selfemployed outworkers) or form part of the enterprise, which employs them (employee outworkers). On the basis of the information collected, self-employed and employee outworkers should be distinguished from each other by using the criteria recommended in the United Nations System of National Accounts (Rev. 4). Outworkers should be included in the informal sector, or in the population employed in the informal sector, if the production units, which they constitute as self-employed persons or for which they work as employees fulfil the requirements of paragraphs 8 or 9. 19. Domestic workers are persons exclusively engaged by households to render domestic services for payment in cash or in kind. Domestic workers should be included in or excluded from the informal sector depending upon national circumstances and the intended uses of the statistics. In either case, domestic workers should be identified as a separate sub-category in order to enhance international comparability of the statistics. ANNEX II Guidelines concerning a statistical definition of informal employment, endorsed by the Seventeenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (November-December 2003) The Seventeenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS), Acknowledging that the relevance of informal employment varies among countries, and that a decision to develop statistics on it is therefore determined by national circumstances and priorities, Noting that the term informal economy is used by the ILO as including the informal sector as well as informal employment, and that as a supplement to the System of National Accounts 1993 an international conceptual framework for measurement of the non-observed economy already exists, which distinguishes the informal sector from underground production, illegal production, and household production for own final use, Recalling the existing international standards on statistics of employment in the informal sector contained in the Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector adopted by the Fifteenth ICLS (January 1993), Noting the recommendation made by the Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics (Delhi Group), during its Fifth Meeting, that the definition and measurement of employment in the informal sector need to be complemented with a definition and measurement of informal employment, Emphasizing the importance of consistency and coherence in relating the enterprise-based concept of employment in the informal sector to a broader, job-based concept of informal employment, Considering the methodological work, which the International Labour Office and a number of countries have already undertaken in this area, Supporting the request, which was made by the International Labour Conference in paragraph 37(n) of the Resolution concerning decent work and the informal economy adopted during its 90th Session
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(2002), that the International Labour Office should assist countries in the collection, analysis and dissemination of statistics on the informal economy, Recognizing that the considerable diversity of informal employment situations poses limits to the extent to which statistics on informal employment can be harmonized across countries, Realizing the usefulness of international guidelines in assisting countries in the development of national definitions of informal employment, and in enhancing the international comparability of the resulting statistics to the extent possible, Endorses the following guidelines, which complement the Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector of the Fifteenth ICLS, and encourages countries to test the conceptual framework on which they are based. 1. The concept of informal sector refers to production units as observation units, while the concept of informal employment refers to jobs as observation units. Employment is defined in the sense of paragraph 9 of the Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment adopted by the Thirteenth ICLS. 2. Informal sector enterprises and employment in the informal sector are defined according to the Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector adopted by the Fifteenth ICLS. For the purpose of statistics on informal employment, paragraph 19 of the Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector adopted by the Fifteenth ICLS should be applied to exclude households employing paid domestic workers from informal sector enterprises, and to treat them separately as part of a category named households. 3. (1) Informal employment comprises the total number of informal jobs as defined in subparagraphs (2) to (5) below, whether carried out in formal sector enterprises, informal sector enterprises, or households, during a given reference period. (2) As shown in the attached matrix, informal employment includes the following types of jobs: (i) own-account workers employed in their own informal sector enterprises (cell 3); (ii) employers employed in their own informal sector enterprises (cell 4); (iii) contributing family workers, irrespective of whether they work in formal or informal sector enterprises (cells 1 and 5); (iv) members of informal producers cooperatives (cell 8); (v) employees holding informal jobs (as defined in subparagraph (5) below) in formal sector enterprises, informal sector enterprises, or as paid domestic workers employed by households (cells 2, 6 and 10); (vi) own-account workers engaged in the production of goods exclusively for own final use by their household (cell 9), if considered employed according to paragraph 9 (6) of the Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment adopted by the Thirteenth ICLS. (3) Own-account workers, employers, members of producers cooperatives, contributing family workers, and employees are defined in accordance with the latest version of the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE). (4) Producers cooperatives are considered informal, if they are not formally established as legal entities and also meet the other criteria of informal sector enterprises specified in the Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector adopted by the Fifteenth ICLS. (5) Employees are considered to have informal jobs if their employment relationship is, in law or in practice, not subject to national labour legislation, income taxation, social protection or entitlement to certain employment benefits (advance notice of dismissal, severance pay, paid annual or sick leave, etc.). The reasons may be the following: non-declaration of the jobs or the employees; casual jobs or jobs of a limited short duration; jobs with hours of work or wages below a specified threshold (e.g. for social security contributions); employment by unincorporated enterprises or by persons in households; jobs where the employees place of work is outside the premises of the employers enterprise (e.g. outworkers without employment contract); or jobs, for which labour regulations are not applied, not enforced, or not complied with for any other reason. The operational criteria for defining informal jobs of employees are to be determined in accordance with national circumstances and data availability. (6) For purposes of analysis and policy-making, it may be useful to disaggregate the different types of informal jobs listed in paragraph 3 (2) above, especially those held by employees. Such a
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typology and definitions should be developed as part of further work on classifications by status in employment at the international and national levels. 4. Where they exist, employees holding formal jobs in informal sector enterprises (cell 7 of the attached matrix) should be excluded from informal employment. 5. Informal employment outside the informal sector comprises the following types of jobs: (i) employees holding informal jobs (as defined in paragraph 3 (5) above) in formal sector enterprises (cell 2) or as paid domestic workers employed by households (cell 10); (ii) contributing family workers working in formal sector enterprises (cell 1); (iii) own-account workers engaged in the production of goods exclusively for own final use by their household (cell 9), if considered employed according to paragraph 9 (6) of the Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment adopted by the Thirteenth ICLS. 6. Countries, which do not have statistics on employment in the informal sector, or for which a classification of employment by type of production unit is not relevant, may develop statistics on informal employment, if desired, in specifying appropriate definitions of informal jobs of own-account workers, employers and members of producers cooperatives. Alternatively, they may limit the measurement of informal employment to employee jobs. 7. Countries, which exclude agricultural activities from the scope of their informal sector statistics, should develop suitable definitions of informal jobs in agriculture, especially with respect to jobs held by own-account workers, employers and members of producers cooperatives. Conceptual Framework: Informal Employment Jobs by status in employment Production units by type Own-account workers Inform al Formal sector enterprises Informal sector enterprises(a
)

Employers Inform al Form al

Form al

Contributi ng family workers Informal 1

Employees Inform al 2 Form al

Members of producers cooperatives Inform Form al al

Households
(b)

10

As defined by the Fifteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (excluding households employing paid domestic workers). (b) Households producing goods exclusively for their own final use and households employing paid domestic workers. Note: Cells shaded in dark grey refer to jobs, which, by definition, do not exist in the type of production unit in question. Cells shaded in light grey refer to formal jobs. Un-shaded cells represent the various types of informal jobs. Informal employment: Employment in the informal sector: Informal employment outside the informal sector: Cells 1to 6 and 8 to 10. Cells 3 to 8. Cells 1,2, 9 and 10.

(a)

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Globalization and informal jobs in developing countries Marc Bacchetta, Ekkehard Ernst, Juana P. Bustamante
International Labour Organization, International Institute for Labour Studies, World Trade Organization, Geneva, 2009 Globalization has had a limited effect in reducing labour market vulnerabilities in many developing economies... Over the past decade, world trade has expanded significantly. By 2007, global trade had reached more than 60 per cent of world GDP, compared with less than 30 per cent in the mid-1980s. Few would contest that increased trade has contributed to global growth and job creation. However, strong growth in the global economy has not, so far, led to a corresponding improvement in working conditions and living standards for many. Absolute poverty has declined, thanks to the economic dynamism of recent years, the efforts of private companies, migrant workers and their remittances and the international development community. Nevertheless, in many instances, labour market conditions and the quality of employment growth have not improved to the same degree. In many developing economies, job creation has mainly taken place in the informal economy, where around 60 per cent of workers find income opportunities. However, the informal economy is characterized by less job security, lower incomes, an absence of access to a range of social benefits and fewer possibilities to participate in formal education and training programmes in short, the absence of key ingredients of decent work opportunities. These persistent labour market vulnerabilities have prevented developing countries from fully benefiting from the dynamics of globalization. Despite the fact that the informal economy is typically characterized by strong economic dynamism, rapid entry and exit and flexible adjustment to change in demand, informality limits the potential for developing countries to benefit fully from integration into the world economy. In particular, large informal economies prevent countries from developing a sizeable, diversified export base, as the capacity of companies to grow is constrained. Notwithstanding the well-known difficulties of securing reliable data on informality (as explained in this study), the work reported here suggests that countries with larger informal economies experience lower export diversification an increase in the incidence of informality by 10 percentage points is equivalent to a reduction in export diversification of 10 per cent. Informal employment makes it difficult for workers to acquire formal generic skills that can be used productively in a variety of occupations. Similarly, firms operating in the informal economy are often small and face barriers to growth, preventing them from offering high-quality goods and services. And when economies are opening up, the informal economy often acts as an adjustment buffer for workers who lose their jobs, further depressing decent working standards in a manner that would not occur if alternative employment opportunities were available in the formal economy. In a nutshell, informal sector firms lack the capacity to generate sufficient profits to reward innovation and risk-taking two essential ingredients for long-term economic success. Estimates suggest that countries analysed in this study lose up to 2 percentage points of average economic growth due to their informal labour markets. Finally, globalization has added new sources of external economic shocks. For instance, global production chains can transmit macroeconomic and trade shocks through several countries at lightning speed, as observed in the current economic crisis. Moreover, in such circumstances developing countries run the risk of entering a vicious circle of higher rates of informality and rising vulnerability. Countries with larger informal economies experience worse outcomes following adverse shocks. Indeed, estimates suggest that countries with above-average sized informal economies are more than three times as likely to incur the adverse effects of a crisis as those with lower rates of informality. Addressing informality is, therefore, not only a matter of concern in terms of social equity. It also helps to improve a countrys dynamic efficiency, as the informal economy constitutes a drag on the capacity to foster high value-added production and compete in the world economy. Encouraging formalization of both workers and firms will also help countries to raise more fiscal revenue, improving their ability to stabilize their economies and mitigate the adverse consequences of external shocks. As the current crisis has demonstrated, countries already characterized by vulnerable labour

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markets are also the most poorly placed to respond to deteriorating economic conditions. Reducing the size of the informal economy is therefore a key policy objective from a developmental perspective. This study argues that it is possible to address these challenges and lower informality rates in developing countries, despite the additional pressure that heightened globalization can impose on labour markets. Indeed, trade reforms have the potential to yield long-term labour market benefits with the right opening strategy including the timing of reforms and the enhancement of support policies such as aid for trade combined with an appropriate mix of domestic policies. A successful policy approach requires an adequate understanding of the transmission channels through which labour markets are affected by trade reforms. The challenges arising from the existence of informal economies need also to be identified in terms of how they hamper fuller participation in international trade, lower export diversification and weaken resilience to economic shocks. ...as economic dynamism has not reduced high informality rates Determining the size of informal economies and documenting trends in informal employment is no easy task. On the basis of a broad-based definition of informality that covers different varieties of informality, this study documents substantial cross-country variations and persistent informality rates among a selection of countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Indeed, informality rates can reach up to 90 per cent in specific cases or be as low as 30 per cent in others. In addition, large differences exist in the incidence of informality, depending on a persons skill level. High-skilled workers are estimated to be five times less likely to find themselves in the informal economy than low-skilled workers. In addition, occupational choice strongly influences the risk of informality. Self-employment appears to be associated with informality in more than 50 per cent of all cases, whereas working for small enterprises with less than five employees decreases this risk to around 30 per cent. More importantly, however, informality rates can be shown to be highly persistent over time, responding only weakly to accelerations in economic growth or trade openness. Indeed, only a few countries show a persistent decline in informality following trade opening. This calls into question some of the earlier claims on the benefits of stronger growth and trade integration for employment creation (in the formal sector). It suggests that policies the regulatory stance on the labour market, coordination with trade reforms and trade support policies play a crucial role in determining the capacity of countries to benefit from international trade integration and stronger growth in terms of employment. In some instances trade reforms have increased labour market vulnerabilities in the short term Economic theory offers little in terms of strong predictions regarding the effect of trade opening on informality. Theoretical models have focused predominantly on cases where trade opening leads to an increase in informal employment, discussing the conditions under which informal wages will rise or fall. The fact that available models embody many differences makes it difficult to compare results and isolate the role of specific modelling assumptions. Nevertheless, theoretical results point to a number of essential elements that need to be considered for a better understanding of the linkages between globalization and the informal economy. If capital is mobile across sectors, the informal economy can benefit from increased demand for its goods and services and informal wages could rise. Informal labour markets could benefit even more from trade reforms if their products were tradable directly on international markets a precondition that seems unlikely to be met in many countries, however, as shown later in this study. On the other hand, to the extent that vertical, complementary relationships exist between the formal and the informal economy (such as interlinked production chains), structural adjustment in the formal economy following trade reforms may adversely affect the informal economy at least in the short run. Notwithstanding the plausibility in theory of these transmission channels, trade reforms have been shown in many instances to result in labour market reactions which differ from those posited by these a priori linkages. For instance, globalization and trade integration may be expected to lead labourabundant countries to specialize in labour-intensive, low-skilled industries. It was hoped that this would result in an increase in wages for low-skilled labour or improved working conditions, including by means of an increase in the number of formal sector jobs for low-skilled workers. Evidence suggests, however, that the skill premium has increased both in developed and in emerging economies, making low-skilled workers (relatively) worse off. This has been partly explained by the fact that international investment is complementary to the demand for high-skilled labour. Large multinationals
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need to hire qualified personnel in emerging countries to be able to organize their international production chains effectively, which explains that skill premia have also increased in those countries. Alternatively, it has been suggested that skill-biased technology change may be linked to the observed increase in skill premia. As technology diffuses at a global level, countries will experience an increase in high-skilled labour demand, regardless of an abundant supply of low-skilled labour. Moreover, skill-biased technology may be increasingly linked to greater trade openness. Indeed, empirical evidence shows that trade opening has led to the development and diffusion of skilled-biased technologies. The limited amount of evidence available does not allow us to draw any general conclusions regarding the effect of trade opening on informal employment. Evidence from Latin American countries suggests that these effects strongly depend on country-specific circumstances. Cross-country differences in the (short-term) reaction of informal labour markets to trade reforms also seem to be driven by differences in the sectoral reallocation of both capital and labour, partly as a reaction to differences in policy implementation. and seem to bring benefits to employment and wages only over the longer term Ultimately, the difficulties encountered in empirical studies attempting to identify clearly the effects of trade openness on the informal economy seem partly related to the fact that a distinction has to be made between short- and long-run effects. The estimates presented in this study point to the possibility that, over the near term, trade opening causes informal labour markets to grow, requiring protected companies in the formal sector to adjust and to reallocate jobs and workers. Over the longer term, however, the improved economic dynamism that can be expected from more intensive trade has the potential to strengthen formal sector employment growth. This result can partly reconcile differences in interpretation among the individual analyses reviewed in this study. It is also in line with more recent cross-country studies that show the potential of trade reforms to increase output in the informal sector, whereas informal employment declines, pointing to an increase in productivity of the informal economy that can be observed after trade reforms. The empirical analysis in this study also offers evidence that domestic policies play a key role in explaining the success that countries have experienced following trade reforms. Informal labour markets have weakened export performance in developing countries... Informality is not only influenced by international trade, it will also have an impact on the capacity of a country to engage in trade and to grow. However, the available empirical literature documenting possible causal effects running from informality to trade is not well-developed. Much of the work in this area relies on indirect inferences and is highly aggregated. Little is known about the microeconomics of informality and job dynamics, firm creation and growth. On the basis of existing evidence and original empirical analysis, the study nevertheless identifies four potential channels through which informal labour markets can affect trade and macroeconomic performance: (a) large informal economies may narrow the degree of export diversification; (b) they may limit firm size and hence productivity growth; (c) they may act as a poverty trap preventing successful reallocation of jobs within the formal economy; and (d) on the positive side, they may provide cheap intermediate goods and services that boost the competitiveness of formal firms in international markets. Export diversification has long been seen as a precondition of successful growth and development, with the possible exception of very advanced (small) countries that can fully reap the benefits from international trade by specializing in niche markets. In failing to diversify exports in particular by moving up from demand-inelastic, price-sensitive commodity exports to semi-final and final goods countries run the risk of being locked into a specialization pattern with little potential for innovation and value creation. Such unfavourable specialization dynamics may be linked, in part, to regulatory failures or lack of trade reforms. In addition, however, the study argues that a large informal economy relative to the formal economy is an additional determinant of low export diversification. This effect is shown to be unrelated to the actual trade openness of a country and exists over and above other factors that might influence export diversification, such as country size. Informality may also inhibit trade success because informal firms often lack the necessary size fully to exploit economies of scale. However, firm size, productivity growth and export opportunities are closely linked. Not only can large firms benefit from scale economies, they also have easier access to
40

high-skilled labour and bank (including trade) credit. They tend to be more reliable in fulfilling sales contracts on time when compared to smaller firms, which is a valuable asset when establishing longterm client relationships. In this regard, the lack of access to appropriate managerial staff and the fact that small firms are locked into local trading networks seem to be the most pervasive mechanisms. Experiences in individual countries seem to confirm this general picture. Faced with a sudden decline in the average size of firm, countries typically lose international market shares and start to trade less. This effect is reinforced by the tendency of smaller firms to serve mainly the local market, thereby losing touch with international customers (e.g. in responding to their preferences) and access to international distribution channels. Informality can also act as a barrier to economic restructuring. It is estimated that around 10 per cent of all jobs are being destroyed every year in many countries, regardless of their particular economic and institutional conditions, and many of those losing their jobs are faced with the choice between unemployment and informal employment. However, in countries lacking even the most basic social protection systems, unemployment may not be an option. Hence, entry into informal employment is high; but so is exit from it, and levels of churning in the informal economy are similar to those observed in the formal economy. Even though this makes informal segments of the economy appear dynamic, many workers stay in the informal economy for prolonged periods and exit from informal employment is often towards ever-lower ends of the labour market, including joblessness and withdrawal from the market. Moreover, it is much more difficult for informal employees to return to the formal labour market, especially in the lower-tier segments of the market. For those countries where empirical analysis is available, the study estimates that, once in the informal labour market, the likelihood of becoming unemployed in a given year is twice as likely as a return to formal employment. In addition, it is more than twice as likely that such workers will remain informally employed. The same evidence shows that, although job reallocation is important for successful structural adjustment, the informal economy may prevent necessary transition between different segments of the formal economy, partly as the result of a loss of human and social capital for those who remain in the informal economy for protracted periods. This can mean that labour shortages arise in those sectors which prosper following trade reforms, with the result that companies in these sectors tend to shed capital and opt for smaller plant size, lowering their export opportunities and preventing countries from benefiting more fully from trade opening. Finally, informal economies have been considered essential in order for formal firms in vertical supply chains to compete successfully on international markets. Similarly, it has been argued that the existence of a large informal economy is important for the success of export processing zones (EPZ). However, available empirical evidence leads to ambiguous conclusions in this regard. Firms that have recourse to inputs from the informal economy may themselves be in a weak position on global markets and struggle to survive. These firms would tend to use inputs from the informal economy as a last resort, in order to cope with increased global competition. This cannot be considered a winning strategy to gain market shares. Moreover, available evidence suggests that the ability of the informal economy to support otherwise unprofitable formal firms is potentially harmful for future economic development and growth. In particular, gains in price-competitiveness through the use of intermediates from the informal economy can be shown to come at the cost of smaller average firm size, lower potential growth and reduced productivity increases. This constitutes a drag on long-term economic performance and success in international trade. ...and created poverty traps for countries with vulnerable labour markets Informality is associated with increased vulnerability of countries to economic shocks. Moreover, informality raises the likelihood of being affected by such shocks. The combination of these two tendencies can create a vicious circle, weakening the long-term performance of a country, lowering the potential benefits it can derive from trade and reducing economic well-being. Volatility in growth performance and the frequency of extreme economic events (such as rapid growth spurts and sudden growth reversals) tend to rise with the size of the informal economy. Countries with above average sized informal economies are almost twice as likely to experience extreme economic events, compared to countries with less informal employment. Empirical evidence in the literature tends to confirm this adverse association between informality and business cycle volatility informality both acts as a direct cause for higher business cycle volatility and represents a symptom for other institutional
41

deficiencies that render a country less resilient to shocks, such as the absence of automatic stabilizers or the presence of regulatory distortions. The study shows that high rates of informality drive countries towards the lower, more vulnerable end of global production chains. Economies with larger informal sectors may attract particular types of capital flows related to the existence of a large low-wage labour pool. Specifically, some emerging economies and developing countries seem to have tried in the past to use the size of their informal economy as an argument for international investors to take advantage of low labour costs. For instance it is sometimes argued that EPZs may lower labour costs compared to the rest of the economy through the selective or partial application of labour laws and regulations. On the other hand, governments may set up zones in areas and sectors most affected by high informality rates, with the objective of improving working conditions there. Empirical evidence suggests that this objective has not always been met. This is partly related to the fact that informal labour markets or EPZ often occupy the weakest place in the global production chain, which prevents firms operating in this area from appropriating a large enough share of international value added to grow and innovate. While local working conditions may improve to a certain extent in such circumstances at least in comparison to the situation prevailing before trade and investment opening these arrangements are unlikely to offer countries the opportunity to establish benefits from international integration. In the end, countries may be left with labour market conditions that are little better than those existing before economic opening. At the same time, the economy may have been rendered more vulnerable to international shocks. Policies play a decisive role in raising benefits from globalization in developing countries A major conclusion of this joint ILOWTO study is that no simple or linear relationship exists between trade opening and the evolution of informal employment. Initial increases in the size of the informal economy may later be reversed when the formal sector grows faster as a result of increased trade openness. Countries differ in their reaction to trade reforms. Some countries experience substantial increases in informality rates, others may sustain none at all, or even benefit at the outset from growth in the formal economy. This wide variety of results is reflected in the different conclusions reached by the studies summarized here. The core point, however, is that policies matter. by enabling formalization processes This study considers three ways of achieving greater complementarities between the trade and decent work agendas. In the first instance, it focuses on the importance of enabling conditions for formalization, regardless of the degree to which a country is integrated into the world economy. It must be recognized that strategies aimed at formalization cannot offer a quick fix to labour market problems in developing countries. However, with around 60 per cent of employees in developing countries working in the informal economy, large parts of society are deprived of adequate income and career opportunities. At the same time, high informality rates limit the availability of government resources that could be used productively, depress aggregate demand growth and hamper a countrys successful integration into the world economy. Policies to create conditions to support informal firms and workers with the aim of bringing them into the formal economy over the long term could, therefore, not only help to improve working conditions but also contribute to a significant engine of growth. A distinction needs to be made between policies that foster the formalization of firms and those aimed at workers. For the former, incentives can be strengthened by lowering costs of formalization and raising benefits. Often, this can be achieved through regulatory and administrative changes that bear no budgetary costs for policy-makers. For instance, reducing red tape, lowering the burden of taxation (in particular for start-ups and small companies) and supporting firms in tapping into (local) capital markets are examples of strategies that countries can implement. Such measures may involve limited budgetary costs, but generate potentially large benefits over the longer term. In addition, public procurement can be used to stimulate demand from the formal economy, thereby enticing informal firms to enter the formal economy. Regarding the improvement of enabling conditions for informal employees, policies should focus on providing: (a) support for employees to transit out of informality; (b) investment in infrastructure so as to promote productivity of informal firms and facilitate formalization; and (c) a basic network of social protection for those who continue to be employed informally. In this regard, a strong emphasis
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should be placed on training facilities and programmes for informal employees, given the strong (negative) relationship identified in this study between the level of education and the incidence of informality. Where possible, such policies could rely on existing training infrastructure within the informal economy, making such policies less burdensome in budgetary terms and improving their efficiency. In addition, in order to reach informal employees in the upper-tier segment, modifications in the tax schedule and, possibly, the introduction of a greatly simplified tax code could help to strengthen compliance with tax and labour regulation, increase labour supply in the formal economy and boost tax revenues. Increased revenues could be used to improve job creation in the formal economy more directly by introducing targeted hiring or appropriate wage subsidies. In combination with adequate training opportunities, such policies have the potential to improve the labour market dynamics of the formal economy substantially. Not all informal employees can be reached by these policies. Building up support systems for those who remain in the informal economy is, therefore, crucial. Providing at least basic social protection can help to limit vulnerabilities in this market and improve the functioning of the informal labour market. However, the fear of potentially high fiscal burden that such policies may entail, especially in countries with large informal economies, has prevented a more widespread application of this approach. In this regard, available evidence suggests that a minimum social floor can be provided at an affordable cost without jeopardizing fiscal sustainability. Moreover, in countries where some selforganization of the informal economy has occurred for instance, through workers associations governments could support such self-help insurance mechanisms by providing the necessary collateral, without actually running the insurance schemes themselves. More generally, local communities and initiatives should be used as multipliers to help implementing policies in the informal economy, thereby improving their efficiency. Social dialogue between employers and workers, including at the national level, is crucial to the success of formalization strategies. implementing trade reforms with an eye on job creation Second, trade reforms can be implemented in an employment-friendly way, making the reallocation of jobs more conducive to further employment growth. Even though little is known about the microeconomic aspects of the transformation dynamics following trade reforms, some general principles have proved in the past to constitute a set of robust policies with the potential to make trade reforms more labour market friendly. To begin with, a gradual process may be necessary to help policy-makers, workers and firms adjust to the new environment. As noted in the study, reducing trade barriers is likely to raise labour market vulnerabilities in the short run, despite the potential promise of benefits over the longer term. Policy-makers need to take this trade-off into account when striking the balance between different reform options. In this regard, the flexibilities extended to developing countries in WTO trade negotiations and embedded in the rules should help mitigate potential short run adjustment costs. Nevertheless, the opening process should be free of distortions as far as possible. Opening only parts of the economy and keeping certain sectors or firms protected from foreign competition is likely to worsen distortions in the economy without necessarily bringing any macroeconomic benefits. Also, trade opening should not only be limited to import competition the development of an export-oriented sector is crucial to lowering adjustment costs associated with trade reforms and helping workers to switch from import-competing sectors to the export-oriented ones. In this context the Aid for Trade initiative can play an important role. Both regional and multilateral trade-opening can prove useful in diversifying the economy. Finally, the study argues that trade reforms should be announced credibly. Adjustment will take place more rapidly if workers and firms are convinced that moves towards more open trade will not be reversed. Implementing the Decent Work Agenda is needed in this respect. and exploiting complementarities between trade and labour market reforms. Third, the study stresses the importance of coherence between trade and labour market policies. Earlier approaches have tended to rely on the belief that benefits from trade would automatically trickle down towards employment creation and wage growth. These approaches do not appear to have yielded satisfactory results and should be complemented with a more forceful recognition of interactions between trade and decent work. One approach has been to seek the integration of a number of labour standards into international trade agreements, in particular the core labour standards
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as defined by the ILO Declaration of 1998 such as the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour; the effective abolition of child labour; and the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. While this approach has not met with consensus in the WTO, where, as stated in the Singapore Ministerial Declaration, Members recognized the ILO's responsibility to "set and deal with" labour standards, some bilateral trade agreements contain such provisions. Little, however, is known about the degree to which workers in the countries concerned have actually benefited from such provisions. It would appear that substantial spillovers may exist from formal sector labour market standards to working conditions in the informal economy. Carefully designed increases in legal minimum wages, for instance, may also raise the remuneration of informally employed workers and may even as indicated in this study increase incentives for formal sector job creation. Another instrument to help countries adjust to trade opening is the wider deployment of active labour market policies. If properly designed, such policies have proven in the past to be cost-effective tools for dealing with job reallocation, even in times of structural adjustment (which typically takes place after trade opening). Such policies require, however, the development of public employment services, which can gather the relevant labour market information (for instance, on firm restructuring, bankruptcy, job vacancies and local training needs of firms). In addition, further funds are needed to provide resources for necessary (re-)training and job-search support services for unemployed and informally employed workers. It is vital that such arrangements are adequately funded and staffed in order for them to appear credible to informal employees and the unemployed. Long waiting times and low-quality job counselling and training services can frustrate those seeking to use these services and limit their interest in accessing them. Existing evidence suggests that effective active labour market policies rarely cost more than 1.5 per cent of GDP. In many transition economies in Eastern Europe, not more than 1 per cent of GDP is spent, a sum that could be provided partly by official development aid in those countries that lack the fiscal capacity to implement such a system. More fundamentally, trade and labour market policies need to be implemented in a coordinated way. The supply side needs to be strengthened in line with trade opening to allow long-term benefits of international integration to emerge quickly. It may be sufficient in the first instance to reduce impediments to firm growth and employment creation, such as administrative burdens or the lack of clearly identified property rights or appropriate policy mix, as discussed above. The process of trade opening may uncover some of the most binding constraints on firm growth and employment creation. Policy-makers can, therefore, also use trade opening as a discovery device. Finally, close collaboration between ministries can foster further information exchange and be used to establish, and subsequently refine, a broad reform agenda. To the furthest extent possible, international organizations should provide coherent support for policy reform, as well as technical assistance in designing, implementing and coordinating these welfare-enhancing reforms.

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PARALLEL SESSIONS ABSTRACTS (by session)

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II.1. ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS

Barriers of entry and capital returns in informal activities: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa M. GRIMM*, ISS, La Haye; J. KRUGER** & J. LAY*** 16 . (Preliminary draft, work in progress, this version October 2009) *International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague, The Netherlands, ** University of Goettingen, Germany, *** German Institute of Global and Areas Studies (GIGA), Hamburg; University of Goettingen, Germany This paper investigates the patterns of capital entry barriers into informal activities and capital returns in a number of Sub-Saharan African economies using a unique micro data set on informality covering seven West-African countries. Our assessment of initial investment of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) suggests that only few activities seem to exhibit considerable entry barriers. Our analysis of capital returns appears to confirm earlier findings of very high returns to capital in African MSEs of around 15 percent per month. An analysis of these returns at different levels of capital stock suggests that this also holds at very low levels of capital. Yet, returns are even higher at higher levels of capital. -------------------------------Heterogeneous informal jobs and segmentation of the Turkish labour market (M. BEN SALEM, I. BENSIDOUN I., CEE, France)

Studies on the operation of labour markets in developing economies have experienced a revival in the
past decade due to two factors. The firstand without doubt the most importantconcerns efforts by labour statisticians to define the concept of informality and thus allow to be better defined what until then had escaped much of the statistical system. The second relates to renovation in how to understand the reasons for informal employment. While the traditional approach conceived informal employment as an employment of last resort to escape unemployment, a new trend has emerged since the late nineteen nineties that highlights the voluntary elements of informal work. Therefore, according to the paradigm in which we find now ourselves, which may be a combination of these two polar cases (forced versus chosen informal employment), the economic policy measures to be taken are not the same. This article proposes, after describing the various approaches proposed in the literature for understanding the reasons for informal employment, to identify the pattern that prevails in the Turkish labour market. More specifically, it aims to take into account a possible heterogeneity of informal jobs and thus the existence of different segments within the informal sector. This approach seeks to break away from the homogeneous vision of informal jobs, which can be either forced (consistent with the approach based on segmentation of the labour market) or chosen (as suggested, following Maloney [2004], in a number of recent studies). The difficulty here resides in the unobservable nature of informal workers belonging to different segments. To overcome this, we analyse, following Launov and Gnther (2006, 2009), a mixture of finite regression models. This method allows us to detect simultaneously potential segments by estimating the probabilities of belonging to different segments and estimate a regression model for each one. Furthermore, this approach creates the possibility of shedding light on the voluntary nature or not of informal employment by comparing the estimated probabilities of belonging to different segments to the theoretical probabilities that would result from competitive labour markets, under the assumption of a maximizing income behaviour by labourers.

The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the World Banks Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) Labor Markets, Job Creation, and Economic Growth, Scaling up Research, Capacity Building, and Action on the Ground for the project on Unlocking potential: Tackling economic, institutional and social constraints of informal entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa. Special thanks are due to AFRISTAT and DIAL, in particular Constance Torelli and Francois Roubaud, for providing and preparing the datasets used in this paper. 46

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Emplois informels htrognes et segmentation (M. BEN SALEM, I. BENSIDOUN I., CEE, France)

du

march

du

travail

turc

market

Les travaux sur le fonctionnement des marchs du travail dans les conomies en dveloppement ont connu depuis une dcennie un renouveau favoris par deux facteurs. Le premier, et sans doute le plus dcisif, concerne les efforts entrepris par les statisticiens du travail pour dfinir le concept d'informel et permettre ainsi ce qui jusque-l chappait en grande partie lappareil statistique d'tre mieux recens. Le second a trait au renouvellement de la manire dapprhender les raisons d'tre de l'emploi informel. Alors que l'approche traditionnelle concevait l'emploi informel comme un emploi en dernier ressort pour chapper au chmage, un nouveau courant a merg depuis la fin des annes quatre-vingtdix qui met en avant le caractre volontaire du travail informel. Or, selon le paradigme dans lequel on se trouve, qui peut tre une combinaison de ces deux cas polaires (emploi informel subi versus choisi), les mesures de politique conomique prendre ne seront pas les mmes. Cet article propose, aprs avoir rappel les diffrentes approches proposes dans la littrature pour comprendre les raisons d'tre de lemploi informel, didentifier la configuration qui prvaut sur le march du travail turc. Plus prcisment, lintention est de tenir compte dune ventuelle htrognit des emplois informels et donc de lexistence de diffrents segments au sein de linformel. Cette dmarche cherche saffranchir de la vision demplois informels homognes qui seraient soit subis (conformment lapproche en termes de segmentation du march du travail), soit choisis (comme le suggrent, la suite de Maloney (2004), nombre de travaux rcents). La difficult rside ici dans le caractre inobservable de lappartenance des travailleurs informels aux diffrents segments. Pour la dpasser, nous estimons, la suite de Gnther & Launov (2006, 2009), un mlange de modles de rgression fini. Cette mthode permet simultanment de dtecter les ventuels segments, par lestimation des probabilits dappartenir aux diffrents segments, et destimer pour chacun un modle de rgression. Au-del cette approche fournit la possibilit dapporter un clairage sur la nature volontaire ou non de lemploi informel en comparant les probabilits estimes dappartenance aux diffrents segments des probabilits thoriques qui rsulteraient dun fonctionnement concurrentiel du march du travail sous lhypothse dun comportement de maximisation du revenu de la part des travailleurs. -------------------------------Corruption and the informal sector in Sub-Saharan Africa (E. LAVALLEE, Universit Paris Dauphine, DIAL, France, F. ROUBAUD, IRD-DIAL, Hanoi) This paper explores the link between corruption and the informal sector. Most of the literature focuses on macro data and cross section analysis, which presents important shortcomings. It usually relies on perception indexes and indirect macroeconometric estimates to measure corruption and the informal economy respectively. In another strand, our approach is based on micro data drawn from an original set of 1-2-3 surveys conducted in seven major West African cities (Abidjan, Bamako, Cotonou, Dakar, Lome, Niamey and Ouagadougou), where more than 6,000 informal production units (IPUs) have been interviewed. Consequently, some methodological strong points should be stressed: the paper is based on a representative sample of the informal sector and its definition is in line with the international recommendations; corruption is captured through real experience and not perception. Three main conclusions emerge from our analysis. First, only a minority of IPUs declares they had to pay bribes, making informality more an issue of weak law enforcement than corruption. Second, the determinants of corruption for the IPUs affected are similar to those prevailing in the formal sector: the most visible and profitable businesses being the most likely to face corruption. Finally, experience of corruption seems to have a disincentive effect on the will to formalize. --------------------------------

47

Efficiency of informal production units and its determinants: applying the quantile regression method in the case of Antananarivo (F. RAKOTOMANANA, INSTAT, Madagascar) Difficulties in access to the means of production, resources and primary materials are some of the problems found by informal sector workers in their daily activities. This prevents them from functioning optimally and efficiently. To promote the activities of this sector, interventions should focus on improving their efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the degree of technical efficiency of production units in the informal sector, identify their determinants and draw lessons for support policies to microenterprises. Many methods exist to estimate technical effectiveness such as the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and the Data Development Analysis (DEA). In this study, the method of regression by quantile initiated by R. Koenker and G. Basset (1978) is used. The degree of inefficiency of a unit of production is defined as the relation between the observed value of the performance variable and the predicted value of this same variable by the regression equation as obtained for a sufficiently high quantile considered as the reference value attained with a maximum efficiency. In the first instance, the study enables us to estimate the production functions for different categories of informal production units according to economic performance and evaluate the elasticities of the production factors. In a second instance, it provide a descriptive analysis of the efficiency of informal production units. Then, by using a statistical model, the analysis identifies the effects on the degree of efficiency of different factors, including not only the socio-economic characteristics of the unit of production and the socio-demographic characteristics of the whole ensemble, but also factors in the socio-economic environment such as corruption and access to credit. Considering the results of the analysis, recommendations are proposed at the end of the study for policy support to microenterprises. Efficacit des units de production informelles et ses dterminants : utilisation de la mthode de rgression par quantile sur le cas de lAgglomration dAntananarivo (Madagascar), Faly Hery Rakotomanana IRD/DIAL (Paris) INSTAT (Madagascar) Les difficults daccs aux facteurs de production, aux ressources et aux matires premires font parties des problmes rencontres par les oprateurs du secteur informel dans lexercice de leurs activits. Cela leur empche de fonctionner de manire optimale et efficace. Pour promouvoir les activits de ce secteur, des actions devraient avant tout axer sur lamlioration de leur efficacit. Cette tude vise valuer le degr defficacit technique des units de production du secteur informel, didentifier ses dterminants et den tirer des leons en matire de politique dappui aux microentreprises. Plusieurs mthodes existent pour estimer lefficacit technique telle que le Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) et le Development Data Analysis (DEA). Dans cette tude, la mthode de rgression par quantile initie par Koenker R. et G. Basset (1978) est mobilise. Le degr dinefficacit dune unit de production est dfini comme le rapport entre la valeur observe de la variable de performance et la valeur prdite de cette mme variable par lquation de rgression obtenue pour un quantile suffisamment lev considre comme la valeur de rfrence atteinte avec une efficacit maximale. Dans un premier temps, ltude permet destimer les fonctions de production pour les diffrentes catgories dunits de production informelles selon la performance conomique et dvaluer les lasticits des facteurs de production. Dans un deuxime temps, elle fournit une analyse descriptive de lefficacit des units de production informelles. Ensuite, laide dun modle statistique, lanalyse dgage les effets sur le degr defficacit des diffrents facteurs comprenant non seulement les caractristiques socio-conomiques de lunit de production et les caractristiques sociodmographiques du chef de lunit, mais aussi lenvironnement socio-conomique comme la corruption et laccs au crdit. Compte tenu des rsultats obtenus, des recommandations en matire de politique dappui aux microentreprises sont proposes la fin de ltude. --------------------------------

48

Employment in Indias Informal sector: size, patterns, growth and (I. BAIRAGYA 17 , Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, India)

determinants

The informal sector from time immemorial has had a significant contribution to the employment and gross domestic product of the developing economies in general and Indian economy in particular. High labour intensity of production is the main reason for huge employment generation in the informal sector. Thus, it is important to measure the size of informal employment in India in comparison with other developing, developed and transition countries. It is generally argued that informal sector uses labour intensive technology. Thus, in this context it is also important to segregate the total unorganized sectors NDP into different factor income. However, the factor intensity in informal sector may vary over time. This dynamism needs to be measured. The first objective of this paper is to measure the trends and patterns of informal employment and factor income in India. The second objective of this paper is to estimate the determinants of informal sectors employment and test the hypothesis whether the determinants of informal sectors employment in the underdeveloped and developed regions in India are same or different using the National Sample Survey unit level data. Interestingly, it is observed that the factors that determine informal employment in developed regions are in some cases different from the factors that determine employment in the underdeveloped one. We found that while developed regions within the country follows features akin to that of developed countries of world, the underdeveloped regions follow the features of developing world. Thus our analysis suggests that there exists duality within a same country. Key words: Informal sectors employment, informal employment, factor income, determinants, developing countries, developed countries, underdeveloped regions, developed regions. -------------------------------The integration of the informal sector into the formal sector: sub-contracting in craft villages in the Red river delta (S. FANCHETTE, IRD, Hanoi, NGUYEN XUAN HOAN, CASRAD, Hanoi) 1) An ancient local production system and large consumer of labour. There are approximately 1,000 craft villages in the Red River Delta, which occupy more than one million workers in full or part time employment. These villages are mostly organized in clusters, in which either the production process is fragmented (e.g., a step in the production process, part of an article) or villages specialize in a particular product (e.g., a type of silk, a type of noodle). This localized production system has existed for many centuries (a millennium for some villages) and has survived the most difficult periods of Vietnamese history hence, its resilience, flexibility and ability to use village labour in one of the most populous regions in the world (over 1,000 inhabitants per km2), where rice can not fully support the population. Some 80% of businesses are family-owned and unregistered. They benefit from considerable flexibility in the hiring of labour due to the outsourcing of tens of family workshops belonging to a cluster of villages simultaneously dedicated to agriculture. At the same time, according to the sector (e.g., basketry, metallurgy, woodworking or textiles), these villages attract many workers from other communes or provinces in a more or less seasonal way. The most dynamic clusters employ more than 20,000 people, half of which comes from the outside. The ability to hire or subcontract labour is not solely in the purvey of formal enterprises: certain unregistered enterprises can employ many tens of people through seasonal employment and subcontracting. 2) Formal and informal enterprises connected by sub-contracting: the necessary revision of the definition of "informality" Registered enterprises: the drivers of clusters with fragile status in the context of global economic crisis and a decline in exports
This paper is a part of the authors on-going doctoral dissertation. The author is very grateful to his Ph.D. supervisor Prof. M. R. Narayana for his valuable and constructive suggestions at various stages of the development of this paper. Without his encouragement it would not have possible to write this paper. The author is also grateful to B. P. Vani and Manojit Bhattacharjee for their useful comments. However, the usual disclaimers apply. 49
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- Class differentiation: enterprises, cooperatives and private companies with registered invoices; - The first two have the legal capacity to export; - They can provide orders for State Enterprises because they have registered invoices; - They are prioritized by public policy for artisinal crafts (e.g., craft areas, subsidized credit, or access to craft fairs); and - They are bound by numerous taxes, state regulations, and social and environmental laws. The majority of unregistered enterprises: - Four types of enterprises: - Enterprises that employ labour, subcontract and execute orders from major registered exporting companies; - Enterprises that employ labour and have their own national customers; - Small family workshops that do not employ labour and perform the more manual part of the production process on behalf of the two previous types of businesses (these families engage simultaneously in agriculture or other trades and they have set up their workshop in their homes); and - Small mechanized workshops that perform part of the production process for which they have a machine (e.g., cutting, shredding, processing of special holes, or bending) for the first two types of enterprises or registered businesses. - Not paying taxes on revenues; - Transferring know-how within the family and hiring unpaid family workers; - Not subject to regulation by the province or district; - Very large flexibility in the use of labour (e.g., unpaid family, apprentices and subcontractors). This presentation addresses the relationship between formal and informal enterprises from the perspective of sub-contracting and clustering. Through several case studies (e.g., clusters of papermaking, knitting, woodcraft and basketry), we analyze the different types of hiring relationships among businesses and their evolution in the context of the international economic crisis and integration into the WTO. We ask about the reasons for the dominance of subcontracting in some sectors and the particular context of the Red River Delta, where lack of space and abundance of labour dominate. Lintgration du secteur informel au secteur formel : la sous-traitance dans les villages de mtier du delta du fleuve Rouge. (Sylvie Fanchette, gographe IRD, Nguyn Xun Hon, CASRAD, Hanoi) 1) Un systme de production localis ancien et grand consommateur de main-doeuvre On compte environ 1000 villages de mtier dans le delta du fleuve Rouge qui occupent plus dun million dactifs temps plein ou partiel. Ils sont organiss majoritairement en clusters au sein desquels soit le processus de production est fragment (une tape, une partie dun article) soit les villages sont spcialiss en un type de produit particulier (une varit de soie, un type de nouille). Ce systme de production localis existe depuis plusieurs sicles (un millnaire pour certains villages) et est parvenu traverser les priodes les plus difficiles de lhistoire du Vietnamdo sa rsilience, sa flexibilit et sa capacit employer la main-duvre villageoise dans une des rgions les plus peuples du monde (plus de 1.000 habitants/km2) o la riziculture ne peut subvenir entirement lentretien des populations. 80% des entreprises sont de type familial et sont non dclares. Elles bnficient dune grande flexibilit de lembauche de la main duvre du fait de la sous-traitance de dizaines dateliers familiaux appartenant au cluster de villages qui sadonnent en parallle lagriculture. En parallle, selon les secteurs (vannerie, mtallurgie, menuiserie, textile), ces villages attirent de nombreux ouvriers dautres communes ou dautres provinces de faon plus ou moins saisonnire. Les clusters les plus dynamiques font travailler plus de 20.000 personnes, dont la moiti provient de lextrieur. La capacit embaucher ou sous-traiter de la main-duvre nest pas uniquement lapanage des entreprises formelles : certaines des entreprises non dclares peuvent faire travailler plusieurs dizaines de personnes de faon saisonnire et en sous-traitance.

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2) Des entreprises formelles et informelles lies par des relations de sous-traitance : la ncessaire rvision de la dfinition de l informel * Les entreprises dclares: les locomotives des clusters mais au statut fragile dans un contexte de crise conomique mondiale et de diminution des exportations - diffrents statuts : compagnies, coopratives et entreprises prives avec factures ; - Les deux premires ont la capacit juridique exporter ; - Elles peuvent assurer les commandes des entreprises dtat car elles ont des factures ; - Elles sont prioritairement cibles par les politiques publiques en faveur de lartisanat (zones artisanales, crdits bonifis, accs aux foires artisanales) ; - Elles sont astreintes de nombreuses taxes, contrle de ltat et aux lois sociales et environnementales. * Une majorit dentreprises non dclares : - quatre types dentreprises : - les entreprises qui embauchent de la main duvre, sous-traitent et excutent les commandes des grandes entreprises dclares exportatrices ; - les entreprises qui embauchent de la main-duvre et ont leurs propres clients nationaux ; - les petits ateliers familiaux qui nembauchent pas de main-duvre et excutent la partie du processus de production la plus manuelle pour le compte des deux types dentreprises prcdentes. Ces familles pratiquent en parallle lagriculture ou dautres mtiers et ont install leur atelier dans leur rsidence. - les petits ateliers mcaniss qui excutent la partie du processus de production pour lequel ils ont une machine (dcoupe, rpe, faonnage de trous spciaux, pliage) pour les deux premiers types dentreprises ou les entreprises dclares. - pas de paiement dimpts sur le revenu ; - Transmission des savoir-faire au sein de la famille, et embauche des travailleurs familiaux non rmunrs ; - pas assujettis au contrle par la province ou le district ; - trs grande flexibilit de lutilisation de la main-duvre (familiale non rmunre, apprentis et soustraitants). Cette prsentation traite des relations entre les entreprises formelles et informelles par le biais de la sous-traitance et de lappartenance au cluster. A travers plusieurs tudes de cas (clusters du papier, du tricot, de la menuiserie dart et de la vannerie) nous analyserons les diffrents types de relations dembauches entre entreprises et leur volution dans le contexte de la crise conomique international et de lintgration lOMC. Nous nous interrogerons sur les raisons de la dominance de la soustraitance dans certains secteurs, et le contexte particulier du delta du fleuve Rouge o le manque de place et labondance de la main-duvre dominent. -------------------------------Microfinance and self-employment in rural South-India: analysis of a failure (Isabelle Gurin, Research Unit Development and Societies (Institute of research for Development/Paris I University) Marc Roesch (CIRAD), Venkatasubramanian (French Institute of Pondicherry) For the past two decades, microfinance has been considered an efficient tool for self-employment creation in developing countries. This has been particularly true in rural India, where through strong support from public authorities, international donors and local NGOs, the microfinance sector has developed considerably over the past decade. This paper draws on several field studies conducted in rural areas in Tamil Nadu over the last five years, using mainly a socioeconomic approach to demonstrate that the impact of microfinance on self-employment is in fact very limited. The first section addresses the inherent fuzziness of self-employment as a concept. If the term is restricted to entrepreneurs who genuinely control the means of production and access to the market, then the proportion of self-employed people is in fact much smaller than what is usually claimed. As in many other rural areas, Indian rural employment is characterized by the increasing importance of non-agricultural income. However this is mostly derived from waged and casual labour, and is mostly based on a daily wage or piece rate.

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The second part of this paper demonstrates that in the context studied here, contrary to official rhetoric, the direct effects of microfinance on households livelihood portfolios are in fact very limited. On the one hand, microloans are largely used for purposes that do not generate direct income, such as health, education and the repayment of pre-existing debts. Moreover, little potential exists for the expansion of self-employment. Besides households risk aversion, local market functioning is a key explanatory factor, in particular owing to a lack of local demand, alongside the hierarchical structure and social segmentation of the local markets. Microfinance et auto-emploi en Inde rurale du Sud: analyses dun chec (Isabelle Gurin, UMR Dveloppement et Socits Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement/Universit Paris I , Marc Roesch, CIRAD,Venkatasubramanian, Institut Franais de Pondichery) Depuis deux dcennies la microfinance est considre comme un outil privilgi de promotion de lauto-emploi dans les pays en dveloppement. Cest particulirement le cas en Inde rurale. Fortement appuye par les autorits publiques, les bailleurs de fonds internationaux et les ONG locales, la microfinance sest fortement dveloppe au cours de la dernire dcennie. Sappuyant sur plusieurs enqutes de terrain menes en en zones rurales au Tamil Nadu au cours des dernires annes et privilgiant une approche socioconomique, cet article montre que les effets de la microfinance en matire dauto-emploi non agricole sot marginaux. Une premire section revient sur le flou conceptuel relatif la notion dauto-emploi. Si lon restreint lusage du terme des activits reposant sur le contrle des moyens de production et daccs au march, alors la proportion de personnes en situation dauto-emploi est beaucoup plus restreinte que ce qui est habituellement avanc. Lemploi rural indien se caractrise, comme ailleurs, par une importance croissante demplois non agricoles, cest essentiellement par le biais de lemploi salari prcaire (pay la journe ou la pice). Une seconde section montre que contrairement la rhtorique officielle, dans le contexte tudi la microfinance a un impact direct limit sur le portefeuille dactivit des familles. Dune part on observe que les microcrdits sont utiliss en grande partie pour des usages ne gnrant pas de revenu direct (sant, ducation, remboursement danciennes dettes, etc.). Dautre part le potentiel de dveloppement de lauto-emploi est marginal. Cest autant une question daversion au risque de la part des familles que de fonctionnement des marchs locaux, en particulier linsuffisance de la demande locale, le fonctionnement hirarchique et la segmentation sociale des marchs locaux.

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II. 2. CONCEPTS AND MEASURES (1): NATIONAL EXPERIENCES

The informal sector and informal employment: What is the most adequate instrument in Africa? (E. RAMILISON 18 , Afristat, Mali) This study attempts to show which instrument is the most appropriate to measure informal sector and informal employment in Africa. To do so, two approaches are adopted. The first one deals with the harmonization of concepts and indicators, as well as with the development of common methodology in measurement. For this purpose, assessment at the international level - either in the framework of task forces, missions of U.N. organizations or technical support to countries - plays a crucial role. To follow-up and analyze the impact of regional economic policies, we also emphasize the federator role of the regional systems for their need of harmonized information. In the second approach, our aim in using African experiences in the field is to reveal which collect methodology fulfills international requirement on the measure of informal sector and informal employment. To this end, tested methodologies are reviewed in order to highlight their strengths and weaknesses. Secteur et emploi informels : Quel instrument de mesure pour lAfrique ? (Eric Norbert RAMILISON, Observatoire Economique et Statistique dAfrique Subsaharienne) Cette tude tente de montrer quel type dinstrument est le plus indiqu pour mesurer le secteur et lemploi informels en Afrique. Pour ce faire, deux approches diffrentes sont retenues. Dans la premire, il y est avant tout question dharmonisation dans les concepts et les indicateurs mais parfois aussi dans llaboration de mthodologie commune de mesure. A cet effet, les rflexions menes au niveau internationales, que soit travers les groupes de travail, que dans le cadre de la mission dorganismes onusiens ou dappui techniques aux pays, jouent un rle de premier plan. On souligne aussi ici le rle fdrateur des systmes rgionaux, pour leur besoin en informations harmonises pour le suivi et lanalyse dimpact de politiques conomiques rgionales. Dans la seconde approche, il sagit, partir dexpriences africaines en la matire daffirmer laquelle des mthodologies de collecte, remplissent au mieux les exigences internationales sur la mesure du secteur et de lemploi informels. Les mthodologies exprimentes sont pour cela passes en revues pour mettre en vidence leur force et leur faiblesse. -------------------------------Two decades of surveys on informal sector and informal employment in Mexico (G. LUNA, R. MARTINEZ & NEGRETE R., INEGI, Mexico) Mexicos has consolidated a systematic observation on the informal phenomenon in its both dimensions: employment and economic significance. Under the basic philosophy of a mixed modular survey and being aware of some of its limitations the benefits have outweighed the objections usually made to this methodology which has proven its flexibility as well capacity to incorporate the conceptual precisions and recommendations made by the XV, XVII ICLS and the Delhi Group, testing them and finding some areas that ought to be fine tuned at the conceptual level. The maturity process reached a point where a equilibrium and a division of tasks between the first phase (Labor Survey) and the second (the module) in the present decade allows to produce data on a quarterly basis so to monitor how informal labor force either operating in the informal sector or outside it under new contracting modalities -inimical to labor protection schemes- have emerged and to do so under the integrated consisted frame of the first stage using the same set of weighting factors. In this way the role of the module as a second stage has been specialized in order to have a deep insight from time to time on the nature of activities conducted under a micro scale, the context and problematic surrounded them and the economic flows generated liable to be aggregated for national account purposes. In this way the effort made had informed the public debate helping to dispel myths as well misunderstandings around
Eric Norbert RAMILISON. This article was submitted while the author was research economist in CREAM (Madagascar). It has then been enriched while the author was recruited by AFRISTAT as an Expert Rgional en Systme dInformation sur le Travail in a project funded by ACBF (African Capacity Building Foundation). 53
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this phenomenon. The transcendence of this scheme only has been reached after repeating it for many years so to positioning it firmly in the statistical landscape. During all this time some complexities emerging from the nature of the task were faced and solved. However due the nature of the task some bold decisions have been taken as well some orthodoxy broken. Approaching informality in Mexico is a more challenging issue that it was twenty years ago, demanded imagination and resolution on behalf all the surveys human resources involved in all the preparation stages from design and field operation to data processing. In this context the paper avows to convey what does this mean, bringing to light some issues NSOs does not use to speak openly nor frankly about them. Mexicos experience with mixed modular surveys addressing the informal sector phenomenon goes back to 1987 when the joint research programs conducted by IRD and INEGI (Mexicos NSO) where materialized first in a Pilot Survey on Informal Sector (EPSI by its Spanish acronym) and then in 1988/89 with the National Survey on Informal Economy (ENEI) and effort made to collect data in Mexicos seven biggest urban areas at the time. However it is not since 1992 when this effort has been properly considered part of INEGIs statistical system to the point to be conducted on a regular basis and having as an objective both formal and informal non-farm micro businesses. So with ENAMIN (Spanish acronym of National Survey on Micro Businesses) and with the financial support of Mexicos Ministry of Labour, ENAMIN became in the nineties a regular module of the Labour Force Survey, the survey started to disseminate data first on the micro businesses as a whole and latter on specifically on the informal sector as such so to estimate its share in the GDP. -------------------------------The methodology of the 1-2-3 survey: the Vietnamese experience (Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen, Nguyen Van Doan, Le Van Duy, Institute of Statistical Science, Vietnam)

As in most developing countries, the informal sector is everywhere in Vietnam and many households,
in particular the poor, derive all or part of their earnings from this sector. However, until 2007, statistical information on the economic weight of the informal sector was scarce. Therefore, the Institute of Statistical Science (ISS) of the General Statistics Office (GSO) of Vietnam has decided to conduct, in partnership with the French research institution DIAL-IRD, a project aiming at collecting and providing comprehensive information of informal sector and informal employment. Based on the methodology of 1-2-3 survey and the context regarding data collection in GSO of Vietnam, the project introduced a strategy to gather information on the informal sector as following: (i) a new improved design for the existing Labour Force Survey (LFS), which has been conducted in August 2007, within the scope of the planned budget; and (ii) a specific Informal Sector Survey (ISS), grafted onto the LFS, which was conducted in December 2007 in Hanoi and in January 2008 in Ho Chi Minh City. This specific survey is dedicated at providing reliable estimates of the importance of the informal sector, taking into account international standards and adapting it to national context. This survey is conducted the second round in 2009, with aiming to consolidate the methodology, to get some results on the dynamics of the informal sector over time, and especially assess the impact of the economic crisis on the informal sector and also on households involved in this sector. This paper seeks at presenting the concepts, the operational definitions and the survey methodology, including: the adopted definition to measure informal sector and informal employment, the generic scheme of the 1-2-3 survey, its implementation in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City to show how the gap between principles and empirical experiences has been bridged, how specific technical issues have been solved in the field 2007/2008 and also 2009 and the issues which remain to be solved. --------------------------------

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The informal sector in Morocco: Approach, Methodology and Evolution (Bennani Mekki, Head of Division of Household Surveys in the Department of Statistics, Morocco) Conscious of the challenges related to the informal sector and their consequent debates, the Department of Statistics under the High Planning Commission has established a system of statistical surveys at the national level that allows for a comprehensive study of the informal sector. This was made possible by the implementation, for the first time in 1999, of a national survey on the informal sector, following the "mixed" approach of combining households and informal producers based on a system of surveys (survey 1-2-3). This initial investigation has provided a wealth of extremely relevant data and the use that has been made of that data has been no less important. However, given the different socio-economic changes that the country has experienced since this date and the growing information needs in this area, a new survey was conducted in 2007 to update the available data and certain indicators, notably the ones showing the importance of this sector in terms of production, revenue creation, the fight against employment and the social integration of large segments of the population. The main purpose of this presentation is to share with the other participants the Moroccan experience in this area, especially through recorded changes in: 1. Approach used and methodological issues for assessing the non-agricultural informal sector; 2. Characteristics of informal production units; 3. Characteristics of household proprietors of informal production units; 4. Legal and administrative framework in which these units operate; and 5. Certain qualitative aspects related to the organization of units operating in this sector Le secteur informel au Maroc: approches, mthodologie et volution, BENNANI MEKKI, Chef de division des enqutes auprs des mnages la Direction de la Statistique, Haut Agdal Rabat Consciente des enjeux lis au secteur informel et des dbats suscits , la Direction de la Statistique relevant du Haut Commissariat au Plan, a mis en place un dispositif denqutes statistiques au niveau national permettant une tude approfondie du secteur informel. Ceci a t concrtis par la ralisation, pour la premire fois en 1999, d'une enqute nationale sur le secteur informel suivant lapproche "mixte", base sur un systme denqutes, qui combine les mnages et les producteurs informels (enqute 1-2-3). Cette premire investigation a fourni une masse de donnes extrmement pertinentes et l'utilisation qui en a t faite est non moins importante. Cependant, compte tenu des diffrents changements socio-conomiques, qu'a connus le pays depuis cette date et des besoins informationnels accrus dans ce domaine, une nouvelle enqute a t ralise en 2007 en vue d'actualiser les donnes disponibles et de mettre jour certains indicateurs notamment ceux relatant l'importance de ce secteur en matire de production, de cration de revenus, de promotion demplois, de lutte contre le chmage et dintgration sociale de larges franges de la population. Lobjet principal de cette prsentation est de partager avec les autres participants la porte de l'exprience marocaine dans ce domaine notamment travers les volutions enregistres au niveau : 1. De l'approche poursuivie et des aspects mthodologiques pour observer le secteur informel non agricole 2. Des caractristiques des units de production informelles 3. Des caractristiques mnages propritaires des units de production informelles 4. Du cadre juridico-administratif dans lequel exercent ces units 5. Et de certains aspects qualitatifs lis l'organisation des units oprant dans ce secteur --------------------------------

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The ENAHO: a tool for measuring and analyzing the informal sector in Peru. (N. HIDALGO, INEI, Peru) The economic censuses, surveys of businesses and administrative records are not adequate to measure the importance of the informal sector in the economy or to understand its links with the formal sector. Two main characteristics of informal production units (IPU) explain this assertion. First, most of the IPUs activities are performed in makeshift setups or within the household. Secondly, there is a high failure rate of IPUs. In sum, the IPUs are "invisible" to the surveys and censuses and make the administrative records obsolete very quickly. Following the guidelines of mixed surveys and 123 surveys developed by Roubaud, the National Statistics and Informatics Institute (INEI) of Peru since 2001 implemented a specific module on "selfemployed or employer" for in-depth research of the IPUs activities and particularly provide a better estimate of mixed income and informal employment. The informal sector definition adopted complies with the recommendations of the ILO and the latest revision of national accounts system. The presentation will focus on the major changes that have been made to the original design of the 123 surveys. In particular, it identifies the following innovations: a) In a first phase and in the employment module of the National Household Survey, the selfemployed or employer, owner of the Informal Production Unit is to be determined. In this phase, informality is a business or enterprise that is not registered as a legal entity (company), or does not have an accounting system (quasi-corporation). Phases 1, 2 and 3 of the survey are conducted through interviews with persons 14 years and older. b) Having identified the owner of the IPU, the second phase of the 123 survey design thoroughly investigates the characteristics of the IPU. It is performed simultaneously with Phase 1. This phase investigates the entire population of informal production units (excluding incorporated companies), instead of considering a sub-sample to be investigated within a deferred period. This avoids potential misjudgement and allows to obtain a sufficient size sample to better analyze the informal production units profile. b) Similarly, phase 3 aims at clarifying the source of IPUs final demand and is also carried out simultaneously with the other phases of the survey. It takes into account the population of households present in phase 1 (employment). This brings the statistical device to a kind of "matched" employer / employee survey which allows a joint analysis of poverty, labor market characteristics and the IPU. c) Considering the high variability of mixed income of the IPU, the module of the National Household Survey for the Informal Self-Employed was designed as a permanent module of the survey. The total sample is distributed geographically and temporally throughout the year, allowing a better estimation of annual aggregates of the informal sector to the national accounts in particular. d) The IPU module was spread geographically to non-agricultural rural areas. The scheme helps analyzing to what extent the diversification strategies to non-agricultural productive activities constitutes a successful strategy, in order to reduce the risk of poverty, predominantly in rural households. e) Beyond establishing the IPU profile, the fundamental questions about the informal sector have to do with its growing segments ability to generate more value added, which is better articulated with the productive apparatus and inserted more successfully in the international market. Answering these questions requires a panel monitoring of the same IPU. f) Finally, we have adopted quality control systems at different stages of the survey. In designing the questionnaires, its important to identify the person to be interviewed who is not the direct informant, in order to control the total added value and profits calculations in the field. In the field operation, it is essential designing a monitoring system that minimizes non-reply and partial reply and which allows the control of indirect interviews. In the processing of information, we proceed with the evaluation and correction of misjudgment as the result of no interview and indirect interviews (indirect informant profile better qualified).

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Las ENAHO: Un instrumento para la medicin y anlisis del sector informal. La experiencia peruana, Nancy Hidalgo (INEI) Los censos econmicos, las encuestas a establecimientos o los registros administrativos no son instrumentos adecuados para medir la importancia del sector informal en la economa ni para entender sus vnculos con el sector formal. Dos caractersticas centrales de las unidades de produccin informales (UPI) fundamentan tal asercin. En primer lugar, la actividad de la mayor parte de las UPI se lleva a cabo de manera ambulatoria o al interior de domicilios de los hogares. En segundo lugar, se observa una alta tasa de mortalidad de las UPI. En suma, las UPI son "invisibles" a dichas encuestas y censos o hacen muy rpidamente obsoletos los registros administrativos. Siguiendo los lineamientos de las encuestas mixtas y luego de las encuestas 123 desarrolladas por Roubaud, el Instituto Nacional de Estadstica e Informtica (INEI) del Per desde el ao 2001, implement un mdulo especfico sobre "el trabajador independiente o patrono" destinado a investigar en profundidad las actividades de las UPI y en particular proporcionar una mejor estimacin del ingreso mixto y del empleo informal. La definicin de sector informal adoptada se conforma con las recomendaciones de la OIT y de la ltima revisin del sistema de cuentas nacionales. La ponencia se centrar en las principales modificaciones que han sido aportadas al diseo original de las encuestas 123. En particular se detallarn las siguientes innovaciones: a) En una primera fase y en el mdulo de empleo de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares-ENAHO se determina al trabajador independiente o patrono, dueo de la Unidad Productiva Informal. En esta fase se definen como informales a aquella persona que tiene un negocio o empresa que no est constituida en registrada como persona jurdica (Sociedad), o no tiene un sistema de contabilidad (cuasisociedad). Las fases 1, 2 y 3 de la encuesta se levantan por entrevista directa a las personas de 14 aos y ms. b) Habindose identificado al dueo de la UPI, en la segunda fase correspondiente al diseo de las encuesta 123 se investiga a fondo las caracterstica de la UPI. Se realiza en forma simultnea a la fase 1. En esta fase se investiga el universo completo de las Unidades de Produccin Informal (se excluyen las empresas constituidas en sociedades), en vez de considerar una sub-muestra a investigarse en un periodo diferido. Se evita as, los posibles sesgos de atricin y se obtiene una muestra de tamao suficiente para poder analizar ms finamente el perfil de las Unidades Productivas Informales. b) Del mismo modo, la fase 3, destinada a precisar el origen de la demanda final de las UPI tambin se efecta de manera simultnea a las otras fases de la encuesta y consider igualmente el universo de los hogares presentes en la fase 1 (empleo). Ello acerca el dispositivo estadstica a una suerte de encuesta "apareada" empleador/empleado permite un anlisis conjunto de pobreza, caractersticas de mercado de trabajo y de las UPI. c) Considerando la alta variabilidad de los ingresos mixtos provenientes de las UPI, el mdulo del Trabajador Independiente Informal de la ENAHO, se diseo como un mdulo permanente encuesta. La muestra total se distribuye geogrfica y temporalmente a lo largo del ao, esto permite una mejor estimacin de los agregados anuales del sector informal para fines de cuentas nacionales particularmente. d) Se extendi la cobertura geogrfica del modulo sobre las UPI al rea rural no agrcola. Ello permitir analizar hasta qu punto las estrategias de diversificacin de las actividades productivas hacia fuera de la agricultura constituye o non una estrategia exitosa de disminucin de riesgos de pobreza, predominante en los hogares rurales. e) Ms all de de poder establecer el perfil de las UPI, las interrogantes principales respecto al sector informal conciernen a su capacidad para que un segmento creciente del mismo pueda transformarse en generador de mayor valor agregado, articularse con mayor intensidad al aparato productivo e insertarse con mayor xito en el mercado internacional. Poder responder a estas interrogantes requiere un seguimiento en panel de las mismas UPI. f) Finalmente, se han adoptado sistemas de control de calidad en las diferentes etapas de la encuesta. En el diseo de cuestionarios, se identifica la persona que proporciona las entrevistas en caso de que no sea el informante directo, control de totales para el clculo del valor agregado y la ganancia en campo. En la operacin de campo, con el diseo de un sistema de monitoreo que permita reducir al mnimo la no respuesta total y parcial; y el control del porcentaje de entrevistas indirectas. En el

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procesamiento y consistencia de la informacin, evaluacin y correccin de los sesgos producto de la no entrevista y las entrevistas indirectas (perfil de informante indirecto mejor calificado). -------------------------------Development and informal sector: Sixteen years of studies and analyses in Cameroon (J.G.B. SHE ETOUNDI, INS, Cameroon) After a period of relative prosperity, marked in the first instance by the development of agricultural cash crops (particularly cotton, cocoa and coffee), Cameroon experienced the joys of oil by the end of 1970s. This phenomenon was accompanied by the emergence of an industrial embryo around mainly the cities of Yaounde and Douala and an increase in general administrative services. This state of affairs created a situation of relative affluence for the population and mainly for those cities, which lead to an acceleration of urbanization in the country, accompanied by the proliferation of new neighborhoods with poor housing and basic amenities. The economic crisis that hit the country in the late 1980s had a negative impact on industrial upgrading, which was already very low as already noted. Thus, people who were somehow integrated for better or for worse into industrial businesses and administration found themselves from one day to the next without a job, despite the interventions of the Breton Woods institutions, interventions that were also criticized by a sector of the population. For its part, the administration, deprived of oil resources, faced with declining revenue tax (due to the decrease of business activity) and mismanagement, was unable to continue recruitment of young people flocking to the labour market. Faced with this situation, the Cameroonian population, for which more than 64% is considered young, launched themselves into different activities to survive. This state of affairs resulted in a sudden and dazzling development, which is now called the informal sector, to the point that the NIS has estimated its contribution to GDP to be 52% and its contribution to employment to be 80%. Since then, it was considered necessary to understand this phenomenon either to stem it or to improve it for the well being of those populations. And so since 1993, the Government, supported by a community of development partners, delegated the task to the NIS. The studies concerned, respectively, the micro-economic domain by conducting household surveys and monographs and the macroeconomic domain through the national accounts and the construction of economic models, an area in which these data were combined with other data sources and/or concepts defined at the international level. The objective of this paper is to give the contribution of the National Institute of Statistics of Cameroon in the knowledge of the informal economy through the tools and methods used and results obtained. A notice will also be given on the meaning of concepts and the prospects that open before us. Dveloppement et secteur informel : Seize ans dtudes et danalyse au Cameroun Cameroon (J.G.B. SHE ETOUNDI, INS, Cameroon) Aprs une priode de relative prosprit marque dans un premier temps par le dveloppement de lagriculture travers les cultures de rente (coton, cacao, caf notamment), le Cameroun a connu les joies de lavnement du ptrole la fin des annes 70. Ce phnomne sest accompagn de linstallation dun embryon industriel autour principalement des villes de Yaound et de Douala, et dun accroissement gnralis des services administratifs. Cet tat de chose a cre une situation de relative aisance des populations et principalement de celles des villes, ce qui a conduit une acclration de lurbanisation du pays, accompagn de la multiplication des nouveaux quartiers habitat prcaire et quipements sommaires. La crise conomique qui a atteint le pays la fin des annes 80, a eu un impact ngatif sur le tissu industriel qui tait dj lui mme trs faible comme nous lavons dj relev. Ainsi, les populations qui staient intgres tant bien que mal dans les entreprises industrielles et dans ladministration, se sont retrouves du jour au lendemain sans emploi, malgr lintervention des institutions de BRETON WOODS, intervention par ailleurs dcri par une frange de la population. Ladministration pour sa part, prive des ressources ptrolires, confronte la diminution des recettes fiscale, (suite la diminution de lactivit des entreprises) et la mauvaise gestion, na pu poursuivre les recrutements des jeunes qui arrivaient massivement sur le march du

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travail. Face cette situation, la population camerounaise qui est jeune plus de 64%, sest lanc dans divers activits pour survivre. Cet tat de chose a donc entrain un dveloppement subit et fulgurant de qui est appel aujourdhui secteur informel, au point o lINS a estim sa contribution au PIB 52%, et 80% sa contribution lemploi. Ds lors il sest avr ncessaire de comprendre ce phnomne pour soit lendiguer, soit lamliorer pour le bien tre des populations. Cest ainsi que ds lanne 1993, le Gouvernement, appuy par la communaut des partenaires au dveloppement, a confi lINS cette tche. Les tudes menes ont concern respectivement le domaine microconomique par la ralisation des enqutes auprs des mnages et des monographies, et le domaine macroconomique travers la comptabilit nationale et la construction des modles conomiques, domaine dans lesquels ces donnes ont t combines dautres sources donnes et o des concepts dfinis au niveau international ont t tudis et vrifis. Lobjectif du papier est de donner la contribution de lInstitut national de la Statistique du Cameroun dans la connaissance de lconomie informelle travers les outils et mthodes utiliss, et les rsultats obtenus. Un avis sera galement donn sur le sens des concepts et les perspectives qui souvrent devant nous. -------------------------------An original 1-2 mixed survey to capture the informal sector in Mongolia (I. BADAMTSETSEG, NSO, Mongolia) NSO conducted this survey with technical assistance from the United Nations Economic and Social Comission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) and with methodology and recommendations from the Development Institute for Analysis of Long term (DIAL) of France. The DIAL has conducted the informal sector survey as a module of the labour force survey. The institute developed multi-stage tool known as 1-2, which defines whether worker in the LFS is working in the informal sector, then those who are working in informal sector will be surveyed in the second phase. Our country has done HUEMs by this methodology. Conducting LFS quarterly, allowed to us to conduct the HUEMS by the 1-2 method. The survey on household unincorporated enterprises producing for market conducted by the National Statistical Office of Mongolia covered about 1500 HUEMs, in four quarters in order to reflect seasonal fluctuation during the year. The objectives of the survey of HUEMs were basically focused on identifying the number of HUEMs, their contribution to the economy and problems faced by them. The results were used to estimate the value added produced in this sector, which allows for the review of the results of other censuses and surveys and for a comparison with other countries using the same definition of HUEMs and the same methodology. -------------------------------A methodological alternative to measure the labour market in rural areas in Colombia (ALVARO SUAREZ R., Universidad de los Andes Colombia) Colombia's experience in the implementation of household surveys dates back to the 1960s. It aimed at obtaining information on the employment status, underemployment and other labor market categories. 1. In 1963, CEDE - School of Economics, Universidad de los Andes, made the first measurement in the cities of Bogota and Girardot 2. In 1967, CEDE improved the methodology and performed a second survey in the cities of Bogota, Barranquilla, Bucaramanga, Cali, Ibague, Manizales and Medelln. 3. Between 1970 and 1975, the National Bureau of Statistics - NBS, carried out 9 surveys in which different technical, methodological and operational alternatives were tested to reach a standardized survey system 4. Between 1976 and 2000, under a unified technical and methodological framework, NBS conducted the "National Household Survey - NHS" 5. Between 2001 and 2006, the NBS applied the "Continuous Households Survey of Households - CHS"

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6. And from 2006 (June), the "Great Integrated Household Survey - GIHS." The Measurement of the Informal Sector was initiated in 1984 and held every 2 years until 2000 in the National Household Survey. Between 2000 and 2006 the measurement was made annually in the Continuous Household Survey and from 2006, it has been conducted quarterly in the Great Integrated Household Survey. Building on the recommendations of the Delhi Group, the measurement process has been reviewed since 2006. Bogot (Colombia) became part of the pilot tests that the ILO had planned to conduct in various cities worldwide in 1995 (Manila in the Philippines and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania), to test both the conceptual basis as well as the data collection methodology proposed by ICLS-1993. In addition, Colombia was chosen as a pilot country of the Andean Community of Nations - ACN (made at the time by Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela), to implement the 1-2-3 survey between 2001 and 2002. Employment in rural areas was measured for the first time in 1978, then in 1988 and from 1991 the measurement has been conducted annually. As a contribution from the academy to statistical development in the country, CEDE - School of Economics, University of the Andes is carrying out the technical and methodological design of the "Longitudinal Survey on Colombian Household Dynamics - Household Panel, which includes new questions in the labor issue as minimum acceptable income, informal sector and rural employment measurement based on the concept of usually active population, among others. Una alternativa metodolgica para la medicin del mercado laboral en zonas rurales en Colombia, Alvaro Suarez R., CEDE Universidad de los Andes La experiencia de Colombia en la aplicacin de encuestas a hogares para obtener informacin sobre la situacin del empleo, subempleo y otras categoras del mercado laboral, se remonta a la dcada de 1960, as: 7. En 1963, el CEDE Facultad de Economa de la Universidad de los Andes, realiza la primera medicin en las ciudades de Bogot y Girardot 8. En 1967, el CEDE perfeccion la metodologa y realiza un segundo ejercicio en las ciudades de Bogot, Barranquilla, Bucaramanga, Cali, Ibagu Manizales y Medelln. 9. Entre 1970 y 1975, el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadstica DANE, realiza 9 encuestas en las que se probaron diferentes alternativas tcnicas, metodolgicas y operativas para llegar a un sistema estandarizado de encuestas 10. Entre 1976 y 2000, bajo un esquema tcnico y metodolgico unificado, el DANE llev a cabo la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares - ENH 11. Entre 2001 y 2006, el DANE aplic la Encuesta Continua de Hogares - ECH 12. Y a partir de 2006 (Junio), la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares GEIH. La Medicin del Sector informal se inicio en 1984 y se mantuvo cada 2 aos hasta 2000 en la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares. Entre 2000 y 2006 se hizo anualmente en la Encuesta Continua de Hogares y a partir de 2006 trimestralmente en la Gran Encuesta Integrada de hogares. Aprovechando las recomendaciones del Grupo de DELHI se ha hecho un reproceso de la serie desde 2006. Bogot (Colombia) hizo parte de las pruebas piloto que la OIT tena previsto realizar en diferentes ciudades del mundo durante 1995 (Manila en Filipinas y Dar es Salaam en Tanzania), para probar tanto la base conceptual como la metodologa de recoleccin de datos propuesta por la CIET1993. As mismo, Colombia fue elegida como pas piloto de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones CAN (conformada en ese entonces por Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Per y Venezuela), para aplicar la encuesta 1-2-3 entre 2001 y 2002. El empleo en zonas rurales se mido por primera vez en 1978, luego en 1998 y a partir de 1991 se cuenta con aplicaciones anuales. Como un aporte desde la academia al desarrollo estadstico del pas, el CEDE Facultad de Economa de la Universidad de los Andes est haciendo el diseo tcnico y metodolgico de la Encuesta Longitudinal sobre Dinmica de los Hogares Colombianos Panel de Hogares, que incluye temas novedosos en el tema laboral como los salarios de reserva, sector informal y la medicin del empleo rural a partir del concepto de poblacin habitualmente activa, entre otros.

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II.3. THE VIETNAMESE CASE IN PERSPECTIVE

Shedding light on a huge blackhole: the informal sector in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (LE VAN DUY, NGUYEN THI HUYEN, NGUYEN HUU CHI, PHAN THI NGOC TRAM, GSOISS, Vietnam) The informal sector plays an important role in the socioeconomic life of many developing countries, including Vietnam. However, there has been no research in Vietnam that goes deeply into the basic characteristics of the informal sector over the recent years. In 2007 and 2008, the Vietnamese Institute of Statistical Science joined IRD/ DIAL from France to conduct informal sector measurement in Vietnams biggest cities: Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh city. The presentation pretends to put forward some of the main characteristics of the informal sector in these two cities. The measurement came out that the informal sector involves one third of the two cities labor force whose average age ranges between 39 and 40 and who has a low educational level. With an average size of 1.5 people, the informal producton unit is rather small. Seventy percent of these businesses employ only one person. Thirty seven to forty percent of the informal households carry their activities in mobile stations and have no access to such basic public services as electricity, water or telephone. . Their income is much lower than in the formal sector (equal to only 2/3 of the formal sector) and very inequitably distributed. However, the informal sector still makes up 12% of the added value of Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh cities economy. Despite its considerable contribution, the informal sector is regarded as the sideline activity as it has few connection with other sectors of the economy, 75% of its products serve the informal households themselves. Most of the informal households have no business registration as they deem it not to be compulsory and that business registration only helps to avoid trouble in doing business. In such conditions, the informal households have pessimistic belief about the future and show no willing for their offsprings to continue with their businesses. The research shows the importance of the informal sector in generating jobs and contributing to the added value of the cities economy. Still it receives few attention from the authorities. Its our recommendation to conduct another economic reform, even if it is more complicated and its outlook unpredictable. Traditional tools to regulate the labor market (raising the minimum wage and social insurance, enhancing the role of the unions) are not applicable to the informal sector in such conditions. Other viable policies are suggested such as proper job training, giving them access to credit and bigger market, collecting taxes to re-invest in the sector and reducing red tape. -------------------------------An approach to the informal sector in Vietnamese metropolises: from the knowable towards the unknown (P. GUBRY, IRD, France; LE THI HUONG, HIDS, Vietnam; NGUYEN THI THIENG, IPSS, Vietnam & PHAM THUY HUONG, NEU, Vietnam) Few studies were able to select the workers in the informal sector according to the detailed definition adopted by the 15th International conference of labour statisticians (January, 1993). Vietnam is not an exception. In these conditions, one may think of approaching the informal sector by means of various indicators characterizing the workers of this sector. The level of non wage-earning employment is a way to differentiate the informal sector from the formal one; in Vietnam, where residential registration still exists, the holding of a short-term temporary residential permit (KT4) is another one. Apart from the 2007 Labour survey implemented by the General Statistics Office, which enabled to select non registered enterprises, two recent operations allow to approach the informal sector in both Vietnamese metropolises, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City: - the 2004 Census of Ho Chi Minh City, which is the only operation having directly noted down the residential status from the whole population of the city; - the survey Migration, poverty and urban environment: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, implemented in partnership between the Institute for Population and Social Studies (IPSS, Hanoi), the Ho Chi Minh

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City Institute for Development Studies (HIDS) and the Institute of Research for Development (IRD, France); this survey notably provides information about employment status (among which Independent worker). Thus these two operations enable to indirectly characterize the workers of the informal sector according to their socioeconomic characteristics. They also allow to make geographic distinctions between districts. Finally, neither the residential status, nor the number of independent workers seem able to estimate the level of informal employment, but they enable the analysis of some important characteristics of precariousness. However these operations, like all similar operations, exclusively apply to the resident population in the city (thus for a duration of six months or more), whether it is migrant or not; they totally omit the temporary movers or visitors, present for less than six consecutive months in the city and who are thus considered as residents in their place of origin. These persons form an important stock of floating population, the main characteristic of which in Vietnam is that it often came to the city to work, while living between city and countryside. These visitors in the city are never counted in the representative surveys while the large majority of them precisely work in the informal sector and constitute the main part of the urban poor and the least poor of the countryside We are here in the unknown, which highlights the pressing necessity of a representative survey on the subject of temporary moves and poverty in Vietnamese metropolises. The Statistical Office has just implemented an Urban Poverty Survey (UPS) intended to bridge part of this gap; it can still be improved. A sample survey based on a sample of blocks is proposed here. Only a more complete knowledge of informality will enable to initiate policies intended to improve the consideration and the functioning of the informal sector, essential in the Vietnamese context, and to improve the living standards of the workers and the concerned families. Approches du secteur informel dans les mtropoles vietnamiennes : du connaissable vers linconnu, P. GUBRY, IRD, France; LE THI HUONG, HIDS, Vietnam; NGUYEN THI THIENG, IPSS, Vietnam & PHAM THUY HUONG, NEU, Vietnam) Peu dtudes ont t en mesure de slectionner les travailleurs du secteur informel selon la dfinition dtaille adopte par la 15e confrence internationale des statisticiens du travail (janvier 1993). Le Vit-nam ne fait pas exception. Dans ces conditions, on peut songer approcher le secteur informel par le biais de diffrents indicateurs caractrisant les travailleurs de ce secteur. Le niveau de lemploi non salari est un moyen pour diffrencier le secteur informel du secteur formel ; au Vit-nam, o perdure lenregistrement rsidentiel, la dtention dun permis de rsidence temporaire courte dure (KT4) en est un autre. En dehors de lenqute emploi de 2007 mene par lOffice Gnral de la Statistique, qui a permis de slectionner les entreprises non enregistres , deux oprations rcentes permettent dapprocher le secteur informel dans les deux mtropoles vietnamiennes, Hanoi et H Chi Minh Ville : - le recensement de H Chi Minh Ville de 2004, qui est la seule opration ayant relev directement le statut rsidentiel sur lensemble de la population de la ville ; - lenqute Migration, pauvret et environnement urbain : Hanoi et H Chi Minh Ville , mene en coopration entre lInstitute for Population and Social Studies (IPSS, Hanoi), le Ho Chi Minh City Institute for Development Studies (HIDS) et lInstitut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement (IRD, France) ; cette enqute donne notamment linformation sur le statut dans lemploi (dont travailleur indpendant ). Ces deux oprations permettent donc de caractriser indirectement les travailleurs du secteur informel selon leurs caractristiques socio-conomiques. Elles permettent aussi de faire des distinctions gographiques entre arrondissements. Finalement, ni le statut rsidentiel, ni le nombre de travailleurs indpendants ne semblent tre en mesure dvaluer le niveau de lemploi informel, mais ils permettent danalyser certaines caractristiques importantes de la prcarit. Cependant ces oprations, comme toutes les oprations similaires, portent exclusivement sur la population rsidente en ville (donc pour une dure de six mois ou plus), quelle soit migrante ou non ; elles occultent totalement les personnes en dplacement temporaire ou visiteurs , prsents pour moins de six mois conscutifs en ville et qui sont donc considres comme rsidentes dans leur lieu dorigine. Ces personnes forment un important stock de population flottante , dont la

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caractristique principale au Vit-nam est quelle est souvent venue en ville pour y travailler, tout en vivant entre ville et campagne. Ces visiteurs en ville ne sont jamais compts dans les enqutes reprsentatives alors que leur grande majorit travaille prcisment dans le secteur informel et forme lessentiel des pauvres en ville et des moins pauvres de la campagne Nous sommes ici dans linconnu, ce qui met en lumire la ncessit imprieuse dune enqute reprsentative sur le thme des dplacements temporaires et de la pauvret dans les mtropoles vietnamiennes. LOffice de la Statistique vient de raliser une enqute sur la pauvret urbaine (UPS) destine combler une partie de cette lacune ; elle peut encore tre amliore. Une enqute par sondage base sur un chantillon dlots est ici propose. Seule une connaissance plus complte de linformalit permettra de concevoir des politiques destines amliorer la prise en compte et le fonctionnement du secteur informel, essentiel dans le contexte vietnamien, et amliorer les conditions de vie des travailleurs et des familles concernes. -------------------------------Informal Employment for Rural Migrants in Urban Labor Market in the Red River Delta: a comparative analysis of sector choice and earnings with urban migrants and urban residents (Hanoi, Hai Phong and Hai Duong) (NGUYEN HUU CHI, National Economic University, IRD, Vietnam) This paper uses the data obtained from Vietnam Migration Survey in 2004 to investigate the question on rural-urban migration and the participation of rural migrants in urban labor market, particularly in informal employment, in a comparative perspective. The urban centers chosen in this study are three cities (Hanoi, Hai Phong and Hai Duong) considered as having largest inward flows of rural migrants from provinces within the Red River Delta as well as other regions. We carried out comparative analysis to shed light on the differences in terms of sector choice and earnings between rural migrants and those who migrate from other urban area as well as urban natives. The question to be answered through these analysis is whether those who migrate from rural areas and are informally employed are discriminated against. Classical hypothesis on the role of informal employment playing as temporary state has also been tested in this paper by logit regression analysis. Results suggest earnings discrimination against informal workers, no matter whether their departure is. However, among them, rural migrants are found to be more disadvantaged. We found no evidence on the correlation between state of being informally employed and the intent to leave for both rural and urban migrants. This implies that though engaging in jobs with income level located in the lower end of overall earnings distribution, rural migrants who held informal jobs in the urban labor market of these city centers have been better off than before the migration. -------------------------------Impacts of international migration on employment in the informal sector: the case of Vietnam (TRAN THI BICH, NGUYEN HUU CHI, NGUYEN THI XUAN MAI, AND NGO THI PHUONG THAO, The National Economics University of Hanoi) This paper investigates the impact of international migration on job creation in the informal sector in Vietnam. Using the national representative household data in 2008, the results show no differential in self-employment between migrant and non-migrant households. International migration does matter only if business scales are taken into account. The study reveals the ineffectiveness of government policies in stimulating returnees and migrant households to establish family enterprises. As a result, rather than investing in production, a proportion of remittances is spent on other purposes, causing the situation of not working. Our results also show a high unemployment rate among returnees, raising concerns about the lasting impact of international migration. --------------------------------

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Diversification in land and labor allocation in response to shocks among small-scale farmers in central Vietnam (TUNG PHUNG DUC & H. WAIBEL, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany) The paper analyzes the relationship between the allocation of labor and land, the number of crops grown and income sources of rural households in Vietnam, and different types of shocks and risks. It uses data from the first phase of a household survey conducted within the scope of the DFG research project Impact of Shocks on the Vulnerability to poverty: Consequences for Development of Emerging Southeast Asian Economies. The results suggest that households diversify their portfolios (labor and land) into different income generating- activities in order to cope with shocks. Households that have experienced more shocks deversify their crops and income sources higher than others. In addition, the high-risk expectation households diversify their labor more than the low risk expectation households. The access to credit and market, irrigration and land fragmentation, the number of household labor, the education of the household head, and the wealth of the household are also very important factors that impact on the diversification level of the households. Keywords: Diversification, risk management, risk coping strategies, Vietnam -------------------------------Informal micro-finance: institutional framework to stimulate development in rural areas (NGUYEN VAN HUAN, Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam) The informal sector is playing an important role as it contributes to job creation. According to a 2008 survey conducted by the Vietnamese Institute of Economics in the Southern Economic Zone, the informal sector created over 30 per cent of jobs in the rural areas. Informal micro-finance is playing an important role in helping the informal sector function better, thereby creating more jobs for the poor in rural Vietnam. Non-government voluntary mechanisms based on social bonds are having an important impact on the development of micro-finance. It is time for some formal mechanism to go along with a voluntary arrangement in order to organize micro-finance as a means to support the effective functioning of the informal sector, which will in turn contribute to job creation for the rural poor after WTO accession. Possible ways to develop the necessary institutions that may promote the development of microfinance may include: - Facilitation of the transformation of micro-finance groups into consistent, standard-based and well-organised groups; - Development of a legal framework on micro-finance with due considerations given to WTO implications so as to maximize the benefits of WTO membership; - Formation of a forum for information exchange across rural micro-finance groups; - Development of a human resources strategy to make sure of the capacity of micro-finance groups to provide financing in an efficient and convenient manner to the rural poor using the rural informal mechanisms. - Enhancement of financial education provided by rural credit organizations to women microfinance groups and farmer micro-finance groups. - Development of insurance to guard against risks involved in micro-finance. The institutional solutions aimed at promoting informal micro-finance in conjunction with selfsustained, community-based mechanisms should be seen in the context of the pounding impacts of market mechanism, which is eroding the voluntarism that used to glue rural communities together. The positive aspects of such micro-finance structures as they develop should help to improve the cohesion of rural communities in the face of market risks and other risks in life. --------------------------------

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Wage determinants and discriminations among immigrant laborers: The case of the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam (HUYNH TRUONG HUY, Antwerpen University, Belgium) Economic development towards manufactures and exports is often associated with a transition of labor structure away from agricultural sector and rural area. Rural to urban migration of the Mekong Delta is increasingly recorded and accounts for 31.5% of the total migrants living in Ho Chi Minh city, where is the most attractive destination for most migrants in Viet Nam. This paper attempts to analyze wages and determinants of wages among immigrant laborers who are from the Mekong Delta region. Mincertype model of wages is used to measure marginal effects of wages along with variables of human capital. Several interesting findings are following: first, human capital stock has significant positive effects on monthly wage for general laborers; especially, job-skill is seen as a decisive factor on wage. Secondly, wage discriminations are found among immigrant laborers concerning residence registration, marital status, classes of working, and ownership statuses of work unit. Further results also contribute effectively to a better understanding of this domain in Viet Nam as well as in the Mekong Delta region. -------------------------------The benefits of formalization: evidence from Vietnamese SMEs (J. RAND & N. TORM, University of Copenhagen, Danemark) Based on unique panel data consisting of both formal and informal firms, this paper examines the relationship between legal status and firm level outcomes in micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. The paper highlights the complexity of defining firm informality, and using different formality definitions, we investigate whether formalization is associated with a change in profits, investments, access to credit and the status of workers, controlling for initial conditions or time-variant factors that may simultaneously influence the decision to formalize and subsequent firm performance. We find causal evidence that becoming officially registered leads to an increase in profits and investments, and a decrease in the use of casual labor thereby improving contract conditions for workers. Thus, we conclude that formalizing is beneficial both to firms and the workers in these firms. Keywords: Formality, Employment, Vietnam

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II.4. SECTORAL ALLOCATION AND SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS

Impact of Informal Sector on Poverty and Employment in Nepal Micro-level Study of Chitwan District (M.K. AGARWAL, University of Lucknow, R. C. DHAKAL, Nepal) When the landlocked Himalayan kingdom of Nepal is still struggling to raise the level of its economic growth and development, majority of the people find refuge in the informal sector in the absence of slow growing formal sector. The present micro level study is about the rural and urban locations of the Chitwan district, also known as Rapti Valley. Most of the people are engaged in the informal sector that has varying effects on them in terms of income generation. The latter seems to be determined mainly by the household property, level of literacy and the number of persons employed in any unit. Although there is no apparent differentiation in the income earnings between males and females, the latter seem to be more efficient and articulate in many ways. Income earnings have been higher in the urban location than the rural. Income level and the factors determining it seems to vary among different social groups in the district. For a better development of the informal sector, government must play the role of effective facilitator. -------------------------------Domestic work and informal employment in Africa: what trade off for women? (J. HERRERA, IRD, DIAL & C. TORELLI, INSEE, DIAL, France) In spite of the ongoing process of demographic transition in most of African countries, the participation of women in the labor market remains still relatively weak. The fall of dependency ratios is closely related to increases in household income and a weaker poverty incidence. One of the keys to understand the weakness of female activity ratios must be sought in the analysis of the determinants of time allocation between house work and market oriented labor. From identical surveys 123 carried out in 10 African countries, we draw up here an assessment of the importance and profile of the domestic work compared to market-oriented work. The analysis of time use within the households enables us to tackle the question of intra-household inequalities (seldom studied) in the allocation of the domestic and market oriented labor. A simple time-allocation model taking into account the socio-economic characteristics of individuals and households (gender, religion, migratory status, education, etc) as well as the demographic characteristics, by controlling the country specific effects makes it possible to better understand the trade-offs between the two forms of activity. Travail domestique et emploi informel en Afrique : quel arbitrage pour les femmes ? Javier Herrera (IRD-DIAL), Constance Torelli (INSEE-DIAL) En dpit du processus en cours de transition dmographique dans la plupart des pays africains, la participation des femmes au march du travail reste encore relativement faible. La baisse des ratios de dpendance est troitement lie de meilleurs revenus et une incidence plus faible de la pauvret. Une des clefs pour comprendre la faiblesse des taux dactivit fminins doit tre cherche dans lanalyse des dterminants de lallocation entre travail domestique et emploi. A partir des enqutes 123 identiques menes dans 10 pays africains, on dresse ici un bilan de limportance et du profil du travail domestique par rapport au travail marchand. Lexamen de lusage du temps au sein des mnages nous permet daborder la question d'ingalits intra-mnage (aspect rarement tudi) dans la rpartition des tches domestiques. Un modle simple dallocation du temps prenant en compte les caractristiques socio-conomiques des individus et mnages (sexe, religion, statut migratoire, ducation, etc.) ainsi que les caractristiques dmographiques, en contrlant les effets spcifiques pays permet de mieux comprendre larbitrage entre les deux formes dactivit. --------------------------------

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Intergenerational transmission of self-employed status in the informal sector: a constrained choice or better income prospects? Evidence from seven West-African countries (L. PASQUIER DOUMER, IRD-DIAL, France) Social reproduction is the highest for self-employed as shown by an extensive literature from developed and developing countries. Very few studies however document the reason for this high intergenerational correlation of the self-employed status. The rare studies deal with US data and show that offspring of self-employed benefit from a comparative advantage when they are themselves selfemployed. This is mainly due to the intergenerational transmission of informal human capital in the form of general managerial skills and/or enterprise-specific skills. Transmission of physical capital contributes also to this advantage but to a lesser extent. The purpose of this paper is to test if second-generation self-employed has a comparative advantage relatively to first-generation ones in the African context. It aims at highlighting the debate between the vision of informal sector as the less-advantaged sector of a dualistic labor market and the one as a sector of personal choice and dynamic entrepreneurship. The existence of a comparative advantage supports the second hypothesis. This question is particularly relevant in the African context as inequalities and social immobility are very high and as informal sector is the main job provider and the source of income of a large part of the population. Using 1-2-3 surveys collected in the commercial capitals of seven West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries in 2001-2002, this paper shows that the second-generation informal self-employed does not have better outcomes than the first-generation self-employed, except when they inherit a tradition in the choice of the sector of activity. So, in the African context, having a self-employed father does not provide any comparative advantage in terms of profit or sales and is not sufficient for the transmission of a valuable informal human capital. The high rate of occupational immobility across generations of informal self-employed owners is then not explained by the existence of such comparative advantage but more probably by the structure of the labour market, the transmission of a taste for independence and autonomy and/or a low capacity to aspire. On the other hand, informal entrepreneurs whose inherit of an enterprise-specific tradition have a comparative advantage when their capital does not exceed a certain threshold. Their comparative advantage is partly explained by the transmission of enterprise-specific human capital acquired thanks to experiences in the familial enterprise and by the transmission of social capital that guarantee a better clientele and a reputation. Better access to capital does not contribute to this advantage. Proxies of human, physical and social capitals are unable however to explain a large part of the comparative advantage. It suggests the existence of an ability bias. Entrepreneur dans le secteur informel : un choix contraint ou une rente intergnrationnelle ? Le cas de sept pays ouest-africains, Laure Pasquier-Doumer, UMR DIAL-IRD Dans les pays dvelopps comme dans les pays en dveloppement, il apparat que la reproduction sociale est la plus forte chez les petits entrepreneurs : la corrlation entre le statut professionnel des parents et celui de leurs enfants est la plus leve lorsque les parents sont des indpendants. Les tudes portant sur les Etats-Unis montre que les enfants de micro-entrepreneurs ont un avantage comparatif lorsquils suivent la voie de leurs parents principalement, travers la transmission intergnrationnelle dun capital humain informel. Ce capital peut prendre la forme de comptence gnrale de gestion dune entreprise ou encore des comptences spcifiques un secteur particulier. La transmission de capital physique joue galement un rle mais de plus faible ampleur. Lobjet de cet article est dvaluer si dans le contexte africain, la seconde gnration dentrepreneurs informels dispose dun avantage comparatif relativement aux entrepreneurs de premire gnration, cest--dire ceux dont les parents ntaient pas indpendants dans le secteur informel. Il vise ainsi clairer le dbat sur le secteur informel qui oppose la vision du secteur informel comme secteur faibles rendements, rserv aux exclus dun secteur formel satur et que lon intgre de faon contrainte, celle dun secteur dynamique, trs htrogne et dans lequel les rendements des capitaux humains et physiques peuvent tre plus levs que dans le secteur formel. La mise en vidence de labsence ou de la prsence dune rente intergnrationnelle des entrepreneurs informels de seconde

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gnration va dans le sens respectivement de la premire et de la seconde de ces hypothses. Cette question est dautant plus pertinente dans le contexte africain que les ingalits et limmobilit sociale sont particulirement leves en Afrique et que le secteur informel y est le principal pourvoyeur demploi et la source de revenu dune grande partie de la population. A partir des enqutes 1-2-3 ralises dans les sept capitales de lUnion Economique et Montaire Ouest-Africaine (UEMOA) en 2001-2002, cet article montre que les entrepreneurs de seconde gnration nont pas de meilleurs rsultats en termes de profit ou de ventes que ceux de premire gnration, sauf lorsquils suivent une tradition familiale dans le choix de leur secteur dactivit. Ainsi, il apparat quavoir un pre indpendant dans un secteur de linformel diffrent du sien ne permet pas dacqurir des comptences gnrales de gestion dune entreprise, valorisable sur le march. Le taux lev dimmobilit sociale parmi les enfants dentrepreneurs ne semble donc pas sexpliquer par la transmission dun avantage comparatif mais plutt par un choix contraint par la structure du march du travail ou par la transmission dun got pour lindpendance ou encore par une autolimitation des aspirations. En revanche, les entrepreneurs qui hritent dune tradition familiale spcifique un secteur dispose dun avantage comparatif lorsque leur entreprise ne dpasse pas un certain niveau de capital. Cet avantage comparatif sexplique en partie par la transmission intergnrationnelle de capital humain informel spcifique leur activit et acquise en se formant dans lentreprise familiale. Il sexplique galement par la transmission dun capital social assurant un rseau de clientle et une rputation. Il est en revanche peu li un meilleur accs au capital. Une part importante de cet avantage reste cependant inexplique mettant en avant la prsence dhtrognit inobserve. -------------------------------To be or to become an informal sector worker in Cameroon: the role of social capital and of capital (C. KANA KENFACK, INS, Cameroun) In this study, we propose to determine the role of social capital and human capital on the fact of being or becoming employed in the informal sector. To do this, in reviewing the assumptions of an existing model, we have proposed a theoretical framework for choosing between self-employment in the formal and informal sectors. The results of this theoretical model show that an individual whose human capital and social capital are high is more likely to move towards self-employment in the formal sector, especially given the reduced entry costs. The analysis was made using three types of econometric models. The multinomial model allowed us to understand the impact of the individual and environmental characteristics of a person employed in the informal sector; the transition model allowed us to identify the influence of these same characteristics on becoming employed in the informal sector; and, finally, the model of regime change allowed us to understand the influence of the income difference between being self-employed in the formal and informal sectors on the decision to be self-employed in the informal sector. According to our results, human capital influences the probability of being, becoming or remaining self-employed. Persons with higher education are more likely to be or become self-employed in the formal sector. However, in the informal sector, the probability of being, becoming or remaining self-employed is higher with at least high school education. The social environment has a positive impact on the transition from self-employment in the informal sector to an employee with a salary. Persons whose father receives a salary or is selfemployed are more likely to become self-employed in the informal sector with a salary. Finally, the difference in potential revenue is not a particularly important factor for the choice between selfemployment in the formal sector and self-employment with salary in the informal sector. These results will certainly help the Cameroon government when it seeks to put in place a strategy for the migration of informal activities to formal ones. Keywords: Self-employed, informal sector, human capital, social capital, multinomial model, transition model, model of regime change.

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Etre ou devenir travailleur du secteur informel au Cameroun : le rle du capital social et du capital, KANA KENFACK CHRISTOPHE, Statistician and Economist Engineer Dans cette tude, nous nous sommes proposs de dterminer le rle du capital social et du capital humain sur le fait dtre ou de devenir travailleur du secteur informel. Pour cela, en rvisant les hypothses dun modle existant, nous avons propos un fondement thorique de larbitrage entre travail indpendant du secteur formel et du secteur informel. Les rsultats de ce modle thorique font apparatre quun individu dont le capital humain et le capital social sont levs est davantage susceptible de sorienter vers lemploi indpendant du secteur formel, notamment du faite de la rduction des cots dentre engendre. Lestimation conomtrique a t faite laide de trois types de modle conomtrique. Le modle multinomial a permis dapprhender limpact des caractristiques individuelles et environnementales dune personne sur le fait dtre travailleur du secteur informel; le modle de transition a permis de saisir linfluence des mmes caractristiques sur le fait de devenir travailleur du secteur informel, en fin, le modle de changement de rgime nous a permis dapprhender linfluence de la diffrence de revenu entre travailleur indpendant du secteur formel et du secteur informel sur la dcision dtre travailleur indpendant du secteur informel. Au regard des rsultats obtenus, le capital humain a une influence sur la probabilit dtre, de devenir ou de rester travailleur indpendant. Les personnes ayant suivies des tudes suprieures ont plus de chance dtre ou devenir des travailleurs indpendants du secteur formel. Alors que dans le secteur informel, la probabilit dtre, de devenir ou de rester travailleur indpendant est plus leve lorsquon a suivi au plus des tudes secondaires. Lenvironnement social a un impact positif sur la transition dans le statut dindpendant du secteur informel avec salari. Les personnes dont le pre est salari ou indpendant ont plus de chance de devenir travailleur indpendant du secteur informel avec salari. En fin le diffrentiel de revenu potentiel ne constitue pas un facteur particulirement important pour larbitrage entre travail indpendant du secteur formel et travail indpendant du secteur informel avec salari. Ces rsultats aideront certainement le gouvernement camerounais au moment o il cherche mettre en place une stratgie de migration des activits informelle vers les activits formelles. Mots cls: Travailleur indpendant, secteur informel, capital humain, capital social, modle multinomial, modle de transition, modle de changement de rgime. -------------------------------Does forced solidarity hamper entrepreneurial activity? Evidence from seven West-African countries 19 (M. GRIMM, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Netherland; F. GUBERT, IRD-DIAL, France; O. KORIKO, Afristat, Mali, J. LAY, University of Gottingen, Germany, C.J. NORDMAN, IRD-DIAL, France) Today, it is widely recognized that social networks are an important determinant for entrepreneurial success, in particular in a context in which capital, labour and insurance market imperfections prevail. However, many anthropologists emphasize that some forms of social networks, such as kinship ties can also have adverse effects because such ties are often based on abusive redistributive pressure and forced solidarity. The empirical backup of such effects is rather weak and the existing evidence is rather of anecdotic nature. In this paper, we develop a model of the urban household and derive testable assumptions on how social network capital affects the households allocation of resources to productive activities. Using an original data set of West-African entrepreneurs, we find that local social networks within the city have positive effects on factor use and hence value added. Transfers within these local city networks seem to be based on reciprocity. However, we also find robust negative effects associated with social networks tied to the village of origin. These effects get diluted
This research is part of a project entitled Unlocking potential: Tackling economic, institutional and social constraints of informal entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa (http://www.iss.nl/informality) funded by the Austrian, German, Norwegian, and Korean Government through the Multi Donor Trust Fund Project: Labor Markets, Job Creation, and Economic Growth, Scaling up Research, Capacity Building, and Action on the Ground. The financial support is gratefully acknowledged 69
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with geographical distance, probably because with rising distance it is easier to hide the generated income and to protect it from abusive demands. We also find evidence that households transfer less out of profits if they split up their enterprises. An expansion of formal support mechanisms that can help if social networks are lacking and the implementation or expansion of existing basic support systems, in particular insurance against basic risks may reduce the necessity for inter-household transfers and make it easier for entrepreneurs to save and to invest. Key-words: Kinship, Forced solidarity, social networks, informal sector, firm growth, West-Africa. -------------------------------Satisfaction at work and informal sector in Vietnam (J.-M. WACHSBERGER, Universit de Lille III, DIAL, France, M. RAZAFINDRAKOTO, F. ROUBAUD, IRD, DIAL, Hanoi) Regarding the informal sector in developing countries, two schematic opposite views prevail. According to the first one, which is more specifically an economic views, this sector could be the sign of the labour market segmentation induced by the structural excess of labour supply and the insufficient absorption capacity of the modern sector in peripheral economies. This sector will then merely form a reserve of labour supply for the formal sector. It constitutes a dominated form of production where low remuneration, precarious working conditions and a high-rate of underemployment are prevailing. On the contrary, a second view, more often put forward by anthropologists and sociologists, tends to consider the informal sector as form of popular and familiar economy, anchored in traditional values, a space for solidarity and sociability, or a stepping stone for nascent entrepreneurs, poor but creative and proud of their autonomy. This paper is aiming at contributing to this debate by investigating the job satisfaction procured by the informal sector in Vietnam. Elaborating on recent works conducted in other developing countries on this issue, we consider that job satisfaction is a sound indicator to evaluate the quality of jobs. Comparing the level of job satisfaction in the informal sector and other institutional sectors provides key element to evaluate the nature and the role of the informal sector. Our empirical data come from the last Labor Force Survey, conducted in 2009 by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, on a 16,000 household representative sample at the national level. In this survey, the job satisfaction question is formulated as follows All things considered, how satisfied is [NAME] with his/her job?. Five options are offered to the interviewee, along an ordinal scale: Very unsatisfied, Unsatisfied, Nor unsatisfied, nor satisfied, Satisfied, Very satisfied. Taking into account the socio-demographic characteristics of the individuals, income and labour conditions attached to the job, this study intends to estimate the intrinsic value of working in the informal sector compared to other kind of jobs (public, private formal, etc.). Satisfaction dans lemploi et secteur informel au Vietnam, Jean-Michel Wachsberger, DIAL, Lille 3, France, Mireille Razafindrakoto et Franois Roubaud, IRD, DIAL, Hanoi On peut opposer schmatiquement deux grandes visions du secteur informel dans les pays en dveloppement. Selon la premire, plus spcifiquement conomique, ce secteur pourrait tre la marque dune segmentation du march du travail provoque par lexcdent structurel de main duvre et linsuffisante capacit dabsorption du secteur moderne des conomies priphriques. Il constituerait alors une simple rserve de main duvre pour le secteur formel et une forme de production domine au sein de laquelle prvaudraient la faiblesse des rmunrations, la prcarit des conditions de travail et un taux lev de sous-emploi. La seconde vision, plus frquemment dfendue par des sociologues ou des anthropologues, tend considrer au contraire le secteur informel comme une conomie populaire et familiale ancre dans les valeurs morales traditionnelles, un espace de solidarit et de convivialit, ou encore une ppinire dentrepreneurs pauvres mais inventifs et fiers de leur indpendance. Ce travail vise apporter une contribution ce dbat en sintressant la satisfaction que les emplois du secteur informel au Vietnam procurent ceux qui les exercent. Dans la ligne de travaux rcents mens dans dautres pays en dveloppement sur ce thme, on fait ici lhypothse que la satisfaction dans lemploi constitue un bon indicateur pour valuer la qualit de ces emplois. La comparaison des
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degrs de satisfaction des emplois dans linformel avec ceux des emplois dans les autres secteurs peut tre alors un lment cl pour rflchir la nature et la fonction du secteur informel. On exploite ici les donnes de lenqute emploi (Labor Force Survey) de lOffice Gnral de la Statistique de 2009 mene auprs dun chantillon reprsentatif de la population nationale de 16 000 mnages. Dans cette enqute, la satisfaction dans lemploi est observe directement partir de la question En tenant compte de tout, dans quelle mesure tes-vous satisfait de votre travail dont les modalits de rponse sont Trs insatisfait, Insatisfait, Normal, Satisfait, Trs satisfait . En tenant compte des caractristiques sociodmographiques des individus, des revenus gnrs par les emplois et des conditions dans lesquelles ils sexercent, ltude se propose de rendre compte de la valeur quont les emplois dans le secteur informel aux yeux de ceux qui les occupent, notamment en comparaison dautres types demplois (publics, etc.).

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III. 1. MICRO AND MACRO DYNAMICS

Links between Poverty Dynamics and the Labor market in Peru. The Role of the Informal Sector (N. HIDALGO, INEI, Peru, J. HERRERA, IRD, DIAL, France) The studies on poverty or those about labor markets have generally been carried out with static approaches and independently of each other. Nevertheless, the link between both is implicit in the assessment of the impact of growth on the generation of good quality jobs and in policies seeking to reduce poverty through the small enterprise's access to microcredit or even in policies that favors productivity increase through in-the-job professional training. Beyond the design of policies, studying the links between labor market and poverty is justified considering of household's primary income and the main characteristics of poverty. In effect, the main source of household income is labor income and workers in informal production units (IPU) accounts for the bulk of the poor. For these reasons, beyond the individual/household characteristics (supply factors) in the analysis of the labor market, it becomes necessary to include among the primary income determinants the characteristics of the production units (demand factors) where workers earn their incomes. In this article we explored the links between poverty and labor market dynamics for the non poor and poor, focusing mainly on the IPU, most of them being very small. We will analyze income growth decomposing its different sources and will focus on labor income. These will be decompose in those factors related to household's demography (number of members, participation rate); those linked directly to the individual remunerations (worked hours, hourly incomes), to the sectoral allocation (branch). Finally, following the methods proposed by Oaxaca-Ramson we will decompose the evolution of hourly incomes by distinguishing changes in returns and changes in workers' characteristics. We will combine a cross section analysis with a dynamic approach using panel data allowing to examine jointly poverty and labor market transitions. We will show to what extent and how the dynamics of the labor market has played a role in the exits and entrances in poverty. -------------------------------Labor informality in Latin America : poverty and vulnerability (R. MAURIZIO, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina) Analysis of the informal sector is very relevant in Latin America. More than half of workers in the region are employed in informal activities, mainly as own-account workers or wage earners in small enterprises. The number of informal workers grew steadily during the nineties associated with insufficient generation of formal jobs in a context of low social protection- and stopped increasing in recent years as a consequence of a greater expansion of employment. However, beyond this regional global panorama, the relevance and structure of informality is very heterogeneous within the region. In some countries, the informal sector represents a relatively low proportion of employment and is more structured. In other countries, the sector is more precarious and workers are at the bottom end of income distribution. Additionally, a close relationship between informality, precariousness and poverty can be found in the countries of the region. This paper aims at analyzing two important aspects related to informality from a comparative point of view. The first is the association between informality and labor precariousness and income segmentation. The second is the relationship between informality and poverty. In order to conduct the study, we selected four countries whose informal sectors are significantly different from each other in their sizes and characteristics. On the one hand, Argentina and Chile whose informal sectors are relatively small in the Latin American context, and, on the other hand, Brazil and Peru, where the opposite is true. Data used in this paper comes from household surveys. This study will contribute to the debate on both the design of public policies for the informal sector and of those policies aimed at giving higher social protection, especially for the most vulnerable groups. Keywords: Labor informality, Latin America, poverty, social protection -------------------------------72

Effect of rural women informal economic activities on employment creation in Imo state, Nigeria (E.C. ONYENECHERE, Imo State University, Nigeria) The current economic situation in Nigeria is not encouraging because of high rate of inflation, youth restiveness, rising unemployment, rising poverty rate, poor performance of public economic sector and decreasing per capital income. However, throughout the third world countries informal economic activities are seen as avenues for poverty reduction, employment generation and improvement in the standards of living. Against this backdrop, this study was carried out to determine the effect of rural women informal economic activities on employment creation. On the whole 2340 respondents were through simple random sampling technique selected for the study. The selection of 9 Local Government Areas and 18 autonomous communities for the study was by randomized stratified sampling technique. The data generated were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric scales. The results show that the greatest contribution of rural women informal economic activities in the study area is the reduction of perennial and seasonal unemployment in the rural areas. This was closely followed by improvement in per capita income and the mobilization and utilization of rural resources. It also revealed that it is farming petty trading, and food/fish processing that contribute significantly to the creation of employment opportunities among rural dwellers in Imo state, Southeast Nigeria, artisan/handicraft does not. The paper recommends that government should provide necessary support and regulatory frame-work to enhance their activities. Rural women in the informal sector need constant supply of electricity, water and other basic infrastructure. Government should revamp its old policies as well as formulate/implement newer policies and programmes that will effectively stimulate demand for goods and services in the rural informal sector, and teach the women entrepreneurs basic techniques of management, plus the use of new equipment and technology. Keywords: Women, Employment, Rural, Informal, Economic. -------------------------------Panel data analysis of the dynamics of labour allocation and earnings in Vietnam (NGUYEN HUU CHI, National Economic University, Vietnam, C. J. NORDMAN, IRD-DIAL, France, F. ROUBAUD, IRD, DIAL, Hanoi) In spite of its predominant economic weight in developing countries, little is known about informal sector dynamics vis--vis the formal sector. Some works have been done in this field using household surveys, but they only consider some emerging Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico) and more recently South Africa. As a matter of consequence, there is still no way to generalize these (diverging) results to other part of the developing world, in particular in countries where the informal sector is the most widespread (Sub-Saharan African, and more generally poor countries). In addition, most of the existing empirical literature on developing countries has analyzed informal sector in a cross-sectional framework. Taking advantage of the rich VHLSS dataset in Vietnam, in particular its three waves panel data (2002, 2004, 2006), we conduct an empirical investigation focusing on two related and specific issues: In a first analysis, we assess the formal/informal earnings gaps. We estimate fixed effects and quantile regressions to control for unobserved individual characteristics, focusing particularly on heterogeneity within both the formal and informal sectors. Our results suggest that the informal sector earnings gap highly depends on the workers job status (wage employment vs. self-employment) and on their relative position in the earnings distribution. Penalties may in some cases turn into premiums. Gender issues are also examined. By comparing our results with studies in other developing countries, we draw some conclusions highlighting the Vietnams labour market specificity with regard to gaps in earnings along the distribution. In a companion paper, we focus on state dependence and job mobility in Vietnam. While it is important to understand why people work in the informal sector, studies on developing countries often neglect the underlying labour market dynamics and more specifically state dependence. Current labour market outcomes may indeed affect future employment prospects, a phenomenon called (true) state dependence. Taking account of the possibility of state dependence has been shown to be an important factor in the analysis of labour market dynamics. For policy makers in developing countries, this issue

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is of great importance. For instance, it might be crucial to know whether informal sector jobs are transitory experiences of the working career and stepping stones to better jobs or whether there exists an informal job trap sticking informal workers into chronic poverty. Using the same VHLSS panel dataset, we estimate a dynamic discrete choice model using a four states multinomial logit model with random effects. The control of unobserved heterogeneity in the model allows us to detect true state dependence. The preliminary results show that state dependence may be of importance in the Vietnamese case. Keywords: informal sector, earnings gap, transition matrix, state dependence, panel data, quantile regressions, dynamic discrete choice model, Vietnam. -------------------------------Informality and income mobility in Mexico and Argentina: a pseudo-panel analysis (F. GROISMAN, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina) The purpose of this paper is to analyze the mobility of labor income in Mexico and Argentina, and its link to labor informality. Given that informal employment is widespread in both economies, this paper proposes to incorporate this dimension in the analysis of income mobility. The hypothesis that guides the research is that labor informality is an expression of segmentation in the labor market; hence, high incidence of informal employment would lead to low levels of relative income mobility. The evidence obtained suggests that labor incomes may vary around the average in groups of workers with similar characteristics, without substantially altering the income differentials between these groups. This scenario supports the need to implement policies oriented to increase mobility in order to reduce high levels of inequality in these economies. Among them, policies would specifically be aimed at improving educational standards and eradicating income differentials associated with the formality/informality of jobs. -------------------------------Paths between the formal and the informal sectors. Case study on Thailand (X. OUDIN, IRDDIAL, France) The dualism and lack of relations between the informal sector and the modern sector is a recurrent topic in the literature on the subject. The differences in income, indirect wages (social protection), working conditions and job stability, as well as the level of education are the most commonly mentioned characteristics to differentiate the two sectors. These are entry barriers to the modern sector while the informal sector is considered as a refuge for those unable to obtain a stable and protected job. Many case studies have confirmed this dualistic view, usually based on the lack of economic relations between the two sectors. However, the passages of individuals between sectors are frequent and this shed a different light on the issue of relations between the two sectors. According to the dualistic view, these passages are theoretically impossible, and when they occur, are always from the informal sector into the modern sector. The study of the career paths of a sample of entrepreneurs in the informal sector in Thailand overturned this type of analysis. We found instead that many informal entrepreneurs in the past have held a job in the modern sector. The same analysis from a sample of persons employed in the modern sector shows that the reverse is rare: very few would leave a job as self employed to work as a wageworker in the modern sector. However, informal sector employees move more often to the modern sector. In both samples, we can analyse the change of status by characteristics of the individuals as well as by the reason of this change. Most often, the move toward informal is made voluntarily with the objective of improving the quality of work and life. Independent work remains the ideal of life for many Thais. This paper explores the educational and career paths of these workers by selected characteristics and type of trajectory. Comparisons are made with Vietnam from a survey conducted in 1996.

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The study of transitions in the work life challenges an overly dualistic vision of the economy and the society. Without denying the structural differences between the two sectors, we find that the analysis of segmented labor markets does not necessarily correspond to the experiences of individuals. Trajectoires entre le secteur moderne et le secteur informel, Etude de cas sur la Thalande, Xavier Oudin, IRD-DIAL, France Le dualisme et labsence de liens entre le secteur informel et le secteur moderne sont un thme rcurrent de la littrature sur le sujet. Le diffrentiel de revenus, de salaires indirects (protection sociale), de conditions de travail et de stabilit de lemploi, le niveau dducation requis sont les caractristiques les plus souvent cites qui diffrencient les deux secteurs, au dtriment du secteur informel. Ces barrires lentre du secteur moderne font alors du secteur informel un secteur refuge pour des personnes incapables dobtenir un emploi stable et protg. De nombreuses tudes de cas corroborent cette vision dualiste, bases le plus souvent sur labsence de relations conomiques entre les deux secteurs. Il est cependant un aspect peu tudi qui est celui des passages des individus entre secteurs. Selon la vision dualiste, ces passages sont thoriquement impossibles, et quand ils ont lieu, sont toujours dans le sens du secteur informel vers le secteur moderne. Ltude des trajectoires professionnelles dun chantillon dentrepreneurs du secteur informel en Thalande infirme ce type danalyse. On constate au contraire que de nombreux entrepreneurs informels ont occup dans le pass un emploi du secteur moderne. La mme analyse, partir dun chantillon de personnes occupant un emploi dans le secteur moderne montre que linverse est rarissime : on ne quitte pas un emploi de travailleur indpendant pour un emploi salari dans le secteur moderne. Cependant, les salaris du secteur informel voluent volontiers vers le secteur moderne. Dans ces deux chantillons, on peut analyser les changements de statuts selon les caractristiques des personnes concernes et selon les raisons de ce changement. Le plus souvent, le passage vers linformel est dsir et se traduit une amlioration de la qualit de lemploi. Lidal de vie professionnelle pour les Thalandais reste celui dun travail indpendant, plutt que salari, mme dans de bonnes conditions. Ce papier explore les trajectoires ducatives et professionnelles de ces travailleurs selon diverses caractristiques et types de trajectoire. Des comparaisons sont faites avec le Vietnam partir dune enqute en 1996. Ltude des transitions dans la vie professionnelle remet en question une vision trop dualiste de lconomie et de la socit. Sans nier les diffrences structurelles entre les deux secteurs, on saperoit quune reprsentation rigide de la segmentation du march du travail ne correspond ncessairement pas au vcu des individus. Assessing the impact of the global crisis on the labour market and the informal sector in Vietnam (J.-P. CLING, M. RAZAFINDRAKOTO, F. ROUBAUD, IRD-DIAL, Hanoi, Vietnam) Although the impact was less dramatic than in other Asian countries, Vietnam has been affected by the international crisis which started in 2008, resulting in a significant slowdown of economic growth. This paper aims at assessing the impact of this economic crisis on employment, unemployment and the informal sector. We start by describing the structure and evolution of the labour market in Vietnam over the last decade. Three characteristics especially deserve to be underlined: the low but growing share of wage employment; the declining share of agriculture, which still represents half of total employment; and the predominant share of the informal sector, which is the first employer out of agriculture. Our projections forecast that employment in the informal sector will grow, even without the crisis and even with a high rate of economic growth such as observed during the last few years. This is consistent with the dualist approach of the informal sector, where the modern formal sector cannot absorb all the labour supply, which is growing quickly because of urban/rural transition and demographic growth. This feature will result in an urgent need to put in place specific policies to tackle informal sector low productivity and its manpowers lack of labour protection. Contrarily to previous studies on this subject, we anticipate a very small increase of unemployment because of the crisis. According to our simulations, most of the impact of the crisis in terms of
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employment was actually felt in the informal sector, where most new entrants on the labour market and laid-off workers will end up working. We also put in evidence the formidable flexibility of the labor market in Vietnam, which permits to mitigate the negative impact of the global crisis. Our calculations based on the first results of the Labour Force Survey 2009 (conducted after the beginning of the economic recovery) show indeed a slight growth of the informal sector between 2007 and 2009. While the main structures of the labor market remained globally unaffected, the principal variable of adjustment during the slowdown has actually been the working hours. On the other hand, to compensate for this contraction in available hours, more workers had to find additional sources of income by getting a second job, which lead to an increase of the multi-activity rate.

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III. 2. CONCEPTS AND MEASURES (2): NATIONAL EXPERIENCES

The informal sector and National accounts (M. SERUZIER, Comptable national, France) Thanks to the work of statisticians studies (formalized through two of their conferences), the informality phenomenon is now quite widely known, and topical surveys could be established in many of the relevant countries. On the other hand, and in parallel, various national accountants have been developing over many years specific methods to evaluate the parts of the unknown economy or littleknown by way of statistical surveys, thus succeeding in reaching, even without naming it, a certain measure of informality. Most evidently, the informal sector, as well as the informal employment, belong to these areas national accountancy is seeking to measure. Notwithstanding, concepts convergence took some time to be implemented: the last reviewing of the SCN only recently formalized the importance the informal economy occupies in the central framework. And a lot of work remains to be done to ensure the convergence of methods which will allow proper measurement. It is toward this convergence that this very paper wishes to contribute. As far as statistical production is concerned, surveys currently available bring forward a vital information as to our knowledge of informality; however, it remains unable to inform us on its relative share of the national economy. For its part, national accountancy does not have the necessary conceptual tools to directly measure this informality. We all agree it is its duty to measure it, but as part of a larger framework. The convergence of concepts is a necessary prerequisite. In order to situate the measurement of informality in reference to the rest of the economy of the country, a required step is to describe properly the modalities of informality elaboration in the SNAs (System of National Account) framework. The most important factor, however, concerns the measure of the economy itself, whether formal or informal. Thanks to the surveys being carried out, it is now possible to reach a direct statistical measure of this informal economy, even if it is more particularly concerned with statistical nonobservation. On the other hand, an exhaustive evaluation of the national economy by the national accountants can fill in the part of the informal economy that statistics cannot take into account. But if this macro-economic evaluation is used as a basis, we are then in a position to build an account of the informal sector that is compatible with the other aggregates of the national economy. This is what the SNA manual refers to as a satellite account. Our first paragraph focuses on the contribution made by the 2008 SCN reviewing, allowing us to describe the content of the proposed partnership (.2). As one of the measurement difficulties springs from the failings of statistics, one paragraph is devoted to their impact on the workings of the national accountant, workings it is our duty to explain to those less familiar with the context (.4). It will then be possible to introduce a method that has already been used in various countries, to allow integrated measurement of the informal economy: this presentation caters mostly for national accountants willing to implement it. One specific paragraph aims specifically at the elaboration of a job matrix, a strategic step with this methodology. But evaluation of the informal economy inside the central framework is not sufficient to provide an account of all its specificities; this measurement must be reinforced by the setting-up of a satellite account (.7). These measures point to the need of new statistical requirements, which we will be introduced in .8. Secteur informel et comptabilit nationale, un partenariat ncessaire, M. SERUZIER, Comptable national, France Grce aux travaux des statisticiens du travail (formaliss dans le cadre de deux de leurs confrences), le phnomne de linformalit est maintenant bien cern, et des enqutes adaptes ont pu tre mises en place dans de nombreux pays concerns. Par ailleurs, et paralllement, certains comptables nationaux ont dvelopp depuis longtemps des mthodes pour valuer les zones de lconomie pas ou peu connues par les enqutes statistiques, parvenant ainsi, sans la nommer, une certaine mesure de linformalit. Et ceci nest pas surprenant, car aussi bien le secteur informel que lemploi informel appartiennent aux domaines que cherche mesurer la comptabilit nationale.

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Pour autant, la convergence des concepts a mis du temps se mettre en place : cest tout rcemment que la dernire rvision du SCN a formalis la place que lconomie informelle occupe dans le cadre central. Et beaucoup de travail reste faire pour assurer la convergence des mthodes qui en permettent la mesure. Cest cette convergence que la prsente communication souhaite contribuer. Du ct de la production statistique, les enqutes actuellement disponibles apportent une information de premire main pour la connaissance de linformalit ; mais elles ne peuvent informer sur sa part relative dans lconomie nationale. Et pour sa part, la comptabilit nationale ne dispose pas des instruments conceptuels lui permettant une mesure directe de cette informalit. Certes, il lui revient de la mesurer, mais comme une partie dun ensemble plus vaste. La convergence des concepts est un pralable ncessaire. Cest pourquoi il convient de bien dcrire les modalits selon lesquelles linformalit prend place au sein des concepts proposs par le SCN (Systme de Comptabilit Nationale), condition ncessaire pour en situer la mesure en rfrence au reste de lconomie du pays. Mais le plus important porte sur la mesure proprement dite de lconomie, quelle soit formelle ou informelle. Grce aux enqutes qui se mettent en place, il est maintenant possible dapprocher une mesure statistique directe de cette conomie informelle, mme si la non observation statistique la concerne plus particulirement. En contrepartie, une valuation exhaustive de lconomie nationale par les comptables nationaux est en mesure de combler la partie de lconomie informelle que la statistique nest pas en mesure dobserver. Et sur la base de cette valuation macroconomique, on est alors en mesure de construire un compte de linformalit compatible avec les autres agrgats de lconomie nationale. Cest ce que le manuel du SCN dsigne sous le terme de compte satellite . Le premier paragraphe de ce document fait le point sur la contribution de la rvision 2008 du SCN, ce qui permet de dcrire le contenu du partenariat propos (.2). Comme une des difficults de la mesure provient des insuffisances de la statistique, un paragraphe est consacr leur impact sur les travaux du comptable national, travaux quil convient de prsenter ceux qui ne sont pas du mtier (.4). Il est alors possible dintroduire une mthode dj utilise dans diffrents pays, qui permet une mesure intgre de lconomie informelle : cette prsentation est plus particulirement destine aux comptables nationaux dsireux de la mettre en uvre. Un paragraphe spcifique est dailleurs consacr llaboration de la matrice des emplois, point stratgique de cette mthodologie. Mais la mesure de lconomie informelle au sein du cadre central est insuffisante pour rendre compte de toutes ses caractristiques ; cette mesure doit tre complte par llaboration dun compte satellite (.7). Et tout ceci fait apparatre de nouveaux besoins statistiques, lesquels sont prsents au .8. ------------------------------Measurement and integration of the informal sector in the National accounts : the case of Peru, Jos Luis ROBLES FRANCO, Economist at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, with a Masters in Economics, in the field of Business and Regional Development. Household Account Executive Director of the National Accounts under the National Statistics Institute, Lima - Peru The new National Accounts System Manual (SCN93_2008) in Chapter 25 provides recommendations to countries for the measurement of Informal Sector and Informal Employment in the Economy, taking as framework the Resolutions of the XV and XVII International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) in 1993 and 2003 respectively. The SCN93_2008 seeks to achieve international comparability in the measurement of the economy, providing the conceptual framework and considerations for the measurement of informal sector, based on criteria that may be operational. In this context we present the document "Proposal for the Measurement and Integration of the Informal Sector in the National Accounts System" from the author's experience in the development of National Accounts of Peru and specifically in the preparation of Household Accounts. The Informal Sector is part of the Household Institutional Sector of National Accounts System. The households in the economy play the role of final consumers. However, and especially in many developing countries, households also play a productive role as owners of unincorporated business, except quasicorporations. It is within this scenario that the informal sector develops. It is emphasized that the analysis unit of the informal sector is the production unit or establishment owned by households. The measurement criteria arise from operational definitions and mixed survey

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methodologies or two phase survey methodologies: home business and households. It is to be noted as well the intensive use of the employment and income pattern, and their compatibility with the other institutional sectors accounts of the economy. The new SCN93_2008 raises the matter of the development of the production accounts and income generation in the informal sector, as well as the employment implied in these productive units. It also presents some criteria for the measurement of informal employment in the economy in accordance with the Seventeenth ICLS. Medicin e Integracin del Sector Informal en el Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales : el caso peruano, Expositor: Jos Luis Robles Franco, Economista por la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, con estudios de Maestra en Economa, mencin Desarrollo Empresarial y Regional. Director Ejecutivo de Cuentas de Hogares de la Direccin Nacional de Cuentas Nacionales del Instituto Nacional de Estadstica de Lima - Per El nuevo Manual del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales (SCN93_2008) en su captulo 25 da recomendaciones a los pases para la medicin del Sector Informal y del Empleo Informal en la Economa, tomando como marco las Resoluciones de la XV y XVII Conferencias Internacionales de Estadsticos del Trabajo (CIET) de 1993 y 2003 respectivamente. El SCN93_2008 busca lograr la comparabilidad internacional en la medicin de la economa, aportando el marco conceptual, as como consideraciones para la medicin del sector informal, a partir de criterios susceptibles de operativizar. En este contexto se presenta el documento Propuesta de Medicin e Integracin del Sector Informal en el Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales, a partir de la experiencia del autor en la elaboracin de las Cuentas Nacionales de Per y especficamente en la elaboracin de las Cuentas de los Hogares. El Sector Informal es parte del Sector Institucional de los Hogares del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales, los hogares en la economa desarrollan su funcin de consumidores finales, sin embargo, y principalmente en muchos pases en desarrollo, los hogares tambin desarrollan una funcin productiva como propietarios de empresas no constituidas en sociedad, excluidas las cuasi sociedades. Es en este escenario donde se desenvuelve el sector informal. Se subraya que la unidad de anlisis del sector informal es la unidad productiva o establecimiento propiedad de los hogares, y se plantean criterios de medicin a partir de definiciones operativas y metodologas de encuestas mixtas o en dos fases al hogar y a los negocios de los hogares; as como la utilizacin intensiva de la matriz de empleo e ingresos, y su compatibilizacin con las otras cuentas de los sectores institucionales de la economa. En concordancia con el nuevo SCN93_2008 se plantea la elaboracin de las cuentas de produccin y generacin del ingreso del sector informal, as como el empleo inmerso en estas unidades productivas. Se plantean tambin algunos criterios para la medicin del empleo informal de la economa en concordancia con la XVII CIET. ------------------------------Macro-economic statistical and accounting cooking; a paradox of the Cameroon survey on employment and the informal sector (B. LEENHARDT (DIAL, France) et M. KUEPIE (DIALCEPS, France, Luxembourg) Our first purpose is to focus on the national coverage of the EESI 2005 survey, important innovation in surveys on informal sectors in sub Saharan Africa. Part 1 consists in a comparison between the results of the survey and the estimates from National Accounts: convergence in terms of total value added of the informal sector, but, on the other hand, in terms of employment, the survey shows a much more important number of informal sector workers than in employment matrix used in the estimate of National accountants. Another result of the survey is to be reported: the weight of non agricultural informal sector in rural areas in terms of value added (more than the third of the value added of the informal sector), as well as in terms of employment (more than half of the non agricultural informal employment is in rural areas).This last result confirms what many economists have been saying for years, but had never been demonstrated, at least in Africa. Another purpose of this paper is of methodological order. Which confidence interval and margin of error can be associated to the results of the survey? We propose the calculation of a generalized margin of error, by adding to the traditional margin of sampling error (which implies a perfect

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sampling) an estimate of the errors linked to the survey itself (observation errors, non response, dont know) as well as margins due to statistical or macro variables outside the survey (coverage error, in particular on the population). From a methodological point of view, the EESI 2005 survey with the Douala Yaound paradox20, confronts us with a noteworthy problem in terms of reliability and margin of errors. The last part of the paper deals with the explanation of the paradox. A good part of this differential is due to the random sampling, so we suggest that in future operations the stratified sampling method (which leads to more efficient statistical estimates) of the informal production units (IPU) to be surveyed in phase 2, be 1) implemented from the start in the sampling frame of phase I, 2) based on variables as economic sectors. Two other teachings of the survey have to be noted : Unlike what Messrs de Mel, McKenzie et Woodruff assert in their paper Measuring microenterprise profits : Dont ask how the sausage is made , the second phase of the survey is a necessity, because the improvement of the accuracy of recalculated incomes of phase 2 from declared incomes of phase I. During phase 1, it appears that the richer they are, the more they hide their income, the poorer they are, the more they hide their poverty. Statistics clearly point out the issue of the (relative) high incomes and inequalities within the informal sector. The drawback of this result, which increases the variance of informal incomes, is that the size of the sample should be more important. As a conclusion, we wish to emphasize the optimal organization of different statistical tools/methods for National accounting and macroeconomic decision making in developing countries: 1. 123 surveys on the informal sector 2. which allow reliable integration of informal sub sectors in National accounts through ERETES... 3. then the projection of accounts and of input output matrix integrating informal mode of production through a quasi accounting model as TABLO, in order to obtain provisional accounts for the following years, estimates for the present year and the next year. ------------------------------Trying to operationalize the informal sector and employment concepts and elaborating the economic accounts of IPUs using the surveys on employment and the informal sector in Cameroon (R. A. AMOUGOU, A. D. DZOSSA, J. FOUOKING, S. NEPETSOUN et J. TEDOU, INS, Cameroun) Following the pioneering survey type 1-2-3 on employment, the informal sector and poverty in Yaounde in 1993, the first national survey of the type 1-2 on employment and the informal sector (EESI 1) conducted in Cameroon in 2005 has confirmed the importance of the informal sector in the national economy. These surveys have provided an opportunity to sketch out a Cameroonian answer to problems in the operationalization of the concept of informality and then measure the contribution of the informal sector to the economy. This answer, as part of the EESI 1, is the result of a close collaboration throughout the entire survey process between survey statisticians and national accountants within the INS, as well as between the INS and the National Employment Fund. This laudable consultation with the principal users of the results of these surveys could have promoted a broader consensus on the results, if it had been extended to other partners and users of the statistical information system. The concepts of administrative registration and formal accounting used to define the informal sector changed between the two surveys. The extension of the geographical scope of the investigation to rural areas while restricting (as in standard surveys of this type) the second phase to units of nonagricultural informal production has been a judicious choice, despite certain constraints. Similarly,

The cumulated informal value added given by the survey would be more important in the administrative capital city, Yaound, than in the economic capital city, Douala. 80

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beyond the concept of the informal sector, the recent development of informal employment now appears to be a more practical alternative to better explore the EESI 2, expected in 2010. From the collection and analysis of data emerged some problems and proposed solutions. These issues include: (i) determining the UPI universe to be considered in the analysis, (ii) reconstructing the operating accounts of UPI, and (iii) the problem of annualized economic aggregates. This article summarizes important aspects of the methodology of the type 1-2 surveys on employment and the informal sector in Cameroon inscribed as part of a shared experience. It is a contribution to the critiques of the system for collecting and analysing data to improve the quality, adaptation to local realities, and usefulness of results for users. Essai doprationnalisation des concepts du secteur informel et demploi informels et laboration des comptes des UPI la lumire des enqutes sur lemploi et le secteur informel au Cameroun, Ren Aymar AMOUGOU, Anaclet Dsir DZOSSA, Joseph FOUOKING, Stphane NEPETSOUN et Joseph TEDOU, INS Yaound, CAMEROUN A la suite de lenqute pionnire de type 1-2-3 sur lemploi, le secteur informel et la pauvret Yaound en 1993, la premire enqute nationale de type 1-2 sur lemploi et le secteur informel (EESI 1) ralise au Cameroun en 2005 a confirm limportance du secteur informel dans lconomie nationale. Ces enqutes ont donn loccasion desquisser une rponse camerounaise aux problmes dopration des concepts dinformalit et de mesure de sa contribution du secteur informel lconomie. Cette rponse, dans le cadre de lEESI1, est le fruit dune collaboration troite durant tout le processus entre les statisticiens denqute et les comptables nationaux au sein de lINS, et entre lINS et le Fonds National de lEmploi. Cette concertation louable avec certains principaux utilisateurs des rsultats de ces enqutes, si elle avait t largie dautres partenaires et utilisateurs du systme dinformation statistique, aurait pu favoriser le consensus au sujet des rsultats. Les notions denregistrement administratif et de comptabilit formelle utilises pour dfinir le secteur informel ont volu entre les deux enqutes. Lextension du champ gographique de lenqute au milieu rural tout en restreignant (comme dans les enqutes classiques de ce type) la phase 2 aux units de production informelles non agricoles a t une option judicieuse en dpit de quelques contraintes. De mme, au-del du concept de secteur informel, le dveloppement rcent de celui de lemploi informel semble tre dornavant une alternative plus pratique, mieux explorer lors de lEESI 2 prvue en 2010. Au terme de la collecte et de lexploitation des donnes sont ressortis quelques problmes et propositions de solutions. Ces problmes portent sur : i) la dtermination de lunivers des UPI considrer dans lanalyse, ii) le problme de reconstitution des comptes dexploitation des UPI, et iii) le problme dannualisation des agrgats conomiques. Cet article qui synthtise des aspects importants du bilan mthodologique des enqutes de type 1-2 sur lemploi et le secteur informel au Cameroun sinscrit dans le cadre dun partage dexprience. Il se veut une contribution la dmarche visant critiquer le dispositif de collecte et dexploitation des donnes pour en amliorer la qualit, ladaptation aux ralits locales, et lutilit des rsultats pour les utilisateurs. ------------------------------Measuring the informal sector: the 1-2 survey experience in Sri Lanka (C. WEERAKOONE, NSO, Sri Lanka) The total labour force of Sri Lanka was around 8 million and the total employed population was about 7.6 million in year 2008. Sri Lanka Quarterly Labour Force Survey is the main source for labour force statistics. A national statistical definition to identify informal sector employment was established in year 2006 by considering guidelines given in the 15th ICLS resolution and 17th ICLS resolution. According to the labour force survey statistics the informal sector employment in Sri lanka is about 62% of total employment in year 2008. The survey of Household Unincorporated Enterprises with at least some Market output (1-2 Survey) was conducted by the Department with the collaboration of UNESCAP in 2008/09. It was conducted parallel to labour force survey in two Phases. At the first

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phase of the survey Household Unincorporated Enterprises with at least some Market Production (HUEMs) were identified and at the next phase detailed information were collected from the identified non-agricultural HUEMs. The survey period was from fourth quarter 2008 till third quarter 2009. The results of the HUEM survey reveal that total estimated number of HUEM is around 2.2 million and half of that is Agricultural enterprises the Services and Industry sector HUEMs represent 35% and 15% of total HUEMs respectively. The survey results revealed that about 50% of these unincorporated enterprises located within housing premises of the operators. Further about 41% of nonagricultural HUEMs engage in trade activities such as grocery, retail trade other special retail trade..etc. followed by manufacturing activities (32%) such as manufacturing apparels, milling and grindings...etc. Registration of the business is rare among the HUEMs and about 65% of HUEMs were not registered in any of the given institute and more operators believe that their businesses do not need to be registered. Further informal employment is about 74% of total employment for Sri Lanka considering both job and social security. ------------------------------The informal sector in Morocco National accounts (Y.A. KHELLOU, Direction de la Statistique, Morocco) The theme of the informal sector and its measurement in the national accounts is undoubtedly a major interest in the current macroeconomic environment of developing countries. All these countries seem interested by the role played by this sector in their economies: it is a creator of wealth as it absorbs a significant part of unemployment. The Moroccan economy is not immune to this situation, which led the country to conduct a series of statistical investigations in an effort to better understand this sector and measure its contribution to the production process, income generation and the creation of employment. The Moroccan experience in approaching the informal sector is part of the development of national accounting and responds to the problem of completeness in these accounts. It is important to emphasize that this experience has gone through three phases: The first phase: It began in the early 80s, during which we were interested in estimating the production of individual enterprises based on employment statistics. The second phase: This phase is marked by the completion of the first survey in this area: "The National Survey of Local Informal Enterprises 1988. However, this survey covered only nonagricultural economic units located in the urban milieu and characterized by the absence of accounting. The third phase: At the beginning of this phase, the Department of Statistics will begin the reform of the national accounts with the implementation of SCN 1993 and the formation of a new base year as 1998. To do so, it was necessary to conduct a proper quantification of the significance of the informal sector in the Moroccan economy through the implementation of a specific survey on this sector. As a first mixed investigation (establishment/household) was conducted in 1999-2000, it covered all non-agricultural production units not keeping accounts and that were targeted beginning from the survey on employment. This survey allowed us, alongside the structures surveys (which focused on companies with a full accounting) and surveys of government investment, to make the Moroccan national accounts based on the new base year of 1998. In 2006-2007, the Directorate of Statistics conducted a new survey that will allow us to study similar changes in the sector and will be a pillar to the establishment of the new base year as 2006 by the Moroccan National Accounts. It should be noted that estimates of employment in the informal sector have been used to monitor the sector's output between the two surveys (1999-2006). At this symposium, my contribution will focus on the experience of the Moroccan National Accounts in these matters through: - Presentation of a series of accounts of the branches of activity relevant to the informal sector: production, VA and payment of salaries - Presentation of the series on informal sector employment expressed in full-time equivalents.

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Le secteur informel dans les comptes nationaux marocains, Y.A. KHELLOU, Direction de la Statistique, Morocco La thmatique du secteur informel et de sa mesure par la comptabilit nationale constitue sans doute un centre dintrt majeur dans le contexte macroconomique actuel des pays en voie de dveloppement. Tous ces pays semblent concerns par le rle que joue ce secteur dans leurs conomies : il est crateur de richesses comme il absorbe une partie notable du chmage. Lconomie marocaine nchappe pas cette ralit ce qui a pouss mener un ensemble dinvestigations statistiques dans le but de mieux apprhender ce secteur et de mesurer sa contribution dans le processus de production, la gnration des revenus et la cration demploi. L'exprience marocaine en matire d'approche du secteur informel entre dans le cadre des travaux relatifs l'laboration des comptes nationaux et rpond au souci dexhaustivit de ces comptes. Il est important de souligner que cette exprience a connu trois phases : La premire phase : Elle remonte au dbut des annes 80, lors de cette phase on sintressait lestimation de la production des entreprises individuelles en se basant sur les statistiques sur lemploi. La deuxime phase : Cette phase est marque par la ralisation de la premire enqute dans ce domaine : " lenqute nationale sur les entreprises non structures localises 1988". Mais, cette enqute na port que sur les units conomiques non agricoles localises dans le milieu urbain et caractrises par labsence de comptabilit. La troisime phase : Au dbut de cette phase, la Direction de la Statistique va entamer la rforme des comptes nationaux avec la mise en place du SCN 1993 et la constitution dune nouvelle anne de base1998. Pour se faire, il a t ncessaire de procder une vritable quantification du poids du secteur informel dans lconomie marocaine par la ralisation dune enqute spcifique sur ce secteur. Ainsi une premire enqute mixte (tablissement//mnage) a t ralise en 1999-2000, elle a couvert lensemble des units de production non agricoles ne tenant pas de comptabilit et qui ont t repres partir de lenqute sur lemploi. Cette enqute a permis, cot des enqutes de structures (qui portent sur les entreprises disposant dune comptabilit complte) et des enqutes sur linvestissement des administrations publiques, la confection des comptes nationaux marocains de la nouvelle anne de base 1998. En 2006-2007, la direction de la statistique a ralise une nouvelle enqute similaire qui permettra dtudier lvolution du secteur et qui sera un des piliers de la mise en place de la nouvelle anne de base 2006 par la Comptabilit Nationale marocaine. Il faut noter que les estimations de lemploi dans le secteur informel ont t utilises pour le suivi de la production du secteur entre les deux enqutes (1999-2006). Lors de ce colloque ma contribution portera sur lexprience de la comptabilit nationale marocaine en la matire et ce travers : - La prsentation des sries des comptes des branches dactivit relavant du secteur informel : production, VA et rmunration des salaries - La prsentation de la srie de lemploi du secteur informel exprim en quivalent plein temps.

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III. 3. INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS: STATISTICS AND RESEARCH

1-2 Surveys for Estimating Informal Employment and Value-added of Informal Sector Enterprises: Results of Three National Surveys in Asia (Mongolia, Philippines and Sri Lanka) (M. GUERRERO, UN-ESCAP, Bangkok) This paper discusses the methodology and presents selected results of two-phased surveys implemented in Sri Lanka, Philippines and Mongolia as a core component of the 2006-09 United Nations Development Account Project Interregional Cooperation on the Measurement of the Informal Sector and Informal Employment 21 . This Project aimed to contribute to the global efforts at identifying, adapting, and testing cost-effective and sustainable data collection strategies for estimating employment in the informal sector, informal employment and the contribution of informal sector enterprises to the economy as measured by GDP. The first phase of the two-phased or 1-2 survey is a modification of an existing household labour force survey that expands measurement objectives to include estimating employment in informal sector enterprises and informal employment. Further, through additional questions, jobs being undertaken in household unincorporated enterprises engaged in market production (HUEMs) are identified. Phase two is a survey of HUEMs sampled from the units identified in phase one, designed to estimate value added of informal sector enterprises as well as obtain information on their organization, business characteristics, constraints and other policy-relevant issues. Each national survey when designed and implemented represented a variation of this basic model that reflects country-specific contexts and policy-related issues in the questionnaires as well as their existing statistical infrastructures and survey management processes. Yet, the data collected were standardized and a common tabulation plan was followed in order to provide not only nationallyrelevant data but also internationally comparable results. ------------------------------The action plan to improve the statistics on informal sector in Africa PASSIA (M. BALEPA, AFRISTAT, Bamako, Mali) Measuring the informal sector takes an increasing place in the working programme of statisticians and economists in Africa. This measure concerns the production of goods and services, the income distribution and employment creation. Moreover, poverty reduction strategies imply taking into account the informal sector in Africa. It is therefore absolutely necessary that all statistical stakeholders increase their efforts, in order to contribute to a better knowledge of this sector and to build relevant growth and poverty reduction strategies in African countries. Since the end of the 1980s, methodological advances have been attained in Africa, by putting in place tools and approaches better adapted to measuring and monitoring the informal sector. DIAL and AFRISTAT have played a key role in this regard, through the 1-2-3 surveys which have been conducted in most Sub-Saharan African countries and through labour force surveys. Following the recommendations of the First and Second Meetings of the African Statistical Commission, which were held respectively in January 2008 and January 2010 in Addis-Abeba (Ethiopia) and drawing from the results of the International Workshop on the Informal Sector organized by AFRISTAT in October 20008 in Bamako (Mali), Africa has adopted at the beginning of 2010 the Action Plan to improve the statistics on the informal sector in Africa (PASSIA), covering the period 2010-2012. The global objective of PASIA is to offer to stakeholder of the informal sector in Africa an integrated framework for the next three years, in order to contribute to improve statistics on the informal sector and informal employment, and to make them more comparable, while organizing a more frequent and more regular dissemination of the results. In order to reach this objective, PASIA has been structured

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For more information, refer to: http://www.unescap.org/stat/isie/index.asp 84

along two lines: on the one hand, coordinating regional activities; on the other hand, supporting the national working plans on the informal sector. This paper presents PASIA and describes in detail the activities which are planned along these two regional and national dimensions, as well as their schedule; it also analyses the conditions required for this Action Plan to succeed and the potential risks. Le Plan dAction pour lamlioration des Statistiques sur le Secteur Informel en Afrique PASSIA, Martin BALEPA, Directeur Gnral dAFRISTAT, Bamako (Mali) La mesure du secteur informel prend une part de plus en plus importante dans les activits des statisticiens et des conomistes des pays dAfrique. Cette mesure porte sur la production des biens et services, la distribution des revenus et la cration demplois. De plus, les stratgies de rduction de la pauvret sont troitement lies prise en compte du secteur informel en Afrique. Il est donc indispensable que tous les partenaires de la statistique renforcent leurs efforts afin de contribuer une meilleure connaissance de ce secteur et btir des stratgies pertinentes de croissance et de rduction de la pauvret dans les pays africains. Depuis la fin des annes 80, des progrs mthodologiques ont t accomplis en Afrique pour mettre en place des outils et approches plus adapts la mesure et au suivi du secteur informel sous limpulsion notamment de DIAL et dAFRISTAT notamment travers les enqutes 1.2.3 dans la plupart des pays dAfrique subsaharienne et les enqutes sur la force de travail. Suite aux recommandations des premire et deuxime sessions de la Commission africaine de statistique, tenues respectivement en janvier 2008 et janvier 2010 Addis-Abeba (thiopie) et aux travaux du sminaire international sur le secteur informel organis par AFRISTAT en octobre 2008 Bamako (Mali), lAfrique a adopt au dbut de lanne un Plan daction pour lamlioration et le suivi des statistiques du secteur informel en Afrique pour la priode 2010-2012 (PASIA). Lobjectif global du PASIA est doffrir aux acteurs du secteur informel en Afrique un cadre de travail intgr pour les trois prochaines annes (2010-2012) dans le but de contribuer au renforcement et la comparabilit des statistiques sur le secteur informel et lemploi informel ainsi qu leur mise disposition plus frquente et rgulire. Afin de rpondre cet objectif, les activits du PASIA ont t structures autour de deux axes : dune part, lanimation et la conduite des activits rgionales et dautre part, lappui la mise en uvre des programmes de travail nationaux sur le secteur informel. La prsente communication a pour but de prsenter autour de ces deux axes stratgiques, le dtail des activits mettre en uvre, leur chronogramme ainsi que les conditions de russite et risques du plan daction. ------------------------------Towards a Reliable and Cost-Effective Data Collection Strategy for the Informal Sector and Informal Employment (D.S. MALIGALIG, ADB, Manila) In order to reorient economic policies to promote decent work and create more and better employment opportunities, the informal sector and those engaged in informal employment has to be analyzed. However, data on the informal sector are not usually collected by national statistical systems, especially those in developing countries because of the very nature of the production units that belong to this sector. They have low level of organization and technology and there is no marked distinction between labor and capital or between household and production operations. In the case of informal employment, although the 2003 International Conference of Labor Statisticians has described informal employment, application of this definition in labor force surveys has not yet been institutionalized in many countries and hence, informal employment statistics are yet to be included in the official set of labor and employment statistics. This paper describes the implementation of the "1-2" survey, a variation of the double phase sampling in three countries Armenia, Bangladesh and Indonesia under an Asian Development Bank's technical assistance project (RETA 6430: Measuring the Informal Sector). This data collection approach has been designed to directly measure informal employment and the contribution of the informal sector to GDP. The paper will also present the results of the ongoing exhaustive evaluation on the survey data

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from the three countries to validate the reliability and cost-effectiveness of this approach. The paper will also discuss some innovations that were introduced in measuring informal employment and in designing the second phase of the survey to reduce field operations costs and data inconsistencies. ------------------------------Women and Men in the Informal Economy 2010 - A Statistical Picture: plans for an updated report (J. HEINTZ, Univ. of Massachusetts, J. VANEK, WIEGO, USA) This paper presents a research strategy for developing new international estimates of informal employment, including detailed discussion of methodology, definitions, targeted countries, and various extensions to the basic statistics. The use of official statistics by researchers, policy-makers and advocates is essential in supporting the continued collection and development of data. This is especially true with new statistical topics, such as the informal sector and informal employment. In 2002 the ILO and WIEGO produced the first international compilation of statistics on the informal economy with regional estimates and substantive analyses. This has become a widely-cited reference which has been used to show the importance of informal employment in and to advance further efforts in methods and data collection. The original publication used an indirect residual approach to derive national estimates of informal employment. The indirect method was essential due to the absence of direct measurement of informal employment in national surveys at the time. Subsequently, the ICLS has recommended a definition of informal employment and many more countries have collected data that allows the application of the ICLS definition of both informal sector and informal employment. The ILO and WIEGO are now planning a new, updated publication which will cover more countries with as many direct estimates of informal employment as possible. This paper summarizes the scope of the project, the research strategy pursued, and the challenges involved in compiling these estimates. ------------------------------Unlocking potential: tackling economic, institutional and social constraints of informal entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa (M. GRIMM, Rotterdan University, J. LAY, University of Gottingen) In the past two decades, research on the informal sector has emphasized the heterogeneity of this part of the economy, e.g. in terms of entry costs, firm size, access to credit, forward- and backward linkages as well as human and physical capital endowments. Yet, not much research has investigated the causes of this heterogeneity and the implied inefficiencies. This is true in particular for SubSaharan Africa (SSA), where informality dominates urban labor markets. Understanding these causes and the implied inefficiencies is however necessary to design policy interventions that are able to remove the most binding constraints for informal entrepreneurs. Based on a concept of informality adapted to the African context and a comprehensive theoretical framework, the proposed project analyzes the quantitative importance of various constraints to informal enterprises. We distinguish between (i) economic constraints, such as capital market imperfections, the lack of insurance and the lack of demand for informal sector products, (ii) institutional constraints, such as ill-managed government regulations and exposure to corruption, and, (iii) social constraints, such as sharing obligations with the extended family. We intend to examine the nature and the relative importance of these constraints, their interaction and the channels through which they impact on enterprise performance. The empirical basis of our research program is a unique micro data set on informality (12-3 surveys) covering seven West-African countries, Madagascar, Peru and Vietnam. For the case of Madagascar we also offer an evaluation of the short and long term effects of a micro-credit program. The integration of the insights emanating from the analysis of the above-mentioned constraints will allow us to evaluate policy options that are able to unlock potential in the informal sector. Our networks, in particular those of AFRISTAT in Sub-Saharan Africa, will ensure that findings reach potential users through workshops, conferences and training events. This research project is funded by the Austrian, German, Norwegian, and Korean Government through the Multi Donor Trust Fund

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Project: Labor Markets, Job Creation, and Economic Growth, Scaling up Research, Capacity Building, and Action on the Ground and part of the World Bank/IZA "Employment and Development" program. The project is administered by the World Bank's Social Protection & Labor Unit. Participating institutes are the International Institute of Social Studies (ISS) of Erasmus University Rotterdam (lead), AFRISTAT and the Centre of Applied Research at AFRISTAT (CERA) in Bamako, Mali, DIAL in Paris, France, the German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA) in Hamburg, Germany and the Institute for the World Economy (IfW) in Kiel, Germany. The projected started in November 2009 and will end in October 2011. ------------------------------Is informal normal? Towards more and better jobs (J. R. De LAIGLESIA & J. JUTTING, OCDE) Informal employment is the norm, not the exception, in many parts of the world: More than half of all jobs in the non-agricultural sectors of developing countriesover 900 million workerscan be considered informal. In some regions, including sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, over 80 per cent of non-agricultural jobs are informal. On top of this, the majority of agricultural jobs are also informal, including those of self-employed farmers as well as the great majority of day and casual labourers. By collecting and analysing longitudinal data on the prevalence of informal employment, we confirm a stable negative relationship between informality and the level of development. However, counter to traditional dualistic models, we find that growth in the last two decades has been associated with increased informality. The drivers of persisting informality are then analysed with particular focus on the differences across gender and the role of mobility. In both cases, an analytical framework that considers multiple tiers within informal employment is found a more useful representation than either pure dualistic models or models where informality results merely from the choice of the worker. Indeed, this helps understand that while women are not systematically more likely to be informal across countries, they are found in the most vulnerable forms of informal employment. Finally, we derive a policy framework based on three pillars: (i) Creating more and better jobs in both the informal and the formal sector, (ii) promoting and protecting the productivity of poor, including informal workers and (iii) providing incentives for those who choose to exit the formal economy. The latter in particular necessitates a combination of positive incentives to make formality attractive, and better enforcement of labour and social protection laws and regulations. The optimal mix of policies will depend on the country context and in particular the characteristics of informal employment in each economy. In the light of this, it is necessary to improve data collection in a way that allows policy makers to make informed decisions. It is necessary in particular to recognise the many shades of grey that exist between the purely formal and the purely informal economy, and adapt policies and interventions accordingly.

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III. 4. POLICIES AND CROSS CUTTING ISSUES

Vietnam - Informality and Social and Health Insurance Issues (P. CASTEL, Economist, Hanoi, GIAN THANH CONG, ILSSA, Vietnam) Despite usually low progress of coverage rates of health and social insurance in countries with large agricultural and urban informal sectors, Vietnam has embarked in policies that aim at reaching mandatory health insurance universal coverage in 2014 and that pursue the expansion of the participation in the pension system of the workers of the informal sector. Do these well-intentioned policies have any chance of success? In other words, are the workers of the informal sector ready to buy health or social insurance? This paper presents the results of a series of studies that have been realized in the Ministry of Labor to inform policy makers about the different aspects of these issues. In the sector of health insurance, most of the evidence points out that the workers of the informal sector perceive that health insurance wont significantly help them reduce their familys health care spending. If this is true, households with many members working in the informal sector will probably be reluctant in joining. The health insurance law stipulates, however, that employers must pay 2/3 of the cost of health insurance of their employees. This measure could facilitate workers participation if enterprises do not complain about the resulting increase in labor costs. If wages in the informal sector are flexible, such impact should be limited, however. The paper presents the result of a study that looks at this issue by studying the relationship between the change in the minimum wages and the changes in wages and employment in the sector of the small and medium enterprises in Vietnam. In the sector of social insurance, several surveys have been realized to analyze the determinants of the willingness of the workers of the informal sector to participate in a voluntary pension system. Hypothetically, 34.5% of the respondents would be ready to participate in an actuarial pension system. Predictions show that in comparison, in the voluntary pension system in Vietnam, the unattractive cost-benefit relation for the persons who just can contribute for a short period should lead to a much lower participation of older people. The studies related to the transfer of the members of the Farmers Pension Fund of the Nghe An province confirmed the prediction. The vesting period of 20 years to be eligible for pension, strongly reduced the attractiveness of the national scheme. The paper concludes with some general remarks on the policy implications. ------------------------------Estimating the returns to education in Cameroun informal sector (P. NGUETSE TEGOUM, Ministry of economy, Cameroon) This paper discusses the returns to schooling in Cameroon within the informal sector. This is to evaluate the extent to which having followed the basic education successfully influences the hourly earnings of workers of the informal sector. Then it analyzes the benefits of the first cycle of secondary education. The methodology used is based on the matching methods and the selection on unobservable models. The data used are those of the survey on employment and the informal sector conducted in 2005 by Cameroon National Institute of Statistics. The results confirm the positive impact of schooling on the income of informal sector workers. The benefits brought by the completion of basic education are estimated at 20% in the non-agricultural sector and at 28% within the agricultural sector. In addition, if unskilled workers now return to school and obtain the FSLC (or an equivalent certificate) this will increase their income by 22% to 25%. The effects of the possession of the GCEOL on the income of the workers of the non-agricultural informal sector are estimated at 33%. But in the agricultural sector this certificate may have no effect on earnings. Education also plays a fundamental role in the occupation status of individuals. The probability of entering into the formal sector increases with the level of education. The study recommends the implementation of measures aiming to increase education supply, especially in rural areas, improving the quality of education. There government should implement a national social education policy in favor of the poor; take measures for the follow up of the informal sector and facilitate the entry of young graduates into the labor market.

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When the informal is never entirely informal, and the formal is never entirely formal reflections on public policy implications with reference to Vietnam and in international perspective (A. FFORDE and P. SHEEHAN, The Centre for Strategic Economics Studies, Victoria University, Melbourne) Based upon a discussion of Vietnams recent economic history, and drawing upon comparative work on the role played by the service sector in economic growth, the paper examines the coginitive issues that arise in attempting to enhance policy-makers perceptions of the actual and potential value of the informal sector in securing better growth performance. The paper argues that the crisis of confidence in policies towards informal sectors reflects well-known issues in the field, and proposes measures to mitigate them. Outline : 1 Introduction 2 But the organised market is not organised, and the unorganised market is organised categorial tensions and recent economic history in Vietnam (AF) 3 The services sector and informal activities comparative issues (PS) 4 Why is the informal so often ignored? (AF/PS) 5 Mitigating measures (AF/PS) ------------------------------Migrants and Residents Living Standards in Hanoi and Hochiminh City (Hanoi and Hochiminh Provincial People Committees / Statistics Offices and UNDP, Vietnam) Previous surveys in Vietnam (e.g. Vietnams Household Living Standards Survey) have undersampled some important urban groups, most notably migrants. Additionally, it is widely believed that migrants are more heavily represented among the urban poor and suffered from lower living standards than are non-migrant city residents. The Umbrella Project was established to provide support for in-depth assessment of urban poverty in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Specifically, the Urban Poverty Survey (UPS-09) was undertaken with three main objectives: (i) to assess the depth of urban poverty in Hanoi and HCMC, with a focus on capturing information on migrants and unregistered households in addition to the registered population; (ii) to analyze the characteristics of the urban poor, with special attention to their employment and earnings, as well as their ownership of durables and their ability to cope with risk; and (iii) to identify key issues of urban poverty, including why poor people in the cities are poor. The UPS was a household questionnaire-based survey which was designed to cover all the population residing in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City at the time of the survey, including persons living in households and individual persons living in group quarters, hostels, dormitories and other establishments, as well as other persons not living in households, such as workers sleeping on construction sites and the homeless, with the exception of the persons living in prisons, hospitals and military barracks, and full-time students. A two-stage stratified sample design was used for the UPS and based on the updated sampling frame of EAs from the recent population census 2009. The sample frame was also stratified into the prioritized group and non-prioritized group based on a number of proxy indicators to make sure higher selection possibilities given to areas with a higher percentage of the poor and transient population. A number of new methodologies had been applied in listing period, household definition, and questionnaire design to efficiently capture survey units and to collect reliable information. The survey results showed demographic characteristics of migrants and residents in Hanoi and Hochiminh city, of which most of migrants are young (20-30 years old) and unmarried individuals. In comparison with residents, most of migrants were at worse-off statuses and in more vulnerable living conditions. On average, compared to residents, migrants were suffered from more frequent change of dwelling due to frequent job change and increasing renting fee; they had lower education attainment and tended to go to non-public schools, had lower gross enrolment rate and net enrolment rates at different levels, had a higher rate of not seeing doctor when sick partly due to lack of money and time

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(especially for migrant individuals and domestic workers). 56.6% of migrants have no health insurance (due to lack of awareness/knowledge, money and permanent registration) compared to 33.7% of residents. Migrants had lower employment status than residents; most of them (63.4%) were simple technical workers and engaged in short-term, non-contract, low-salary and unstable jobs with less benefit and social security. A multi-dimension poverty measure, which included poverty rate and 6 other non-monetary poverty dimensions, was also developed and tested for the dataset. The measure was to look at not only income but also other deprivations of education, health, housing, etc. which showed a relatively comprehensive picture of migrants and residents. ------------------------------Policy approaches towards the informal economy: the debate on transition to formality (A. BERAR AWAD, ILO, Geneva) In this presentation by Azita Berar from ILO, the emphasis will be laid on analyzing the changing nature of the informal economy in the last decade, and the evolution in the policy approaches addressing the question of expanding informality in developed and developing countries. Drawing on new country analysis and on international and national policy dialogues around the objective and feasibility of transition to formality, the author will reflect on the recent thinking and present ILOs integrated policy framework for Decent Work Strategies and the Informal Economy. The Integrated Policy Framework includes seven policy areas (see diagramme hereunder) that encompass the essential elements of public policies as well as the behaviour of key actors in the labour markets. It is proposed as an integrated lens to understand the major drivers of formality and informality in todays labour markets as well as a framework for devising effective and coherent policies that can be responsive to diverse realities of informal economy across countries and to the heterogeneity of situations of groups of workers and businesses in informality. The impact of the current global economic and jobs crisis on the informal economy will be analyzed, as well as the extent to which the debate on policy paradigms and the recovery programmes include the crucial dimension of informality in labour markets. 1. The informal economy : a changing reality of the global economy In 2010, the majority of the worlds labour force in developing countries works and produces in conditions of informality. The rise of informal economy in developed countries is drawing attention of policy makers. However, in both developed and developing countries the characteristics of workers in informal employment and those of informal businesses and entrepreneurs have significantly changed in tandem with the changing economic and social policies, the globalization and the rise of new forms of production and work organization strategies. What was called the informal sector in the 1970s has evolved considerably. The various segments of informal employment including the emergence of new forms of precarious employment will be analyzed to highlight diversity of country situations and heterogeneity of individual or sub-groups interactions in the labour markets. 2. Policy approaches to curb informality in labour markets: what works? Policy approaches to deal with informality too have evolved in tandem with the changing diagnostic frameworks emanating from different individual and institutional perspectives. Recent country experiences in Asia and Latin America will be briefly highlighted to show that a narrow conception of what contributes to informality and a policy approach that focuses on a single policy instrument or a one-size fits all solution does not work. The good practices suggest a coherent perspective and a strong role for public policies grounded on broad-based social partnership. 3. Decent Work Strategies and transition to formality: need for an integrated and coherent perspective of public policies Drawing and analyzing international experiences and good practices emerging from different regions, the ILOs integrated Diagnostic and Policy framework will be presented and discussed. Role and nature of policy under each of the seven areas for public policies in tackling the challenge of informality will be discussed. So will the interactions and coherence across different policy areas.

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DECENT WORK STRATEGIES FOR THE INFORMALECONOMY

Growth strategies and quality employment generation Regulatory environment, including enforcement of ILS & core rights Organization, representation and social dialogue
TRANS ITION TO FORMALITY

Equality: gender, ethnicity, race, cast, disability, age Entrepreneurship, skills, finance, management, access to markets Extension of social protection, social security, social transfers Local (rural and urban) development strategies

4. Crisis and informality: resilience and recovery The impact of the global financial and jobs crisis on the economies and dynamics of formality and informality will be discussed in the light of available evidence. The inclusion of informality in the Global Jobs Pact, the ILOs response to the crisis widely supported by the international Community including the G20 will be briefly presented in order to draw attention to the composition of recovery packages adopted by counties and the extent of inclusion of specific concerns to prevent further informalization of labour markets. ------------------------------Are there limits to informality growth in South America? (F. VERDERA Catholic University, Lima) Labor Informality (Employment in the Urban Informal Sector, UIS) in South America arose in the 70s and will remain for decades. A proper understanding of this phenomenon and its policy implications needs a long-term view. Against this purpose, there are lack of continuous data, changes in definitions and measurement, and some pressure for its urgent formalization, following the UIS legal approach. To confront the UIS challenge is not enough to pay attention to its small annual variations; we are dealing with huge proportions of urban employment, consequence of the evolution of a structural problem. Diagnosis, the measurement and proposals for solutions cannot be limited to, nor centered only in legal aspects. This paper attempts a different view based on a long period analysis, for ten South American countries from 1970 to 2008. The determinants of IUS growth are both demographic and economic. Among the first, there are the important increase of the Economically Active Population (EAP), following Active Age Population (AAP) and of female activity rate (FAR) growth. On the other hand, structural economic trends led to significant fluctuations in GPI and labor productivity and as a whole, to the formal sector employment reduction. As consequence, Urban Informal Employment grew while the rate of unemployment could rise, decrease or be relatively stable. The limits for the IUS to keep increasing in the long-run arise from the projection of its determinants: EAP will continue its growth slow down and will reach a ceiling, due to AAP and FRA previous decline, while labor productivity and GPI growth will increase formal employment, with the absorption of new EAP. Surplus labor will decline, leading to UIS decrease. -------------------------------

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Assessment and challenges of impact evaluation methodology: the example of microfinance in Morocco (T. BERNARD, AFD, France) From virtually none ten years ago, the number of impact evaluations related to development interventions has tremendously increased over the recent years, reaching more than two hundred completed or on-going studies so far. Central in this evolution is the widely shared idea that impact evaluations constitute a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between researchers' and policy makers' communities, and contribute to development effectiveness through better knowledge of "what works and what does not" among development approaches. Thus, the most famous example in Mexico showed how researchers were able to quantify the effect of Progresa on school enrollment and health outcomes, which has led to important policy consequences in Mexico itself, but also in other LatinAmerican countries where the approach has been replicated. Further, the data collected has constituted the basic material for dozens of additional journal articles exploring the impact of Progresa on outcomes as diverse as women empowerment, migration or community-level social relationships. Yet, while several Progresa-like success stories exist, not all impact evaluations are as successful in Bridging researchers and policy-makers, and in measuring whether a program has reached its objectives. In fact, interventions are more or less suited to actual measures of their effectiveness even among the ones with clearly defined treatment and control groups. Further, bridging often requires extra efforts to align the often diverging interests of researchers and policy makers. Based on the French Development Agency's experience in piloting impact evaluations, this paper explores conditions under which measures and bridges may actually occur. The discussion relies on an on-going study assessing the impact of micro-credit on rural poverty in Morocco. The study relies on an experimental design whereby otherwise comparable villages were allocated to treatment and control groups during the expansion of micro-credit interventions in remote rural areas. This was greatly facilitated by the project's operator commitment and willingness to affect its project's design to ensure the robustness of the evaluation outcomes. An extensive datacollection effort was undertaken, involving more than five thousand households, with supervision from highlevel researchers from northern universities, associated with experienced data-collection firms from each country. The study is to be completed by the end of 2010. Yet, the study reveals important difficulties in measuring the effect of the underlying intervention. Unlike Progresa where compliance rates to the proposed "treatment" was perfect, an important limit to lies in the relatively low take-up rate of the targeted population for the microcredit products proposed. To account for it, a purposive sample limited to those households with the highest probability of contracting a loan was used. The probability itself was based on a combination of fifteen household characteristics and a set of parameter estimated from a pilot survey. Overall, the study is unable to evaluate the impact of the program on its beneficiaries under normal conditions. Further, despite important sample size and selection, and further encouragement designs, take-up rates remained below expectations such that the minimum detectable effects are correspondingly very important, jeopardizing the studies' ability to detect impact over the course of the study. Another important issue relates to the length of the evaluation procedure and the time necessary for impacts to materialize. The Progresa program conditioned a monetary transfer to educational and health behavior. Impact in terms of such behaviors (school enrolment, disease prevalence) was therefore likely to materialize in the short run and one can expect that the near-full effect of the program was captured over the course of the evaluation. The effect of micro-credit on poverty, are however likely to take place in the longer run. An evaluation study running over a two to three years span is in therefore unlikely to capture most of the program's impact on beneficiaries. A nonsignificant result could then lead to a misplaced conclusion that the program "does not work" when it actually does. In sum, expected results from the study will be limited to identifying households' behavior when a given constraint is relaxed. These contributions are of crucial interest for the comprehension of development issues, and the experimental design on which it rests is a necessary improvement towards the comparability of results across studies and related accumulation of knowledge. Yet, the study may fail to effectively measure the underlying programs impact on their beneficiaries, for which it was

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designed in the first place. In such cases, the program's implementing agencies may feel frustrated by the produced results, and bridging may consequently be limited. Overall, the Progresa model of impact evaluations that delivers both on measuring project outcomes, and bridging researchers and policy makers is not always replicable. Researchers and policy-makers often have diverging understanding of so-called impact: the former are interested in testing theories while the latter are concerned with valuing the changes in outcomes that can be attributed to a program. Imperfect compliance, long term effects and other issues such as a programs' instability through time may induce departure from a Progresa-like setting. In such cases, it seems important to clarify the type of results that impact evaluations can or cannot deliver, and promote such studies with the clearer objective of contributing to public knowledge rather than actually testing a program's effectiveness.

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IV.

PLENARY SESSION: TAKING STOCK / CHALLENGES

Video Conference Interview of Franois Bourguignon 22 Director of the Paris School of Economics Hanoi-Paris, 14th April 2010

Introduction: We are very pleased to have with us today Professor Francois Bourguignon. Professor Bourguignon is a global authority in development economics. Among others, he was the Chief Economist of the World Bank between 2003 and 2007, years during which he brought several issues to the forefront of the world in development, including work on inequalities and especially on assessing the impact of development policies. Both of them were really pushed ahead in their field. Professor Bourguignon is also very well known in academic circles. He founded the prestigious DELTA in Paris and he is at present leading the Paris School of Economics. He was also the editor of the European Economic Review and has published very numerous articles on economic issues and development issues. So it is a privilege for us to have Professor Bourguignon to share his views on issues related to the informal sector for this international conference on the informal sector and informal employment being held in Hanoi, May 6th and 7th, 2010. Professor Bourguignon, we have several questions from our side. So let us turn to the first one. Question: Professor Bourguignon, in order to characterize the informal sector we can say that initially the informal sector was more of an empirical concept and was considered as a residual, backward, and disconnected sector, which is supposed to disappear with industrialization and development. But nowadays different views prevail. At the micro-level, some authors claimed that working in the informal sector can be a real and deliberate choice, not necessarily a constrained choice due to a lack of job opportunities in the modern formal sector. So how do you explain these very different views. F. Bourguignon: OK, thank you very much for the question. First, let me say that I am very happy to attend this conference although through video. I would have much preferred to be in Hanoi. I have not visited Vietnam for sometime now and I am very sorry that my schedule didnt allow me to travel to Hanoi with that opportunity. OK, lets get to this very important topic, which is informality which is a topic which has been present in development economics forever. We have to remember that, basically, informality is the reserve army that we find in Marx and it is the unlimited supply of labour that we find in this very well known model by Arthur Lewis. What is important in this concept of informality that it is associated with poverty and the idea is really that fighting informality somehow should be fighting poverty. Reducing informality should somehow be reducing poverty. Now, when you say that this is an empirical concept, I am not completely convinced by that. It seems to me that the reserve army that I was mentioning before, all the Lewis definition of duality or dualism, is more of an intellectual construct, which is making a lot of sense and which corresponds obviously to some reality. But those people never ask themselves what will be the empirical content of this. Now that we have data to try to characterize informality and then I guess that in the discussion we will get back to the issue of how do we define informalitybut now that we have some data, we are realizing that things are not as simple as we would like them to be. We realize, in particular, that informality does not seem to be declining systematically with growth. This is really problematic because we think about growth as the first solution or the most important way we can get rid of poverty and if we associate poverty and informality then we would like to see growth systematically reducing informality. Then we find this is not completely the caseagain, maybe we will come back to that issue a little later with the definition of informalitybut what we observe today is that there is a change that corresponds to what development economists always thought, which is that there is a shift in economic activity from the rural sector to the urban sector.
The interview was conducted by Martin Rama (World Bank, Hanoi), Jean-Pierre Cling, Mireille Razafindrakoto and Franois Roubaud (Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, DIAL, Hanoi) through a video conference. The interviewers wish to thank the World Bank teams in Hanoi and in Paris for organizing the video conference. Special thanks to Nicolas Meyer (World Bank Institute, Paris). 94
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And to the extent that we can consider that in many developing countries rural sector is informal, from that point of view we have declining informality. But at the same time and this is what is troublesome in what we observe today we have an increase in the informality of the urban sector or at least we have growth in the urban sector where we see growing at the same both the formal and informal sector. The kind of interrogation that we have in front of us is really this part, the urban informality more than rural informality and then your analysis saying that in informality we have both two types of behaviour: people who decide that they would be better in the informal sector to do whatever they can do or have to do and then you have people who cannot get a job in the formal sector and take anything that is available, which is in the informal sector. And it is very difficult, as we know, to make a distinction between those two cases. But we know that they are present and the most important question, I would say, in analyzing informality is trying to answer that question. Question: I think you addressed already the question of the dynamics of the informal sector, but I dont know if you still want to elaborate on this because many people think that the informal sector is going to progressively disappear when a country has developed. But this is not what is actually happening in many developing countries. That is the case of Vietnam. We made some projections with my colleagues and these projections suggest that the share of the informal sector of total employment will increase in the next few years, knowing that the informal sector is already the first employer in Vietnam out of agriculture. So how do you analyse this situation? F. Bourguignon: So the question is: what are the dynamics of informality, what can we expect, what is happening, and how can we explain what we observe? What we expect, ideally, is of course that economic growth will progressively eliminate the informal sector. This is more or less what we observed in todays developed countries. In History, we could see that there was an informal sector in Europe, there was an informal sector in the United States and progressively with economic growth these sectors have disappeared. We could say there still areand many sociologists in particular say that there still are informal sectors in those countriesbut they are of a very tiny size. Now, why would this not work? Why is it the case that apparently in many developing countries there is some growth I will not say that we have fast growth but some growth yet the informal sector remains in relative terms more or less constant? At the same time, the urban population is growing. Now there are various explanations for that. One explanation is to say that at the same time that growth is taking place, there is technical change. There are the imports of foreign technologies coming from developed countries that are less intensive in labour, which means that growth is taking place in the nonagricultural part of the economy but with less and less employment content, which means that the formal sector is growing in output but much less quickly in terms of employment. We have observed that in many countries. For example, if we look at China, we observe that at the beginning just after the reforms in the 1980s, the development of the Chinese manufacturing sector was accompanied by a big increase in formal employment. At some stage the employment creation by the export manufacturing sector in China dropped considerably and today the elasticity between employment and output in manufacturing in China is very low. What is behind that is this kind of substitution that I was mentioning before. But then there are other possible explanations. Another explanation in many countries in particular in Latin America would be that growth simply has not been fast enough to eliminate informality. Again, if we refer to the case of Europe, if we look at Europe after the Second World War there is definitely an informal sector in Europe in those days. It virtually disappeared during the twenty years after the world war but at the same time we must admit that the rate of growth has been extremely high for 2530 years in a row. So this is what is explaining the disappearance of the informal sector. In Latin America and in many countries, growth has been very sluggish over the twenty last years, then because of that informality is remaining something important. Then the final possible explanation is what we were saying before about for some people it is in those societies something which is quite attractive to be in the informal sector because you are avoiding paying taxes, paying contributions to social security, etc. Informality is attractive because it is another type of organization of production. This is not for all types of production. Of course, if you have a big company, it is very difficult to imagine that you will not be in the formal sector. But for a small production unit, yes, this is definitely a choice and, again, in some countries we seem to observe that the persistence of the informal sector is associated with that choice. Let me finish that by saying that I
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read the book that was mentioned on informality in Vietnam 23 and I saw it was a very nice book, which was in particular summarizing very well the basic questions about formality and informality. I thought that the Vietnamese story about this was quite interesting. But one big issue in that book and in some other work in Asia on informality is really the issue of empirical definition of what is the informal sector. Question: Your referring to the definition brings us to a question that we were keen to ask, which is given the heterogeneity of the informal sector, which you referred to, the fact that at one end you have people who voluntarily choose to be part of it and you have other people who are constrained, it is difficult to know what is driving different people into the informal sector. That also has implications for the definition. It is quite striking that, while there is some consensus on international definitions of, say, the unemployment rateeven if we can discuss what is the meaning of the unemployment rate in different countrieswe do have consistent data across countries, we do not have anything defensible in relation to the informal sector. So the question is given this fuzziness or this heterogeneity of the informal sector, how do we go about a definition and what are the implications for policy and research? F. Bourguignon: This is something that is absolutely central to the whole debate. The other day I was trying to get some views about informality in several countries in the world, recent work which had been done on informality. Then I found this paper on China where the story was, basically, that most job creation in China was informal. The proportions, which we are given, were absolutely huge and I could not believe that it was the case that the informal sector was so big. Then I looked into the definition that was used. In the definition, it was essentially non-state-owned corporations and companies that are not publicly traded. So this gives you a definition of the formal sector that is extremely restrictive. Now it is the case in China that the initial situation was state-owned companies and no companies at allthe rest was completely informal. Then they moved into more and more private companies, which are incorporated, etc., but which are not necessarily publicly traded, which means that the definition of informality in all this work does not compare with the definition of informality in other countries: for example in Latin America where the definition is more based on the size of the production unit where people are being employed, with most of the self-employed is considered as people being informal and family work being considered as informal and then all the others. Now there is always the problem with what is the threshold in terms of size. Is it two employees, five employees? What do we do with small retail stores that are completely formal but have a small number of employees? This field is extremely difficult. But I would say that, from that point of view, there may not be good ways of making international comparisons. What really matters I would say is simply the analysis of the evolution of informality within a country making or maintaining the definition of informality constant. So if you have labour force surveys, like you have in the case of Vietnam, and if those surveys are taken at regular points of time, then it is possible to follow the evolution of the informal sector. But it is quite essential that we have this kind of consistency in the way in which data are being collected. I remember that I started working a long time ago (25 years ago or maybe more) on the informal sector in Columbia and I was using a labour force survey and then one day the Statistical Office decided not to ask any questions anymore about the size of companies. So I was not able to continue my analysis to have the complete series of evolution of the informal sector in Columbia because of that. So it is quite important. Now, there is a lot of debate about this. I know thatand, again, this is something you have in the Vietnam booksome people are considering whether there is a labour contract or not is the definition of informality, whether there are payments or contributions to social security is part of it. All this is debatable. I simply want to conclude this by mentioning one definition that we worked on with our colleague Martin and my colleague when I was in the World Bank Stefano Scarpetta, who is now in the OECD in Paris. We wrote a paper which was called Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, whereI mean this is an old ILO storybut where we thought that the right and interesting concept was to look at it in
Cling J.-P., Nguyn Th Thu Huyn, Nguyn Hu Ch, Phan Th Ngc Trm, Razafindrakoto M. and Roubaud F., 2010. The Informal Sector in Vietnam: A focus on Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Th Gioi Publisher, Hanoi (also published in Vietnamese). 96
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terms of the earnings associated with the job and to consider that a good job was a job that the earnings which you would get would allow you, if you were living in a typical household, to get out of absolute poverty; and a bad job would be a job, the earnings of which would not allow you to do that. We thought that it was a nice way to look at not formality-informality because you have bad jobs in the formal sector and good jobs in the informal sector but the correspondence is quite strong between formality-informality and good jobs-bad jobs. This is a concept that you can follow over time in a rather easy way and, if you want to get into international comparisons, it is possible to get international comparisons. Question: Thanks. I just want to make a small point: you mentioned that 25 years ago you were working on Columbia and the informal sectorin fact, it was more than 30 years ago. It is a very very long time and you have seen the evolution in this field, both from the research and the policy side. So we have talked about economic facts, micro and macro behaviour and we have talked about definitions. Lets now go to policy because even if we dont know exactly what is the informal sectorthere is some debate on the definitionI think that at least one clear point is clear that the jobs in this sector are precarious jobs. So we got the key issue of protection and social protection for the informal sector workers. In Vietnam, in particular, but many countries in the region have embarked on a program of universal coverage protection scheme. The question here is probably we know how to do to protect people when they are wage workers, but what to do with the self-employed people which are the bulk of the informal sector? So my question is related to this. Vietnam will get a mandatory scheme for the wage workers and a voluntary scheme for the self-employed and its not functioning at this first time very well. So what is your advice on this, your ideas, and do you have some examples of some countries which have succeeded in this field? F. Bourguignon: OK, thank you very much for this question about policy and youre right that, at the end, this really is the important question. Is it possible to do something about this informality and is it possible to think of policies that would indeed reduce the precariousness of those jobs? I think this is a kind of paradoxical question, in the sense that if you think about policy which is addressing the issue of informality, at the same time you might be increasing informality: because for many people informality is a kind of natural reaction to imposing some regulations in the labour market, in the kind of relationship between an employer and an employeeeven in the case where the employer and the employee are the same personand because of that any change in the policy environment will have an impact on informality and formality. I must say that I dont know exactly the way in which this issue has to be raised in the case of Vietnam and Asian countries. I know a little better the case of Latin American countries, in particular the case of Mexico where this issue has really been at the centre of the public debate for quite some time. The debate has really been on what is explaining why. I mean: what explains why somebody would prefer to be informal than formal and the answer to that is because there are extra costs to being formal that are not paid by informal employees and because of that people would prefer to go to the informal sector. Now, what are those costs? The costs are, in the general, the contribution to social security, in particular for example to health insurance. So you cannot say really that this is a pure cost. When a formal worker is paying or the employer, which is more or less the same thing when there is no minimum wage legislation, when the formal employee is paying a contribution to get health insurance there is a benefit which corresponds to that contribution. So from that point of view you could say that if the health insurance system was completely neutral from an actuarial point of viewif everybody was paying exactly what is the expected cost of health carethen there would be no problem. This would be a completely neutral operation. Somebody is paying for an insurance and gets the health care when this person is getting sick. Now, there are two problems with that. One problem is that it may be the case that the payment is too high and in that case the cost is too high with respect to the benefit and therefore you are better off in the informal sector. Or it may be the case that the cost is much lower than the benefit, in which case many people would be attracted by formal employment but because the cost of labour for the employers will be high many people will not be accepted in the formal sector. So whatever the situation, any kind of disequilibrium between cost and benefit of protection insurancethe case of health insurance is probably the simpler caseis producing this informality whether it is voluntary informality or whether it is forced informality.

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So if you think, to describe in those terms, what would be the solution? The solution probably is to offer health insurance to everybody, to make health insurance universal. To say from now on everybody will have access to health care. This will be publicly funded, as in many countries in the world. Lets take the case of the United Kingdom. For many decades this has been the case in the UK. This is funded by the tax collected by the state. This is universal and because of that one source of informality or one source of segregation of the labour market into formal-informal is disappearing. Now, if in the formal sector, employers want to offer their employees more, they can always take an additional insurance that will pay for or cover some risks that are not paid for by the universal system. So in other words if we believe and in some countries I am not saying that this is the case in all countries but in some countries the issue of all these fringe benefits which come with formal employment are the cause for this formality-informality distinction. If we believe that it is the major cause for that then probably the solution is to try to universalize as quickly as possible some basic services and if you do that to some extent the concept itself of informality might simply disappear. Then you are back to formality being more what is the kind of labour contract, what are the rules when a worker is being laid off, what is the compensation, etc. Informality will be at another level of the dimension of the employer-employee relationship, but it seems to me that at least in some countries one important cause will have been removed. But I am absolutely convinced that this is very country specific and I dont think it is a general recipe. But this means that at least this is a kind of issue that has to be looked at in order for policy to be able to address the issue of informality. Professor Bourguignon, thank you for being with us today and for sharing your experiences with us. F. Bourguignon: OK, thank you very much to all of you and it was really very nice talking with you. Again, I am really sorry that I cannot make it to Hanoi. This has been a real pleasure. So good luck and I hope that you have a very nice conference. Bye.

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Hi tho quc t Khu vc v vic lm phi chnh thc Phng php thng k, Tc ng kinh t v Chnh sch cng

International Conference The Informal Sector and Informal Employment Statistical Measurement, Economic Implications and Public Policies

CHNG TRNH

99

Mc tiu hi tho
Mc d chim t trng ln trong cc nn kinh t ang pht trin v qu , khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc hin vn t c bit n v c coi l h en cha c tnh n trong hoch nh cc chnh sch cng. Tuy nhin, trong thi gian qua, s lng cc cuc iu tra thng k v khu vc phi chnh thc ngy cng nhiu, c nhiu khi nim v phng php o lng c a ra, nhiu nghin cu c cht lng c tin hnh ti cc quc gia. V vy, y l thi im thch hp tng hp cc kinh nghim khc nhau, phn tch cc c hi v thch thc trong tng lai. Ti Vit Nam cng nh cc quc gia ang pht trin v chuyn i, khng hong kinh t trn quy m ton cu l nguyn nhn lm mt vic lm hng lot v ti c cu su rng th trng lao ng. Tnh hnh cho thy ch li ca khu vc v vic lm phi chnh thc, cc yu t iu chnh trong thi k khng hong. Mc tiu ca Hi tho quc t v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc nhm tho lun v cc khi nim v phng php thng k o lng hin tng ny, phn tch cc tc ng kinh t ca vic tn ti v pht trin ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v nghin cu cc bin php hin hnh cng nh cc gii php cn p dng trong tng lai pht trin khu vc ny. Hn 15 nm tri qua k t khi xut hin nh ngha quc t chung v khu vc phi chnh thc (T chc Lao ng Quc t). y l thi im thun li im li nhng hiu bit v vn ny trn quy m ton cu di gc phn tch kinh t v o lng thng k cng nh cc chnh sch kinh t c p dng. Ngoi ra, Hi tho quc t ny l ni hi t ca ba nhm i tng vn rt t c dp gp g v trao i cch tip cn: cc nh nghin cu, cc chuyn gia thng k v cc nh hoch nh v thc thi chnh sch kinh t. Hi tho nhm ba mc tiu c th sau: Thng nht cch nh ngha v o lng khu vc v vic lm phi chnh thc ti cc quc gia ang pht trin, trn c s cc cng tr.nh nghin cu ca Nhm Delhi do Lin Hp Quc v Vn phng Lao ng Quc t iu phi (kinh nghim iu tra quc gia v khu vc v vic lm phi chnh thc: qu trnh trin khai, kh khn gp phi, gii php p dng); Gii thiu v tho lun cc kt qu so snh nghin cu kinh t v cc nghin cu gn y v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc (cng nh cc ch khc c lin quan) do gii nghin cu v cc t chc quc t thc hin trn c s c cung cp b s liu mi cp nht t cc cuc iu tra thng k; cc cng trnh ny lm r phng thc vn hnh cng nh tnh nng ng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc; Phi hp vi cc chin lc quc t mi nhm gim ngho trong bi cnh khng hong kinh t, vn dng cc phn tch v kinh nghim c hoch nh tt hn cc chnh sch h tr khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v to vic lm (c bit l cc nghin cu nh gi tc ng). Ban ch o Ban ny bao gm i din ca cc c quan ng t chc v c nhim v a ra nhng nh hng cho Hi tho. Hi ng Khoa hc - Trng Khanh, V trng, V phng php, Tng cc thng k, H Ni - Michael Grimm, Gio s, Vin nghin cu x hi, La Haye - Ralf Hussmans, Chuyn gia thng k, T chc Lao ng Quc t, Geneva - L Vn Dy, Ph vin trng, Vin khoa hc thng k, Tng cc thng k, H Ni - Benoit Massuyeau, C quan pht trin Php, H Ni - Nguyn Thng, Gim c, Trung tm phn tch v d bo, Vin Khoa hc x hi Vit Nam, H Ni - Martin Rama, Chuyn gia kinh t trng, Ngn hng Th gii, H Ni - V Quc Huy, Ging vin, i hc kinh t, i hc quc gia, H Ni - Alex Warren-Rodriguez, Chng trnh Pht trin Lin Hp Quc, H Ni - Nhm nghin cu, Vin nghin cu pht trin, DIAL, H Ni Ban t chc - Trn Th Lan Anh, VASS, Stphane Lagre, AFD/VASS/EFEO v Bi Thu Trang, AFD/VASS - Jean-Pierre Cling, Mireille Razafindrakoto v FranoisRoubaud, IRD, DIAL, H Ni

100

MC LC

101

Mc tiu hi tho CHNG TRNH TNG TH CHNG TRNH CHI TIT PHIN TON TH

100 103 104 114

Ralf Hussmanns, Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc Phn tch gia cc nc trn c s d liu ch yu v cc nh ngha chun thng k quc t tc gi 115 Marc Bacchetta, Ton cu ha v vic lm phi chnh thc ti cc nc ang pht trin

135 PHIN CHUYN II. 1. CC RNG BUC KINH T V TH CH II. 2. KHI NIM V PHNG PHP (1): KINH NGHIM CC QUC GIA II.3. TRIN VNG TI VIT NAM II.4. PHN B VIC LM THEO KHU VC V RNG BUC X HI III.1. TNH NNG NG VI M V V M III. 2. KHI NIM V PHNG PHP (2): KINH NGHIM CC QUC GIA III. 3. CC D N QUC T: THNG K V NGHIN CU III. 4. CHNH SCH V CC VN LIN NGNH PHIN TON TH: NH GI / THCH THC DANH SCH THNH VIN (Bo co vin; ng tc gi; ch to) Thng tin chung 143 144 149 155 160 164 169 174 178 184 190

196

102

CHNG TRNH TNG TH

Ngy 6/5 PHIN TON TH(I) I.1. Khai mc I.2. Tip cn tng th (Tham lun then cht) Tnh nng ng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v nhng thch thc v chnh sch Nhng thch thc trong o lng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc Tho lun

n tra
PHIN CHUYN (II) Phin II.1 Rng buc v kinh t v th ch Phin II.2 Khi nim v phng php: kinh nghim cc quc gia 4 tham lun Tho lun Gii lao 4 tham lun Tho lun Ngy 7/5 PHIN CHUYN (III) Phin III.1 Tnh nng ng vi m v v m 3 tham lun Tho lun Gii lao 4 tham lun Tho lun Phin III.2 Khi nim v phng php: kinh nghim cc quc gia 3 tham lun Tho lun Gii lao 3 tham lun Tho lun Phin III.3 Cc d n quc t Phin III.4 Chnh sch v vn lin ngnh 4 tham lun Tho lun Gii lao 3 tham lun Tho lun Phin II.3 Trin vng ti Vit Nam Session II.4 Phn b theo khu vc v rng buc v x hi 3 tham lun Tho lun Gii lao 3 tham lun Tho lun

3 tham lun Tho lun Gii lao 4 tham lun Tho lun

4 tham lun Tho lun Gii lao 4 tham lun Tho lun

3 tham lun Tho lun Gii lao 3 tham lun Tho lun

n tra
PHIN TON TH (IV) IV.1. Hi ngh bn trn: Trin vng no cho vic o lng, nghin cu v hoch nh chnh sch Tng hp ca cc phin chuyn (kt qu ch yu, tho lun) Bn trn: nh gi / bi hc rt ra t Hi tho Tho lun IV.2. B mc

103

CHNG TRNH CHI TIT

Th nm ngy 6/5/2010 8:00 ng k i biu (8:00 12:00)

I.

PHIN TON TH: TIP CN TNG TH

Khai mc Ch ta: Nguyn Xun Thng (VASS)

8:30- Pht biu ca Ch tch Vin KHXH Vit Nam (ng Hoi Nam) 8:40- Pht biu ca Tng gim c IRD (ng Michel LAURENT) 8:50- Pht biu ca B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi (Th trng Nguyn Thanh Ha) 9:00- Pht biu ca Ph tng cc trng Tng cc Thng k (ng Nguyn Bch Lm) 9:10- Pht biu ca i din cc nh ti tr (ng Jhon HENDRA) Gii lao

Ch ta: Nguyn Thng (VASS)

9:50 Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc: phn tch so snh mt s quc gia trn c s d liu ch yu v cc nh ngha thng k chun quc t (R. HUSSMANS, T chc Lao ng Quc t, Geneva) 10:20 Ton cu ha v vic lm chnh thc ti cc nc ang pht trin (M. BACCHETTA, V Nghin cu Kinh t v Thng k, T chc Thng mi Th gii)

10:50 Tho lun

n tra

104

Th nm ngy 6/5/2010

(13:30 17:30)

CC PHIN CHUYN
II.1. CC RNG BUC KINH T V TH CH

Ch ta iu khin: Jacques CHARMES (IRD) Ch ta bo co: Jean-Marc SIROEN (i hc Paris Dauphine)

13:30 Nhng ro cn i vi vic cung cp v thu hi vn trong cc hot ng phi chnh thc: Kinh nghim thu c t khu vc Cn Sahara ca chu Phi (M.GRIMM, ISS, La Haye; J. KRUGER & J. LAY, i hc Gottingen) 13:50 Vic lm phi chnh thc khng ng nht v phn on th trng lao ng Th Nh K (BEN SALEM M., BENSIDOUN I., CEE, Php) 14:10 Tham nhng v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc cn Sahara chu Phi (E. LAVALLEE, i hc Paris Dauphine, DIAL, Php) 14:30 Tnh hiu qu ca cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc v nhng yu t quyt nh : s dng hi quy phn v quantile trong nghin cu trng hp ca th ln Antananarivo (Madagascar) (F. RAKOTOMANANA, INSTAT, Madagascar 14:50 Tho lun 15:10 Gii lao 15:30 Vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc n : quy m, loi hnh, tng trng v cc yu t quyt nh (I. BAIRAGYA, Vin Nghin cu bin ng Kinh t v X hi, Bangalore n ) 15:50 Chuyn i t khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc sang khu vc kinh t chnh thc : vic gia cng ti cc lng ngh ng bng sng Hng (S. FANCHETTE, IRD, Nguyn Xun Hon, CASRAD, H Ni) 16:10 Ti chnh vi m v lao ng t lm ti nng thn min Nam n : phn tch bi hc tht bi (I. GUERIN, Vin Nghin cu Pht trin, Php Php ; ROESCH M., CIRAD, Php & VENKATASUBRAMANIAN, Institut Franais de Pondichery, n ) 16:30 Tho lun

19:00 Tic ti chiu i (do B Lao ng-Thng binh v X hi mi)

105

Th nm ngy 6/5/2010

(13:30 17:30)

CC PHIN CHUYN
II. 2. KHI NIM V PHNG PHP (1): KINH NGHIM CC QUC GIA

Ch ta iu khin: Martin BALEPA (AFRISTAT) Ch ta bo co: Benoit MASSUYEAU (AFD)

13:30 Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc: cng c o lng no cho chu Phi (E. RAMILISON, AFRISTAT, Mali) 13:50 Hai thp nin iu tra v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc M hi c (G. LUNA, R. MARTINEZ & NEGRETE R., INEGI, Mexico) 14:10 PHNG PHP LUN IU TRA 1-2-3: KINH NGHIM P DNG VIT NAM (Nguyn Th Thu Huyn, Nguyn Vn on, L Vn Dy, Tng cc Thng k Vin Khoa hc Thng k, Vit Nam) 14:30 Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Ma rc : cch tip cn, phng php lun v s pht trin (M. BENNANI, C quan thng k, Ma rc) 14:50 Tho lun 15:10 Gii lao 15:30 iu tra ENAHO: phng php o lng v phn tch khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc P ru (N. HIDALGO, INEI, Peru) 15:50 S pht trin ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc : 16 nm nghin cu v phn tch Ca m run (J.G.B. SHE ETOUNDI, Vin thng k quc gia, Ca m run) 16:10 iu tra gc hn hp 1-2 nguyn bn nhm thu thp thng tin v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Mng C (I. BADAMTSETSEG, C quan Thng k quc gia, Mng C) 16 :30 Mt phng php khc nhm thng k th trng lao ng khu vc nng thn ca Colombia (ALVARO SUAREZ R., Universidad de los Andes Colombia) 16:50 Tho lun

19:00 Tic ti chiu i (do B Lao ng-Thng binh v X hi mi)

106

Th nm ngy 6/5/2010

(13:30 17:30)

CC PHIN CHUYN
II.3. TRIN VNG TI VIT NAM

Ch ta iu khin: Adam FFORDE (Victoria University, Australia) Ch ta bo co: Alex WARREN-RODRIGUEZ (UNDP)

13:30 Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti H Ni v TP H Ch Minh (L Vn Dy, Nguyn Th Thu Huyn, Nguyn Hu Ch, Phan Th Ngc Trm, Tng cc thng k, Vin KH thng k, Vit Nam) 13:50 Cc cch tip cn khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti cc thnh ph ln ca Vit Nam: t bit n khng bit (P. GUBRY, IRD, Php; L Th Hng, HIDS, Vit Nam; Nguyn Th Thing, IPSS, Vit Nam & Phm Thy Hng, i hc Kinh t quc dn, Vit Nam) 14:10 Vic lm phi chnh thc ca lao ng nng thn di c trong th trng lao ng thnh th vng ng bng sng Hng: phn tch so snh v la chn ngnh v thu nhp ca lao ng di c t thnh th v lao ng thnh th bn a H Ni, Hi Phng v Hi Dng (Nguyn Hu Ch, i hc Kinh t Quc dn, IRD, Vit Nam) 14:30 nh hng ca di c quc t n vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: trng hp ca Vit Nam (Trn Th Bch, i hc Kinh t Quc dn, Vit Nam) 14:50 Tho lun 15:10 Gii lao 15:30 S a dng ho trong phn b t ai v lao ng nhm ng ph vi cc c Sc v ri ro ca cc h gia nh min Trung Vit Nam (Phng c Tng & H. WAIBEL, i hc Leibniz Hannover, Germany) 15:50 Ti chnh vi m phi chnh thc : Mt th ch t nguyn thc y s pht trin nng thn (Nguyn Vn Hun, VASS, Vit Nam) 16:10 Cc yu t quyt nh thu nhp v phn bit i x i vi lao ng nhp c vng ng bng sng Cu Long, Vit Nam (Hunh Trng Huy, i hc Antwerpen, B) 16:30 Li ch ca vic chnh thc ho: minh chng t cc doanh nghip va v nh Vit Nam (J. RAND & N. TORM, i hc Copenhagen, Danemark) 16:50 Tho lun

19:00 Tic ti chiu i (do B Lao ng-Thng binh v X hi mi)

107

Th nm ngy 6/5/2010

(13:30 17:30)

CC PHIN CHUYN
II.4. PHN B VIC LM THEO KHU VC V RNG BUC X HI
Ch ta iu khin: ng Nguyn Anh (VASS) Ch ta bo co: Xavier OUDIN (IRD, DIAL)

13:30 Tc ng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc n ngho i v vic lm Npan Mt nghin cu nh ti huyn Chitwan (M.K. AGARWAL, i hc Lucknow, R. C. DHAKAL, Nepal) 13:50 Cng vic ni tr v vic lm phi chnh thc ti chu Phi : la chn no cho ph n? (J. HERRERA, IRD, DIAL & C. TORELLI, INSEE, DIAL, Php) 14:10 S chuyn giao v th t doanh qua nhiu th h trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: mt s la chn hn ch hay cc trin vng tt hn cho thu nhp? Bng chng n t 7 quc gia Ty Phi (L. PASQUIER DOUMER, IRD-DIAL, Php) 14:30 Tho lun 15:00 Gii lao 15:00 L lao ng hay tr thnh lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti Ca m run ; vai tr ca vn x hi v vn con ngi (C. KANA KENFACK , Vin thng k quc gia, Ca m run) 15:50 S on kt c tnh cht bt buc c gy hi cho hot ng kinh doanh hay khng? Bng chng t 7 quc gia Ty Phi (M. GRIMM, Erasmus i hc Rotterdam, H Lan; F. GUBERT, IRD-DIAL, Php; O. KORIKO, Afristat, Mali, J. LAY, i hc Gottingen, c, C.J. NORDMAN, IRD-DIAL, Php) 16:10 S hi lng trong cng vic v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Vit Nam (J.-M. WACHSBERGER, i hc Lille III, DIAL, Php, M. RAZAFINDRAKOTO, F. ROUBAUD, IRD, DIAL, H Ni) 16:30 Tho lun

19:00 Tic ti chiu i (do B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi mi)

108

Th su ngy 7/5/2010

(8:30 12:15)

CC PHIN CHUYN III.1. TNH NNG NG VI M V V M

Ch ta iu khin: Nguyn Th Lan Hng (ILSSA) Ch ta bo co: Nguyn Thng (VASS)

8:30 Mi lin quan gia cc ng thi ca ngho i v th trng lao ng Pru. Vai tr ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (N. HIDALGO, INEI, Peru, J. HERRERA, IRD, DIAL, Php) 8:50 Lao ng phi chnh thc chu M La tinh: ngho i v tnh d b tn thng (R. MAURIZIO, i hc quc gia Sarmiento, Argentina) 9:10 To vic lm thng qua nhng hot ng kinh t phi chnh thc ca ph n nng thn bang Imo (E.C. ONYENECHERE E.C., i hc bang Imo, Nigeria) 9:30 Phn tch s liu mng v s thay i ca phn b lao ng v thu nhp Vit Nam (Nguyn Hu Ch, i hc Kinh t Quc dn, Vit Nam, C. J. NORDMAN, IRD-DIAL, Php) 9:50 Tho lun

10:10 Gii lao 10:30 Vic lm phi chnh thc v s thay i thu nhp M hi c v Ac hen ti na: phn tch pseudo-lp (F. GROISMAN, i hc Buenos Aires, Ac hen ti na) 10:50 Hnh trnh gia khu vc kinh t hin i v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Nghin cu trng hp ca Thi Lan (X. OUDIN, IRD-DIAL, Php) 11:10 nh gi tc ng tim tng ca cuc khng hong ton cu i vi th trng lao ng v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Vit Nam (J.-P. CLING, M. RAZAFINDRAKOTO, F. ROUBAUD, IRD-DIAL, H Ni, Vit Nam) 11:30 Tho lun

n tra

109

Th su ngy 7/5/2010

(8:30 12:15)

CC PHIN CHUYN
III. 2. KHI NIM V PHNG PHP (2): KINH NGHIM CC QUC GIA

Ch ta iu khin: Trng Khanh (GSO) Ch ta bo co: Margarita GUERERO (UN-ESCAP)

8:30 Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v ti khon quc gia (M. SERUZIER, Comptable national, Php) 8:50 Thng k khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v tch hp khu vc kinh t ny vo ti khon quc gia (B. LEENHARDT (DIAL, Php) v M. KUEPIE (DIAL-CEPS, Php, Luxembourg) 9:10 Phng php v s tch hp khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc vo h thng ti khon quc gia : trng hp ca P ru (J.-L. ROBLES, INEI, Peru) 9:30 Tho lun

10:00 Gii lao 10:30 Th chi tit ha cc khi nim v khu vc v vic lm phi chnh thc v xy dng ti khon cc n v kinh t phi chnh thc trn c s cc cuc iu tra v vic lm v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti Ca m run( R. A. AMOUGOU, A. D. DZOSSA, J. FOUOKING, S. NEPETSOUN v J. TEDOU, Vin thng k quc gia, Ca m run) 10:50 iu tra 1-2 ti Sri Lanka (Chandani WEERAKOONE, C quan Thng k Sri Lanka) 11:10 Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trong ti khon quc gia ca Ma rc (Y.A. KHELLOU, C quan thng k, Ma rc) 11:30 Tho lun

n tra

110

Th su ngy 7/5/2010

(8:30 12:15)

CC PHIN CHUYN
III. 3. CC D N QUC T: THNG K V NGHIN CU

Ch ta iu khin : Rie VEJS KJELDGAARD (ILO) Ch ta bo co: Ralf HUSSMANNS (ILO)

8:30 Cc cuc iu tra 1-2 c lng vic lm phi chnh thc v gi tr tng thm ca cc doanh nghip trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: Kt qu ca 3 cuc iu tra quc gia ti chu (M. GUERRERO, UN-ESCAP, Bangkok) 8:50 K hoch hnh ng ci thin v gim st s liu thng k v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti chu Phi - PASSIA (M. BALEPA, AFRISTAT, Bamako) 9:10 Hng ti mt Chin lc ng tin cy v hiu qu v mt chi ph nhm thu thp d liu v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc (D.S. MALIGALIG, ADB, Manila) 9:30 Tho lun

10:10 Gii lao 10:30 Ph n v nam gii trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nm 2010 mt bc tranh thng k: ln k hoch bo co cp nht (J. Heintz, i hc Massachusetts & J. Vanek ,WIEGO, USA) 10:50 Gii phng tim nng: Tho b nhng tr ngi kinh t, th ch v x hi cho cc doanh nghip phi chnh thc chu Phi cn Xa-ha-ra (M. GRIMM, i hc Rotterdan, F. GUBERT, C. NORDMAN, IRD-DIAL, J. LAY, i hc Gottingen) 11:10 Phi chnh thc c phi l iu bnh thng hay khng? Hng ti nhiu vic lm hn v lm vic tt hn (J. R. De LAIGLESIA v J. JUTTING, OCDE) 11:30 Tho lun

n tra

111

Th su ngy 7/5/2010

(8:30 12:15)

CC PHIN CHUYN
III. 4. CHNH SCH V CC VN LIN NGNH
Ch ta iu khin: Kirsty MASON (DFID) Ch ta bo co: Azita BERAR AWAD (WTO) 8:30 Vit Nam Mt s vn v bo him x hi v bo him y t trong khu vc phi chnh thc (P. CASTEL, Nh Kinh t, Vit Nam, GIN Thnh Cng, ILSSA) 8:50 c tnh li ch thu nhp ca trnh hc vn trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Ca m run (P. NGUETSE TEGOUM, B Kinh t , Ca m run) 9:10 Khi phi chnh thc khng bao gi hon ton l phi chnh thc, v chnh thc khng bao gi hon ton l chnh (A. FFORDE v P. SHEEHAN, i hc Victoria , Australia) 9:30 iu kin sng v lm vic ca dn nhp c v dn ng c Thnh ph H ni v H Ch Minh (U ban nhn dn thnh ph/Cc Thng k H Ni v H Ch Minh v UNDP) 9:50 Tho lun

10:10 Gii lao 10:30 Cc cch tip cn chnh sch i vi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: Tho lun v chuyn dch sang chnh thc (A. BERARD, ILO, Geneva) 10:50 C tn ti gii hn no cho s gia tng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Nam M? (F. VERDERA (ILO, Peru) 11:10 c nh v nhng thch thc ca phng php nh gi tc ng: v d v ti chnh vi m Ma rc (TANGUY, AFD, Php) 10:30 Tho lun n tra

112

Th su ngy 7/5/2010

(13:30 17:30)

IV.

PHIN TON TH: NH GI / THCH THC

Ch ta: Joann VANEK (WIEGO) Tng hp cc phin chuyn 13:30 13:37 13:44 13:51 13:58 14:05 14:12 14:19 Khi nim v phng Benoit MASSUYEAU php: kinh nghim cc quc gia (II.2),

Khi nim v phng php: kinh nghim cc quc gia (III.2), Margarita GUERRERO Rng buc kinh t v th ch (II.1), Jean-Marc SIROEN Phn b theo khu vc v rng buc v x hi (II.4), Xavier OUDIN Tnh nng ng vi m v v m (III.1), NGUYN Thng Trin vng ti Vit Nam (II.3), Alex WARREN-RODRIGUEZ Chnh sch v vn lin ngnh (III.4), Marc BACCHETTA Cc d n quc t (III.3), Ralf HUSSMANNS

14:30 Tho lun 15:10 Gii lao

Ch ta: V Quc Huy (i hc kinh t, VNU)

15 :30

Tm hiu v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: truyn phng vn ng Franois BOURGUIGNON (H Ni Paris) (Gim c i hc kinh t Paris, Php) Hi ngh bn trn: trin vng no cho vic o lng, nghin cu v hoch nh chnh sch Dn dt: Martin RAMA, Franois ROUBAUD, Rie VEJS KJELDGAARD Tho lun B mc

16:00

16:45 17:30

Tic cocktail (do Tng cc thng k mi)

113

PHIN TON TH Tip cn tng th

Ralf Hussmanns, Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc Phn tch gia cc nc trn c s d liu ch yu v cc nh ngha chun thng k quc t tc gi, V Thng K, Vn Phng T Chc Lao ng Quc T, Geneva

Marc Bacchetta, Ekkehard Ernst, Juana P. Bustamante, Ton cu ho v vic lm phi chnh thc ti cc nc ang pht trin T Chc Lao ng Quc T, Vin Nghin Cu Lao ng Quc T, T Chc Thng Mi Th Gii, Geneva, 2009

114

Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc Phn tch gia cc nc trn c s d liu ch yu v cc nh ngha chun thng k quc t tc gi, V Thng K, Ralf Hussmanns
Vn Phng T Chc Lao ng Quc T, Geneva

Mc lc 1. 2. M u nh ngha 2.1 nh ngha thng k quc t v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc 2.2 nh ngha thng k quc t v vic lm phi chnh thc 2.3 Cc vn lin quan 2.3.1 Vic lm nm gia ranh gii cc nhm phn loi tnh trng vic lm 2.3.2 Phn loi chi tit vic lm phi chnh thc 2.3.3 Thng k v vic lm phi chnh thc khi thiu s liu v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc 2.3.4 Vic lm phi chnh thc trong nng nghip 2.3.5 Phn bit khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc/vic lm phi chnh thc v sn xut ngm/sn xut bt hp php Phng php thu thp thng tin 3.1 Cc cuc iu tra lc lng lao ng s dng lm ngun s liu v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc/vic lm phi chnhthc 3.2 Cc cu hi iu tra 3.2.1 Vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc 3.2.2 Vic lm phi chnh thc

3.

Ti liu tham kho Ph lc I: Quyt ngh v thng k vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, c Hi ngh Quc t cc nh Thng k Lao ng ln th 15 (1/1993) thng qua (lc trch) Ph lc II: Hng dn nh ngha thng k v vic lm phi chnh thc, thng qua ti Hi ngh Quc t cc nh Thng k Lao ng ln th 17 (11-12/2003) 1. Phn m u

Vo thng Ging 1993, Hi ngh Quc t cc nh Thng k Lao ng ln th 15 (ICLS15) thng qua nh ngha thng k quc t v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v nh ngha ny sau c a vo H thng Ti khon Quc gia (SNA 1993) quc t sa i. 24 Vic a nh ngha v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc vo SNA c coi l mt bc tin quan trng v cho php xc nh ring khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trong cc ti khon ny v nh lng ha c mc ng gp ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc vo tng sn phm trong nc. c c mt nh ngha ng thun quc t v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, c c cc nh thng k lao ng cng nh cc nh ti khon quc gia trong nc chp nhn, khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc phi c nh ngha theo cc c trng ca n v sn xut (doanh nghip) ni din ra cc hot ng (tip cn theo doanh nghip), ch khng phi theo nhng c im ca ngi tham gia lao ng hay cng vic h lm (tip cn theo lao ng). nh ngha v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c ICLS15 thng qua i khi b ch trch v nhng ngi tham gia cc hot ng kinh t c quy m rt nh hay ngi t lm khng c ch ch c th khng khai bo trong cc cuc iu tra thng k rng mnh l ngi t lm hay ang c vic lm, mc
Chng IV ca SNA 1993 ch nu li nhng phn chnh ca nh ngha. SNA 2008 nu chi tit hn v c c mt chng y v Cc kha cnh phi chnh thc ca nn kinh t (SNA 2008, Chng 25). 115
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d hot ng ca h cng ng vi nh ngha v doanh nghip. Mt ch trch khc l cc thng k v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c th nh hng n sai s trong phn loi mt s nhm lao ng c vic lm c th theo tnh trng vic lm, nh lao ng gia cng, ngi thu ph, ngi lm cng t do hay cc loi lao ng khc c loi hnh cng vic nm ranh gii gia lao ng t lm v lao ng lm cng n lng. Ph n l i tng thng tham gia vo nhng hot ng loi ny nhiu hn nam gii. Mt ch trch khc na l nh ngha v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trn c s doanh nghip khng th bao qut ht c tt c cc kha cnh ca qu trnh phi chnh thc ha ca vic lm ngy cng tng, dn ti gia tng cc loi vic lm phi chnh thc (hoc l khng chun, khng in hnh, thay th, khng theo quy tc, khng n nh v.v), xut hin ng thi vi s tng trng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc quan st c nhiu nc. Tuy nhin ngay t u, r rng nh ngha v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c ICLS15 thng qua khng nhm mc ch vt qu xa khi phm vi o lng t l vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ny. V nhng l do ni trn, Nhm chuyn gia Thng k Khu vc Kinh t phi chnh thc (Nhm Delhi) nht tr vi ngi s dng thng tin thng k khi kt lun rng nh ngha v o lng vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc cn c b sung bng mt nh ngha v phng php o lngv vic lm phi chnh thc (CSO/n 2001). Vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc l nhng khi nim ch nhng mt khc nhau ca tnh phi chnh thc ho ca vic lm v nhng mc tiu khc nhau nhm hoch nh chnh sch. Hai khi nim ny khng th thay th cho nhau. C hai khi nim u cn cho phn tch v v vy b sung cho nhau. Tuy nhin, hai khi nim ny cn c xc nh v o lng mt cch cht ch v thng nht nhm c th phn bit r gia khi nim ny vi khi nim kia. Ngi s dng thng tin thng k v cc i tng khc thng nhm ln gia hai khi nim ny v khng bit r nhng n v quan st khc nhau lin quan: mt bn l doanh nghip v mt bn l vic lm. Trong phin hp ln th 90 (2002), Hi ngh Lao ng Quc t (ILC) tin hnh tho lun nhiu v Vic lm ng hong v kinh t phi chnh thc, lin tc nhn mnh yu cu phi c nhiu s liu thng k cht lng hn v kinh t phi chnh thc v yu cu ILO h tr cc quc gia thnh vin trong thu thp, phn tch v ph bin s liu thng k thng nht, chi tit v quy m, thnh phn v mc ng gp ca kinh t phi chnh thc (ILO 2002a). Tuy nhin, c th thu thp s liu thng k v kinh t phi chnh thc, ta cn c nh ngha v kinh t phi chnh thc. ILC s dng thut ng kinh t phi chnh thc ch mi hot ng kinh t ca ngi lao ng v cc n v kinh t m theo lut nh hay trn thc t, khng thuc phm vi hay thuc phm vi khng y ca cc tha thun chnh thc (ILO 2002a). Bo co ca ILO v Vic lm ng hong v kinh t phi chnh thc (ILO 2002b) c s dng lm c s tho lun ca ILC nhm xc nh vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc gm hai phn: i) vic lm khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc theo nh ngha ca ICLS15 v ii) cc loi vic lm phi chnh thc khc (nh vic lm phi chnh thc ngoi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc). Trong bo co, ILO xy dng khung khi nim v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Khung khi nim ny da trn o lng thng k v c da trn cc nh ngha thng k c quc t cng nhn v c s dng v m bo tnh nht qun v cht ch. Khung khi nim cho php o lng vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc vi s b sung ranh gii ca vic lm phi chnh thc (Hussmanns 2001; 2002). Trong phin hp ln th 5, Nhm Delhi thng qua khung khi nim ny v khuyn ngh cc quc gia p dng th (CSO/India 2001). Sau , mt s nc (Braxin, Georgia, n , Mhic v Cng ho Moldova) th nghim thnh cng khung khi nim ny. Khung khi nim c ILO ci tin sau c trnh by ti ICLS ln th 17 (11-12/2003) tho lun. ICLS 17 xem xt khung khi nim, thc hin mt s sa i nh v ph chun cc hng dn thng qua khung khi nim, coi y l mt tiu chun thng k quc t (ILO 2003). Nhng hng dn ny (xem Ph lc ti liu ny) b sung cho Quyt ngh ca ICLS 15 v thng k vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. N lc ca Nhm Delhi v cc nc thnh vin l ht sc quan trng i vi vic son tho v thng qua cc hng dn ny. ICLS 17 nht tr rng nhng hng dn quc t ny s c ch trong vic h tr cc nc khi xy dng nh ngha quc gia v vic lm phi chnh thc cng nh trong tng cng ti mc ti a so snh quc t cc kt qu thng k. Hi ngh cng nhn thy rng cc hng dn ny l cn thit trong h tr thc hin yu cu ca ILC nm 2002 rng ILO cn tr gip cc nc trong thu thp, phn tch, ph bin s liu thng k v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc.
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Khi nim vic lm phi chnh thc c coi l ph hp khng ch vi cc nc ang pht trin v qu m cn c vi cc nc pht trin, v nhiu nc pht trin khi nim ny vn cn c lin quan. Tuy nhin, ICLS 17 cng tha nhn rng s ph hp v ngha ca vic lm phi chnh thc c s khc bit gia cc nc, v vy, quyt nh trin khai thng k v ni dung ny s ph thuc vo bi cnh v s u tin ca tng quc gia. Trong cc tho lun v thut ng, mt s kin cho rng thut ng vic lm phi chnh thc l qu tch cc v c th dn n hiu nhm v mc tiu chnh sch. S khc li e ngi rng ngi s dng thng tin thng k c th thy kh hiu v s khc bit gia vic lm phi chnh thc v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, dn n nhm ln gia hai thut ng. Tuy nhin, thut ng vic lm phi chnh thc vn c ICLS 17 gi nguyn v c tnh khi qut v cng do khng t c s ng thun v vic s dng thut ng thay th no khc, chng hn nh vic lm khng c bo h. Bo co c b cc nh sau: Phn 2 tm tt v gii thch cc nh ngha thng k quc t v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc c ICLS ln th 15 v 17 thng qua cc nm 1993 v 2003, cng nh mt s vn lin quan, nh mi lin h gia cc khi nim v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc vi khi nim v kinh t cha c quan st. Phn 3 tho lun cc kh nng v hn ch ca cc cuc iu tra lc lng lao ng l ngun d liu v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc. minh ha phng thc thu thp thng tin, trong bo co c dn chng nhng v d v cc cu hi iu tra c th ny sinh. 2. 2.1 nh ngha nh ngha thng k quc t v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc

ICLS ln th 15 (ILO 2000) nh ngha vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc bao gm tt c cc vic lm trong cc doanh nghip phi chnh thc hay tt c nhng ngi c tuyn dng lm vic trong mt thi k nht nh t nht mt doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, bt k tnh trng vic lm th no v cng vic l vic lm chnh hay vic lm th hai. Doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c ICLS 15 nh ngha da trn cc tiu ch sau: L cc doanh nghip t nhn khng c t cch php nhn (ngoi tr doanh nghip dng bn t cch php nhn)25 , tc l nhng doanh nghip thuc s hu ca c nhn hay h gia nh khng c coi l thc th php nhn ring r c lp vi ch s hu, khng c h thng k ton hon chnh cho php phn bit v mt ti chnh trong cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip vi cc hot ng khc ca ch s hu. Cc doanh nghip t nhn khng c t cch php nhn gm cc doanh nghip khng c t cch php nhn thuc s hu v c iu hnh bi mt thnh vin h gia nh hay mt s thnh vin trong cng mt h gia nh, cng nh cc cng ty hp danh v hp tc x khng c t cch php nhn do thnh vin ca cc h gia nh khc nhau thnh lp nn, nhng khng c h thng k ton hon chnh. Tt c hay t nht mt s loi hng ha, dch v sn xut ra c tiu th hay trao i, c th bao gm c cc h gia nh thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc cung cp cc dch v lm thu cng vic gia nh hoc c nhn khi thu mn lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh c tr lng tinh. Quy m lao ng di mt ngng nht nh c xc nh da trn bi cnh ca tng quc gia26 , v/hoc khng c ng k theo lut nh ca tng quc gia c th (nh cc quy nh v sn xut hoc thng mi, lut thu hay lut bo him x hi, cc quy ch ca hi ngh nghip hay o lut, lut hay quy nh tng t c cc c quan lut php quc gia ban hnh, ngoi quy nh a phng v cp giy php thng mi hay giy php kinh doanh), v/hoc khi ngi lao ng (nu c) khng ng k.

Trong SNA, nhng doanh nghip loi ny c gi l doanh nghip h gia nh khng c t cch php nhn hay doanh nghip h gia nh v l mt b phn ca khu vc th ch h gia nh trong SNA. Do c gi khng quen vi lc ca SNA nn thng hiu sai cc thut ng ny. Bi vy, bo co s s dng thut ng doanh nghip t nhn khng c t cch php nhn. 26 Trong phin hp ln th 3, Nhm Delhi xut phc v cng tc bo co quc t, tiu ch v quy m cn c xc nh l di 5 lao ng (CSO/India 1999). 117

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Tham gia cc hot ng phi nng nghip, k c hot ng phi nng nghip lm thm ca cc doanh nghip hot ng trong ngnh nng nghip. 27 Cc on tng ng trong Quyt ngh ca ICLS 15 c trch dn trong Ph lc I ca bo co ny. ngha ca thut ng khu vc p dng theo SNA. Trong ti khon quc gia, mt khu vc (khu vc th ch) khc vi mt lnh vc hot ng kinh t (ngnh). Khu vc ch n thun l tp hp cc loi hnh n v sn xut kinh doanh tng t, m v mt chc nng, hnh vi v mc tiu c bn c nhng c im chung nht nh. Kt qu khng hn l mt tp hp cc n v sn xut kinh doanh ng nht. V vy, trong phn tch v hoch nh chnh sch, cn phn chia khu vc thnh cc lnh vc nh ng nht hn. Doanh nghip trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc theo nh ngha ca ICLS 15 khng c coi l mt khu vc cp di thuc khu vcth ch h gia nh trong SNA v nh ngha ny ch tnh n hot ng sn xut ca h gia nh. Tuy vy, doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc li i din cho nhm cc doanh nghip h gia nh khng c t cch php nhn. Khi nim doanh nghip c s dng y c hiu theo ngha rng cp n bt k n v no tham gia hot ng sn xut hng ha, dch v bn hay trao i. Doanh nghip theo ngha ny khng ch bao gm cc n v sn xut kinh doanh c thu mn lao ng m cn c cc n v sn xut thuc quyn s hu v iu hnh ca cc c nhn ring l t hch ton kinh doanh nh ngi t lm, k c lm mt mnh hay c s gip ca cc thnh vin h gia nh khng hng lng, hng cng. Cc hot ng ny c th c thc hin ti nh ca ch doanh nghip hay ni khc; nhng a im xc nh, khng xc nh hoc khng c v tr c nh. Tng t nh vy, ngi bn hng rong t doanh, ti x taxi, ngi lm vic ti nh v.v u c coi l doanh nghip. 2.2 nh ngha thng k quc t v vic lm phi chnh thc Khung khi nim c ICLS 17 thng qua lin quan n khi nim vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc da trn cch tip cn t pha doanh nghip lin h mt cch cht ch v thng nht vi khi nim rng hn v vic lm phi chnh thc da trn cch tip cn t pha cng vic. Mt ngi c th c ng thi hai hay nhiu hn hai vic lm chnh thc v/hoc vic lm phi chnh thc. Do s a dng nh vy cng vic l cch tip cn tt v vic lm hn ngi lm cng vic . Ngi lao ng lm cc cng vic c th c m t bng nhiu c trng cng vic a dng, nhng cng vic ny li c thc hin cc n v sn xut kinh doanh (doanh nghip) vi nhng c trng doanh nghip khc nhau. Do vy, s dng phng php lp ghp, khung l thuyt phn chia tng vic lm theo hai tiu ch: loi n v sn xut kinh doanh v loi vic lm (xem ma trn Ph lc II). Loi n v sn xut kinh doanh (hng ngang ca ma trn) c xc nh theo tnh php nhn ca t chc hay c im khc lin quan n doanh nghip, cn loi vic lm (hng dc ca ma trn) c xc nh theo tnh trng vic lm v cc c trng khc lin quan n cng vic. Cc n v sn xut kinh doanh c chia thnh 3 nhm: doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc, doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v h gia nh. Doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc gm cc cng ty (k c doanh nghip dng bn t cch php nhn), t chc phi li nhun, doanh nghip khng c t cch php nhn thuc s hu nh nc v nhng doanh nghip t nhn khng c t cch php nhn sn xut hng ha, dch v bn hay trao i khng thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. nh ngha doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nu trong Mc 2.1 trn. H gia nh c nh ngha y l cc h sn xut hng ha ch phc v nhu cu s dng cui cng ca ring mnh (nh nng nghip t cung t cp, t xy dng nh ), cng nh cc h gia nh c thu mn lao ng lm cng vic gia nh tr lng ti nh (ngi gip vic, ngi git gi, lm vn, gc cng, li xe v.v)28 . Cc h gia nh cung cp dch v lm cng vic ti nh hay

ICLS 15 cng nhn rng trn quan im khi nim s khng c tr ngi g nu tnh c doanh nghip t nhn khng c t cch php nhnhot ng nng nghip v hot ng c lin quan n nng nghip, trong phm vi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, vi iu kin tha mn cc tiu ch trong nh ngha khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Tuy nhin cng c kin ngh v loi tr hot ng nng nghip v hot ng c lin quan n nng nghip ra khi phm vi iu tra v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc thng k ring v cc l do thu thp s liu trong thc tin. 28 nh ngha ca ICLS 15 v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc khng bao gm cc h gia nh sn xut hng ha ch p ng mc ch s dng cui cng ca ring mnh nhng cng cho php tnh n cc h gia nh c thu mn lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti nh c tr lng. Khung khi nim trnh by trong bo co ny v c ICLS 17 thng qua khng s dng quy nh ring ny v do loi tr nhng h gia nh c thu 118

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phc v c nhn khng hng tin cng (nh lm vic nh, chm sc gia nh) phc v nhu cu tiu dng cui cng ca ring mnh khng c tnh v cc hot ng hin khng thuc phm vi sn xut ca SNA v khng c coi l vic lm. Vic lm c phn bit theo tnh trng vic lm v theo tnh chnh thc hay phi chnh thc. Ma trn s dng nm nhm tnh trng vic lm thuc Phn loi tnh trng vic lm quc t (ICSE-93) nh sau: lao ng t lm; ch lao ng; ng gp ca lao ng gia nh; ngi lm thu; v thnh vin hp tc x sn xut. Phn loi theo tnh trng vic lm l cn thit cho mc tiu nh ngha nhng cng cn cho cc cng vic phn tch v hoch nh chnh sch. C 3 loi khc nhau trong ma trn Ph lc II. Cc mu sm ch nhng vic lm theo nh ngha khng tn ti n v sn xut kinh doanh ang cp n. Chng hn khng th c lao ng gia nh ng gp cc n v sn xut kinh doanh h gia nh khng mang tnh th trng. Nhng mu nht ch vic lm chnh thc. V d nh ngi lao ng t lm v ch lao ng s hu doanh nghip thuc khu vc chnh thc, ngi lm thu cc cng vic chnh thc trong cc doanh nghip chnh thc hay thnh vin ca hp tc x sn xut c thnh lp chnh quy. Nhng cn li khng t mu i din cho s a dng ca vic lm phi chnh thc. ICLS 17 nh ngha vic lm phi chnh thc l tng s vic lm phi chnh thc, d thc hin trong doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thckhu vc chnh thc, doanh nghip thuc khu vc phi chnh thc hay ti h gia nh trong mt thi k nht nh (xem Ph lc II), bao gm: Ngi lao ng t lm v ch lao ng lm vic trong doanh nghip ring ca h thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thckhu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ( 3 v 4). Tnh trng vic lm ca cc lao ng t lm v ch lao ng kh c th tch ri khi loi hnh doanh nghip m h s hu. Tnh phi chnh thc ca vic lm ca h do c im phi chnh thc ca doanh nghip quy nh. ng gp ca lao ng gia nh, bt k h lm vic doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thckhu vc phi chnh thc hay chnh thc ( 1 v 5). Tnh phi chnh thc trong cng vic ca h l do thc t ng gp ca lao ng gia nhthng khng r rang, khng c hp ng lao ng bng vn bn v cng vic ca h thng khng chu s iu chnh ca lut lao ng, quy nh v bo him x hi hay tha c tp th v.v.29 Ngi lm thu cng vic phi chnh thc, d lm thu cho doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc, doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay l lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti gia c h gia nh tr lng ( 2, 6 v 10). 30 Theo hng dn c ICLS 17 thng qua, ngi lao ng c coi l c vic lm phi chnh thc nu quan h lao ng ca h, d theo lut hay trn thc t, khng chu s iu chnh ca lut lao ng, quy nh v thu thu nhp, bo tr x hi hay quy nh v quyn li lao ng nht nh ca quc gia (thng bo trc khi cho ngh vic, tr cp thi vic, ngh php nm hay ngh m c hng lng v.v) v nhng l do nh: vic lm hay lao ng khng cng khai; cng vic khng n nh hay vic lm trong thi gian ngn; vic lm c s gi lm vic hay mc lng di ngng quy nh ( ng bo him x hi chng hn); vic lm trong doanh nghip khng c t cch php nhn hay vic l ca thnh vin trong h gia nh; vic lm m ni lm vic nm ngoi a im sn xut kinh doanh ca ch lao ng (nh ngi lm gia cng khng c hp ng lao ng); hay vic lm khng thuc phm

mn lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti nh c tr lng ra khi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Vic loi tr ny ph hp vi xut ca Nhm Delhi trong phin hp ln th 3 (CSO/India 1999). 29 Lao ng gia nh c hp ng lao ng v/hoc c tr lng, tr cng c coi l ngi lm cng. 7 ch cc lao ng lm thu cc cng vic chnh thc trong doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thckhu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Nhng trng hp nh vy c tnh vo vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nhng khng c tnh vo vic lm phi chnh thckhu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v ch xy ra khi doanh nghip c nh ngha l phi chnh thc nu ch cn c vo tiu chun quy m lao ng, hoc xy ra cc doanh nghip khng c lin h hnh chnh no gia vic ng k cho lao ng lm thu vi ng k ca ch lao ng. Tuy nhin, s lng nhng lao ng lm thu cc cng vic chnh thc cc doanh nghip phi chnh thc hu ht cc nc thng nh. Nu c s lng ng k th c th cn nh ngha khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc theo cch trong loi tr cc doanh nghip c thu mn lao ng chnh thc. Chng hn, nh ngha ny c xut chentina (Pok 1992) v ph hp vi ngh quyt ca ICLS 15, trong c tnh vic khng ng k lao ng cc doanh nghip l mt tiu ch nh ngha khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (ILO 2000). 119
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vi iu chnh, thc thi ca cc quy nh v lao ng, hay khng c tun th v nhng l do khc. 31 Thnh vin hp tc x sn xut phi chnh thc ( 8). Tnh phi chnh thc trong cng vic ca h b nh hng trc tip bi c im phi chnh thc ca hp tc x m h l thnh vin. 32 Lao ng t lm tham gia sn xut hng ha ch p ng tiu dng cui cng ca h gia nh mnh (nh nng nghip t cung t cp hay t xy nh ), nu c coi l lm thu theo nh ngha ca ICLS 13 v vic lm 33 ( 9). Yu t mi ch yu y l nh ngha nu trn v vic lm phi chnh thc ca ngi lm thu. Tuy nhin, do tnh a dng ca vic lm phi chnh thc nhiu nc khc nhau nn ICLS 17 nh phi cc quc gia t xc nh cc tiu ch thc tin trong nh ngha vic lm phi chnh thc ca ngi lao ng lm thu ty vo hon cnh c th v s liu c c tng quc gia. Tc ng ca vic so snh quc t cc s liu thng k c c c ICLS 17 cng nhn. Mt vn quan trng v nh ngha na l kh nng c s khc bit gia tnh cht chnh thc ca cc tnh hung vic lm v tnh thc tin ca n. i khi, ngi lao ng lm thu d trn l thuyt c lut lao ng bo v, c bo him x hi, c hng cc li ch v lao ng v.v nhng trn thc t li khng c kh nng i hi cc quyn li ny do c ch thc thi quy nh hin hnh cn thiu hay yu. Hoc do cc quy ch khng c p dng khi ngi lao ng ng t b quyn li ca mnh, bi v h thch i vic thc hin ng cc quy nh php l v bo him x hi nhn ly mc lng thun cao hn. V nhng l do ny m nh ngha ICLS 17 v vic lm phi chnh thc ca ngi lao ng khng ch cp n cc tnh hung vic lm mang tnh phi chnh thc v mt php l m c cc tnh hung vic lm mang tnh phi chnh thc trn thc t (theo lut hay trong thc t). Vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc bao gm tng cc t 3-8. Vic lm phi chnh thc l tng cc t 1-6 v t 8-10. Tng cc 1, 2, 9 v 10 c gi l vic lm phi chnh thc ngoi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Vic lm phi chnh thc ngoi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc gm cc loi cng vic sau: Lao ng lm thu c vic lm phi chnh thc trong doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc ( 2) hay lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh c h gia nh thu v tr lng ( 10); ng gp ca lao ng gia nh doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc ( 1); Lao ng t lm tham gia sn xut hng ha ch p ng tiu dng cui cng ca h gia nh mnh, nu c coi l lm thu theo nh ngha vic lm ca ICLS 13 ( 9). Trong s ny, 2 (lao ng lm thu c vic lm phi chnh thc trong doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc) thng c gii nghin cu, cc t chc x hi v nh hoch nh chnh sch quan tm nhiu nht. Cn lu rng ICLS 17 khng nht tr vi thut ng vic lm trong kinh t phi chnh thc c ILO s dng ch tng vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc ngoi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (cc 1-10). ICLS 17 nht tr rng tnh ton thng k, cn tch bit cc khi nim v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc. Khi nim v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc theo nh ngha ca ICLS 15 cn c gi nguyn v l mt b phn ca SNA v v mt s ln cc nc theo tng hp ca ILO (ILO 2002c) v ang thu thp s liu thng k da trn c s .

nh ngha ny ph hp vi nh ngha v lao ng lm thu khng ng k nu trong on 9 (6) trong Quyt ngh v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c ICLS 15 thng qua, bao gm c cc nh ngha ICSE-93 v lao ng lm thu khng thng xuyn, lao ng lm cng vic khng n nh (lao ng ngu nhin, ngn hn, ma v v.v) v lao ng nhn thu ph. 32 Hp tc x sn xut, c thnh lp chnh thc nh nhng n v php nhn, l cc doanh nghip c t cch php nhn v do vy, thuc khu vc kinh t khu vc kinh t chnh thcchnh thc. Cc thnh vin ca nhng hp tc x sn xut c thnh lp chnh thc ny c coi l c vic lm chnh thc. Hp tc x sn xut khng c thnh lp chnh thc nh nhng n v php nhn c coi l doanh nghip khng c t cch php nhn thuc s hu ca cc thnh vin ca mt s h gia nh, v s thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thckhu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nu p ng c cc tiu ch khc trong nh ngha v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. 33 nh ngha ny xc nh nhng ngi tham gia hot ng sn xut gia nh v mc ch p ng tiu dng cui cng c coi l c lao ng thu mn nu hot ng sn xut ca h c ng gp ng k vo tng mc tiu dng ca h gia nh. 120

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2.3 2.3.1

Cc vn lin quan Vic lm nm ranh gii ca phn loi v tnh trng vic lm

iu c tha nhn rng ri l c mt s loi vic lm nht nh kh c th phn loi theo tnh trng vic lm v nm ranh gii ca hai hay nhiu nhm ICSE-93, nht l gia nhm lao ng t lm v lao ng lm thu. Mt v d l ngi gia cng (lao ng ti nh). Khung khi nim trnh by trong bo co ny v c ICLS 17 thng qua cho php bao qut mi i tng lao ng gia cng trong vic lm phi chnh thc, d c phn loi th no theo v tr cng vic. Lao ng gia cng c a vo 3 hay 4 nu h thnh lp ln doanh nghip ring vi t cch ngi lao ng t lm, v nu nhng doanh nghip ny p ng c cc tiu ch trong nh ngha v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Nhng ngi lm vic cho cc doanh nghip gia cng phi chnh thc nh vy l lao ng ng gp ca gia nh c a vo 5, cn nhng ngi lao ng lm thu c a vo cc 6 hay 7. Lao ng gia cng lm thu cho doanh nghip khu vc kinh t chnh thcthc c a vo 2 nu c vic lm phi chnh thc v vo mu xm nht cnh 2 nu c vic lm chnh thc. Nh vy, vn sp xp vic lm vo cc nhm tnh trng vic lm s nh hng n s liu v vic lm phi chnh thc da trn cch tip cn v lao ng t hn mc nh hng n s liu v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thckhu vc kinh t phi chnh thc da trn cch tip cn doanh nghip. Nhng vn ny s dn n sai s do phn loi hn l sai s do phm vi. Tuy nhin, cn tip tc ci tin phng php lun nhm gim thiu nhng sai s do phn loi nh vy. 2.3.2 Phn loi chi tit vic lm phi chnh thc Trong cc ni dung hng dn, ICLS 17 c cp rng phc v vic phn tch v hoch nh chnh sch c th cn chia nh cc loi vic lm phi chnh thc, nht l vic lm ca lao ng lm thu. Cn xy dng h thng phn loi v cc nh ngha theo hng ny tip tc phn loi theo tnh trng vic lm cp quc t v quc gia. Chin lc xy dng cc loi hnh vic lm khng in hnh da trn Phn loi Tnh trng vic lm Quc t (ICSE-93) c trnh by trong nghin cu ca Mata Greenwood v Hoffmann (2002). 2.3.3 Thng k v vic lm phi chnh thc khi khng c s liu v vic lm khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc C nhng nc mun thc hin thng k v vic lm phi chnh thc d khng c s liu thng k v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Cc nc khc li mun thc hin thng k v vic lm phi chnh thc nhng nhn thy vic phn loi vic lm theo loi n v sn xut kinh doanh khng ph hp lm vi nc mnh. Tr trng hp mun hn ch vic tnh ton vic thu thp thng tin v vic lm phi chnh thc i vi lao ng lm thu, cc nc s cn ch r nhng nh ngha ph hp v vic lm phi chnh thc i vi lao ng t lm, ch lao ng v thnh vin hp tc x sn xut, l nhng nh ngha khng c s dng r rng trong khi nim khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. 2.3.4 Vic lm phi chnh thc trong nng nghip Xt theo kha cnh xem xt thng k i tng tham gia hot ng nng nghip, nhiu nc thng gp phi mt vn chung, l theo khon 16, Quyt ngh ca ICLS 15, nng nghip c loi ra khi phm vi thng k khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. c th phn loi tt c cc loi hnh vic lm (k c vic lm nng nghip) vo nhm chnh thc hay phi chnh thc, nhng nc ny s phi c cc nh ngha ph hp v vic lm phi chnh thc trong nng nghip khc vi nhng nh ngha v ngi tham gia lao ng nng nghip t cung t cp ( 9). C th, iu ny s p dng i vi vic lm trong nng nghip ca lao ng t lm, ch lao ng v thnh vin hp tc x sn xut. Theo nh ngha v lao ng lm thu phi chnh thc trong nng nghip, hu nh chc chn cng mt tiu ch s c s dng trong nh ngha lao ng lm thu phi chnh thc trong cc hot ng khc.34

Negrete (2002) tho lun v nhng vn ny trong tham lun ca mnh ti hi ngh ln th 6 ca Nhm Delhi v a ra mt s xut dnh cho Mhic. 121

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2.3.5 Phn bit khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc/vic lm phi chnh thc v sn xut ngm/sn xut bt hp php ICLS 17 yu cu ch r mi lin h gia cc khi nim v vic lm phi chnh thc v kinh t cha c quan st. V vy, trong phn gii thiu hng dn, hi ngh c cp rng hin c khung khi nim quc t v nh lng kinh t cha c quan st. Khung l thuyt ny c cp trong cm nang hng dn o lng kinh t cha c quan st do OECD, IMF, ILO v CIS STAT (y ban Thng k lin bang ca Cng ng cc Quc gia c lp) xut bn nm 2002, b sung vo SNA 1993 (OECD v cc cng s 2002). Cun cm nang ny t khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trong bi cnh rng hn ca kinh t cha c quan st rng hn v c lin h vi 4 khi nim khc thng hay nhm ln l: sn xut ngm; sn xut bt hp php; sn xut h gia nh dng ring cho tiu dng cui cng v sn xut b b st do thiu cc chng trnh thu thp s liu.35 SNA 2008 nh ngha sn xut bt hp php l hot ng bao gm: i) sn xut hng ha, dch v b php lut cm bun bn, phn phi, s hu, ii) cc hot ng sn xut bnh thng l hp php nhng s tr thnh phi php khi c thc hin bi ngi sn xut khng c php (y ban Chu u v cc cng s, 2009). V d gm c bun lu ma ty hay hnh ngh no ph thai tri php. Sn xut che du (sn xut ngm) c nh ngha trong SNA 2008 l cc hot ng sn xut vn hp php khi c thc hin tun th cc tiu chun, quy nh tng ng nhng c tnh che du vi c quan cng quyn. Mt v d l vic bun bn cc hng ha, dch v hp php nhng khng khai bo thu. SNA 2008 tha nhn rng trn thc t khng phi lc no cng c th d dng phn nh ranh gii r rng gia sn xut ngm v sn xut bt hp php. Tuy vy, xy dng khi nim, ta c th s dng cc nh ngha nu trn phn bit 3 loi hot ng sn xut: i) nhng hot ng hp php v khng phi hot ng ngm; ii) nhng hot ng hp php nhng l hot ng ngm; iii) nhng hot ng phi php. Nh trnh by trong th 1 di y, bt k loi hnh n v sn xut kinh doanh (doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc; doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc; h gia nh) c th tham gia bt k loi hnh hot ng no (hp php, khng phi hot ng ngm; hp php, l hot ng ngm; phi php). Tuy nhin, ai cng bit rng cc nc ang pht trin v qu , hu ht cc hot ng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc u l hot ng ngm hoc phi php v ch l phng cch sinh tn ca nhng ngi tham gia cc hot ng cng nh lm cho gia nh. iu ny to iu kin nhiu cho vic thc hin iu tra khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nhng nc ny. th 1 n v sn xut kinh doanh Hot ng Hp php Khng phi hot Hot ng ngm ng ngm Phi php

Doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc Doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (a) H gia nh (b) (c) Theo nh ngha ca ICLS 15 (tr cc h gia nh c thu lao ng lm cng vic gia nh ti nh c lng). (d) Cc h gia nh sn xut hng ha ch p ng nhu cu tiu dng cui cng ca ring mnh v cc h c thu mn lao ng lm cng vic gia nh ti nh c lng. Nhng hot ng ca cc n v sn xut kinh doanh c thc hin bi ngi lm thu nhng cng vic chnh thc hay phi chnh thc. Mi lin h v khi nim ny c th hin trong th 2 di y, trong kt hp th 1 vi mt phin bn rt gn ca ma trn c ICLS 17 thng qua trong cc hng dn ca mnh. Kt qu l mt khi lp phng 3 chiu gm 18 hnh lp phng nh (hay 45 khi lp phng nh, nu s dng ma trn y ). Mi khi lp phng nh i din cho kt hp
Yu cu phn bit khi nim v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc vi khi nim khu vc kinh t giu dim hay ngm c ICLS 15 tha nhn trong khon 5 (3) Quyt ngh ca Hi ngh v thng k vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. 122
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c th ca mt loi n v sn xut kinh doanh, loi hot ng v loi vic lm. Mi khi lp phng nh c th c nh ngha vi cc v d v cc tnh hung vic lm m khi lp phng i din. Hy vng cch lm ny s gip gii quyt vn khc mc ph bin khi s dng cc thut ng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, vic lm phi chnh thc v sn xut ngm hay phi php vn tn ti hin nay. th 2

n v sn xut kinh doanh

Hot ng Hp php
Khng phi hot ng ngm

Phi php
Hot ng ngm

Doanh nghip thuc khu v?c KTPCT Doanh nghip thuc khu v?c chnh thc

H gia nh

3. 3.1

Phng php thu thp thng tin

Cc iu tra v lc lng lao ng cung cp ngun d liu v vic lm khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc/vic lm phi chnh thc Nhiu nc c nhng kinh nghim tch cc trong vic s dng cc iu tra lc lng lao ng lm ngun d liu v vic lm khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (ILO 2002c). Ngoi ra, cc iu tra v lc lng lao ng c l l cng c iu tra ph hp nht p dng nh ngha v vic lm phi chnh thc c ICLS 17 thng qua. Gim st s lng v c trng ca lao ng lm vic trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc cng nh c th thu thp thng tin v cc iu kin vic lm v cng vic bng cch nh k b sung mt s cu hi v nh ngha khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc v cc c trng ca vic lm thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc, k c trong iu tra lc lng lao ng. Chi ph ca hot ng ny l kh thp. Cn hi b sung tt c nhng ngi c vic lm trong thi k iu tra, d h c tnh trng vic lm nh th no. Bng cch ny, ta c th thu thp s liu ton din v khi lng v cc c trng v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc cng nh thu thp thng tin v vic lm v iu kin lm vic tt c cc loi hnh vic lm phi chnh thc, k c ngi lao ng lm thu v ng gp ca lao ng gia nh.36 Nhng s liu ny c th c lin quan mc v m vi cc s liu tng ng v vic lm khu vc kinh t chnh thc hay lao ng chnh quy v s liu v tht nghip c c t cng mt ngun, v mc vi m vi tt c cc thng tin khc thu thp c trong cng iu tra v nhng i tng cn quan tm. Ni cch khc, tng dn s (hay dn s trong tui lao ng) c th c phn loi thnh ngi c vic lm, tht nghip v dn s khng hot ng kinh t, trong ngi c vic lm c phn loi tip tc theo tnh trng vic lm, theo tnh phi chnh thc hay chnh thc ca cng vic, loi n v sn xut kinh doanh (doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc, doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay h gia nh) ni din ra cc hot ng v.v. Cng c th s dng iu tra
y l mt u im so vi iu tra c lp v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, trong thng thu thp tt c cc thng tin v doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v lc lng lao ng t ch doanh nghip. 123

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v lc lng lao ng nh giai on u trong kho st kt hp h gia nh v doanh nghip v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Cc iu tra v lc lng lao ng thng c thc hin tn sut cao hn cc iu tra chuyn su v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. V vy, nhng s liu thu thp c t iu tra lc lng lao ng lin quan n s tin trin ca cc yu t u vo lao ng ti cc hot ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc c th c s dng ngoi suy s liu t iu tra chuyn su v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc lin quan n nhng c trng khc (nh gi tr tng thm) ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc. Ngi lao ng c th cm thy kh cung cp thng tin v mt s tiu ch c s dng nh ngha khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, nht l v tnh php nhn, s sch k ton v ng k ca doanh nghip h lm thu. Tuy nhin, ta vn c th c tnh tng s ngi lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc m ch cn s dng thng tin v cc c trng ca doanh nghip (nh tnh php nhn, s sch k ton, tnh trng ng k v/hoc s ngi lao ng tham gia) do nhng i tng iu tra l ch lao ng hay lao ng t lm cung cp. Mt kh nng khc na l da trn tnh ton v tt c i tng iu tra bt k tnh trng vic lm, cng nh thu thp thng tin tng i t cc i tng iu tra l ngi lao ng v tnh php nhn, loi ti khon v tnh trng ng k ca doanh nghip h lm thu. lm c vic ny, cn c mt hoc hai cu hi v khu tr thu thu nhp hay bo him x hi t tin lng hay v loi hnh doanh nghip (c quan nh nc, doanh nghip nh nc, nh my, ngn hng, cng ty bo him, chui ca hng, xng sn xut nh, ca hng hay hng n v.v). C hai phng thc trn u c s dng trong b cu hi nu trong Phn 3.2.1 di y. Cn lu rng tnh ton tng vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc theo phng thc th nht thng c sai s chn mu cao hn tnh ton theo phng thc sau. Ch c th phn loi lao ng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc nu c xc nh l i tng c vic lm ngay t u. bo m bao qut ht mi hot ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc, ta cn thc hin mt s thm d c bit v cc hot ng hay vic lm c th v l do no khng c khai bo. Chng hn, c th s cn c cc thm d c bit v vic lm khng c tr lng cc doanh nghip gia nh nh, cc hot ng ca ph n lao ng t lm hay ti nh, cc hot ng khng cng khai, vic lm ngu nhin v cc hot ng phi chnh thc coi nh vic lm thm ca nng dn, cn b nh nc hay ngi lao ng khu vc t nhn chnh thc.37 bao qut y vic lm ca tr em khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc, ta cng cn h thp gii hn tui ti thiu c s dng trong cc iu tra thu thp thng tin v dn s ang hot ng kinh t. Trong thit k hay thit k li mu iu tra, ta cn thn trng bao hms lng vng ph hp ni c lao ng phi chnh thc sinh sng. C mt s hn ch trong s dng iu tra lc lng lao ng lm ngun s liu v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc l: Thng thng, cc iu tra lc lng lao ng ch thu thp thng tin v c im vic lm chnh ca i tng iu tra. Tuy nhin, nhiu nc, mt s lng ln cc hot ng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc tn ti di dng vic lm th hai. V vy, iu cn thit l phi hi cc cu hi xc nh khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc khng ch v vic lm chnh ca i tng m c cc cng vic th hai. Nu khng, quy m ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc rt c th s b tnh ton thiu. Vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc l mt phn trong tng vic lm v thng c tnh ton trong mt thi k ngn nh mt tun chng hn. Do nhiu hot ng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc c c trng theo ma v v cc bin s khc trong thi k nn s liu v vic lm khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc thu c trong mt thi k ngn c th khng i din cho c nm. C th ci thin tnh i din v mt thi gian bng cch lp li vic tnh ton vi ln trong nm nh hng qu, hng thng hay iu tra lin tc, hoc bng cch s dng thi k di hn nh mt nm chng hn, trong trng hp iu tra hng nm hay t thng xuyn hn. Tnh ton s lng doanh nghip trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc l mt vic kh nu khng mun ni l khng th thc hin c. L do l v s lng doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi

37

Tnh trng khai bo thiu v vic lm th hai trong cc cuc iu tra v lc lng lao ng l mt hin tng ph bin cn c bit ch trng. 124

chnh thc khng ging vi s lng doanh nhn khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, do s tn ti ca cc lin kt kinh doanh. Kh nng phn tch s liu theo lnh vc hot ng kinh t (ngnh) v cc c trng khc ph thuc vo quy m v thit k mu. i khi, s lng lao ng phi chnh thc trong mu iu tra li qu nh thc hin phn loi chi tit. 3.3 3.3.1 Cu hi iu tra Vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc

Thng thng, cc thng tin sau v lao ng lm vic trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc c sn trong iu tra v lc lng lao ng: Cc c im nhn khu hc x hi nh: gii tnh, tui, tnh trng hn nhn, quan h vi i tng cn quan tm trong h gia nh, trnh hc vn, ni thng tr, thnh th hay nng thn v.v; Cc c im ca h gia nh: s lng thnh vin gia nh, loi hnh h gia nh v.v; S gi lm vic v thu nhp; Loi hnh hot ng kinh t (ngnh), ngh nghip v tnh trng vic lm; Cc c im cng vic khc: lm ton b thi gian hay bn thi gian, tnh trng n nh cng vic (khng thi hn, tm thi, ma v, thnh thong v.v). Thng tin thu c t cc cu hi iu tra v loi hnh hot ng kinh t cho php xc nh cc i tng tham gia hot ng nng nghip, lm nghip, ng nghip (ISIC bn sa i ln 4, Phn A), lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti nh (ISIC sa i ln 4, Nhm 970 Hot ng lm thu cng vic gia nh trong cc h gia nh), cng nh nhng ngi tham gia sn xut hng ha p ng nhu cu s dng cui cng ca c nhn (ISIC sa i ln 4, Nhm 981 Hot ng sn xut cc sn phm vt cht t tiu dng ca h gia nh). Cn lu rng, nu c thit k tt, cc cu hi v loi hnh ng k doanh nghip s bao qut c khng ch tiu ch khng ng k m c tiu ch v loi hnh s hu, tnh php nhn v loi hch ton, l nhng yu t c s dng xc nh doanh nghip t nhn khng c t cch php nhn (tr loi hnh bn cng ty).38 Do vy, ch cn b sung mt s t cu hi vo b cu hi iu tra lc lng lao ng xc nh ngi lm vic trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Di y l mt v d da trn loi cu hi c nhiu nc s dng trong iu tra v lc lng lao ng. i vi tt c cc i tng iu tra tr lao ng lm cng vic gia nh c lng: CH 1: C bao nhiu ngi (k c bn thn ng/b) thng lm vic trong doanh nghip ca ng/b hay doanh nghip, t chc tuyn dng ng/b? (Nu doanh nghip/t chc c hn mt c s th khai s ngi thng lm vic c s ln nht). 1. Di 10 ngi 2. 10 - 19 ) Chuyn sang CH 4 3. 20 - 49 ) 4. 50 - 99 ) 5. 100 tr ln ) (Cc nhm quy m c xc nh theo hon cnh tng nc) CH 2: Xin cho bit con s chnh xc: /_/_/ CH 3: C bao nhiu ngi lm vic trong doanh nghip ca ng/b hay doanh nghip, t chc tuyn dng ng b? Tng Nam N s 1. Ch DN (k c ng s hu) /_/_/ /_/_/ /_/_/ 2. Lao ng ng gp cho gia nh /_/_/ /_/_/ /_/_/ 3. Lao ng lm thu/hng lng /_/_/ /_/_/ /_/_/ 4. Lao ng khng hng lng /_/_/ /_/_/ /_/_/
mt s nc (nh Th Nh K), loi thu doanh nghip phi np ph thuc vo tnh php nhn v ng k, cng l nhng yu t xc nh loi hch ton ca doanh nghip. Trong trng hp ny, cu hi v loi thu phi np s d hiu hn i vi i tng iu tra so vi cu hi v ng k doanh nghip. 125
38

(Ghi ch: kh c th thu thp thng tin v c im ca doanh nghip t ngi lao ng, ch c th tnh ton vic lm khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc theo gii tnh v tnh trng vic lm da trn cu tr li ca CH 3 do lao ng t lm v ch vic lm phi chnh thc cung cp. Cng cn s dng CH 3 khi p dng nh ngha chung v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc do Nhm Delhi xng, trong quy nh tiu ch quy m di 5 lao ng lm thu/hng lng (Cc Thng k Trung ng n 1999). i vi lao ng lm thu m khng phi l lao ng lm cng vic gia nh hng lng: CH 4: ng/b c tuyn dng bi ...? 1. Nh nc ) Chuyn n CH 10 2. Doanh nghip nh nc v vn Nh nc ) 3. T chc phi li nhun, phi chnh ph hip hi v.v) 4. Doanh nghip t nhn CH 5: Ch lao ng c khu tr thu thu nhp v/hoc bo him x hi t tin lng/tin cng ca bn khng? 1. C 2. Khng i vi ch lao ng, lao ng t lm, lao ng ng gp cho gia nh v lao ng trong doanh nghip t nhn: CH 6: Tnh php nhn ca doanh nghip ca ng/b hay doanh nghip tuyn dng ng/b l g? 7. Cty c phn, gp vn ) Chuyn n CH Q10 8. Cty TNHH/lin danh ) 9. HTX c ng k ) 10. Hp tc thng thng ) Chuyn n QH 8 11. S hu c nhn ) 12. Khng r CH 7: Doanh nghip ca/thu ng/b thuc loi no? 9. Nh my hay n in 10. Ngn hng hay cng ty bo him 11. Chui ca hng/nh hng/dch v 12. Cng ty xy dng 13. Bnh vin hay trng t thc 14. Hng ch to, vn phng kin trc s/lut s/bc s v.v 15. Nng tri, xng sn xut/gara/ca hiu/hng n/dch v nh 16. Loi khc, ghi r ... (Ch : M 7 c th c s dng thay th trong xc nh doanh nghip khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, nu khng c thng tin no thu thp c t CH 6 v cc cu hi khc). CH 8: Doanh nghip ca/thu ng/b ng k cha? 1. ng k 2. ang tin hnh ng k ) Chuyn n CH 10 3. Cha ) 4. Khng r ) 5. Khng mun tr li ) CH 9: Doanh nghip ng k di hnh thc no? (Cu tr li c quy nh theo hon cnh tng nc) (Ch : b cu hi trn khng c cu hi no v loi hch ton v s lng doanh nghip loi bn t cch php nhn thng rt nh hu ht cc nc.) i vi mi i tng iu tra: CH 10: ng/b ch yu lm vic u? 12. nh (khng c ni chuyn lm vic) 13. Ch lm vic bn trong hay gn lin vi nh 14. Nh my, vn phng, xng sn xut, ca hng, kit, v.v, tch bit nh 15. Nng tri hay rung nng nghip 16. Nh hay ni lm vic ca khch hng 17. Nh ca ch lao ng 18. Cng trng
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19. Ch hay quy hng 20. Quy hng trn ph 21. Khng c a im c nh (di ng) 22. Ni khc, ghi r ... (Ch : Tuy ni lm vic khng c coi l tiu ch nh ngha khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay vic lm phi chnh thc nhng cu hi v ni dung ny s gip xc nh mt s nhm nh vic lm phi chnh thc nh lao ng ti nh v ngi bn hng rong.) 3.2.2 Vic lm phi chnh thc thu thp s liu v s ngi c vic lm phi chnh thc, cn b sung mt s cu hi xc nh cc vic lm phi chnh thc ca lao ng. i vi mi nhm tnh trng vic lm khc, vic phn loi vic lm phi chnh thc c thc hin cn c trc tip vo tnh trng vic lm ca vic lm v/hoc c im ca doanh nghip thc hin vic lm . V vy, cc cu hi iu tra gi di y coi nh c s ban u s ch cp n ngi lao ng. Nhng nc nh Brazil, n , Mhic, Panama, LB Nga, Nam Phi, Th Nh K, Ukraina v Dimbabu s dng nhng tiu ch thc tin sau nh ngha vic lm phi chnh thc: khng tiu chun tham gia bo him x hi, khng c hng php nm hay ngh m c lng, khng c hp ng lao ng bng vn bn hay cng vic c tnh cht ngu nhin/tm thi. V d sau da trn b cu hi s dng th vo nm 2003 trong mt iu tra lc lng lao ng lin tc CH Mnva (Cc Thng k v X hi hc 2003). Ch p dng cho ngi lao ng: CH 11: ng/b c tuyn dng theo... ? 3. hp ng bng vn bn 4. hp ng ming CH 12: Hp ng ca ng/b ... ? 1. c thi hn 2. khng c thi hn CH 13: Ch lao ng c tr cc khon ng gp x hi (bo him lng hu v tht nghip) cho ng b khng? 4. C 5. Khng 6. Khng r CH 14: ng/b c c hng php nm c lng hay b lng s ngy php khng s dng khng? 4. C 5. Khng 6. Khng r CH 15: ng/b c c ngh m c lng khi m au khng? 4. C 5. Khng 6. Khng r CH 16: Khi sinh con, ng/b c c hng ch ngh thai sn khng? 5. C 6. Khng 7. Khng r 8. Khng p dng CH 17: Tr trng hp c li, ng/b c b cho thi vic khng bo trc khng? 4. C 5. Khng 6. Khng r CH 18: Trng hp b thi vic, ng/b c c nhn cc ch , bi thng quy nh trong lut lao ng khng? 1. C 2. Khng 3. Khng r

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T kt qu kim nghim, nguyn tc khng lm, khng hng lng c s dng phn loi cc vic lm thu khng chnh thc. Theo , cc cu hi 13, 14 v 15 c chn xc nh vic lm phi chnh thc ca ngi lm cng trong thc t. Cu hi 16, 17 v 18 khng em li hiu qu nhiu trong kim nghim v b loi khi b cu hi iu tra t thng 1/2004. Cc cu hi khc c b sung chnh thc vo b cu hi iu tra. Da trn b cu hi trnh by trong Phn 3.2.1 trn, c th xc nh c cc i tng ch lao ng, lao ng t lm v lao ng ng gp vo gia nh c vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (tr ngi sn xut hng ha ch phc v s dng cui cng ca h gia nh) bng cch kt hp cc nhm cu tr li nh sau: Nu tnh php nhn v quy m doanh nghip c s dng lm tiu ch: CH 1 = 1 v CH 3.3 < 5 v (CH 6 = 4-5 hay (CH 6 = 6 v CH 7 = 7)); Nu tnh php nhn v khng ng k ca doanh nghip c s dng lm tiu ch: CH 6 = 4-6 v CH 8 = 2-5. Lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (tr lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh c lng) c xc nh bng cch kt hp cc nhm tr li nh sau: Nu tnh php nhn v quy m doanh nghip c s dng lm tiu ch: CH 1 = 1 v CH 3.3 < 5 v CH 4 = 4 v (CH 6 = 4-5 hay (CH 6 = 6 v CH 7 = 7)); Nu tnh php nhn v khng ng k ca doanh nghip c s dng lm tiu ch: CH 4 = 4 v CH 5 = 2 v CH 6 = 4-6 v CH 8 = 2-3. Ngi c vic lm phi chnh thc bao gm: i) ch lao ng v lao ng t lm c doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, ii) mi lao ng ng gp cho gia nh, iii) ngi sn xut hng ha ch s dng cui cng trong h gia nh mnh (nu c coi l c vic lm), iv) ngi lao ng (k c lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti h c hng lng) tr li Khng CH 13, 14 hay 15. Cn nhn mnh rng cc cu hi t 1 18 trn v cc cu tr li ch c s dng cho bit loi thng tin cn thit nhm xc nh tnh hnh vic lm khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc. T ng chnh xc s c xc nh bi tng nc ty theo hon cnh mi nc. Mt s cu hi trn c th khng ph hp vi tt c mi nc, v khi cn loi ra hay thay th bng cu hi ph hp hn. Cn cho php khng ch i tng t tr li m c ngi tr li thay c tr li cc cu hi trn, nu cu hi c xy dng ph hp. Tuy nhin, trng hp tr li thay s kh thu c thng tin chnh xc hn mt s cu. Ti liu tham kho Cc Thng k Trung ng n (1999): Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics (Delhi Group), Report of the Third Meeting (New Delhi, 17-19 May 1999); New Delhi, 1999 Cc Thng k Trung ng n (2001): Expert Group on Informal Sector Statistics (Delhi Group), Report of the Fifth Meeting (New Delhi, 19-21 September 2001); New Delhi, 2001 Cc Thng k, X hi hc/CH Moldova (2003): Employment in the Informal Economy in the Republic of Moldova; Chisinau, 2003 y ban Chu u; IMF; OECD; Lin hp quc; Ngn hng Th gii (2009): System of National Accounts 2008; New York, 2009 Hussmanns, Ralf (2001): Informal sector and informal employment: elements of a conceptual framework; Tham lun ti Hi ngh ln th 5 Nhm chuyn gia v Thng k khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (Nhm Delhi), New Delhi, 19-21/9/2001 Hussmanns, Ralf (2002): A labour force survey module on informal employment (including employment in the informal sector) as a tool for enhancing the international comparability of data; Tham lun ti Hi ngh ln th 6 Nhm chuyn gia v Thng k khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (Nhm Delhi), Rio de Janeiro, 16-18/9/2002 T chc Lao ng Quc t (2000): Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector, thng qua ti Hi ngh quc t cc Nh thng k lao ng ln th 15 (1/1993); trong: Current International Recommendations on Labour Statistics, n bn nm 2000; T chc Lao ng Quc t, Geneva, 2000 T chc Lao ng Quc t (2002a): Effect to be given to resolutions adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 90th Session (2002), (b) Resolution concerning decent work and the

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informal economy; C quan ch tr, phin hp 285, ni dung th 7 trong chng trnh ngh s; Geneva, 11/2002 (ti liu s GB.285/7/2) T chc Lao ng Quc t (2002b): Decent Work and the Informal Economy; Bo co Tng gim c; Hi ngh Lao ng Quc t, phin hp 90; Bo co VI; T chc Lao ng Quc t, Geneva, 2002 T chc Lao ng Quc t (2002c): ILO Compendium of official statistics on employment in the informal sector; Ti liu cng v STAT, s 2002-1; T chc Lao ng Quc t, Cc Thng k, Geneva, 2002 T chc Lao ng Quc t (2003): Guidelines concerning a statistical definition of informal employment, endorsed by the Seventeenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (November-December 2003); trong: Hi ngh thng k lao ng quc t ln 7 (Geneva, 24/11 3/12/2003), Bo co Hi ngh; Ti liu s ICLS/17/2003/R; T chc Lao ng Quc t, Geneva, 2003 Nhm chuyn trch lin ban th k v Ti khon quc gia (1993): System of National Accounts 1993; Brussels/Luxembourg, New York, Paris, Washington, D.C., 1993 Mata Greenwood, Adriana; Hoffmann, Eivind (2002): Developing a conceptual framework for a typology of atypical forms of employment: Outline of a strategy; Tham lun chun b cho Hi tho chung UNECE-Eurostat-ILO v xc nh cht lng vic lm, Geneva, 27-29/5/2002 Negrete, Rodrigo (2002): Case studies on the operation of the concept of Informal Employment as distinct from Informal Sector Employment; Tham lun ti hi ngh Nhm chuyn gia Thng k khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ln th 6 (Nhm Delhi), Rio de Janeiro, 16-18/9/2002 OECD; IMF; ILO; CIS STAT (2002): Measuring the Non-Observed Economy A Handbook; Paris, 2002 Pok, Cynthia (1992): Precariedad laboral: Personificaciones sociales en la frontera de la estructura del empleo; Tham lun chun b cho Seminario Interamericano sobre Medicin del Sector Informal (Lima, 26-28/8/1992); Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos (chentina), Buenos Aires, 1992 PH LC I Quyt ngh v thng k vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c Hi ngh Thng k Lao ng Quc t ln th 15 thng qua (thng 1/1993) [lc trch] Khi nim 5 (1) Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c c im chung l bao gm nhng n v tham gia sn xut kinh doanh hng ha, dch v c mc tiu chnh l to vic lm v thu nhp cho nhng ngi lin quan. Nhng n v ny thng hot ng mc t chc thp, vi khng hoc t s phn chia gia cc yu t u vo ca sn xut nh lao ng v vn v thng c quy m nh. Cc quan h lao ng, nu c, ch yu da trn tuyn dng tnh c, quan h h hng hay quan h c nhn v s quen bit ch khng da trn cc tha thun hp ng vi s bo m chnh thc. (2) Cc n v sn xut kinh doanh trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c nhng c trng ca cc doanh nghip h gia nh. Ti sn c nh v ti sn khc c s dng khng thuc v n v sn xut kinh doanh m thuc ch s hu. Nhng n v sn xut kinh doanh ny khng th t mnh tham gia vo cc giao dch hay k kt hp ng vi n v khc, hay gnh nhn cc trch nhim. Ch s hu phi t chu ri ro trong huy ng ngun ti chnh cn thit v phi chu trch nhim c nhn, khng gii hn i vi bt k khon n hay trch nhim no pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh. Tng t, cc ti sn c bn nh nh ca, xe c c th c s dng khng phn bit thuc s hu ca doanh nghip hay ca h gia nh. nh ngha thc hnh Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc 6 (1) tin vic thng k, khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c coi l mt nhm cc n v sn xut kinh doanh, theo nh nh ngha v phn loi ca Lin hp quc v H thng Ti khon Quc gia (bn sa i 4), hnh thnh nn mt b phn ca khu vc h gia nh tng ng l cc doanh nghip khng c t cch php nhn thuc s hu ca h gia nh theo nh ngha ti khon 7.

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(2) Trong khu vc h gia nh, khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc gm: i) cc doanh nghip t lm phi chnh thc nh ngha ti khon 8; ii) thnh phn b sung bao gm cc doanh nghip ca ch lao ng phi chnh thc nh ngha ti khon 9. (3) Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c nh ngha khng ph thuc vo loi hnh ni lm vic l ni trin khai hot ng sn xut, mc ti sn vn c nh c s dng, thi hn hot ng ca doanh nghip (lu nm, ma v hay ngu nhin), cng nh hot ng ca doanh nghip l hot ng chnh hay th hai ca ch s hu. Doanh nghip h gia nh 7. Theo H thng Ti khon quc gia ca Lin hp quc (bn sa i 4), doanh nghip h gia nh (hay tng t l cc doanh nghip khng c t cch php nhn thuc s hu ca h gia nh) c phn bit vi cc cng ty hay t chc bn t cch php nhn da trn tnh php l ca n v v loi hch ton m n v s dng. Doanh nghip h gia nh l nhng n v tham gia sn xut hng ha, dch v khng cu thnh php nhn ring bit c lp vi h gia nh hay thnh vin h gia nh s hu doanh nghip, khng c h thng s sch k ton hon chnh (k c bng cn i ti sn c v ti sn n) nhm cho php phn bit r rng gia hot ng sn xut ca doanh nghip vi cc hot ng khc ca s hu ch v xc nh bt k lung thu thp v vn no gia doanh nghip v s hu ch. Doanh nghip h gia nh gm cc doanh nghip khng c t cch php nhn thuc quyn s hu v iu hnh ca c nhn cc thnh vin gia nh hay hai hoc nhiu hn hai thnh vin ca cng h gia nh cng nh cc hnh thc hp tc khng c t cch php nhn gia cc thnh vin ca cc h gia nh khc nhau. Doanh nghip t lm phi chnh thc 8 (1) Doanh nghip t lm phi chnh thc l cc doanh nghip h gia nh (cng ngha nh trong khon 7) thuc quyn s hu v iu hnh ca cc lao ng t lm, hoc mt mnh hoc c hp tc vi cc thnh vin ca cng hay khc h gia nh, c th tuyn dng khng thng xuyn cc lao ng ng gp cho gia nh v lao ng khc nhng khng tuyn dng lao ng thng xuyn v c nhng c im nh m t trong cc mc 5 (1) v (2). (2) V thc tin hot ng, doanh nghip t lm phi chnh thc c th bao gm tt c cc doanh nghip t lm hay ch gm nhng doanh nghip t lm khng ng k theo cc quy nh lut php quc gia c th, ty hon cnh mi quc gia. (3) Hot ng ng k c th l ng k theo lut v sn xut hay thng mi, lut thu hay bo him x hi, quy ch ca t chc ngh nghip hay cc lut, o lut tng t, hoc cc quy nh ca c quan php lut quc gia. Doanh nghip ca ch lao ng phi chnh thc 9 (1) Doanh nghip ca ch lao ng phi chnh thc l cc doanh nghip h gia nh (theo ngha khon 7) thuc quyn s hu v iu hnh ca cc ch lao ng, hoc t mnh hoc c hp tc vi cc thnh vin ca cng hay khc h gia nh, tuyn dng mt hay nhiu lao ng thng xuyn v c nhng c im m t cc mc 5 (1) v (2). (2) V thc tin hot ng, doanh nghip ca ch lao ng phi chnh thc c th c nh ngha, ty vo hon cnh ca mi quc gia, theo mt hay nhiu tiu ch sau: (i) quy m ca n v di mt mc lao ng c th; (ii) khng ng k doanh nghip hay lao ng. (3) Tuy tiu ch quy m ch yu ch s lng lao ng c thu thng xuyn nhng trn thc t, tiu ch ny c th c xc nh theo tng s ngi lao ng hay s lng ngi tham gia trong mt thi k nht nh. (4) Gii hn trn v quy m trong nh ngha doanh nghip ca ch vic lm phi chnh thc c th khc nhau gia tng nc v lnh vc hot ng kinh t. Gii hn ny c th c xc nh da trn cc tiu chun v quy m ti thiu theo quy nh ca php lut lin quan, nu c, hay theo cc nh mc da trn kinh nghim. Khi la chn gii hn trn v quy m cn tnh n mc phn b thng k ca cc n v ln trong lnh vc hot ng kinh t tng ng, nu c, nhm trnh trng lp. (5) Trong trng hp doanh nghip c hot ng nhiu hn hai c s, tiu ch quy m v nguyn tc phi p dng cho tng c s ch khng phi c doanh nghip. Theo , mt doanh nghip phi c coi l tha mn tiu ch v quy m nu khng c c s no vt qu gii hn trn v quy m quy nh. (6) Hot ng ng k doanh nghip c ngha l ng k theo cc quy nh lut php quc gia c th nh nu trong mc 8 (3). Ngi lao ng c coi l ng k nu c tuyn dng theo hp ng lao ng hay hc ngh trong ch lao ng cam kt tr cc khon thu v ng gp bo him x hi
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lin quan thay mt ngi lao ng hay c quan h lao ng tun theo quy nh chung ca php lut v lao ng. 10. phn tch c th, cc nh ngha c th hn v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c th c xy dng cp quc gia bng cch p dng thm cc tiu ch da trn s liu thu thp c. Nhng nh ngha ny c th khc nhau ty vo nhu cu ca ngi s dng thng k. Dn s tham gia lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Dn s tham gia lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc gm tt c nhng ngi c thu mn trong thi k nht nh (vi ngha nh trong khon 9 ca ngh quyt I c Hi ngh Thng k Lao ng Quc t ln th 13 thng qua) ti t nht mt n v phi chnh thc c nh ngha ti cc khon 8 v 9, bt k tnh trng vic lm v cng vic l cng vic chnh hay cng vic th hai. X l cc trng hp c th 14. Doanh nghip h gia nh ch tham gia vo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh phi th trng, tc l sn xut hng ha, dch v tiu dng c nhn ring hay hnh thnh vn c nh ring theo nh ngha ca H thng Ti khon Quc gia ca Lin hp quc (bn sa i 4), s c loi tr khi phm vi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc khi thc hin thng k v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Ty thuc vo hon cnh quc gia, cc h gia nh s dng lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti nh cp trong khon 19 c th c loi tr. 16. V thc tin, phm vi ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c th c gii hn cc doanh nghip h gia nh tham gia vo hot ng phi nng nghip. Nu tnh c quy nh ti khon 14, mi hot ng phi nng nghip phi c tnh vo phm vi ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, bt k l hot ng chnh hay ph ca doanh nghip h gia nh. c bit, khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc bao gm c cc hot ng phi nng nghip b tr ca doanh nghip h gia nh trong khu vc nng nghip nu tha mn cc iu kin ti khon 8 hay 9. 17. Nhng n v tham gia vo cc hot ng chuyn mn hay k thut c thc hin bi ngi lao ng t lm nh bc s, lut s, k ton, kin trc s hay k s, c coi l thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nu tha mn cc iu kin nu ti khon 8 hay 9. 18 (1) Lao ng gia cng l nhng ngi ng lm vic cho mt doanh nghip c th hay cung cp mt lng hng ha hay dch v nht nh cho mt doanh nghip c th, theo tha thun hay hp ng c trc vi doanh nghip , nhng c ni lm vic khng nm trong bt k c s no ca doanh nghip . (2) to iu kin thu thp s liu, mi lao ng gia cng u c th c tnh vo phm vi iu tra khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, cho d c t mnh cu thnh n v sn xut (lao ng gia cng t lm) hay l mt phn ca doanh nghip tuyn dng h (lao ng ngoi lm thu) hay khng. Da trn nhng thng tin thu thp c, lao ng gia cng t lm v lao ng lm thu phi c phn bit vi nhau da trn nhng tiu ch xut ca H thng Ti khon Quc gia ca Lin hp quc (bn sa i 4). Lao ng gia cng phi c tnh vo khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, hay nhm dn s tham gia lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, nu cc n v sn xut cu thnh vi t cch lao ng t lm hay lm thu, tha mn nhng iu kin nu trong cc khon 8 hay 9. 19. Lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti nh l nhng ngi ch tham gia thc hin cc dch v ti nh h gia nh v c tr cng bng tin mt hay hin vt. Lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti nh c tnh hay loi tr khi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ty thuc vo hon cnh quc gia v mc ch thng k. D trong trng hp no th lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti nh cng c nh ngha l mt nhm lao ng ring tng cng kh nng so snh thng k quc t. PH LC II HNG DN V DNH NGHIA THNG KE VIC LAM PHI CHINH THC, DC HI NGH QUC T CAC NHA THNG KE LAO DNG LN TH 17 THONG QUA (11-12/2003) Hi ngh Quc t cc nh Thng k Lao ng ln th 17 (ICLS) Cng nhn rng tnh ph hp ca vic lm phi chnh thc ty thuc iu kin tng nc v v vy, quyt nh thc hin thng k v vn ny cng ty thuc vo hon cnh v u tin ca quc gia, Lu rng thut ng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c ILO s dng bao gm c khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc cng nh vic lm phi chnh thc, v mt khung l thuyt quc t v xc nh kinh t cha c quan st c b sung vo H thng Ti khon Quc gia 1993, trong phn bit khu
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vc kinh t phi chnh thc vi hot ng sn xut ngm, sn xut phi php v sn xut h gia nh s dng tiu dung cui cng, Da trn nhng tiu chun thng k quc t hin c v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c trong Ngh nh v thng k vic lm khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c ICLS 15 thng qua (1/1993), Ghi nhn xut ca Nhm Chuyn gia v Thng k khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (Nhm Delhi), trong Phin hp ln th 5, rng nh ngha v cch tnh vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc cn c b sung bng mt nh ngha v cch tnh ton v vic lm phi chnh thc, Nhn mnh tm quan trng ca s nht qun v cht ch trong vic lin h khi nim da trn tip cn doanh nghip v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc vi khi nim rng hn da trn tip cn vic lm v vic lm phi chnh thc, Xem xt cng tc xy dng phng php ca T chc Lao ng Quc t v mt s quc gia trong lnh vc ny, ng h ngh ca Hi ngh Lao ng Quc t nu trong khon 37(n), Quyt ngh v bo m vic lm v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc thng qua ti phin hp th 90 (2002), rng T chc Lao ng Quc t cn h tr cc nc trong thu thp, phn tch v ph bin s liu thng k v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, Cng nhn rng tnh a dng ng k ca cc tnh hung vic lm phi chnh thc t ra nhng gii hn v phm vi hot ng cn i s liu thng k v vic lm phi chnh thc gia cc nc, Cng nhn tnh hu ch ca cc hng dn quc t trong h tr cc quc gia xy dng nh ngha quc gia v vic lm phi chnh thc v trong tng cng kh nng so snh quc t gia cc kt qu thng k ti mc ti a cho php, ng h nhng hng dn b sung cho Quyt ngh v thng k vic lm khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ca ICLS 15 sau y v khuyn khch cc quc gia kim nghim khung khi nim l c s ca hng dn. 1. Khi nim v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc coi cc n v sn xut l n v quan st, cn khi nim v vic lm phi chnh thc coi vic lm l cc n v quan st. Vic lm c nh ngha theo ni dung nu trong khon 9, Quyt ngh v thng k dn s tham gia hot ng kinh t, tnh trng vic lm, tht nghip v thiu vic lm c ICLS 13 thng qua. 2. Doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c nh ngha theo Quyt ngh v thng k vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c ICLS 15 thng qua. thc hin thng k v vic lm phi chnh thc, khon 19 ca Quyt ngh v thng k lao ng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c ICLS 15 thng qua phi c p dng loi tr cc h gia nh c thu mn lao ng ti nh n lng t doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, v tnh ring nhm i tng ny di tn gi h gia nh. 3. (1) Vic lm phi chnh thc bao gm tng s vic lm phi chnh thc c nh ngha trong cc mc (2) v (5) di y, d doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc, doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay h gia nh, trong mt thi k nht nh. Nh trnh by trong bng ma trn km theo, vic lm phi chnh thc bao gm cc loi vic lm sau: (i) lao ng t lm lm vic ti cc doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ca ring mnh ( 3); (ii) ch lao ng lm vic ti cc doanh nghip ca mnh thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ( 4); (iii) lao ng ng gp cho gia nh, bt k lm vic doanh nghip chnh thc hay phi chnh thc ( 1 v 5); (iv) thnh vin hp tc x sn xut phi chnh thc ( 8); (v) lao ng lm cng vic phi chnh thc (theo nh ngha ti mc (5) di y) cc doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc, doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, hay lao ng ti nh lm thu cho h gia nh ( 2, 6 v 10); (vi) lao ng t lm tham gia sn xut hng ha ch tiu dng ring cui cng ca h gia nh ( 9), nu c coi l c vic lm theo khon 9 (6) ca Ngh nh v thng k dn s ang hot ng kinh t, tnh trng vic lm, tht nghip v thiu vic lm c ICLS 13 thng qua. (3) Lao ng t lm, ch lao ng, thnh vin hp tc x sn xut, lao ng ng gp vo gia nh v lao ng lm thu c nh ngha theo Phn loi tnh trng vic lm quc t (ICSE) mi nht.

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(4)

(5)

(6)

4. 5. (i) (ii) (iii)

6.

7.

Hp tc x sn xut c coi l phi chnh thc nu khng phi l php nhn c thnh lp chnh thc v p ng cc tiu ch khc v doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc xc nh trong Quyt ngh v thng k vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ca ICLS 15. Lao ng c coi l c vic lm phi chnh thc nu c quan h lao ng, theo php lut v trn thc t, khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca lut lao ng quc gia, thu thu nhp, bo him x hi hay cc quyn li lao ng nht nh (thng bo trc khi cho ngh vic, tr cp thi vic, ngh php nm v ngh m hng lng v.v.), vi nhng l do sau: khng cng khai vic lm hay ngi lao ng; vic lm ngu nhin hay c thi hn ngn; vic lm c s gi lm vic hay mc lng di ngng quy nh (nh mc ng gp bo him x hi); vic lm doanh nghip khng c t cch php nhn hay lm vic cho h gia nh; vic lm c ni lm vic bn ngoi c s ca doanh nghip thu lao ng (nh lao ng bn ngoi khng c hp ng lao ng); hay nhng vic lm m cc quy nh v lao ng khng p dng, khng c thc thi hay tun th v bt k l do no khc. Cc tiu ch thc hnh trong nh ngha vic lm phi chnh thc ca ngi lm thu s c xc nh ty vo hon cnh quc gia v cc s liu c c. phc v phn tch v hoch nh chnh sch, c th cn phn bit cc loi hnh vic lm phi chnh thc nu trong mc 3 (2) trn, c bit l vic lm ca ngi lm thu. Phng php h thng phn loi v nh ngha cn c xy dng trong khi tip tc phn loi tnh trng vic lm cp quc t v quc gia. Nu c, ngi lao ng c vic lm chnh thc cc doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ( 7 trong ma trn km theo) phi c loi ra khi khu vc vic lm phi chnh thc. Vic lm phi chnh thc ngoi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc bao gm cc loi vic lm sau: lao ng c vic lm phi chnh thc ( quy nh ti mc 3 (5) trn) trong doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc ( 2) hay lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti nh c hng lng c h gia nh thu ( 10); lao ng ng gp vo gia nh doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc ( 1); lao ng t lm tham gia sn xut hng ha ch tiu phc v dng ring cui cng ca h gia nh ( 9), nu c coi l c vic lm theo khon 9 (6) ca Quyt ngh v thng k dn s ang hot ng kinh t, tnh trng vic lm, tht nghip v thiu vic lm c ICLS 13 thng qua. Cc nc khng c s liu thng k v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay c cch phn loi vic lm theo loi n v sn xut kinh doanh khng ph hp c th thc hin thng k v vic lm phi chnh thc nu mun, khi xy dng nh ngha ph hp v vic lm phi chnh thc v lao ng t lm, ch lao ng v thnh vin hp tc x sn xut. Mt khc, cc nc cng c th hn ch vic tnh ton mc vic lm phi chnh thc mc cng vic lm thu. Cc nc khng tnh hot ng nng nghip vo s liu thng k v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc cn xy dng nh ngha ph hp v vic lm phi chnh thc trong nng nghip, nht l vic lm ca lao ng t lm, ch lao ng v thnh vin hp tc x sn xut.

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Khung khi nim: Vic lm phi chnh thc Vic lm theo tnh trng cng vic Loi n v sn xut kinh doanh Lao ng ng gp cho gia nh Phi chnh thc 1

Lao ng t lm Phi Chnh chnh thc thc

Ch lao ng

Lao ng lm thu Phi chnh thc

Thnh vin HTX sn xut Phi chnh thc

Phi chnh thc

Chnh thc

Chnh thc 2

Chnh thc

Doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t chnh thc Doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (a) H gia nh
(b)

10

(a)

theo nh ngha ca Hi ngh Thng k Lao ng Quc t 15 (tr h gia nh c thu mn lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti nh). (b) H gia nh sn xut hng ha ch phc v tiu dng cui cng ring v h gia nh c thu mn lao ng lm thu cng vic gia nh ti nh. Ch : cc t m ch vic lm theo nh ngha khng tn ti ti loi n v sn xut kinh doanh ang ni n. Cc t nht ch vic lm chnh thc. Cc khng t mu ch cc dng vic lm phi chnh thc. Vic lm phi chnh thc: 1 6 v 8 10. Vic lm khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: 3 8. Vic lm phi chnh thc ngoi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: 1, 2, 9 v 10.

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Ton cu ha v vic lm phi chnh thc ti cc nc ang pht trin Marc Bacchetta, Ekkehard Ernst, Juana P. Bustamante
T Chc Lao ng Quc T, Vin Nghin Cu Lao ng Quc T, T Chc Thng Mi Th Gii, Geneva, 2009 Ton cu ha t c tc ng lm gim tnh d tn thng ca th trng lao ng nhiu nc ang pht trin... Trong thp nin va qua, thng mi th gii tng ng k. Ti nm 2007, thng mi ton cu t hn 60% GDP th gii, so vi cha y 30% hi gia thp nin 1980. t ai phn i vic thng mi gia tng ng gp vo tng trng v to vic lm trn khp th gii. Tuy nhin, tng trng mnh trong nn kinh t ton cu cho ti nay cha dn ti ci thin iu kin lm vic v mc sng cho nhiu ngi. Ngho tuyt i gim, nh s nng ng kinh t ca nhng nm qua, cc n lc ca cc doanh nghip t nhn, lao ng di c vi tin gi ca h v cng ng pht trin quc t. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp, cc iu kin th trng lao ng v cht lng tng trng vic lm khng c ci thin mc tng ng. nhiu nc ang pht trin, to vic lm ch yu din ra trong kinh t phi chnh thc, ni khong 60% lao ng tm c c hi mang li thu nhp. Tuy nhin, kinh t phi chnh thc c cc c im: t c bo him cng vic, thu nhp thp, thiu tip cn mt lot cc li ch x hi v t c hi tham gia cc chng trnh gio dc v o to chnh thc tm ti, thiu nhng thnh t ch yu ca c hi vic lm ng hong. Nhng yu t d tn thng dai dng v th trng lao ng khin nhiu nc khng th thu c li ch y t s nng ng ca ton cu ha. Mc d kinh t phi chnh thc thng c c im tiu biu l c c ch chuyn dch kinh t mnh m, gia nhp v rt lui nhanh, iu chnh linh hot trc thay i v cu, nhng tnh phi chnh thc li hn ch tim nng cc nc ang pht trin thu c li ch y t s hi nhp vo nn kinh t th gii. c bit, kinh t phi chnh thc chim t trng ln ngn cn cc nc trong vic pht trin mt nn tng xut khu quy m ln v a dng, do nng lc tng trng ca cc doanh nghip b hn ch. Bt chp kh khn m ai cng bit trong vic thu thp c nhng s liu ng tin cy v tnh phi chnh thc (nh c gii thch trong nghin cu ny), cng trnh c bo co y cho thy rng cc nc c t l ln v kinh t phi chnh thc c mc a dng ha xut khu thp hn t l phi chnh thc tng 10 im phn trm tng ng vi gim a dng ha xut khu 10%. Vic lm phi chnh thc khin cho ngi lao ng kh c c nhng k nng ph thng m c th s dng hu ch trong nhiu loi cng vic khc nhau. Tng t, cc doanh nghip hot ng trong kinh t phi chnh thc thng l nh v phi i mt vi cc ro cn tng trng, cn tr h cung cp cc hng ha v dch v cht lng cao. V khi cc nn kinh t ang m ca, kinh t phi chnh thc thng l m cho nhng lao ng mt vic lm, v th lm gim hn na tiu chun lm vic theo cch m s khng xy ra nu c cc c hi vic lm khc trong khu vc chnh thc. Ni tm li, cc doanh nghip trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc thiu nng lc to li nhun thng cho vic sng to v mo him hai thnh t ch cht cho thnh cng kinh t di hn. Cc c tnh cho thy nhng nc c phn tch trong nghin cu ny mt ti 2 im phn trm tng trng kinh t trung bnh do th trng lao ng phi chnh thc. Cui cng, ton cu ha b sung thm ngun sc kinh t t bn ngoi. V d, cc chui sn xut ton cu c th truyn nhng c sc kinh t v m v thng mi qua vi nc vi tc chp nhong, nh ta quan st thy qua cuc khng hong kinh t hin nay. Hn na, trong nhng tnh hung nh vy, cc nc ang pht trin c nguy c sa vo vng lun qun ca mc phi chnh thc cao hn v tnh d tn thng gia tng. Nhng nc c kinh t phi chnh thc ln chu hu qu nghim trng hn sau cc c sc. Thc th, cc c tnh cho thy nhng nc c kinh t phi chnh thc ln hn mc trung bnh c xc sut cao gp ba ln v h qu tiu cc ca khng hong so vi nhng nc c t l phi chnh thc thp hn. V vy, x l tnh trng phi chnh thc khng ch l mt vn cn quan tm xt v cng bng x hi. N cn gip ci thin hiu qu ng ca mt nc, do kinh t phi chnh thc cn tr nng lc ca mt nc trong vic cng c sn xut gi tr tng thm cao v cnh tranh trong nn kinh t ton cu. Khuyn khch s chnh thc ha ca c ngi lao ng v doanh nghip s gip cc nc nng cao ngun thu ngn sch, ci thin nng lc n nh ha nn kinh t v gim nh hu qu tiu cc t cc c sc bn ngoi. Nh cuc khng hong hin ti cho thy, cc nc tng c miu t

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vi c im th trng lao ng d tn thng cng l nhng nc v th km nht i ph vi cc iu kin kinh t xu i. Gim bt quy m ca kinh t phi chnh thc, do , l mc tiu chnh sch ch cht nhn t gic pht trin. Nghin cu ny a ra lun im rng c th gii quyt nhng thch thc ny v lm gim t l phi chnh thc cc nc ang pht trin, bt chp p lc gia tng m ton cu ha mc cao hn c th t ln cc th trng lao ng. Thc th, ci cch thng mi c tim nng to ra nhng li ch th trng lao ng di hn vi chin lc m ca ph hp gm c chn thi im ci cch v nng cao cc chnh sch h tr nh Vin Tr V Thng Mi kt hp vi mt hn hp cc chnh sch trong nc ph hp. Mt cch tip cn chnh sch thnh cng i hi phi hiu thu o cc knh truyn dn m qua cc th trng lao ng chu nh hng ca cc ci cch thng mi. Cc thch thc ny sinh t s tn ti ca kinh t phi chnh thc cng cn phi c xc nh v cch chng cn tr s tham gia y hn vo thng mi quc t, lm gim a dng ha xut khu v lm suy yu sc khng trc cc c sc kinh t. ...bi tnh nng ng kinh t khng lm gim c t l phi chnh thc cao Xc nh quy m ca kinh t phi chnh thc v ghi nhn cc xu hng trong vic lm phi chnh thc khng phi l vic n gin. Trn c s nh ngha rng v phi chnh thc bao qut nhiu loi phi chnh thc khc nhau, nghin cu ny ghi li nhng khc bit gia cc nc v cc t l phi chnh thc dai dng gia mt nhm chn lc cc nc chu Phi, chu v M La-tinh. Thc th, t l phi chnh thc c th ln ti 90% trong mt s trng hp c th hay cng c th ch l 30% cc nc khc. Ngoi ra, tn ti nhng khc bit ln v t l phi chnh thc, ty thuc vo trnh k nng ca ngi lao ng. Ngi lao ng c k nng cao c c tnh c xc sut lm trong kinh t phi chnh thc thp hn ti nm ln so vi ngi lao ng c k nng thp. Ngoi ra, la chn ngh nghip nh hng mnh ti ri ro v tnh phi chnh thc. Hn 50% trng hp lao ng t lm dng nh gn lin vi tnh phi chnh thc, trong khi lm vic cho cc doanh nghip nh di 5 lao ng c tc dng gim bt ri ro ny xung cn 30%. Tuy nhin, quan trng hn l t l phi chnh thc c th cao mt cch dai dng theo thi gian, ch phn ng mc yu trc s tng tc v tng trng kinh t hoc ci m thng mi. Thc th, ch mt vi nc th hin s gim bt tnh phi chnh thc sau khi m ca thng mi. iu ny t ra nghi vn vi mt s nhng tuyn b trc y v li ch ca tng trng mnh hn v hi nhp thng mi i vi to vic lm (trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc). N gi rng chnh sch quan im iu tit th trng lao ng, phi hp vi ci cch thng mi v cc chnh sch h tr thng mi ng mt vai tr ch cht trong vic quyt nh nng lc ca cc nc hng li t hi nhp thng mi quc t v tng trng mnh hn v kha cnh vic lm. Trong mt s trng hp ci cch thng mi lm gia tng tnh d tn thng th trng lao ng trong ngn hn L thuyt kinh t khng c my tc dng tin on tt v tc ng ca m ca thng mi ln tnh phi chnh thc. Cc m hnh l thuyt ch yu tp trung vo nhng trng hp m m ca thng mi dn ti gia tng vic lm phi chnh thc, tho lun v nhng iu kin m theo lng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc s tng hoc gim. Nhng m hnh hin c hm cha nhiu s khc bit khin cho kh c th so snh cc kt qu v tch ring vai tr ca cc gi nh c th dng lp m hnh. Tuy nhin, cc kt qu l thuyt ch ra mt s nhng yu t quan trng cn xem xt c th hiu r hn v mi lin h gia ton cu ha v kinh t phi chnh thc. Nu vn chuyn ng gia cc khu vc th kinh t phi chnh thc c th hng li t s gia tng nhu cu v hng ha v dch v v nh th lng trong kinh t phi chnh thc c th tng ln. Th trng lao ng phi chnh thc c th hng li nhiu hn na nu cc sn phm ca khu vc ny c trao i thng mi trc tip mt iu kin tic l dng nh kh c th xy ra nhiu nc, nh phn sau ca nghin cu ny cho thy. Mt khc, mc m mi quan h b tr theo chiu dc tn ti gia kinh t chnh thc v kinh t phi chnh thc (nh cc chui sn xut kt ni vi nhau), iu chnh c cu trong kinh t chnh thc sau ci cch thng mi c th nh hng tiu cc ln kinh t phi chnh thc t ra l trong ngn hn. Cho d l c th tin vo l thuyt v cc knh truyn dn ny, cc ci cch thng mi c chng t trong nhiu trng hp l em li nhng phn ng th trng lao ng c khc hn so vi nhng phn ng m nhng mi lin h bit a ra. V d, ton cu ha v hi nhp thng mi c th dn ti vic cc nc c nhiu lao ng chuyn bit ha vo nhng ngnh thm dng lao ng, k nng thp.
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 tng c hy vng rng iu ny s dn ti tng lng cho lao ng k nng thp hoc ci thin iu kin lm vic, k c thng qua tng vic lm trong khu vc chnh thc cho lao ng k nng thp. Tuy nhin, bng chng cho thy rng mc chnh lng tr cao hn cho k nng cao hn tng c cc nc pht trin ln nc ang ni ln, khin cho lao ng k nng thp b thit hn so vi trc (mt cch tng i). iu ny phn no c gii thch bi thc t rng u t quc t thng i km vi cu lao ng k nng cao. Nhng cng ty quc gia ln cn thu nhn s c cht lng c th t chc cc dy chuyn sn xut ca h c hiu qu, iu ny gii thch s gia tng v mc chnh lng theo k nng c nhng nc ny na. Ngoi ra, cng c gi rng vic thay i cng ngh thin v k nng c th gn vi s gia tng v phn bit lng theo k nng. Khi cng ngh ph bin cp ton cu, cc nc s tri qua s gia tng v cu lao ng k nng cao, cho d h c nhiu lao ng k nng thp. Hn na, cng ngh thin v k nng c th gn lin vi mc m ca thng mi ln hn. Thc th, bng chng thc nghim cho thy m ca thng mi dn ti s pht trin v ph bin cc cng ngh thin v k nng. S lng bng chng hn hp c c khng cho php chng ti rt ra kt lun tng qut v h qu ca m ca thng mi ln vic lm phi chnh thc. Bng chng t cc nc M La-tinh cho thy rng nhng h qu ny ph thuc mnh m vo hon cnh ca tng nc. Nhng khc bit gia cc nc v phn ng (ngn hn) ca th trng lao ng khng chnh thc i vi ci cch thng mi cng dng nh ph thuc vo nhng khc bit trong ti phn b c vn ln lao ng gia cc khu vc, mt phn no nh l s phn ng trc nhng khc bit v thc hin chnh sch v dng nh ch em li li ch v vic lm v lng trong di hn Cui cng, nhng kh khn gp phi trong cc nghin cu thc nghim c gng xc nh r hiu ng ca m ca thng mi ln kinh t phi chnh thc dng nh phn no lin quan ti thc t rng cn phi phn bit gia h qu ngn hn v h qu di hn. Cc c tnh c trnh by trong nghin cu ny ch ra kh nng rng, trong ngn hn, m ca thng mi khin th trng lao ng phi chnh thc tng thm, i hi cc cng ty c bo h trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc phi iu chnh v ti phn b vic lm v lao ng. Tuy nhin, v di hn tnh nng ng kinh t c ci thin d kin s c c t thng mi mnh m hn c tim nng cng c tng trng vic lm trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc. Kt qu ny c th phn no iu ha nhng khc bit trong din gii gia nhng phn tch c l c xem xt trong nghin cu ny. N cng khp vi nhng nghin cu xuyn cc nc gn y hn cho thy tim nng ca ci cch thng mi lm tng sn lng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, trong khi vic lm phi chnh thc li gim, ch ra s gia tng nng sut trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc m c th quan st c sau ci cch thng mi. Phn tch thc nghim trong nghin cu ny cng cho bng chng rng chnh sch trong nc ng vai tr then cht gii thch thnh cng m cc nc tri nghim sau cc ci cch thng mi. Cc th trng lao ng phi chnh thc lm suy yu kt qu xut khu cc nc ang pht trin... Tnh phi chnh thc khng ch b nh hng bi thng mi quc t, m n cn c tc ng ln nng lc ca mt nc trong vic tham gia thng mi v tng trng. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu thc nghim hin nay v cc tc ng nhn qu theo chiu t tnh phi chnh thc tc ng ln thng mi th li cha c my. Nhiu nghin cu trong lnh vc ny l da vo s suy on gin tip v mang tnh tng hp cao. Cn t hiu bit v kinh t vi m ca tnh phi chnh thc v s dch chuyn ca vic lm, vic to lp v tng trng ca doanh nghip. Trn c s cc bng chng hin ti v phn tch thc nghim gc, nghin cu ny d sao cng xc nh ra c bn knh tim nng qua cc th trng lao ng phi chnh thc c th nh hng ti kt qu thng mi v kinh t v m: (a) kinh t phi chnh thc c t trng ln c th thu hp mc a dng ha xut khu; (b) n c th hn ch quy m ca doanh nghip v qua hn ch tng trng nng sut; (c) n c th c vai tr nh mt by ngho cn tr vic ti phn b thnh cng vic lm trong ni b khu vc kinh t chnh thc; v (d) v mt tch cc, n c th cung cp hng ha v dch v trung gian gi r c tc dng thc y tnh cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip chnh thc trn th trng quc t. a dng ha xut khu t lu c xem l iu kin tin tng trng v pht trin thnh cng, vi ngoi l c th l trng hp nhng nc (nh) rt tin tin c kh nng thu li ch ti a t thng mi quc t bng cch chuyn bit ha vo cc th trng ngch. Nu khng a dng ha xut
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khu nht l bng cch thot ra khi nhng mt hng s ch m cu t co gin v gi hay bin ng chuyn sang nhng hng ha bn thnh phm v thnh phm th cc nc s c nguy c b nht vo mt hnh thi chuyn bit ha vi rt t tim nng sng to i mi hay to gi tr. Mt s chuyn bit ha bt li nh vy, c th phn no gn vi nhng tht bi trong iu tit hoc thiu ci cch thng mi. Tuy nhin, ngoi ra nghin cu cng a ra lun im rng mt kinh t khng chnh thc chim t trng ln cn xng vi kinh t chnh thc l mt yu t quyt nh na v mc a dng ha xut khu thp. Hiu ng ny c chng t l khng lin quan ti m thng mi ca mt nc v tn ti vt qua nhng yu t khc c th nh hng ti a dng ha xut khu, v d nh quy m ca quc gia. Tnh phi chnh thc cn c th cn tr thnh cng ca thng mi bi v cc doanh nghip phi chnh thc thng thiu quy m cn c c th khai thc y hiu qu theo quy m. Trong khi , quy m doanh nghip, tng trng nng sut v c hi xut khu l gn lin vi nhau. Cc doanh nghip ln khng ch c kh nng thu c li ch t hiu qu theo quy m m h cn tip cn d dng hn ti lao ng k nng cao v tn dng ngn hng (k c tn dng thng mi). H thng c tin cy cao hn v vic hon thnh cc hp ng bn hng ng hn hn so vi cc doanh nghip nh, y l mt c im c gi tr khi thit lp quan h khch hng lu di. V mt ny, vic thiu tip cn cn b qun l ph hp v thc t l doanh nghip nh ch quanh qun trong mng li thng mi ni a dng nh l nhng c ch thng gp nht. Kinh nghim mi nc dng nh u khng nh bc tranh chung ny. Khi gp phi s st gim t ngt v quy m trung bnh ca doanh nghip, cc nc thng mt i th phn quc t v bt u gim trao i thng mi. Hiu ng ny c cng c hn na bi xu hng cc doanh nghip nh ch yu phc v cho th trng ni a , do m khng nm bt c khch hng quc t (v d, trong vic p ng th hiu ca h) v khng tip cn c cc knh phn phi quc t. Tnh phi chnh thc cn c th cn tr vic ti c cu nn kinh t. c tnh khong 10% tt c mi vic lm b mt i mi nm nhiu nc, bt k iu kin kinh t v th ch, v nhiu ngi b mt vic phi i mt vi s la chn: hoc tht nghip hoc vic lmphi chnh thc. Tuy nhin, nhng nc cha c h thng bo tr x hi c bn nht, th tht nghip khng phi l mt la chn. Vy nn, t l chn vic lmphi chnh thc l cao; nhng t l thot ra khi khu vc chnh thc cng cao, v mc gia nhp kinh t phi chnh thc l tng ng vi mc b vic trong kinh tchnh thc. Mc d iu ny khin cho cc b phn phi chnh thc ca nn kinh t c v nng ng, nhng nhiu lao ng vn nm trong kinh t phi chnh thc trong thi k ko di v vic thot khi vic lm phi chnh thc ch l chuyn sang cc phn on thp ca th trng lao ng, thm ch l tht nghip v rt khi th trng. Hn na, s kh hn nhiu lao ng phi chnh thc quay li th trng lao ng chnh thc, nht l nhng phn on di ca th trng. Vi nhng nc c s liu phn tch thc nghim, nghin cu c tnh rng mt khi trong th trng lao ng phi chnh thc, xc sut tr nn tht nghip trong mt nm cao gp i so vi xc sut tr li vic lm chnh thc. Ngoi ra, xc sut cng cao gp i v vic lao ng vn tip tc lm vic phi chnh thc. Cng nhng bng chng cho thy mc d ti phn b vic lm l quan trng m bo iu chnh c cu, nhng kinh t phi chnh thc c th cn tr s dch chuyn cn thit gia cc phn on khc nhau ca nn kinh t chnh thc, mt phn l do mt i vn con ngi v vn x hi vi nhng ngi trong kinh t phi chnh thc trong nhng thi k ko di. iu ny c th lm ny sinh tnh trng thiu lao ng trong nhng ngnh pht trin mnh sau ci cch thng mi, v h qu l cc doanh nghip trong nhng ngnh ny thng ct gim vn v chn quy m nh my nh, iu ny lm gim c hi thng mi ca h, khin cho t nc khng hng li c y t vic m ca thng mi. Cui cng, kinh t phi chnh thc c coi l quan trng cc doanh nghip chnh thc trong chui cung ng theo chiu dc c th cnh tranh thnh cng trn th trng quc t. Tng t, tng c lun im rng s tn ti ca mt kinh t phi chnh thc chim t trng ln l quan trng i vi thnh cng ca cc khu ch xut. Tuy nhin, cc bng chng thc nghim dn ti nhng kt lun khng r rng v mt ny. Nhng doanh nghip c s dng u vo t kinh t phi chnh thc th bn thn h c th c v th yu km trn th trng quc t v phi vt v mi tn ti c. Nhng doanh nghip ny thng c xu hng s dng u vo t kinh t phi chnh thc nh l cch cc chng , ct i ph vi cnh tranh ton cu gia tng. Khng th ni iu ny l chin lc thng cuc chim lnh th phn. Hn na, cc bng chng cho thy kh nng ca kinh t phi chnh thc h tr cho nhng doanh nghip chnh thc m l ra khng c li nhun c th gy hi cho s pht trin v tng trng kinh t trong tng lai. C th, c th thy rng nhng li ch v cnh tranh gi thng qua s dng
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hng ha trung gian t kinh t phi chnh thc i km vi ci gi nh i v quy m nh ca doanh nghip ni chung, tng trng tim nng thp v nng sut tng km. iu ny to ra lc cn i vi kt qu kinh t di hn v thnh cng trong thng mi quc t. ...v to ra by ngho cho nhng nc c th trng lao ng d tn thng Tnh phi chnh thc gn lin vi tnh d tn thng ca cc nc trc cc c sc kinh t. Hn na, tnh phi chnh thc lm tng xc sut b nh hng bi nhng c sc nh vy. S kt hp ca hai xu hng ny c th to ra mt vng lun qun, lm suy yu kt qu di hn ca mt nc, lm gim nhng li ch tim nng c th thu c t thng mi v lm gim phc li. S bin ng v kt qu tng trng v tn sut ca nhng s kin kinh t cc oan (nh nhng t tng trng bc ln ri t ngt gim mnh) thng c xu hng gia tng cng theo quy m ca khu vc kinh t khng chnh thc. Nhng nc c kinh t phi chnh thc trn mc trung bnh c xc sut cao gp i v kh nng tri qua nhng s kin kinh t cc oan, so vi nhng nc c t vic lm phi chnh thc hn. Bng chng thc nghim trong cc nghin cu thng khng nh mi lin h bt li ny gia tnh phichnh thc v bin ng chu k kinh t tnh khng chnh thc va l nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra bin ng chu k kinh t cao hn li va l triu chng th hin nhng yu km th ch khin cho mt nc t c sc khng vi cc c sc, do khng c cc yu t bnh n t ng hoc do tn ti nhng mo m iu tit. Nghin cu cho thy t l phi chnh thc cao thng y cc nc ti nhng nc thp, d tn thng trong chui sn xut ton cu. Nhng nn kinh t c khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc chim t trng ln c th hp dn nhng loi ngn vn quan tm ti s tn ti ca ngun lao ng lng thp. C th, mt s nn kinh t ang ni ln v cc nc ang pht trin dng nh tng c gng s dng quy m kinh t phi chnh thc ca mnh lm l l cho rng nh u t quc t s c li nh chi ph lao ng thp. V d, i khi ngi ta l lun rng cc khu ch xut c th gim chi ph lao ng thp hn so vi phn cn li ca nn kinh t thng qua vic p dng chn lc hoc mt phn cc lut v quy nh v lao ng. Mt khc, chnh quyn c th thit lp cc c khu nhng ngnh hoc khu vc b nh hng nhiu nht bi t l phi chnh thc cao, nhm mc ch ci thin iu kin lm vic . Cc bng chng thc nghim cho thy mc tiu ny khng phi lc no cng t c. iu ny phn no lin quan ti thc t rng cc th trng lao ng khng chnh thc hoc khu ch xut thng gi ch km nht trong chui sn xut ton cu, khin cho nhng doanh nghip hot ng trong khu vc ny khng th chim mt phn ln trong gi tr tng thm quc t c th tng trng v i mi. Trong khi nhng iu kin lm vic c th ci thin mt chng mc nht nh trong nhng hon cnh nh vy t ra l so vi tnh hung trc khi m ca thng mi v u t nhng cch b tr ny kh c th em li cho cc nc c hi xc lp li ch t hi nhp quc t. Cui cng, iu kin th trng lao ng c th chng kh hn l bao so vi trc khi m ca kinh t. ng thi, nn kinh t c th cn tr nn d tn thng hn trc cc c sc quc t. Chnh sch ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic nng cao li ch t ton cu ha cc nc ang pht trin Mt kt lun ln ca nghin cu chung ny ca ILOWTO l khng c mi lin h n gin hay tuyn tnh no tn ti gia m ca thng mi v din bin ca vic lm phi chnh thc. Nhng s tng ln ban u v quy m ca kinh t phi chnh thc c th b o ngc khi khu vc chnh thc tng nhanh hn nh l mt kt qu ca m ca thng mi ln hn. Cc nc c nhng phn ng khc nhau i vi ci cch thng mi. Mt s nc tri qua s tng mnh v t l phichnh thc, cc nc khc th khng b tng, hoc thm ch cn hng li ngay t u t s tng trng trong nn kinh t chnh thc. S khc bit ln ny c phn nh thnh nhng kt lun khc nhau ca cc nghin cu khc nhau c tm tt y. Tuy nhin, im ct yu l: chnh sch l quan trng. bng cch to thun li cho cc qu trnh chnh thc ha Nghin cu ny xem xt ba cch t c s b tr ln nhau ln hn gia thng mi v chng trnh ngh s v vic lm ng hong. Trong trng hp th nht, n tp trung vo tm quan trng ca vic to iu kin thun li cho chnh thc ha, bt k mc hi nhp vo nn kinh t th gii ca mt nc. Phi nhn thc rng cc chin lc nhm chnh thc ha khng th ngay lp tc gii quyt c cc vn th trng lao ng cc nc ang pht trin. Tuy nhin, vi khong 60% ngi lao
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ng cc nc ang pht trin l trong kinh t phi chnh thc, th phn ln x hi ang b mt i c hi thu nhp v vic lm y . ng thi, t l phi chnh thc cao hn ch ngun lc chnh ph c th s dng hu hiu, lm gim tng trng tng cu v cn tr t nc hi nhp thnh cng vo nn kinh t th gii. Cc chnh sch nhm to iu kin h tr cc doanh nghip v ngi lao ng phi chnh thc vi mc ch a h vo nn kinh t chnh thc v di hn do c th khng ch gip ci thin iu kin lm vic m cn ng gp vo ng c to tng trng. Cn phi phn bit gia cc chnh sch cng c s chnh thc ha ca cc doanh nghip v nhng chnh sch nhm vo ngi lao ng. Vi loi chnh sch u, c th tng cng khuyn khch bng cch gim chi ph ca vic chnh thc ha trong khi nng cao li ch. Thng c th t c mc ch ny bng cch thay i v quy nh v hnh chnh khng gy ra gnh nng chi ph cho nhng ngi lm chnh sch. V d, gim bnh giy t quan liu, gim gnh nng thu (nht l cho cc doanh nghip mi gia nhp v doanh nghip nh) v h tr cc doanh nghip tip cn th trng vn (trong nc) l nhng v d v cc chin lc m cc nc c th thc hin. Nhng bin php nh vy c l t tn km ngn sch, nhng li c th to ra li ch ln v di hn. Hn na, c th s dng mua sm u thu cng thc y cu t nn kinh t chnh thc, qua to ng c cc doanh nghip khng chnh thc gia nhp nn kinh t chnh thc. V vic ci thin iu kin thun li cho ngi lao ng phi chnh thc, cc chnh sch cn tp trung cung cp: (a) h tr cho ngi lao ng chuyn dch ra khi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc; (b) u t c s h tng thc y nng sut trong cc doanh nghip phi chnh thc v to iu kin chnh thc ha; v (c) mt mng li bo tr x hi c bn cho nhng ai vn tip tc lm vic trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. V mt ny, cn ch trng cc c s v chng trnh o to dnh cho lao ng phi chnh thc, xt quan h (ngc chiu) mnh c xc nh trong nghin cu ny gia trnh hc vn v t l phi chnh thc. Nu c th, nhng chnh sch nh vy nn tn dng c s h tng o to hin c trong kinh t phi chnh thc, to gnh nng ngn sch, v ci thin tnh hiu qu ca chng. Ngoi ra, c th vi ti nhng lao ng phi chnh thc nm cc phn on cao, th cn iu chnh biu thu v, c th l vic p dng mt m s thu n gin ha hn nhiu c th gip nng cao tun th cc quy nh v thu v lao ng, tng cung lao ng trong nn kinh t chnh thc v thc y ngun thu thu. Ngun thu tng ln c th c dng nhm ci thin to vic lm trong nn kinh t chnh thc mt cch trc tip thng qua tuyn dng nhm i tng hoc tr cp lng ph hp. Kt hp vi cc c hi o to y , nhng chnh sch nh vy c th ci thin ng nng th trng lao ng ca nn kinh t chnh thc mt cch ng k. Nhng chnh sch ny khng th n c ti vi tt c mi lao ng phi chnh thc. Xy dng cc h thng h tr cho nhng ngi vn cn li trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v l l rt quan trng. Vic cung cp bo tr x hi c bn gim thiu nhng s d tn thng trong th trng ny v ci thin chc nng ca th trng lao ng khng chnh thc. Tuy nhin, ni e ngi gnh nng ngn sch cao m nhng chnh sch ny s ko theo, nht l nhng nc c khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc chim t trng ln, cn tr vic p dng rng ri hn cch tip cn ny. V phng din ny, nhng bng chng c c cho thy rng mt mc sn bo tr ti thiu c th c cung cp vi chi ph chu c m khng lm phng hi ti tnh bn vng ti kha. Hn na, nhng nc m c i cht t t chc trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v d, thng qua cc hip hi ca ngi lao ng th chnh ph c th h tr cho nhng c ch t bo him bng cch cp h tr thm, m khng cn phi t mnh qun l cc chng trnh bo him. Rng hn, cc cng ng v sng kin a phng c th c s dng vi t cch s nhn gip thc thi chnh sch trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, qua ci thin tnh hiu qu. i thoi x hi gia ch doanh nghip v ngi lao ng, k c cp quc gia, l iu then cht c thnh cng trong chin lc chnh thc ha. thc thi ci cch thng mi ch to vic lm Th hai, cc ci cch thng mi c th c thc hin theo cch thn thin vi vic lm, lm cho vic ti phn b vic lm dn ti tng trng thm vic lm. Mc d cn c t hiu bit v nhng kha cnh kinh t vi m ca ng nng trong qu trnh chuyn i sau ci cch thng mi, nhng mt s nguyn tc chung t ra l nhng thnh t to nn mt lot chnh sch vng vng vi tim nng lm cho ci cch thng mi thn thin hn vi th trng lao ng. Trc ht l c th cn mt qu trnh t t gip cc nh lm chnh sch, ngi lao ng v doanh nghip iu chnh thch nghi vi mi trng mi. Nh lu trong nghin cu, gim ro cn thng mi c th lm gia tng tnh d tn

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thng v ngn hn, cho d c nhiu tim nng ha hn cc li ch lu di. Cc nh lm chnh sch cn lu ti s nh i ny khi i tm s cn bng ph hp gia cc phng n ci cch khc nhau. V phng din ny, nhng s linh hot dnh cho nhng nc ang pht trin trong m phn thng mi WTO v c a vo cc quy nh s gip gim nh bt nhng chi ph iu chnh c th c v ngn hn. Tuy nhin, qu trnh m ca s phi cng t s mo m cng tt. Nu ch m mt s phn ca nn kinh t trong khi duy tr bo h cho mt s khu vc hoc doanh nghip khc khi s cnh tranh nc ngoi th chc chn s lm t hn na nhng mo m trong nn kinh t m li khng nht thit em li cht li ch kinh t v m no. ng thi, m ca thng mi khng nn ch gii hn cnh tranh hng nhp khu m pht trin khu vc hng xut khu l iu then cht gim chi ph iu chnh i lin vi ci cch thng mi v gip lao ng dch chuyn t nhng ngnh cnh tranh vi nhp khu sang nhng ngnh hng xut khu. Trong bi cnh ny sng kin Vin Tr V Thng Mi c th ng mt vai tr quan trng. M ca thng mi khu vc v a phng c th t ra hu ch trong vic a dng ha nn kinh t. Cui cng, nghin cu a ra lun im rng ci cch thng mi cn phi c cng b sao cho ngi ta tin c. iu chnh s din ra nhanh hn nu lao ng v doanh nghip thy tin rng cc bc i hng ti thng mi ci m s khng b o ngc. Thc hin Chng Trnh Ngh S Vic Lm ng Hong l cn thit xt theo kha cnh ny. v khai thc tnh b tr ln nhau gia ci cch th trng lao ng v thng mi. Th ba, nghin cu nhn mnh tm quan trng ca s gn kt gia chnh sch thng mi v chnh sch th trng lao ng. Cc cch tip cn trc y thng c xu hng tp trung vo nim tin rng li ch t thng mi s t ng nh git xung ti to vic lm v tng lng. Nhng cch tip cn ny dng nh khng em li kt qu tha ng v cn phi c b sung bng s nhn nhn mnh hn v cc tng tc gia thng mi v vic lm ng hong. Mt cch tip cn l tm cch tch hp mt s tiu chun lao ng vo trong cc hip nh thng mi quc t, nht l nhng tiu chun lao ng ct li c ra trong Tuyn B ILO 1998 nh quyn t do lp hi v tha nhn thc t v quyn m phn tp th; xa b mi hnh thc lao ng cng p hoc bt buc; xa b lao ng tr em trn thc t; v xa b phn bit i x v vic lm v ngh nghip. Trong khi cch tip cn ny cha t c s ng thun trong WTO, ni m, nh c nu trong Tuyn B B Trng Singapore, cc thnh vin tha nhn trch nhim ca ILO l " ra v x l " cc tiu chun lao ng, th mt s hip nh thng mi song phng c nu nhng iu khon nh vy. Tuy nhin, cn t hiu bit v mc m ngi lao ng nhng nc lin quan hng li trn thc t t nhng iu khon . Dng nh c nhng hiu ng trn ng k t cc tiu chun th trng lao ng khu vc chnh thc lan sang kinh t phi chnh thc. V d, nhng mc tng c thit k cn thn v lng ti thiu lut nh c th cng lm tng mc th lao cho cc lao ng phi chnh thc v thm ch cn c th nh nghin cu ny cho thy lm tng ng c to vic lm trong khu vc chnh thc. Mt cng c khc gip cc nc iu chnh vi vic m ca thng mi l vic trin khai rng ri hn cc chnh sch th trng lao ng tch cc. Khi c thit k ph hp, nhng chnh sch nh vy t ra l nhng cng c hiu qu v chi ph x l ti phn b vic lm, ngay c trong nhng thi im iu chnh cu trc (thng din ra sau khi m ca thng mi). Tuy nhin, nhng chnh sch nh vy i hi phi pht trin dch v vic lm cng cng c kh nng thu thp nhng thng tin th trng lao ng (v d, v ti cu trc doanh nghip, ph sn, vic tm ngi v nhu cu o to ni a ca cc doanh nghip). Ngoi ra, cn cn thm vn cung cp ngun lc cho cc dch v (ti) o to v h tr tm vic cho ngi tht nghip v lao ng khng chnh thc. iu quan trng l nhng c ch ny phi c ngun ti chnh v nhn lc to s tin tng trong con mt lao ng khng chnh thc v ngi tht nghip. Thi gian ch i ko di, cht lng dch v o to v t vn vic lm km c th lm nn lng nhng ngi cn s dng dch v v lm gim s quan tm ca h tip cn nhng dch v . Bng chng hin c cho thy rng cc chnh sch th trng lao ng hu hiu t khi c chi ph cao hn 1,5% GDP. nhiu nn kinh t chuyn i ng u, ngi ta ch tiu cha y 1% GDP, mt s tin c th c ti tr mt phn t ngun ODA nhng nc m nng lc ngn sch khng thc hin mt h thng nh vy. iu cn bn hn l chnh sch thng mi v chnh sch th trng lao ng cn phi c thc hin c phi hp vi nhau. Pha cung cn phi c cng c ph hp vi m ca thng mi cho php hin thc ha c nhng li ch di hn ca hi nhp quc t. Ban u c th ch cn gim bt nhng

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tr ngi i vi tng trng doanh nghip v to vic lm, nh gim gnh nng hnh chnh hay gii quyt tnh trng quyn s hu khng r rng hoc ra hn hp chnh sch ph hp, nh nu phn trc. Qu trnh m ca thng mi c th lm l ra mt s nhng hn ch ln nht i vi tng trng doanh nghip v to vic lm. V vy, cc nh lm chnh sch c th s dng m ca thng mi nh l cng c pht l vn . Cui cng, hp tc cht ch gia cc b c th thc y trao i thng tin v l c hi ra v tinh chnh mt chng trnh ngh s ci cch rng ri. chng mc cao nht c th, cc t chc quc t nn cung cp h tr nht qun cho ci cch chnh sch, cng nh h tr k thut thit k, thc hin v phi hp cc ci cch nng cao phc li ny.

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PHIN CHUYN TM TT (theo phin hp)

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II. 1. CC RNG BUC KINH T V TH CH

Nhng ro cn i vi vic cung cp v thu hi vn trong cc hot ng phi chnh thc:Kinh nghim thu c t khu vc Cn Sahara ca chu Phi, Michael Grimm*, Jens Kruger**, Jann Lay*** (Bn tho s b, ang trong qu trnh nghin cu, y l phin bn thng 10 nm 2009), *Vin Nghin cu x hi Quc t, i hc Erasmus ti Rotterdam, The Hague, H Lan, ** i hc Goettingen, c, *** Vin Nghin cu ton cu v khu vc ca c (GIGA), Hamburg; i hc Goettingen, c Bo co ny nghin cu cc loi ro cn i vi vic cung cp vn cho cc hot ng phi chnh thc v vic thu hi vn mt s nn kinh t thuc khu vc Cn Sahara ca chu Phi, trn c s s dng mt b d liu vi m c o v tnh phi chnh thc by nc Ty Phi. Kt qu nh gi u t ban u ca cc doanh nghip nh v cc nh cho thy ch mt s t hot ng c v nh gy cn tr ng k cho vic cung cp vn nh vy. Kt qu phn tch ca chng ti v thu hi vn dng nh khng nh thm pht hin trc y v mc thu hi vn rt cao (khong 15%/thng) ca cc doanh nghip nh v cc nh chu Phi. Kt qu phn tch cc khon thu hi vn ny cc mc vn khc nhau cho thy iu ny cng ng vi mc vn u t rt thp. Song, vi mc vn u t vn cng cao th mc thu hi vn cng cao. -------------------------------Vic lm phi chnh thc khng ng nht v phn on th trng lao ng ti Th Nh K (M. BEN SALEM, I. BENSIDOUN I., Trung tm Nghin cu Vic lm) Nhng nghin cu v hot ng ca th trng lao ng trong nhng nn kinh t ang pht trin c s i mi t mt thp k nay nh hai yu t. Yu t th nht, v chc l c tnh quyt nh nht, lin quan n cc n lc ca cc nh thng k lao ng trong vic nh ngha quan nim phi chnh thc v nh vy tp hp c mt phn ln thng tin m trc kia tng b lt khi b my thng k. Yu t th hai lin quan n vic i mi cch nm bt nhng l do tn ti ca vic lm phi chnh thc. Trong khi cch tip cn truyn thng cho rng vic lm phi chnh thc l la chn cui cng khi ri vo tnh trng tht nghip, th mt trng phi mi ni t cui nhng nm 90 li nhn mnh kha cnh tnh nguyn ca vic lm phi chnh thc. Vy m, theo m hnh m chng ta c hin nay, c th l mt s kt hp gia hai trng hp i lp (vic lm phi chnh thc nh phi chp nhn i lp vi vic lm phi chnh thc c chn), cc bin php do cc chnh sch kinh t a ra s khng ging nhau. Bi tham lun ny, sau khi nhc li cc cch tip cn khc nhau c cp n trong cc nghin cu hiu l do tn ti ca vic lm phi chnh thc, s th xc nh tnh trng xc thc nht trn th trng lao ng Th Nh K. C th hn, nh ca chng ti l tnh n mt s khng ng nht c th tn ti ca vic lm phi chnh thc cng nh s tn ti ca cc phn on th trng khc nhau trong ni b khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Bc i ny nhm vt qua cch nhn nhn vic lm phi chnh thc ng nht, nhng vic lm ny hoc phi chp nhn (nh qua cch tip cn theo phn on th trng lao ng), hoc c la chn (nh rt nhiu nghin cu gn y, theo bc Maloney (2004), gi ). Kh khn nm c im khng quan st c cc lao ng phi chnh thc thuc cc phn on khc nhau no. Chng ta s khc phc kh khn ny theo kiu ca Gnther & Launov (2006, 2009), thng qua nh gi mt hn hp hu hn cc m hnh hi quy. Phng php ny cho php ng thi pht hin ra cc phn on, qua xc sut c tnh thuc v cc phn on khc nhau, v nh gi chn cho mi phn on mt m hnh hi qui. Xa hn na, cch tip cn ny mang ti kh nng lm r bn cht t nguyn hay khng t nguyn ca vic lm phi chnh thc thng qua vic so snh xc sut c tnh ca vic thuc v cc phn on khc nhau v xc sut l thuyt xut pht t hot ng cnh tranh ca th trng lao ng vi gi thit v hnh vi ti a ha thu nhp ca ngi lao ng. --------------------------------

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Tham nhng v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Cn Sahara chu Phi (E. Lavalle, Fr. Roubaud, DIAL Pht trin, Th ch v Ton cu ha, i hc Paris Dauphine v IRD Vin nghin cu pht trin) Bo co ny nghin cu mi lin quan gia nhng tham nhng v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Phn ln ti liu tp trung vo cc kt qu phn tch d liu v m v phn tch mu tiu biu, v y chnh l sai st nghim trng. Vic phn tch thng da vo ch s nhn thc v tham nhng v cc kt qu tnh ton gin tip v kinh t lng v m nhm o lng mc tham nhng v kinh t phi chnh thc mt cch ring r. Mt khc, cch tip cn ca chng ti da trn d liu vi m thu c t mt lot cc cuc iu tra 1-2-3 din ra ti 7 thnh ph ln Ty Phi (Abidjan, Bamako, Cotonou, Dakar, Lome, Niamey v Ouagadougou) thng qua vic phng vn hn 6.000 c s sn xut phi chnh thc (IPU). T xc nh c mt s im quan trng v phng php lun cn nhn mnh l: bo co da trn mt mu i din cho khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v nh ngha ca n ph hp vi khuyn ngh quc t; tham nhng c phn nh qua tri nghim thc t ch khng phi qua nhn thc. T kt qu phn tch rt ra ba kt lun chnh. Th nht, ch c mt s t IPU ni rng h phi hi l, nh vy i vi khu vc phi chnh thc th vn l thc thi lut yu km ch khng phi l tham nhng. Th hai, yu t quyt nh ti tham nhng i vi cc IPU b nh hng cng tng t nh nhng yu t ph bin trong khu vc chnh thc: cc doanh c uy tn v lm n c li nht cng c nhiu kh nng phi i mt vi tham nhng nhiu nht. Cui cng, thc tin tham nhng dng nh l yu t lm gim ch v vic chnh thc ha. -------------------------------Tnh hiu qu ca cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc v cc yu t quyt nh: s dng phng php hi quy theo phn v cho trng hp th ln Antananarivo (Madagascar) Tham lun ca Faly Hery Rakotomanana IRD/DIAL (Paris) INSTAT (Madagascar) Kh khn trong tip cn vi cc yu t sn xut, ngun lc v nguyn vt liu l nhng vn ln nht m nhng nh iu hnh trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc gp phi trong hot ng ca mnh. iu ngn cn h hot ng mt cch ti u v hiu qu. thc y cc hot ng ca khu vc ny trc ht cn c cc hnh ng nhm ci thin tnh hiu qu ca h. Nghin cu ny nhm nh gi mc hiu qu k thut ca cc c s sn xut phi chnh thc, tm ra cc yu t quyt nh v t rt ra cc bi hc v chnh sch h tr cc doanh nghip siu nh. C nhiu phng php nh gi tnh hiu qu k thut nh phng php phn tch bin gii nhiu (Stochastic Frontier Analysis - SFA) v phng php phn tch d liu pht trin (Development Data AnalysisDEA). Nghin cu ny s dng phng php hi quy theo phn v do Koenker R. et G. Basset (1978) khi xng. Mc khng hiu qu ca mt n v sn xut kinh doanh c xc nh bi quan h so snh gia tr s quan st ca bin o hiu qu vi tr s d on ca chnh bin xc nh c t phng trnh hi qui thit lp c i vi mt mc phn v ln c th chn lm gi tr tham chiu t c vi mc hiu qu ti a Trong thi gian u, nghin cu cho php nh gi cc chc nng sn xut ca cc loi hnh n v sn xut kinh doanh khc nhau theo hiu qu kinh t v nh gi co gin ca cc yu t sn xut. Giai on hai a ra bn phn tch m t tnh hiu qu ca cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc. Sau , bng mt m hnh thng k, phn tch nu ra tc ng ln tnh hiu qu ca cc yu t khc nhau bao gm khng ch nhng c im kinh t-x hi ca c s sn xut, cc c im nhn khu hc-x hi ca ngi ch n v, m cn c mi trng kinh t-x hi nh tham nhng v kh nng tip cn ngun tn dng. Sau khi xem xt kt qu t c, nhng khuyn co v mt chnh sch h tr cho cc doanh nghip siu nh c nu ra cui cng trnh nghin cu. --------------------------------

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Vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc n : Quy m, loi hnh, tng trng v cc yu t quyt nh, Indrajit Bairagya 39 , Nghin cu sinh v kinh t, Vin Nghin cu ci cch x hi v kinh t, Nagarbhavi, Bangalore - 560072, Karnataka, n . T xa xa, khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc gp phn ng k cho vic lm v tng sn phm trong nc (GDP) cc nn kinh t ang pht trin ni chung v nn kinh t ca n ni ring. Sn xut s dng nhiu lao ng l yu t mang li kh nng to vic lm rt ln cho khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. V vy, cn phi o lng quy m ca khu vc vic lm phi chnh thc n so vi cc nc pht trin, cc nc chuyn i v cc nc ang pht trin khc. Ni chung, bo co cho rng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc s dng cng ngh c hm lng lao ng cao. Nh vy, cng cn phi phn tch tng NDP ca khu vc phi chnh thc ny thnh cc thu nhp nhn t. Tuy nhin, hm lng lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c th thay i theo thi gian. Cn phi o lng bin ng ny. Mc tiu th nht ca bo co l xc nh xu th cng nh loi hnh vic lm phi chnh thc v thu nhp nhn t n . Mc tiu th hai ca bo co l xc nh cc yu t c ngha quyt nh i vi vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v th nghim gi thuyt liu cc yu t ny cc vng km pht trin v cc vng pht trin ca n ging nhau hay khc nhau da trn d liu theo n v iu tra mu Quc gia. Mt pht hin th v l cc yu t c ngha quyt nh ti vic lm phi chnh thc cc vng pht trin, trong mt s trng hp, li khc vi cc yu t c ngha quyt nh vng km pht trin. Chng ti thy rng cc vng pht trin n c nhng nt ging nh cc nc pht trin trn th gii, cn cc vng km pht trin nc ny th mang nhng c im ca cc nc ang pht trin. Kt qu phn tch ca chng ti cho thy tn ti hai nhm c c im khc nhau nh vy trong cng mt quc gia. Cc t ch cht: Vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, vic lm phi chnh thc, thu nhp nhn t, cc yu t quyt nh, cc nc ang pht trin, cc nc pht trin, cc vng km pht trin, cc vng pht trin. -------------------------------S tham gia ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc vo khu vc kinh t chnh thc: vic gia cng trong cc lng ngh ti vng ng bng sng Hng (Sylvie Fanchette, Nh a l, IRD, Nguyn Xun Hon, CASRAD, Hanoi) 1) Mt h thng sn xut bn a lu i v s dng nhiu nhn cng. C khong 1000 lng ngh ti vng ng bng sng Hng, s dng hn mt triu lao ng ton thi gian hoc bn thi gian. Phn ln nhng lng ngh ny c t chc theo hnh thc t hp m trong hoc quy trnh sn xut c chia nh (mt khu, mt phn ca sn phm) hoc cc lng chuyn sn xut mt loi sn phm c bit (mt loi la, mt loi m). H thng sn xut bn a ny tn ti t nhiu th k (thm ch l mt thin nin k i vi mt s lng) v tri qua nhiu giai on kh khn ca lch s Vit Nam, nh c c s bn b, linh hot v kh nng s dng nhn cng trong lng ca mt trong cc khu vc ng dn nht trn th gii (hn 1.000 ngi/km2), ni ngh trng la khng th h tr y vic nui sng ngi dn 80% doanh nghip thuc s hu gia nh v khng ng k kinh doanh. Cc doanh nghip ny c s linh hot ng k trong vic thu lao ng thng qua vic gia cng cho hng chc xng sn xut gia nh thuc t hp sn xut ca lng, song song vi hot ng nng nghip. V cng nh vy, theo lnh vc (an my tre, luyn kim, ch bin g, dt may ...), cc lng qu ny thu ht nhiu cng nhn t cc x khc, tnh khc ti lm vic theo ma v. Cc t hp nng ng nht s dng trn 20.000 ngi, mt na trong s n t bn ngoi. Kh nng thu lao ng hoc hp ng gia cng khng phi l ch cch thc ca cc doanh nghip chnh thc: mt s cc doanh nghip khng ng k cng c th thu hng chc lao ng theo ma v hoc di hnh thc lao ng gia cng.
Bo co ny l mt phn ni dung trong lun vn tin s m tc gi ang thc hin. Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n thy hng dn Gio s M.R. Narayana v nhng kin ng gp, gi mang tnh xy dng v c gi tr ca ng cc giai on thc hin bo co ny. Nu khng c s ng vin, khuyn khch ca Gio s th c l tc gi khng th hon thnh bo co. Tc gi cng xin chn thnh cm n B.P. Vani v Manojit Bhattacharjee cung cp nhng kin rt b ch cho bo co. 146
39

2) Cc doanh nghip chnh thc v khng chnh thc lin kt thng qua hp ng gia cng : s cn thit phi xem li nh ngha phi chnh thc * Cc doanh nghip c ng k : vai tr u tu ca cc t hp nhng rt mong manh trong bi cnh khng hong kinh t ton cu v xut khu gim st : - Cc loi hnh : cng ty, hp tc x v doanh nghip t nhn c ha n ; - Hai loi u tin c t cch php l xut khu ; - Nhng doanh nghip ny c th nhn n t hng ca cc doanh nghip Nh nc v c ha n ; Cc chnh sch nh nc pht trin ngh th cng thng nhm vo cc doanh nghip ny ; - Cc doanh nghip ny phi tr nhiu loi thu, chu kim sot ca Nh nc v phi tun th cc lut php x hi v mi trng. * a s cc doanh nghip khng ng k kinh doanh : - bn loi hnh doanh nghip : - cc doanh nghip tuyn dng nhn cng, nhn gia cng v thc hin cc n t hng ln ca cc doanh nghip xut khu c ng k kinh doanh ; - cc doanh nghip tuyn dng nhn cng v c khch hng trong nc ring ca mnh ; - cc xng sn xut gia nh nh khng tuyn dng nhn cng v thc hin phn cng vic sn xut th cng cho hai loi hnh trn ; - cc xng sn xut nh thc hin phn cng vic c s dng my mc (x, bo, c l c bit, to li ) cho hai loi hnh doanh nghip u tin hoc cho cc doanh nghip c ng k kinh doanh. - khng tr thu thu nhp ; - truyn ngh trong ni b gia nh, s dng lao ng gia nh khng tr lng ; - khng chu s kim sot ca tnh hoc huyn ; - rt linh hot trong vic s dng lao ng gia nh khng tr lng, th hc ngh v th gia cng). Bi nghin cu ny gii thiu mi quan h gia cc doanh nghip chnh thc v phi chnh thc thng qua vic gia cng v vic tp trung thnh t hp. Qua nhiu nghin cu tnh hung (t hp sn xut giy, an, mc m ngh v my tre an) chng ti s phn tch cc mi quan h khc nhau trong vic tuyn dng gia cc doanh nghip v s tin trin trong bi cnh khng hong kinh t quc t v gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii. Chng ti nghin cu v sao vic gia cng nm gi vai tr ch o trong mt s lnh vc, v bi cnh c bit ca vng ng bng sng Hng, vi c im thiu ni sn xut kinh doanh v s dng nhn cng di do. -------------------------------Ti chnh vi m v lao ng t lm vng nng thn min Nam n : Phn tch bi hc tht bi Isabelle Gurin, n v Nghin cu Pht trin v X hi (Vin Nghin cu pht trin/i hc Paris I) Marc Roesch (CIRAD), Venkatasubramanian (Vin Nghin cu Pondicherry ca Php) Trong hai thp k qua, ti chnh vi m c coi l mt cng c hu hiu to ra vic lm t do cc nc ang pht trin. iu ny c bit ph hp vi khu vc nng thn n . Nh c s h tr tch cc ca cc c quan c thm quyn ca nh nc, cc nh ti tr quc t v cc t chc phi chnh ph trong nc, khu vc ti chnh vi m pht trin mc ng k trong thp k qua. Bo co ny da trn kt qu ca mt s nghin cu thc a c tin hnh ti cc khu vc nng thn Tamil Nadu trong 5 nm qua, trong ch yu p dng cch tip cn kinh t-x hi chng minh rng ti chnh vi m trn thc t c tc ng rt hn ch i vi vic lm t do. Phn th nht cp ti vn c hu l tnh mp m ca khi nim lao ng t lm. Nu ch p dng khi nim ny i vi doanh nhn thc s kim sot phng tin sn xut v tip cn th trng th t l lao ng t lm trn thc t nh hn nhiu so vi quan nim thng thng ca chng ta. Ging nh nhiu vng nng thn khc, nt c trng ca vic lm nng thn n l ngun thu nhp phi nng nghip ngy cng tr nn quan trng hn. Tuy nhin, ngun thu nhp ny phn ln xut pht t lao ng hng lng v lao ng theo ma v v ch yu da trn tin cng hng ngy hay mc khon theo cng vic. Phn th hai ca bo co cho thy rng trong bi cnh c nghin cu y, tri vi nhng g c ca ngi trong cc bo co chnh thc, nh hng trc tip ca ti chnh vi m i vi sinh k ca cc h gia nh trn thc t l rt hn ch. Mt khc, cc khon n nh ch yu c s dng vo nhng
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cng vic m khng mang li thu nhp trc tip nh khm cha bnh, hc hnh v tr cc khon n trc y. Hn na, c rt t tim nng cho vic m rng phm vi lao ng t lm. Ngoi l do phng nga ri ro cho cc h gia nh, s vn hnh ca th trng a phng l yu t chnh gii thch cho iu , c bit do thiu cu a phng km theo c cu cp bc v quyn lc v s phn chia nh l v mt x hi ca th trng a phng.

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II. 2. KHI NIM V PHNG PHP (1): KINH NGHIM CC QUC GIA
KHU VC KINH T PHI CHNH THC V VIC LM PHI CHNH THC, CNG C O LNG NO DNH CHO CHU PHI (Eric Norbert RAMILISON 40 , Vin Quan st Kinh t v thng k chu Phi Nam Sa-ha-ra) Nghin cu ny mun ch ra loi cng c no ph hp nht o lng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc ti chu Phi. lm iu , hai cch tip cn khc nhau c p dng. Theo cch tip cn u tin, trc ht l hi ha ha cc khi nim v cc ch s v i khi l hi ha ha trong xy dng phng php o lng chung. V mc ch , cc cuc tho lun c thc hin cp quc t thng qua cc nhm cng tc hay trong khun kh nhim v ca cc c quan thuc Lin hp quc hoc hot ng h tr k thut cho cc nc, ng vai tr quan trng hng u. y ta cng nhn mnh vai tr tp hp ca cc h thng khu vc nhm p ng nhu cu ca cc h thng ny v thng tin hi ho ha phc v cng tc gim st v phn tch tc ng ca cc chnh sch kinh t khu vc. Theo cch tip cn th hai, xut pht t cc kinh nghim chu Phi v lnh vc ny, khng nh phng php no trong s cc phng php thu thp thng tin p ng tt nht nhng yu cu quc t v o lng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc. Cc phng php th nghim c a ra nh gi lm r nhng im mnh cng nh hn ch ca chng. -------------------------------Hai thp k iu tra khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc Mhic (G. LUNA, R. MARTINEZ & NEGRETE R., INEGI, Mexico) C quan Kho st cc c s vi m quc gia Mhic hon thin mt h thng quan st v hin tng phi chnh thc trn c hai kha cnh: vic lm v hm kinh t. Da vo trit l c bn v cuc iu tra modun hn hp, ng thi nhn thc c hn ch cng nh phng php iu tra hn hp ny s mang li li ch nhiu mt hn l s phn i. Phng php ny chng t tnhlinh hot cng nh kh nng kt hp s chnh xc khi nim v khuyn ngh ca Hi ngh quc t cc nh thng k lao ng ln th XV, XVII v nhm Delhi, th nghim nhng khuyn ngh ny v tm ra nhng im cn c iu chnh mc khi nim. Qu trnh th nghim ny pht trin n mt mc m s cn bng v s chia s cng vic gia pha u tin (iu tra lao ng) v pha 2 (iu tra cc modun) cho php xc nh d liu hng qu. Cc d liu ny c s dng gim st lc lng lao ng phi chnh thc hot ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay bn ngoi khu vc ny di cc hnh thc hp ng mi khc vi cc chnh sch bo v lao ng. Vic gim st c thc hin theo mt khun kh tch hp v nht qun ca pha 1 s dng cng tp quyn s. Bng cch ny, vai tr ca iu tra modun trong pha 2 c chuyn bit i lc c th nhn nhn su sc hn v bn cht cc hot ng c tin hnh mc vi m, bi cnh v cc vn xung quanh n v dng chy kinh t c to ra s c tng hp vo h thng ti khon quc gia. Nhng n lc thng k ny cung cp thm thng tin cho cuc tranh lun cng khai v gii ta nhng vn cha c hiu bit thu o quanh vn ny. iu tra ny ch t c s c o sau khi n c thc hin nhiu ln ri c nh v chc chn trong ngnh thng k. Trong ton b qu trnh ny xut hin mt vi kh khn phi i mt t bn cht cng vic cn c gii quyt. Tuy nhin do bn cht ca cng vic, mt s quyt nh to bo c a ra v mt s nguyn tcchnh thng b ph v. Hai mi nm trc, tip cn tnhphi chnh thc Mhic l mt vn rt kh khn, i hi s tng tng v quyt tm iu tra ton b lc lng lao ng, n lin quan n tt c cc cng on chun b t thit k iu tra, iu tra ti a bn n x l d liu. Trong bi cnh ny, ti liu ny c nh truyn ti thng tin, gii thiu nhng vn m cc cc thng k quc gia cha ni ti hoc khng cp mt cch tha ng.
40 Eric Norbert RAMILISON. Bi vit ny c vit theo li ku gi ng gp tham lun khi tc gi cn l Nh Nghin cu-Kinh t ti CREAM (Madagascar). Sau bi vit c pht trin thm khi tc gi c AFRISTAT tuyn dng lm Chuyn gia khu vc v H thng Thng tin Vic lm trong khun kh d n do Qu Tng cng Nng lc cho chu Phi (ACBF) ti tr. 149

Kinh nghim Mhic trong vic iu tra modun hn hp v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c lch s t nm 1987 khi mt chng trnh nghin cu chung gia IRD v c quan thng k ca Mhic c thc hin thng qua vic iu tra th im khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v sau trong cc nm 1988/89 vi cuc iu tra ton quc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v n lc thu thp thng tin 7 khu vc th ln ca Mhic. Nhng phi n nm 1992 khi n lc ny c a vo h thng thng k ca C quan thng k quc gia thc hin thng xuyn nhm thu thp thng tin v cc n v SXKDvi m phi nng nghip chnh thc v phi chnh thc. Nhng nm 90, vi s ti tr ca B Lao ng Mhic, vic iu tra ton quc cc n v SXKD vi m tr thnh mt modun thng xuyn ca iu tra lc lng lao ng. Cuc iu tra ny bt u ph bin d liu v cc n v SXKD vi m ni chung v sau ph bin s liu chuyn v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc tnh ton ng gp ca khu vc ny trong tng sn phm trong nc. -------------------------------PHNG PHP LUN IU TRA 1-2-3: KINH NGHIM P DNG VIT NAM, Nguyn Th Thu Huyn, Nguyn Vn on, L Vn Dy, Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc Thng k Ging nh hu ht cc quc gia ang pht trin, hot ng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc xut hin khp mi ni Vit Nam v trong nhiu h gia nh, c bit l cc h gia nh ngho c thu nhp ton b hoc mt phn t khu vc ny. Tuy nhin, nhng nm 2007 tr v trc, thng tin o lng v s ng gp ca khu vc ny trong nn kinh t cn kh khim tn. Do vy, Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc Thng k (Tng cc Thng k) ch tr, phi hp vi C quan Nghin cu Pht trin, Th ch v Phn tch Di hn (DIAL-IRD) ca Php thc hin D n nhm c c cc s liu thng k y v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (KTPCT) cng nh vic lm phi chnh thc. Trn c s nghin cu phng php lun iu tra 1-2-3 v cc phng php thu thp thng tin hin ang s dng Vit Nam. D n ra chin lc thu thp thng tin v khu vc KTPCT nh sau: (i) thit k ci tin mi cuc iu tra Lao ng Vic lm (L&VL) c tin hnh vo thng 8/2007 trn phm vi c nc; v (ii) tin hnh cuc iu tra chuyn bit (iu tra khu vc KTPCT), da trn dn mu ca iu tra L&VL, vo thng 12 nm 2007 ti H Ni v thng 01 nm 2008 ti TP. H Ch Minh. iu tra chuyn bit ny cung cp cc c lng st thc v cc ch tiu quan trng ca khu vc KTPCT, p dng kinh nghim quc t v ph hp vi bi cnh quc gia. Cuc iu tra chuyn bit ny c tin hnh lp li vo cui nm 2009 nhm cng c phng php lun iu tra v nghin cu s bin ng ca cc h sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc, c bit nghin cu tc ng ca khng hong n khu vc KTPCT cng nh n cc h gia nh tham gia vo khu vc ny. Bo co ny tp trung trnh by cc khi nim, nh ngha thc hnh v khu vc KTPCT v vic lm phi chnh thc; lc chung ca iu tra 1-2-3; qu trnh thc hin lc iu tra ny ti H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh, phng php gn kt gia l thuyt v thc nghim, cng nh cc vn k thut c th p dng a bn iu tra nm 2007/2008 cng nh nm 2009 v nhng vn cn tip tc nghin cu hon thin. -------------------------------Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti Maroc: cch tip cn, phng php lun v qu trnh thay i, BENNANI MEKKI, Trng B phn iu tra h gia nh ti Ban Thng k BP 178 Haut Agdal Rabat Nhn thc c nhng thch thc gn lin vi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v cc cuc tranh lun din ra, Ban Thng k thuc U ban K hoch xy dng mt h thng cc cuc iu tra thng k quc gia nhm nghin cu chuyn su v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Mc tiu ny c c th ha khi ln u tin vo nm 1999 chng ti tin hnh mt cuc iu tra quc gia v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc theo phng php tip cn hn hp da vo h thng cc cuc iu tra v iu tra kt hp v h gia nh v cc n v kinh t phi chnh thc (iu tra 1-2-3). Cuc iu tra u tin ny gip thu thp khi lng ln cc d liu rt c gi tr v cc d liu ny cng c tn dng khai thc. Tuy nhin t n nay, Maroc c nhiu thay i v mt kinh tx hi v nhu cu thng tin trong lnh vc ny ngy cng gia tng nn mt cuc iu tra khc c thc hin nm 2007 nhm mc ch chnh l cc d liu hin c v cp nht mt s ch s, nht l cc

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ch s th hin tm quan trng ca khu vc ny trong hot ng sn xut, to thu nhp, to thm vic lm, gim tht nghip v hi nhp x hi cho mt b phn ln dn c. Mc tiu chnh ca bi thuyt trnh l chia s vi cc i biu kinh nghim ca Maroc trong lnh vc ny, nht l thng qua nhng thay i c ghi nhn v : 1. Cch tip cn p dng v cc kha cnh phng php lun quan st khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc phi nng nghip 2. c im ca cc n v kinh t phi chnh thc 3. c im cc h gia nh l ch s hu cc n v kinh t phi chnh thc 4. Khun kh php l-hnh chnh trong cc n v kinh t hot ng 5. V mt s kha cnh nh tnh lin quan n t chc ca cc n v kinh t hot ng trong khu vc ny. -------------------------------Cuc iu tra H gia nh ton quc : Cng c o lng v phn tch khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Kinh nghim ca Peru, Nancy Hidalgo (Vin Thng k v Tin hc Nh nc) Cc cuc tng iu tra kinh t, iu tra doanh nghip v cc h s hnh chnh l khng y o lng tm quan trng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trong nn kinh t hay hiu v mi lin h gia khu vc ny vi khu vc kinh t chnh thc. Nhn nh trn c khng nh bi hai c im ch yu ca cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc. Th nht, hu ht cc hot ng kinh t phi chnh thc c a im lu ng hoc c thc hin ti cc h gia nh. Th hai, cc n v sn xut kinh doanh thng c thi gian tn ti ngn. Tm li, cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc thng kh c th c quan st trong cc cuc iu tra, tng iu tra v khin cho cc h s hnh chnh tr nn lc hu nhanh chng. Da vo hng dn ca Roubaud v iu tra hn hp v iu tra 123, Vin Thng k v Tin hc Quc gia Peru p dng t nm 2001 modun v lao ng t lm hay ch lao ng nghin cu su hn v cc hot ng ca cc n v sn xut kinh doanh v nht l c tnh tt hn thu nhp hn hp v vic lm phi chnh thc. Vic p dng nh ngha v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc tun theo cc khuyn ngh ca T chc Lao ng Quc t v ni dung ti bn gn y nht v h thng ti khon quc gia. Bi trnh by s tp trung vo nhng thay i quan trng i vi thit k nguyn thy ca iu tra 123. c bit s tp trung vo nhng im mi sau y : a) Pha 1 v modun vic lm ca iu tra h gia nh ton quc nhm xc nh cc lao ng t lm hay ch lao ng, l ch s hu ca n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc. Pha 1 nh ngha khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc gmcc n v sn xut kinh doanh hay doanh nghip khng ng k kinh doanh v khng c t cch php nhn (Cng ty), hoc khng c h thng k ton (bn t cch php nhn). Pha 1,2 v 3 ca cuc iu tra c tin hnh thng qua phng vn cc c nhn t 14 tui tr ln. b) Sau khi xc nh c ngi ch n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc, pha 2 ca thit k iu tra 123 kho st c im ca cc n v ny. Cng vic ny c tin hnh song song vi Pha 1. Pha ny iu tra ton b danh sch cc n v sn xut kinh doanh (tr cc cng ty c t cch php nhn), thay v xem xt iu tra mu con trong pha 2. Cch lm ny trnh c sai st v tm c mu phn tch tt hn cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc. c) Cng nh vy, pha 3 c mc ch lm r ngun gc nhu cu tiu dng cui cng ca cc n v sn xut kinh doanh v c tin hnh ng thi vi cc pha khc ca cuc iu tra. Pha ny xem xt ton b cc h gia nh pha 1 (vic lm). iu ny mang n mt phng sch thng k nhm kho st hn hp c ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng, t cho php phn tch kt hp tnh trng ngho i, c im th trng lao ng v cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc. d) Nhn thc c s bin ng ln v thu nhp hn hp ca cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc, modun v lao ng t lm phi chnh thc trongcuc iu tra H gia nh ton quc c xy dng thnh mt modun thng xuyn ca cuc iu tra. Tng s mu c phn b trn ton lnh th v tm thi trong c nm, cho php thu c cc c lng tt hn v cc ch tiu tng hp hng nm ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc cung cp cho ti khon quc gia. e) Modun v n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc c phn b mu theo a l vng nng thn phi nng nghip. Cng vic ny gip phn tch phm vi no ca s a dng ho cc hot
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ng sn xut phi nng nghip t to ra mt chin lc hiu qu nhm gim ri ro ngho i, thng xy ra trong cc h gia nh nng thn. f) Bn cnh vic thit lp m t cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc, cc cu hi ch o v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c xy dng theo hng lin h vi kh nng mt b phn ca khu vc ny to ra gi tr tng thm, phi hp tt hn vi cc b my sn xut khc v hi nhp tt hn vo th trng quc t. tr li c cu hi ny cn c gim st lp trn cng n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc. g) Cui cng, chng ti p dng h thng qun l cht lng trong cc giai on khc nhau ca cuc iu tra. Trong vic thit k bng hi, iu quan trng l phi xc nh c ngi c phng vn m khng phi l ngi cung cp thng tin trc tip, c th kim sot c thng tin v tng gi tr tng thm v tnh ton li nhun ti a bn. Vic xy dng mt h thng kim tra c th gim thiu vic khng tr li hoc tr li khng y , ng thi kim sot t l phng vn gin tip. Trong vic x l thng tin, chng ti tin hnh nh gi v hiu chnh nhng sai st xy ra do khng thc hin phng vn v phng vn gin tip (m t ngi cung cp thng tin gin tip i din hn). -------------------------------Pht trin v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: 16 nm nghin cu v phn tch ti Camerun, SHE ETOUNDI Joseph Guy Benjamin, Chuyn gia thng k kinh t, Ph Tng Gim c Vin Thng k Quc gia Camerun Sau mt giai on tng i thnh vng nh trc ht vo nn nng nghip pht trin vi nhiu loi cy trng sinh li (c bit l bng, cacao, c-ph), Camerun hn hoan trc s ln ngi ca du m vo cui nhng nm 1970. Km theo hin tng ny l vic hnh hnh nn mng nn cng nghip xung quanh cc thnh ph, c bit l Yaound v Douala v gia tng nhanh chng cc c quan hnh chnh. N gip nhng ngi dn, nht l nhng ngi dn ti cc thnh ph sng tng i sung tc, iu ny thc y qu trnh th ha t nc nhng cng lm xut hin hng lot cc khu dn c tm b v cc cng trnh th s mi. Khng hong kinh t tc ng n Camerun vo cui nhng nm 80 v nh hng tiu cc n nn cng nghip vn rt yu km nh chng ti gii thiu. Do , nhng ngi dn trc gia nhp cc x nghip cng nghip v b my hnh chnh trong chc lt ri vo tnh trng tht nghip bt chp s can thip ca cc nh ch BRETON WOODS, s can thip vn b mt b phn dn c ch trch. B my hnh chnh, do mt ngun thu t du m v phi i mt vi s gim st ngun thu ngn sch t thu (do cc doanh nghip gim hot ng) v qun l km, khng th tip tc tuyn dng lc lng lao ng tr ang t gia nhp th trng lao ng. Trc tnh hnh , ngi dn Camerun vi t l thanh nin chim trn 64% lm nhiu cng vic khc nhau tn ti. Tnh trng ny ko theo s pht trin nhanh chng ca ci m hin ta gi l khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v mc ng gp ca khu vc ny vo GDP theo nh gi ca Vin Thng k Quc gia ln ti 52% v gip to ti 80% vic lm. Do , cn phi tm hiu hin tng ny hoc ngn chn, hoc ci thin n v li ch ca ngi dn. Chnh v vy ngay t nm 1993, Chnh ph vi s h tr ca cc i tc pht trin giao cho Vin Thng k Quc gia nhim v ny. Cc nghin cu c tin hnh ch yu lin quan n lnh vc kinh t vi m thng qua cc cuc iu tra h gia nh v thc hin cc chuyn kho, v lnh vc kinh t v m thng qua h thng k ton quc gia v xy dng cc m hnh kinh t, lnh vc trong cc d liu c kt hp vi cc ngun d liu khc v cc khi nim c nh ngha cp quc t c nghin cu v kim chng. Mc ch ca bi tham lun l gii thiu ng gp ca Vin Thng k Quc gia Camerun vo qu trnh tm hiu kinh t phi chnh thc thng qua cc cng c v phng php c s dng v cc kt qu t c. Bi tham lun cng s trnh by quan im v ngha ca cc khi nim v nhng trin vng m ra trc mt chng ta. Bi tham lun s bao gm 4 phn chnh sau : DN S ln ngi ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti Camerun : Bi cnh kinh t-x hi v nguyn do ca cc cng trnh nghin cu Thay i tnh hnh kinh t ca t nc Phn ng ca ngi dn trc tnh hnh kinh t
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nh gi mc thiu vic lm v tht nghip Cc vn ny sinh khc nh gi hin tng : Lnh vc kinh t vi m Quyt nh v vic nh ngha cc khi nim iu tra h gia nh Chuyn kho v cc ngnh c th Lnh vc kinh t v m nh ngha cc khi nim v tng hp cc d liu kinh t vi m nh gi vic lm v nh gi hot ng sn xut Cc vn c th lin quan n nh gi vic lm M rng cc nghin cu iu tra quy m quc gia Ti khon v tinh ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Cc lnh vc khc Cc bi hc ch o Nhng thng tin chnh v nhng ghi nhn c cng b ; Tc ng ca cc hin tng ti ngha ca cc khi nim s dng Cc vn cn tn ti v trin vng nh gi vic lm ; nh gi mt s tng mc (lng) ; Xut hin tnh phi chnh thc trong mt s lnh vc x hi (gio dc, y t) ; Xy dng cc ti khon v tinh ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Kt lun -------------------------------Cuc iu tra gc hn hp 1-2 nhm thu thp thng tin v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Mng C, B. BADAMTSETSEG, C quan Thng k Quc gia, Mng C. C quan Thng k Quc gia tin hnh cuc iu tra ny vi s tr gip k thut ca y ban Kinh t - X hi Chu - Thi Bnh Dng ca Lin Hp Quc (UNESCAP) cng nh theo phng php lun v khuyn ngh ca C quan Pht trin, Th ch v Phn tch Di hn (DIAL) ca Php. DIAL tin hnh iu tra khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nh mt modun ca cuc iu tra Lao ng v Vic lm. C quan DIAL xy dng mt cng c iu tra nhiu pha c gi l iu tra 1-2 nhm xc nh xem ngi lao ng l i tng ca cuc iu tra Lao ng v Vic lm ang lm vic trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay khng, ri sau nhng ai ang lm vic trong khu vc ny s c iu tra trong pha 2. Nc chng ti tin hnh iu tra cc doanh nghip khng c t cch php nhn h gia nh c t nht mt vi sn phm bn hoc trao i trn th trng (HUEM) theo phng php ny. Vic iu tra Lao ng v Vic lm hng qu cho php chng ti iu tra HUEM theo phng php 1-2. C quan Thng k Quc gia ca Mng C tin hnh iu tra khong 1500 HUEM trong vng 4 qu nhm nghin cu tnh hnh bin ng theo ma v trong nm. Mc tiu c bn ca cuc iu tra HUEM l xc nh s lng cc HUEM, ng gp ca h i vi nn kinh t v cc vn m h phi i mt. Kt qu iu tra c s dng tnh gi tr tng thm m khu vc ny to ra, qua cho php nh gi kt qu ca cc cuc tng iu tra v cc cuc iu tra khc cng nh so snh vi cc nc s dng khi nim HUEM v phng php lun ging nh Mng C.

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Mt phng php khc thng k th trng lao ng vng nng thn Colombia, Alvaro Suarez R., Khoa Kinh t - i hc Andes Colombia c kinh nghim thc hin iu tra h gia nh t nhng nm 1960. iu tra h gia nh nhm mc ch thu thp thng tin v tnh trng vic lm, thiu vic lm v mt vi phn loi khc ca th trng lao ng. 1. Nm 1963, Khoa Kinh t, i hc Andes thc hin vic thng k vic lm ln u tin cc thnh ph Bogota v Girardot. 2. Nm 1967, Khoa Kinh t hon thin v phng php lun iu tra v thc hin cuc iu tra ln th 2 ti cc thnh ph Bogota, Barranquilla, Bucaramanga, Cali, Ibague, Manizales v Medellin. 3. T nm 1970 n 1975, Cc Thng k Quc gia thc hin 9 cuc iu tra p dng k thut, phng php lun v cch thc thc hnh mi c th nghim nhm hon thin mt h thng iu tra chun. 4. T nm 1976 n 2000, Cc Thng k Quc gia thc hin cuc iu tra H gia nh Ton quc trn c s lc k thut v phng php lun thng nht. 5. T nm 2001 n 2006, Cc Thng k Quc gia p dng iu tra lin tc H gia nh. 6. V t thng 6 nm 2006, Cc Thng k Quc gia p dng iu tra H gia nh Tch hp vi Quy m ln. Thng k khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c bt u t nm 1984 v c tin hnh 2 nm mt ln cho ti nm 2000 trong cuc iu tra h gia nh ton quc. T nm 2000 n 2006, thng k ny c thc hin hng nm thng qua cuc iu tra lin tc H gia nh. K t nm 2006, cuc iu tra c thc hin hng qu trong thng qua cuc iu tra H gia nh Tch hp vi Quy m ln. Theo khuyn co ca Nhm Delhi, qu trnh o lng c xem xt li t nm 2006. Thnh ph Bogota ca Colombia nm trong chng trnh th im m T chc Lao ng quc t nh thc hin mt s thnh ph trn ton th gii nm 1995 (bao gm Manila ca Philippines v Dar es Salaam ca Tanzania). Cuc iu tra th nghim v mt khi nim v phng php thu thp d liu do Hi ngh quc t cc nh thng k Lao ng xut nm 1993. Ngoi ra, Colombia cng c chn lm quc gia th im ca cng ng cc nc Andes (lc bao gm Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru v Venezuela) p dng iu tra 1-2-3 trong cc nm 2001 v 2002. Vic lm vng nng thn c thng k ln u tin vo nm 1978, sau vo nm 1998 bt u t nm 1991, thng k vic lm vng nng thn c thc hin hng nm. Mt trong nhng ng gp ca gii hc vin cho s pht trin thng k ca quc gia, Khoa Kinh t i hc Andes thit k v mt k thut v phng php lun cho cuc iu tra di hn v bin ng h gia nh Colombia iu tra lp v h gia nh, bao gm cc cu hi mi v ch lao ng nh mc lng ti thiu c th chp nhn c, thng k khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm nng thn da vo khi nim dn s ang hot ng kinh t, v.v

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II.3. TRIN VNG TI VIT NAM

KHU VC KINH T PHI CHNH THC HAI THNH PH H NI V H CH MINH, LE VAN DUY, NGUYEN THI HUYEN, NGUYEN HUU CHI, PHAN THI NGOC TRAM, GSO-ISS, Vietnam Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc gi vai tr quan trng trong i sng kinh t x hi ca nhiu nc ang pht trin, trong c Vit Nam. Trong nhng nm trc y, dng nh khng c mt nghin cu no Vit Nam nghin cu v cc c trng c bn ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Nm 2007/ 2008 Vin Khoa hc Thng k phi hp vi IRD/ DIAL Php tin hnh iu tra v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti hai thnh ph ln nht ca Vit Nam: H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh. Bo co ny gii thiu mt s nt c trng c bn ca KVKTPCT hai thnh ph ny. Kt qu iu tra cho thy khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (KVKTPCT) l ni cung cp khong 1/3 s vic lm cho ngi lao ng hai thnh ph. Tui bnh qun ca ngi lao ng khu vc ny khong 39-40 tui v phn ng c trnh hc vn thp. Quy m ca cc h SXKD phi chnh thc rt nh b, bnh qun mt h ch c 1,5 lao ng. T l h SXKD ch c mt lao ng kh cao, chim trn 70% s h. C ti 37-40% s h thuc KVKTPCT khng c a im kinh doanh c nh, chnh v vy h cng t c iu kin tip cn vi cc dch v cng c bn nh in, nc, in thoi,...Thu nhp ca khu vc ny thp hn nhiu so vi cc khu vc h SXKD chnh thc (ch bng khong 2/3) v c bit l c phn b rt khng u: a phn ngi lao ng c mc thu nhp thp hn mc thu nhp trung bnh ca khu vc ny. Tuy vy, KVKTPCT cng ng gp ti khong 12% gi tr tng thm ca hai thnh ph. Tuy c ng gp ng k cho GDP, song khu vc ny cng ch c coi l hot ng bn l ca nn kinh t v n rt t c mi quan h vi cc khu vc kinh t khc: trn 75% s sn phm ca n to ra phc v cho cc h gia nh. a phn cc h SXKD thuc KVKTPCT khng ng k kinh doanh v h cho rng lut php khng bt h phi lm vy v nu c ng k kinh doanh th cng ch l nhm trnh b phin h trong qu trnh kinh doanh m thi. Vi iu kin sn xut kinh doanh kh khn v thu nhp thp, a phn cc h SXKD phi chnh thc cho rng h khng c tng lai v khng mun con ci ca h tip tc cng vic kinh doanh ca mnh. Cc kt qu iu tra thu c t hai thnh ph ln nht nc v KVKTPCT chng minh tm quan trng ca khu vc ny trn c bnh din to cng n vic lm ln ng gp vo gi tr gia tng ca a phng. Mt thc t cn phi ghi nhn l KVKTPCT Vit Nam cha thc s c s quan tm ca cc nh chc trch. Do vy mt iu quan trng i vi chnh quyn l phi tin hnh mt cuc ci cch kinh t ln th hai, phc tp hn, kh hnh dung hn. Cc cng c iu tit th trng lao ng truyn thng nh thay i mc lng ti thiu, tng cng bo him x hi, tng cng vai tr ca t chc cng on,... dng nh khng th p dng c vi KVKTPCT nh n vn tn ti. V vy cn phi c mt s chnh sch kh d c nh hng trc tip ti khu vc ny nh o to ngh ph hp cho ngi lao ng, to iu kin cho h tip cn vi cc ngun tn dng cng nh th trng ln, thu thu u t li cho khu vc ny v hn ch hin tng nhng nhiu i vi h. -------------------------------Phi chnh thc : t bit n khng bit, (P. GUBRY, IRD, France; LE THI HUONG, HIDS, Vietnam; NGUYEN THI THIENG, IPSS, Vietnam & PHAM THUY HUONG, NEU, Vietnam) Khng nhiu nghin cu a ra cch thc xc nh lao ng khu vc phi chnh theo nh ngha chi tit c thng qua ti Hi tho quc t ln th 15 ca cc chuyn gia thng k lao ng (thng 1 nm 1993). Vit Nam cng khng l trng hp ngoi l. Trong bi cnh chng ti c th tip cn khu vc phi chnh thc theo cc tiu thc khc nhau mang nt c trng ca lao ng khu vc ny. T l lao ng lm cng khng hng lng l mt trong nhng tiu ch phn bit khu vc phi chnh thc vi khu vc chnh thc ; Vit Nam, ni ng k h khu thng tr vn cn tn ti, th giy ng k tm tr ngn hn (KT4) cng l mt tiu ch c th s dng phn bit khu vc phi chnh thc v chnh thc.

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Ngoi cuc iu tra v vic lm ca Tng cc Thng k nm 2007 cho php la chn cc doanh nghip khng ng k, hai cuc iu tra mi y cng cho php tip cn khu vc phi chnh thc ti hai khu vc th ln nht Vit Nam l H Ni v TP.H Ch Minh. C th l : - Cuc iu tra dn s gia k ti TP.HCM nm 2004 : l cuc iu tra duy nht trc tip cp n tnh trng sinh sng ca ton b dn c thnh ph. - Cuc iu tra Di dn, ngho i v mi trng th ti H ni v TP.H Ch Minh do Vin dn s v cc vn x hi (IPSS, H Ni), Vin nghin cu pht trin TP.H Ch Minh (HIDS) v Vin nghin cu pht trin (IRD, Cng ha Php) phi hp thc hin. Cuc iu tra ny ch yu cp n cc thng tin lin quan n tnh trng vic lm (trong c lao ng t do). Hai cuc iu tra ny cho php nhn bit mt cch gin tip lao ng khu vc phi chnh thc theo cc c im kinh t-x hi. Ngoi ra, thng qua hai cuc iu tra ny, chng ti cng c th thy c s khc bit v mt a l theo qun huyn. Tm li, c v nh tnh trng c tr cng nh lao ng t do cng khng cho php chng ti nh gi y v mc /t l vic lm phi chnh thc, nhng thng qua hai cuc iu tra ny cng c th phn tch mt s c im quan trng ca lc lng lao ng ny. Cng nh tt c cc cuc iu tra tng t, hai cuc iu tra nu trn mi tp trung ch yu vo dn c sinh sng thng xuyn thnh th (bao gm nhng ngi sng thnh ph t 6 thng tr ln), khng phn bit h l ngi di c hay khng m b qua ton b nhng ngi di chuyn tm thi, sng thnh ph di 6 thng. Nhng ngi ny c coi l dn c ti ni m h ra i. H to thnh b phn dn c lu ng kh ln thnh th, ra thnh ph lm vic v sinh sng lc thnh ph, lc qu, hnh thnh nn mt nt c trng ca Vit Nam. Nhng ngi sinh sng tm thi ny khng bao gi c tnh n trong cc cuc iu tra chn mu, tuy nhin i b phn h lm vic trong khu vc phi chnh thc v phn ln l nhng ngi ngho thnh th v t ngho hn so vi nhng ngi sng nng thn. Vi i tng ny, chng ti hon ton khng th nhn bit. iu chng t tnh cp thit phi thc hin mt cuc iu tra chn mu v di chuyn tm thi v ngho i ti khu vc th Vit nam. Cuc iu tra v ngho i ti khu vc th doTng cc Thng k (UPS) c thc hin mi y khc phc phn no s thiu ht v thng tin. Cuc iu tra ny c th hon thin hn na. Chng ti xut mt cuc kho st trn c s mu iu tra l cc t dn ph. Ch c s hiu bit y v khu vc phi chnh thc mi c th a ra cc chnh sch nhm hon thin vic tnh ton v vn hnh khu vc phi chnh thc, c bit l trong bi cnh ca Vit Nam, v nng cao iu kin sng ca ngi lao ng v gia nh h. -------------------------------Vic lm phi chnh thc ca lao ng nng thn di c trong th trng lao ng thnh th vng ng bng Sng Hng: phn tch so snh v s la chn khu vc v thu nhp vi lao ng di c t thnh th v lao ng thnh th bn a H Ni, Hi Phng, Hi Dng, Nguyn Hu Ch, NEU, DIAL, Hanoi, Vietnam Bi vit s dng ngun d liu thu c t cuc iu tra Di c Vit Nam nm 2004 tm hiu v di c lao ng nng thn - thnh th v s tham gia ca lao ng nng thn di c vo th trng lao ng khu vc thnh th, c bit l vo vic lm phi chnh thc, trong mt tip cn phn tch so snh. Nghin cu tp trung phn tch trng hp ba trung tm th l H Ni, Hi Phng v Hi Dng, nhng ni c nhn nhn trong s nhng thnh ph tp trung lung lao ng nng thn di c n nhiu nht t ngay trong ni vng ng bng Sng Hng cng nh t nhng ni khc. Chng ti thc hin cc phn tch so snh lm r nhng s khc bit v s la chn khu vc v thu nhp t lao ng gia nhng ngi di c t nng thn vi nhng ngi di c t thnh th cng nh vi c dn thnh th bn a. Cu hi nghin cu m chng ti quan tm tm hiu l phi chng c s phn bit i vi nhng lao ng di c t nng thn v tham gia vo vic lm phi chnh thc thnh th. Gi thuyt c in cho rng vic lm phi chnh thc c vai tr l tnh trng vic lm tm thi i vi lao ng nng thn di c n khu vc thnh th cng c kim chng trong nghin cu ny thng qua phng php phn tch hi quy logistic.

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Cc kt qu phn tch cho thy nhn chung c s phn bit thu nhp i vi lao ng c vic lm phi chnh thc, bt k nhng lao ng c ngun gc t u. Tuy nhin trong s h, lao ng di c t nng thn l nhng ngi gp nhiu bt li hn c v thu nhp. Chng ti khng nhn thy c bng chng v mi quan h gia vic tham gia vo vic lm phi chnh thc thnh th vi d nh tm kim mt cng vic khc i vi c lao ng di c t nng thn v lao ng di c t thnh th. iu ny ng rng mc d tham gia vo nhng cng vic vi mc thu nhp thuc nhm thp trong phn b thu nhp, cc lao ng di c t nng thn tham gia vo vic lm phi chnh thc trn th trng lao ng cc trung tm th ny c th thc s t c vic lm v thu nhp tt hn vi nhng g h c trc khi di c. -------------------------------Tc ng ca di c quc t ti vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: trng hp ca Vit Nam, Trn Th Bch, i hc Kinh t Quc dn H Ni Bi vit ny nghin cu tc ng ca di c quc t ti vic to vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Vit Nam. S dng s liu iu tra h gia nh ton quc nm 2008, kt qu cho thy khng c khc bit v lao ng t lm gia h di c v h khng di c. Di c quc t ch c ngha nu xt ti quy m doanh nghip. Nghin cu ch ra s khng hu hiu ca chnh sch khuyn khch ngi hi hng v h gia nh di c thnh lp doanh nghip h gia nh. V th, thay v u t sn xut, mt phn tin gi c chi dng cho cc mc ch khc, gy ra tnh trng khng lm vic. Cc kt qu ca chng ti cng cho thy t l tht nghip cao nhm nhng ngi hi hng, nu mi quan ngi v tc ng lu di ca di c quc t. -------------------------------a dng ha trong phn b t ai v lao ng nhm ng ph vi cc c Sc v ri ro ca cc h gia nh min Trung Vit Nam, TUNG PHUNG DUC & H. WAIBEL, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany Nghin cu phn tch mi quan h gia vic phn b t ai v lao ng, s lng cy trng v s ngun thu nhp ca cc h gia nh khu vc nng thn ca Vit Nam vi cc loi c sc v ri ro. Nghin cu s dng s liu ca iu tra h gia nh vng 1 c thc hin bi D n nghin cu DFG 756 Tc ng ca cc c Sc n tn thng v ngho i: Hu qu ca cc nn kinh t mi ni ng Nam . Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy cc h gia nh s dng gii php a dng ha trong phn b t ai v lao ng vo cc hot ng to ra thu nhp khc nhau ng ph vi cc c Sc. Cc h gia nh gp phi nhiu hn cc c Sc trong qu kh c xu hng a dng ha cy trng v ngun thu nhp nhiu hn so vi cc h khc. Mt khc, cc h gia nh c d on cc ri ro m h gp phi trong tng lai nhiu hn c s phn b lao ng sang cc ngnh ngh khc nhau cao hn so vi cc h cn li. Tip cn vi tn dng, th trng, thy li v s manh mn v t ai, s lao ng trong h gia nh, trnh gio dc ca ch h, v s giu c ca ch h cng l cc nhn t rt quan trng tc n mc a dng ha ca h gia nh. --------------------------------

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Ti chnh vi m phi chnh thc : Mt th ch t nguyn thc y s pht trin nng thn, NGUYEN VAN HUAN, VASS, Vietnam Khu vc phi chnh thc ang ng vai tr quan trng to thm vic lm. Theo kt qu kho st nm 2008 ca Vin Kinh t Vit Nam ti Vng Kinh t trng im Pha Nam, khu vc phi chnh thc to hn 30% vic lm cho khu vc nng thn. Ti chnh vi m phi chnh thc ang ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gip cho khu vc phi chnh thc hot ng tt to thm vic lm cho ngi ngho khu vc nng thn. Nhng th ch t nguyn phi quan phng ang c tc ng quan trng n s pht trin ca ti chnh vi m. n lc cn c mt th ch chnh thc kt hp vi th ch t nguyn h tr cho ti chnh vi m pht trin ng vai tr quan trng h tr cho khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hot ng c hiu qu, gp phn to thm vic lm cho ngi ngho khu vc nng thn hu WTO. Cc gii php c bn xy dng cc nh ch gip cho ti chnh vi m pht trin c th l: - H tr cho cc nhm ti chnh vi m chuyn i thnh cc nhm c t chc hot ng c tiu chun v thng nht. - Xy dng khung php l cho cc ti chnh vi m cn tnh n cc yu t tc ng ca WTO v do tn dng c nhng li th gia nhp WTO. - Cn xy dng din n nhm trao i thng tin gia cc nhm ti chnh vi m trn a bn khu vc nng thn. - Xy dng c ch chnh sch o to ngun nhn lc cho ti chnh vi m phi chnh thc tr thnh lc lng cung cp vn cho ngi ngho thun tin da trn cc th ch phi quan phng trong nng thn. - Tng cng sc mnh hng dn nghip v ti chnh vi m ca cc t chc Tn dng nng thn cho cc nhm ti chnh vi m ca ph n, ca Hi nng dn. - Xy dng c ch bo him ri ro cho khu vc ti chnh vi m. Nhng gii php th ch thc y ti chnh vi m phi chnh thc trong mi quan h vi cc nh ch t nguyn, lin kt cng ng trong nng thn cn t trong bi cnh c tc ng mnh ca nn kinh t th trng ang ph v s kt dnh t nguyn cng ng trc y. Mt tch cc ca s pht trin cc ti chnh vi m kiu ny cng gip cho s lin kt cng ng trong nng thn tt hn trc nhng ri ro th trng v i sng. -------------------------------Nhng yu t quyt nh lng v phn bit i x trong lao ng nhp c: Trng hp ngi di c t ng bng sng Cu Long, Hunh Trng Huy, Trung Tm Nghin Cu Vn Ha V Di C , i Hc Antwerpen Pht trin kinh t theo hng ch tc v xut khu thng gn lin vi s dch chuyn trong c cu lao ng thot khi nng nghip v nng thn. Di c t nng thn ra thnh th ng bng sng Cu Long cng ngy cng c ghi nhn nhiu hn v hin chim 31,5% tng s ngi di c ang sng thnh ph H Ch Minh, l thnh ph hp dn nht vi a s ngi di c ni a Vit Nam. Bi vit ny c gng phn tch lng v cc yu t quyt nh lng trong s cc lao ng nhp c n t khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long. M hnh lng kiu Mincer c s dng o lng cc hiu ng bin ca lng theo cc bin v vn con ngi. Mt s pht hin ng ch gm: th nht, vn con ngi c tc ng dng ng k ti lng thng ca ngi lao ng ni chung; c bit, k nng tay ngh c xem l yu t tc ng tin quyt ti lng; th hai, s chnh lch v lng c tm thy trong cc lao ng nhp c lin quan ti h khu, tnh trng hn nhn, tng lp lao ng, v tnh trng s hu cc n v sn xut kinh doanh. Cc kt qu khc cng gp phn gip hiu r hn vn ny Vit Nam v khu vc ng bng song Cu Long.

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CC LI CH CA VIC CHNH THC HA: MINH CHNG T CC DOANH NGHIP VA V NH VIT NAM, John Rand v Nina Torm, Khoa Kinh T, i Hc Copenhagen Da trn s liu chui bao qut c doanh nghip chnh thc v doanh nghip phi chnh thc, bi vit ny xem xt mi lin h gia tnh trng php l v cc kt qu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh cc doanh nghip vi m, nh v va (SMEs) Vit Nam. Bi vit nu bt tnh phc tp ca vic nh ngha tnh phi chnh thc ca doanh nghip, v s dng cc nh ngha khc nhau v tnh chnh thc, chng ti kho st xem liu chnh thc ha c gn vi s thay i g v li nhun, u t, tip cn tn dng v tnh trng ca ngi lao ng, c kim sot nhng iu kin ban u hoc nhng yu t bin thin theo thi gian m c th cng mt lc nh hng ti quyt nh chnh thc ho v kt qu hat ng sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip v sau. Chng ti thy c bng chng nhn qu cho thy vic ng k chnh thc dn ti gia tng li nhun, u t, v gim s dng lao ng phi chnh thc, qua ci thin iu kin hp ng cho ngi lao ng. Vy nn, chng ti kt lun rng chnh thc ha l c li cho c doanh nghip v ngi lao ng nhng doanh nghip ny. Phn loi JEL: J24, O17, O53 T kha: Tnh chnh thc, vic lm, Vit Nam

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II.4. PHN B VIC LM THEO KHU VC V RNG BUC X HI

Tc ng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc n i ngho v Vic lm N-pan Nghin cu quy m nh huyn Chitwan, Tin s Manoj Kumar Agarwal, Ph Gio s, Khoa Kinh t hc, i hc Lucknow, Tin s Ram Chandra Dhakal, Khoa Kinh t hc, Khu ging ng Birendra, i hc Tribhuwan Khi vng quc N-pan nm su trong t lin, st cnh dy ni Hi-ma-lay-a, ang gng sc ci thin mc tng trng v pht trin kinh t quc gia, phn ln ngi dn phi i tm ch da trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, do khu vc kinh t chnh thc pht trin qu chm. Nghin cu quy m nh ny c thc hin cc vng nng thn v thnh th thuc huyn Chitwan, cn c bit n di tn gi Thung lng Rapti. Hu ht ngi dn y tham gia khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, v iu ny c nhng nh hng khc nhau n vic to ra thu nhp ca h. Vic to ra thu nhp dng nh ch yu c quyt nh bi ti sn ca h gia nh, trnh hc vn v s ngi lm vic mi n v. Mc d khng c s khc bit r rt v mc thu nhp gia nam gii v ph n nhng ph n dng nh lm vic hiu qu hn v c kh nng giao tip lu lot hn. Mc thu nhp vng thnh th cao hn so vi vng nng thn. Mc thu nhp v cc yu t xc nh mc thu nhp dng nh c s khc bit gia cc nhm x hi khc nhau trong huyn. Chnh ph cn to iu kin h tr mt cch hiu qu pht trin khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc tt hn. -------------------------------Cng vic ni tr v vic lm khng chnh thc ti chu Phi : la chn no cho ph n ? Javier Herrera (IRD-DIAL), Constance Torelli (INSEE-DIAL) Mc d a phn cc quc gia chu Phi ang bt u qu trnh dch chuyn dn s, ph n vn cn t tham gia vo th trng lao ng. T l ph thuc gim gn cht vi mc thu nhp cao v t l ngho i gim i. Mt trong nhng mu cht l gii t l lao ng n thp chnh l phn tch cc yu t quyt nh vic phn chia thi gian gia vic ni tr v i lm. Trn c s cuc iu tra 123 c thc hin ng lot ti 10 quc gia chu Phi, chng ti c bng tng kt v tm quan trng v c im lao ng ni tr so vi vic i lm trn th trng lao ng. Nghin cu vic s dng thi gian cho vic nh gip ta tm hiu vn bt bnh ng trong gia nh (vn rt t c nghin cu) trong cch chia s cng vic nh. M hnh n gin v phn chia thi gian c tnh n cc c im kinh t x hi ca cc c nhn v h gia nh (gii tnh, tn gio, ngun gc di c, gio dc, v.v.) cng nh cc c im dn s v c tnh n hiu ng khc bit gia cc quc gia gip chng ta hiu r hn la chn gia hai hnh thc hot ng ny. -------------------------------S chuyn giao v th t doanh qua nhiu th h trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: mt s la chn hn ch hay cc trin vng tt hn cho thu nhp? Bng chng n t 7 quc gia Ty Phi, Laure Pasquier-Doumer, UMR DIAL-IRD T doanh l hnh thc ti sn xut x hi cao nht, nh c ch ra trong nhiu t liu t cc quc gia pht trin v ang pht trin. Tuy nhin, mi c rt t cc nghin cu ghi chp li nguyn nhn dn n mi tng quan mnh m gia cc th h trong v th t doanh. Mt s nghin cu him hoi phn tch cc d liu ca Hoa K v cho thy, con chu ca nhng ngi t doanh s c li th tng i ln hn, khi m bn thn h cng l nhng ngi t doanh. iu ny ch yu l do s chuyn giao vn con ngi khng chnh thc gia cc th h, di dng chuyn giao cc k nng qun l chung v/hoc k nng c th lin quan n doanh nghip. S chuyn giao vn vt cht cng gp phn lm tng li th, nhng mc nh hn. Mc ch ca bi vit ny l kim chng xem th h t doanh th hai c c li th so snh tng i so vi nhng th h u tin trong bi cnh chu Phi hay khng. Bi vit s nhn mnh n cuc tranh lun v hai quan im: mt l xem xt khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nh mt khu vc t li th hn trong th trng lao ng hai cp; hai l xem xt khu vc ny nh mt khu vc c s la chn c
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nhn v hot ng kinh doanh nng ng. S tn ti mt li th so snh cng h tr cho gi thuyt th hai. Vn ny c bit thch hp trong bi cnh chu Phi, ni m s bt bnh ng v bt bin ca v th x hi c bit mnh m, v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc l ni cung cp vic lm v ngun thu nhp chnh cho phn ln dn s. Thng qua s dng cc cuc iu tra 1-2-3 c tin hnh cc th thng mi ca 7 quc gia thuc Lin minh Kinh t Tin t Ty Phi (WAEMU) trong hai nm 2001-2002, bi vit ny cho thy, th h th hai t doanh phi chnh thc khng t c kt qu tt hn so vi th h th nht, ngoi tr vic th h th hai c tha hng truyn thng la chn ngnh ngh. Do , trong bi cnh chu Phi, vic c mt ng b lm ngh t doanh khng em li mt li th so snh no v mt li nhun hay bn hng, v yu t ny cha chuyn giao vn con ngi khng chnh thc v c gi tr. T l khng thay i ngnh ngh qua cc th h lm ngh t doanh rt cao, nhng khng th gii thch iu ny bng s hin din ca li th so snh, m c l phi gii thch bng cu trc ca th trng lao ng, s chuyn giao mong mun c lm vic c lp, t ch v/hoc t tham vng. Mt khc, cc ch doanh nghip phi chnh thc c k tha truyn thng c th ca doanh nghip v s c li th so snh khi ngun vn khng vt qu mt ngng nht nh. Li th so snh ca cc doanh nghip t doanh ny c th c gii thch phn no bng s chuyn giao vn con ngi c th ca doanh nghip nh kinh nghim c vi doanh nghip tng t, v bng s chuyn giao vn x hi iu ny m bo cho doanh nghip c c nhm khch hng quen v uy tn tt hn. iu kin tip cn ngun vn tt hn khng c ngha g cho li th ny. Tuy nhin, cc bin s i din cho vn con ngi, vn vt cht v vn x hi khng th gii thch c phn ln li th so snh ny. Do , c th c chch v phng din kh nng. -------------------------------L LAO NG HAY TR THNH LAO NG TRONG KHU VC KINH T PHI CHNH THC TI CAMEROUN : VAI TR CA VN X HI V VN CON NGI, KANA KENFACK CHRISTOPHE, Nh thng k v Chuyn gia kinh t, Vin Thng k Quc gia Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti tm hiu vai tr ca vn x hi v vn con ngi trong vic tham gia hoc s tham gia vo th trng lao ng ti khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. tm hiu, trn c s cp nht cc gi thit s dng trong mt m hnh sn c, chng ti a ra mt c s l lun trong la chn gia vic l lao ng t lm trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc v lao ng t lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Cc kt qu chy m hnh l thuyt cho thy khi mt c nhn c nhiu vn x hi v vn con ngi th nhiu kh nng s hng vo hot ng c lp trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc, c bit khi cc chi ph u vo gim i. c lng c a ra trn c s ba m hnh kinh t lng. M hnh a nhn t cho php nh gi tc ng ca cc c im c nhn v mi trng ca mt c th i vi vic tham gia vo th trng lao ng ti khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, m hnh chuyn i gip nm r tc ng ca cc c im ny i vi vic tr thnh lao ng ti khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v m hnh thay i c ch lm r tc ng ca khc bit thu nhp gia lao ng t lm trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc v phi chnh thc. Trn c s kt qu t c, cho thy vn con ngi c nh hng ln n xc sut tr thnh hoc n nh ca lao ng t lm. Nhng c nhn c trnh hc vn cao c nhiu c hi tr thnh lao ng t lm trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc. Cn i vi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, kh nng l, s l v n nh ca lao ng t lm s cao hn nu cc c nhn ctrnh hc vn ph thng. Mi trng x hi c tc ng tch cc trong qu trnh chuyn i v tr cng vic t lao ng t lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c thu lao ng hng lng. Nhng ngi c b l lao ng hng lng hoc lao ng t lm c nhiu c hi tr thnh lao ng t lm ti khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c thu lao ng hng lng. S khc bit v thu nhp khng phi l mt yu t c bit quan trng trong la chn gia v tr lao ng t lm trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hay lao ng hng lng. Cc kt qu nghin cu s phc v hu ch chnh ph Cameroun trong chin lc chuyn cc hot ng phi chnh thc sang hot ng chnh thc. T kha: Lao ng t lm, khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, vn con ngi, vn x hi, m hnh a nhn t, m hnh chuyn i, m hnh thay i c ch.

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S on kt c tnh cht bt buc c gy hi cho hot ng kinh doanh hay khng? Bng chng t 7 quc gia Ty Phi41, Michael Grimm, Vin Nghin cu X hi Quc t, i hc Erasmus Rotterdam,, The Hague, H Lan, Flore Gubert, DIAL-IRD, Paris, Php, Ousman Koriko, AFRISTAT, Bamako, Ma-li, Jann Lay, Vin Cc khoa hc Khu vc v Ton cu Lin bang c (GIGA), Hamburg v i hc Gttingen, c, Christophe J. Nordman, DIAL-IRD, Paris, Php Mt iu c cng nhn rng ri trong thi i hin nay, l cc mng li x hi l yu t quan trng quyt nh thnh cng ca doanh nghip, c bit l trong bi cnh m cc th trng vn, lao ng v bo him cn nhiu im cha hon ho. Tuy nhin, nhiu nh nghin cu nhn hc nhn mnh rng, mt s hnh thc mng li x hi, v d nh cc mi quan h h hng cng c th em li nhng nh hng bt li v chng thng da trn sc p ti phn phi b lm dng v s on kt c tnh bt buc. C s thc chng chng minh nhng nh hng ny kh hn ch, v nhng bng chng hin ti thng mang tnh giai thoi nhiu hn. Trong bi vit ny, chng ti pht trin mt m hnh h gia nh thnh th v a ra nhng gi nh c th kim chng v cch thc m vn mng li x hi c th nh hng n s phn b ngun lc cho hot ng sn xut ca cc h gia nh. Bng cch s dng b d liu gc ca cc doanh nghip Ty Phi, chng ti pht hin thy, cc mng li x hi a phng trong thnh ph c nhng nh hng tch cc n vic s dng nhn t sn xut v do , em li gi tr tng thm cho sn xut. S chuyn nhng ngun lc trong cc mng li ti thnh ph dng nh da trn c s tng h. Tuy nhin, chng ti cng tm thy nhng nh hng tiu cc mnh m gn lin vi cc mng li x hi lin kt vi lng qu gc. Nhng nh hng ny b long i theo khong cch a l, c l bi v khong cch cng ln th cng d che giu thu nhp c to ra v d bo v thu nhp khi nhng yu cu mang tnh lm dng. Chng ti cng tm thy nhng chng c cho thy cc gia nh chuyn nhng li nhun t hn nu h chia tch doanh nghip ca mnh. Vic m rng cc c ch h tr chnh thc c th c ch, nu thiu vng cc mng li x hi v nu vic thc hin hay m rng cc h thng h tr c bn hin c, nht l h thng bo him trnh nhng ri ro c bn, c th gip gim bt s cn thit phi chuyn nhng ngun lc gia cc h gia nh v to iu kin cho cc doanh nghip tit kim v u t d dng hn. T kha: quan h h hng, s on kt c tnh bt buc, cc mng li x hi, khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, s tng trng ca cc hng, Ty Phi. -------------------------------S hi lng trong cng vic v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Vit Nam, Jean-Michel Wachsberger, DIAL, Lille 3, France, Mireille Razafindrakoto et Franois Roubaud, IRD, DIAL, H Ni Ta c th i lp hai cch tip cn v khu vc khng chnh thc ti cc nc ang pht trin. theo cch tip cn u, c bit trn gic kinh t, khu vc ny c th l du hiu ca phn on th trng lao ng c hnh thnh do tha c cu nhn lc v thiu nng lc hp th ca khu vc kinh t ngoi vi. N hnh thnh mt lng d tr nhn lc cho khu vc phi chnh thc v mt hnh thc sn xut vi nhng c im ni bt l th lao thp, iu kin lm vic bp bnh v t l thiu dng lao ng cao. Cch tip cn th hai, thng c cc nh x hi hc v nhn hc ng h, coi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc l nn kinh t dn d, mang tnh gia nh gn cht vi cc gi tr o c truyn thng, mt khng gian on kt v thn tnh hoc l vn m ch doanh nghip ngho nhng y sc sng to (Tour, 1985) v t ho v tnh c lp. Nghin cu ny mong mun ng gp vo phn tho lun bng vic vic tm hiu v s hi lng m lao ng phi chnh thc mang li cho bn thn ngi lao ng ti Vit Nam. Trong khun kh cc cng trnh nghin cu ca Razafindrakoto v Roubaud (2009) v th trng lao ng ti cc th ca 8 nc chu Phi, y gi thit c a ra l mc hi lng trong cng vic, mt ch tiu ph hp nh gi cht lng ca cc cng vic ny. So snh mc hi lng v cng vic trong khu vc
Nghin cu ny l mt phn ca d n c tn Gii phng tim nng: Gii quyt nhng tr ngi kinh t, th ch v x hi trong cc doanh nghip phi chnh thc chu Phi cn Xa-ha-ra (http://www.iss.nl/informality) do Chnh ph o, c, Na-uy v Hn Quc ti tr thng qua D n Qu Tn thc ca nhiu nh ti tr: Cc th trng lao ng, to dng cng n vic lm v tng trng kinh t, m rng nghin cu, xy dng nng lc v hnh ng da vo cng chng. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n s h tr ti chnh ny. 162
41

kinh t phi chnh thc vi cc cng vic trong khu vc khc c th l yu t ch o nhm tm hiu n bn cht v chc nng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Chng ti s dng s liu ca cuc iu tra lao ng v vic lm (Labor Force Survey) ca Tng cc Thng k nm 2009 tin hnh trn mu i din trn tng th 16 000 h. Trong iu tra ny, s hi lng trong cng vic c quan st trc tip qua cu hi Sau khi tnh n tt c cc yu t, ng b hi lng th no v cng vic vi cc dng thc tr li nh sau Rt khng hi lng, Khng hi lng, Bnh thng, Hi lng, Rt hi lng. Cn c cc c im x hi v dn s ca cc c th, thu nhp t cng vic v iu kin lm vic, nghin cu tm cch xc nh gi tr ca cc cng vic trong khu vc phi chnh thc theo nh gi ca bn thn ngi lao ng trn c s so snh vi cc loi cng vic khc ( c quan Nh nc, v.v.).

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III.1. TNH NNG NG VI M V V M

Mi lin quan gia cc ng thi ca ngho i v th trng lao ng Pru. Vai tr ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, Nancy Hidalgo (INEI), Javier Herrera (IRD-DIAL) Ni chung, cc nghin cu v ngho i hay v th trng lao ng c tin hnh theo cch tip cn tnh v c lp vi nhau. Tuy nhin, mi lin quan gia hai lnh vc khng c th hin r trong nh gi tc ng ca tng trng i vi kt qu to vic lm c cht lng tt v trong cc chnh sch nhm xa i gim ngho thng qua vic to iu kin cho cc doanh nghip nh tip cn vi tn dng vi m hay thm ch trong cc chnh sch khuyn khch tng nng sut lao ng thng qua o to ngnh ngh chuyn mn ti ch. Ngoi vic phc v cho mc ch xy dng chnh sch, vic nghin cu mi lin quan gia th trng lao ng v ngho i l cn thit xt v phng din ngun thu nhp chnh v cc c tnh ch yu ca ngho i. Trn thc t, ngun thu nhp chnh ca h gia nh l t lao ng v phn ln ngi ngho lm vic trong cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi chnh thc (IPU). V nhng l do ny, ngoi c im ca c nhn v h gia nh (cc yu t bn cung) c nu trong kt qu phn tch th trng lao ng, cng cn phi b sung c im ca cc n v sn xut (cc yu t bn cu) l ni mang li thu nhp cho ngi lao ng trong cc yu t quyt nh ngun thu nhp chnh. Trong bi vit ny, chng ti nghin cu mi quan h gia cc ng thi ca th trng lao ng v ngho i i vi ngi ngho v ngi khng ngho, ch yu tp trung vo cc IPU m phn ln c quy m rt nh. Chng ti s phn tch mc tng trng v thu nhp trn c s tch bit cc ngun thu v ch trng vo thu nhp t lao ng. Cc ngun ny s c phn tch theo cc yu t lin quan ti c im nhn khu ca h gia nh (s nhn khu, t l tham gia); cc yu t lin quan trc tip ti th lao ca c nhn (s gi lm vic, thu nhp theo gi) v ti s phn b theo ngnh (chi nhnh). Cui cng, p dng cc bin php do Oaxaca-Ramson xut, chng ti s phn tch qu trnh thu nhp theo gi thng qua vic phn bit nhng thay i v mc thu nhp v nhng thay i v c im ca ngi lao ng. Chng ti s kt hp vic phn tch mu in hnh vi cch tip cn ng trn c s s dng d liu lp cho php kim tra s chuyn i th trng lao ng v ngho i. Chng ti s trnh by cc ng thi ca th trng lao ng c nh hng nh th no v ng vai tr nh th no i vi cc trng hp lm vo ngho i v thot khi ngho i. -------------------------------LAO NG PHI CHNH THC CHU M LA TINH: NGHO I V TNH D B TN THNG, Roxana Maurizio, i hc Quc gia General Sarmiento CONICET, chentina Vic phn tch khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc l rt ph hp chu M La tinh. Hn mt na s lao ng trong khu vc tham gia cc hot ng phi chnh thc, ch yu l lao ng t lm hay ngi lm cng n lng trong cc doanh nghip nh. S lao ng phi chnh thc lin tc tng vo nhng nm 90 - xut pht t tnh trng khng vic lm chnh thc trong khi mc bo tr x hi thp - v ngng tng vo nhng nm gn y do hu qu ca vic tip tc m rng phm vi vic lm. Tuy nhin, ngoi bc tranh ton cnh ca khu vc nh trn, mc ph hp v cu trc ca vic lm phi chnh thc cc nc trong khu vc rt khc nhau. mt s nc, khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c t l vic lm tng i thp v mang tnh cu trc nhiu hn, trong khi mt s nc khc, khu vc ny bp bnh hn v ngi lao ng nm cui bng phn phi thu nhp. Ngoi ra, c th thy tn ti mi quan h khng kht gia tnh phi chnh thc, tnh bp bnh v ngho i cc nc trong khu vc. Bo co ny nhm phn tch hai kha cnh quan trng lin quan ti tnh phi chnh thc t quan im so snh. Th nht l mi lin h gia tnh cht phi chnh thc v bp bnh ca lao ng vi s chia ct th trng theo thu nhp. Th hai l mi quan h gia tnh phi chnh thc v ngho i. tin hnh nghin cu, chng ti chn ra bn nc c khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc khc nhau ng k v quy m v c im. chentina v Chi-l c khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc tng i nh trong bi cnh ca chu M La tinh, trong khi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ca Braxin v Pru th ngc li. D liu s dng trong bo co c ly t kt qu ca cc cuc iu tra h gia nh. Nghin cu ny s gp phn h tr cho cuc tho lun v thit k cc chnh sch cng cho khu vc kinh t phi chnh
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thc cng nh cc chnh sch nhm nng cao mc bo tr x hi, c bit i vi cc nhm d b tn thng nht. Cc t ch cht: Lao ng phi chnh thc, chu M La tinh, ngho i, bo tr x hi -------------------------------TO VIC LM THNG QUA CC HOT NG KINH T PHI CHNH THC CA PH N NNG THN BANG IMO, NIGIRIA. ONYENECHERE, TS. Emmanuella Chinenye, Khoa a l v Qun l mi trng, Trng i hc Bang Imo, Owerri, Nigiria Bc tranh kinh t hin nay Nigiria khng phi l sng sa bi t l lm pht cao, tnh trng thanh thiu nin kh dy bo, t l tht nghip v ngho i gia tng, khu vc kinh t nh nc hot ng km hiu qu v thu nhp bnh qun u ngi gim st. Tuy nhin, cc nc thuc th gii th ba, hot ng kinh t phi chnh thc c xem nh con ng dn ti xa i gim ngho, to vic lm v nng cao mc sng cho ngi dn. Nghin cu ny c tin hnh trong bi cnh nh vy xc nh xem cc hot ng kinh t phi chnh thc ca ph n nng thn c tc dng to ra vic lm nh th no. Thng qua phng php ly mu ngu nhin chn c tng s 2.340 ngi phng vn phc v cho nghin cu. C tt c 9 c quan chnh quyn a phng v 18 nhm cng ng t tr c la chn bng phng php ly mu ngu nhin phn tng. Cc d liu tng hp c phn tch theo cc thang o tham s v phi tham s. Kt qu cho thy tc dng ln nht ca cc hot ng kinh t phi chnh thc ca ph n nng thn khu vc nghin cu l gp phn hn ch tnh trng tht nghip kinh nin v theo ma v cc vng nng thn. iu ny dn n kt qu nng cao mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi cng nh tng cng huy ng v s dng cc ngun lc nng thn. Nghin cu cng cho thy rng chnh cc hot ng bun bn nng sn nh l v ch bin thc phm/c gp phn ng k vo vic to ra c hi vic lm cho dn c nng thn Bang Imo, min ng Nam Nigiria, trong khi cc ngh th cng m ngh li khng c tc dng nh vy. Bo co khuyn ngh Chnh ph cc nc cn cung cp nhng s h tr cn thit v a ra khung php ch nhm tng cng cc hot ng kinh t phi chnh thc ca ph n nng thn. Ph n nng thn hot ng trong lnh vc phi chnh thc cn c cung cp thng xuyn in, nc v cc iu kin h tng c bn khc. Chnh ph cn i mi cc chnh sch c cng nh xy dng/thc hin cc chng trnh, chnh sch mi nhm kch cu i vi cc hng ha v dch v trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nng thn v hng dn n doanh nhn v cc k thut qun l c bn v bit cch s dng cc cng ngh v thit b mi. Cc t ch cht: Ph n, vic lm, nng thn, phi chnh thc, kinh t -------------------------------Phn tch d liu mng v s nng ng trong phn b lao ng v thu nhp Vit Nam, Nguyn Hu Ch, NEU, DIAL, Hanoi, Vietnam, Christophe J. Nordman, IRD-DIAL, Paris, France, Franois Roubaud, IRD-DIAL, Hanoi, Vietnam Mc d chim t trng ln trong nn kinh t ca cc nc ang pht trin, tnh nng ng ca khu vc phi chnh thc trong mi quan h so snh vi khu vc chnh thc hin vn t c bit n. c mt s nghin cu c thc hin da vo cc cuc iu tra h gia nh nhm tm hiu v ch ny nhng mi ch cp n mt s nn kinh t ang ni ln khu vc Chu M La tinh (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia v Mexico) v gn y l v Nam Phi. Do vy, hin vn cha c c s c th khi qut nhng kt qu nghin cu (kh khc nhau) ny cho cc quc gia cn li ca khu vc ang pht trin trn th gii, c bit l i vi nhng nc ni m khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc pht trin rng khp nh Chu Phi tiu vng sa mc Sahara hay tu chung l nhng nc ngho. Hn na, hu ht cc nghin cu thc nghim trc y v khu vc ny cc nc ang pht trin thng hn ch trong khun kh phn tch d liu cho. Da trn c s khai thc ngun d liu phong ph ca iu tra Mc sng h gia nh Vit Nam (VHLSS), c bit l d liu mng kt ni kt qu iu tra cc nm 2002, 2004 v 2006, nghin cu ny trnh by kt qu phn tch thc chng tp trung vo hai ni dung c th sau:

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Phn tch th nht c cp trong bi vit l v nhng khong cch thu nhp ca lao ng gia hai khu vc chnh thc v phi chnh thc. Phn tch hi quy phn v theo m hnh tc ng c nh c s dng trong phn tch ny nhm kim sot nhng c tnh c nhn khng quan st c, c bit tp trung vo tnh khng ng nht trong bn thn cc khu vc chnh thc v phi chnh thc. Cc kt qu cho thy khong cch thu nhp trong khu vc phi chnh thc ph thuc nhiu vo v th cng vic ca ngi lao ng (gia cng vic lm cng vi cng vic t lm) v v tr tng i ca h trong phn b thu nhp. S bt li v khong cch thu nhp trong mt s trng hp li ri vo nhm thu nhp cao. Vn khong cch thu nhp theo gii cng c tm hiu trong nghin cu ny. Bng vic so snh cc kt qu thu c vi cc nghin cu thc hin cc nc ang pht trin khc, chng ti nu ln mt s kt lun khi qut c im ring ca th trng lao ng Vit Nam v khong cch thu nhp ca lao ng theo cc mc khc nhau trong phn b thu nhp. Trong mt nghin cu cng lot, chng ti tp trung vo s ph thuc tnh trng v thay i vic lm Vit Nam. Mc d vic tm hiu v nguyn nhn ca vic tham gia vo vic lm trong khu vc phi chnh thc l vn quan trng, nhng cc nghin cu cc nc ang pht trin li thng t tp trung tm hiu v s nng ng n cha bn trong ca th trng lao ng, c th l v s thay i ph thuc theo tnh trng vic lm. Tnh trng hin ti trn th trng lao ng qu thc c th tc ng n nhng trin vng vic lm c ngi lao ng trong tng lai, v l hin tng gi l s ph thuc tnh trng (thc s). Thc t cho thy vic xem xt v kh nng c th xy ra s ph thuc tnh trng l mt thnh t quan trng trong nghin cu v s nng ng trn th trng lao ng. Vn ny c bit quan trng i vi cc nh hoch nh chnh sch cc nc ang pht trin. Chng hn, vic tm hiu xem phi chng vic lm phi chnh thc l s tri nghim trong qu trnh chuyn i ngh nghip v l bc nn tng tm n nhng vic lm tt hn hay phi chng vic lm phi chnh thc l ci by nu gi cc lao ng phi chnh thc trong cnh ngho i kinh nin l nhng vn thit yu cn quan tm. Cng vi b s liu mng VHLSS, chng ti c lng m hnh la chn nng ng theo dng m hnh hi quy logistic bin ph thuc a la chn vi tc ng ngu nhin. Vic kim sot yu t khng ng nht khng c quan st trong m hnh cho php chng ti xc nh c s ph thuc tnh trng thc s. Cc kt qu ban u cho thy s ph thuc tnh trng kh r rt i vi trng hp Vit Nam. Cc t kha: khu vc phi chnh thc, khong cch thu nhp, ma trn chuyn i, s ph thuc tnh trng, d liu mng, hi quy phn v, m hnh la chn nng ng, Vit Nam. -------------------------------VIC LM PHI CHNH THC V S THAY I THU NHP MHIC V CHENTINA: PHN TCH PSEUDO-LP, Fernando Groisman, Hi ng Nghin cu Quc gia chentina (CONICET) v rng i hc Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, chentina Mc ch ca bo co ny l phn tch s thay i thu nhp t lao ng Mhic v chentina cng nh mi lin quan ca n vi vic lm phi chnh thc. Trong bi cnh vic lm phi chnh thc ph bin c hai nn kinh t, bo co xut b sung kha cnh ny khi phn tch s thay i thu nhp. Nghin cu da trn gi thuyt cho rng vic lm phi chnh thc biu th tnh trng manh mn ca th trng lao ng; nh vy, t l vic lm phi chnh thc cao dn n s thay i thu nhp thp. Nhng chng c thu c cho thy thu nhp t lao ng c th dao ng xung quanh mc trung bnh trong cc nhm lao ng c nhng c im tng t m khng lm thay i ng k mc chnh lch v thu nhp gia cc nhm . Kch bn nh vy cng cho thy s cn thit phi thc hin cc chnh sch theo nh hng tng s thay i gim mc bt bnh ng hin ang rt cao cc nn kinh t ny. Trong s , mc tiu c th ca chnh sch l nng cao chun mc gio dc v xa b s chnh lch v thu nhp gn vi vic lm chnh thc hay phi chnh thc.

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Hnh trnh gia khu vc kinh t hin i v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, Nghin cu trng hp Thi Lan, Xavier Oudin S tn ti mang tnh lng hp v thiu vng mi lin h gia khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v khu vc kinh t hin i l mt ch hay c nhc n trong cc ti liu v ti ny. Khc bit v thu nhp, lng gin tip (bo tr x hi), iu kin lm vic v mc n nh ca cng vic, trnh hc vn cn thit l nhng c im hay c nu ra nht phn bit hai khu vc kinh t ny theo hng coi nh khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Nhng ro cn tip cn khu vc kinh t hin i khin khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc tr thnh ni nng ta ca nhng ngi khng c kh nng kim c vic lm n nh v c bo him. Rt nhiu nghin cu tnh hung xc minh cch nhn nhn mang tnh nh nguyn ny v chng thng da vo s thiu vng mi quan h kinh t gia hai khu vc. Tuy nhin, mt kha cnh cn t c nghin cu l s chuyn dch ca cc c th gia hai khu vc. Theo cch nhn nhn nh nguyn, s chuyn dch ny v mt l thuyt l khng th thc hin c, cn nu c th lun theo hng t khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc chuyn sang khu vc kinh t hin i. Nghin cu qu trnh lm vic ca mt nhm mu cc ch doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti Thi Lan ph nhn kt qu phn tch ny. Ngc li ngi ta nhn thy nhiu ch doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trc y tng c vic lm ti khu vc kinh t hin i. Phn tch tng t c tin hnh trn mt nhm mu nhng ngi ang c vic lm ti khu vc kinh t hin i chng t rng rt him khi iu ngc li xy ra : ngi ta khng t b mt cng vic ca ngi lao ng c lp i ly vic lm cng n lng ti khu vc kinh t hin i. Tuy nhin, ngi lm cng n lng ti khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc sn sng chuyn sang khu vc kinh t hin i. Trong c hai nhm mu ny, ta c th phn tch nhng c im ca vic thay i a v theo c im ca cc c nhn c lin quan v theo l do ca s thay i. Thng th vic chuyn sang khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc l theo mong mun v th hin s ci thin cht lng cng vic. Cuc sng ngh nghip l tng i vi ngi Thi Lan vn l c mt cng vic c lp hn l lm cng n lng k c trong iu kin tt. Bi vit ny nghin cu nhng qu trnh hc tp v cng tc ca nhng lao ng ny theo cc c im v loi hnh trnh. Cc so snh vi trng hp Vit Nam cng c tin hnh trn c s cuc iu tra thc hin nm 1996. Kt qu nghin cu v cc qu trnh chuyn i ngh nghip t li vn v cch nhn nhn nng tnh lng hp v nn kinh t v x hi. D khng ph nhn nhng khc bit v mt c cu gia hai khu vc, ta cng nhn thy rng cch nhn nhn mang tnh cng nhc v phn on th trng lao ng khng nht thit ng nht vi tri nghim thc t ca cc c nhn. -------------------------------nh gi tc ng tim tng ca cuc khng hong ton cu i vi th trng lao ng v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Vit Nam, Jean-Pierre Cling, Mireille Razafindrakoto v Franois Roubaud, Vietnam Mc d vi mc khng nghim trng nh cc nc Chu khc, song cuc khng hong ton cu bt u t nm 2008 nh hng ti Vit Nam v lm suy gim ng k tc tng trng kinh t. Bo co ny nhm nh gi tc ng ca cuc khng hong kinh t i vi tnh hnh vic lm, tht nghip v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Trong phn m u, chng ti m t cu trc v qu trnh pht trin ca th trng lao ng Vit Nam trong thp k qua. C ba c im cn c bit nhn mnh l: t l lao ng lm cng n lng tuy thp nhng ang tng ln; t trng nng nghip gim song vn chim mt na tng s vic lm; v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc chim t trng p o v l khu vc s mt thu ht lao ng ngoi ngnh nng nghip. Theo d bo ca chng ti vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc s tng ln k c trong trng hp khng c khng hong v thm ch tc tng trng kinh t cao nh chng ta chng kin mt vi nm gn y. iu ny ph hp vi cch tip cn nh nguyn ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, tc l khu vc kinh t chnh thc hin i khng th hp thu ton b s cung lao ng ang tng ln nhanh chng trong bi cnh chuyn i thnh th/nng thn v dn s gia
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tng. c im ny s dn n nhu cu cp bch phi a ra nhng chnh sch c th khc phc tnh trng nng sut lao ng thp v thiu c ch bo v cho ngi lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Tri ngc vi nhng kt qu nghin cu trc y v vn ny, chng ti d on t l tht nghip gia tng do tc ng ca khng hong s rt t. Theo m phng ca chng ti, phn ln tc ng ca khng hong v mt vic lm c cm nhn thc s r rt trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, hu ht nhng ngi mi tham gia vo th trng lao ng v nhng lao ng b mt vic cui cng s c vic lm. Chng ti cng c chng c cho thy tnh linh hot rt ln ca th trng lao ng Vit Nam, v tnh linh hot cho php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ca cuc khng hong ton cu. Nhng tnh ton ca chng ti da trn kt qu ban u ca cuc iu tra Lao ng v Vic lm nm 2009 (c tin hnh vo thi im bt u phc hi kinh t) cho thy thc s khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c tng trng i cht trong giai on 2007 - 2009. Tuy nhng cu trc chnh ca th trng lao ng vn cha b nh hng trn phm vi ton cu, song bin s iu chnh chnh trong thi k suy thoi thc s l gi lm vic. Mt khc, b p li s thu hp v gi lm vic ny, ngy cng c nhiu ngi lao ng phi kim vic lm th hai c thm thu nhp, v iu ny lm tng t l a hot ng.

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III. 2. KHI NIM V PHNG PHP (2): KINH NGHIM CC QUC GIA
KINH T PHI CHNH THC V TI KHON QUC GIA MI QUAN H I TC CN THIT, Michel Sruzier Nh cc cng trnh ca cc nh thng k v lao ng (th hin qua hai hi tho), hin tng phi chnh thc c xc nh r rng v cc cuc iu tra ph hp c thc hin ti nhiu quc gia c lin quan. Ngoi ra, song song vi hin tng ny, mt s nh ti khon quc gia t lu pht trin cc phng php nh gi cc khu vc ca nn kinh t cha hoc t c cc cuc iu tra thng k quan tm n, nh , mc phi chnh thc trong chng mc no c o lng mc d cha c tn gi. V iu ny khng gy ngc nhin bi khu vc phi chnh thc cng nh vic lm phi chnh thc nm trong s cc lnh vc m ti khon quc gia tm cch nh gi. Tuy nhin, ng nht c cc khi nim th cn phi c thi gian: vic iu chnh H thng Ti khon Quc gia gn y mi chnh thc ha v tr ca kinh t phi chnh thc trong lc trung tm. V ng nht c cc phng php nh gi khu vc kinh t ny th s cn cn nhiu n lc. V bi tham lun ca ti mun ng gp vo qu trnh ng nht ny. V kha cnh sn xut thng tin thng k, cc cuc iu tra hin nay cung cp thng tin ban u cho php hiu c th no l phi chnh thc nhng chng khng th thng tin v t trng tng i ca phi chnh thc trong nn kinh t quc dn. V v phn mnh, ti khon quc gia khng c cc cng c khi nim cho php o lng trc tip kinh t phi chnh thc. ng l h thng ti khon quc gia phi o lng khu vc ny nhng vi t cch l mt b phn ca tng th rng ln hn. ng nht cc khi nim l mt iu kin tin quyt. Chnh v vy, cn phi m t k cc phng thc theo kinh t phi chnh thc c c v tr trong s cc khi nim c H thng Ti khon Quc gia xut, iu kin cn xc nh cch o lng khu vc ny so vi phn cn li ca nn kinh t quc dn. Nhng iu quan trng nht lin quan n chnh vic o lng ca nn kinh t, d l chnh thc hay phi chnh thc. Nh cc cuc iu tra c trin khai, hin c th trc tip o lng kinh t phi chnh thc d cho khu vc ny thng khng quan st c v mt thng k. B li, vic nh gi ton din nn kinh t quc dn bi cc nh ti khon quc gia c kh nng lp y phn kinh t phi chnh thc m thng k cha quan st c. V trn c s nh gi kinh t v m ny, ta c th xy dng mt ti khon ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ph hp vi nhng ch tiu tng hp khc ca nn kinh t quc dn. iu ny c cun cm nang v H thng Ti khon Quc gia gi l mt ti khon v tinh. Phn u tin ca bi thuyt trnh im li s ng gp ca H thng Ti khon quc gia c iu chnh nm 2008, iu ny cho php m t ni dung ca mi quan h i tc c xut (.2). Mt trong nhng kh khn khi o lng l thiu thng tin thng k, do mt phn trong bi thuyt trnh s phn tch tc ng ca vic thiu thng tin thng k i vi cng vic ca nh ti khon quc gia, cng vic m ti s gii thiu cho nhng ai khng hot ng trong lnh vc ny ti phn .4. T , bi thuyt trnh s dn dt ti mt phng php c s dng ti nhiu quc gia o lng tng hp kinh t phi chnh thc : phn trnh by ny c bit dnh cho cc nh ti khon quc gia mong mun p dng phng php ny. Ngoi ra, ti s dnh ring mt phn gii thiu qu trnh xy dng ma trn vic lm, vn chin lc ca phng php ny. Nhng vic o lng kinh t phi chnh thc trong khun kh trng tm khng phn tch tt c nhng c im ca n ; do cng vic o lng ny phi c b sung bng vic thit lp mt ti khon v tinh (.7). V tt c iu ny lm xut hin nhu cu thng k mi v nhng nhu cu ny c gii thiu trong phn .8. ------------------------------THNG K KHU VC KINH T PHI CHNH THC V TCH HP KHU VC KINH T NY VO H THNG TI KHON QUC GIA, Jos Luis Robles Franco, chuyn gia kinh t ca Trng i hc Mayor San Marcos, c bng thc s kinh t, chuyn v pht trin khu vc v doanh nghip, Trng phng Xy dng Ti khon h gia nh trong H thng Ti khon Quc gia thuc Vin Thng k Quc gia, Lima Peru Cun hng dn mi v H thng Ti khon Quc gia (SCN93_2008) chng 25 khuyn co cc quc gia v phng php thng k khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc trong nn kinh t, da vo Quyt ngh XV v XVII ca Hi ngh quc t cc nh thng k lao ng cc nm
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1993 v 2003. Cun hng dn mi ny nhm mc ch thc hin so snh quc t v lnh vc nh lng kinh t, a ra khung khi nim v nh gi i vi vic o lng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trn c s cc tiu thc kh thi. Trong bi cnh , chng ti gii thiu ti liu xut v thng k khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v tch hp khu vc kinh t ny vo h thng ti khon quc gia. Ti liu ny c vit trn c s kinh nghim ca tc gi trong vic pht trin h thng ti khon quc gia ca Peru v nht l trong vic xy dng ti khon h gia nh. Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc l mt b phn ca khu vc h gia nh trong h thng ti khon quc gia. H gia nh c vai tr l ngi tiu dng cui cng trong nn kinh t. Tuy nhin, v c bit l cc nc ang pht trin, h gia nh c vai tr sn xut v l cc ch doanh nghip c th. y chnh l mi trng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc pht trin. Cn phi nhn mnh rng n v phn tch ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc l n v sn xut kinh doanh do h gia nh lm ch. Tiu thc nh lng da vo nhng nh ngha kh thi v cc phng php iu tra hn hp hay iu tra hai pha: kt hp iu tra doanh nghip h gia nh v iu tra h gia nh. Cng cn phi ch n vic s dng thng xuyn tiu thc vic lm v thu nhp cng nh kh nng so snh vi ti khon khc ca nn kinh t. Hng dn SCN93_2008 a ra vn v ti khon sn xut v ti khon to thu nhp ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc cng nh vn vic lm trong khu vc ny. Cun hng dn ny cng a ra mt s tiu thc cho vic thng k vic lm phi chnh thc trong nn kinh t da vo Quyt ngh XVII ca Hi ngh quc t cc nh thng k lao ng. ------------------------------Kha cnh kinh t v m, thng k v k ton xung quanh nghch l ca cuc iu tra ti Camerun, Blaise LEENHARDT Cn b nghin cu cng tc ti DIAL v nh t vn c lp v Mathias KUEPIE Cn b ph trch nghin cu ti CEPS/INSTEAD v cn b nghin cu cng tc ti DIAL EESI 2005 : tm quan trng ca phi chnh thc nng thn phi nng nghip, gii hn sai s, thu nhp cao tng i v chnh lch trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Trc tin chng ti mun nu bt, thng qua cuc iu tra v vic lm v khu vc kinh t chnh thc EESI c tin hnh ti Camerun nm 2005, s i mi th hin qua vic tin hnh cc cuc iu tra v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti chu Phi trn quy m quc gia. Do , trong phn u tin chng ti tin hnh so snh cc kt qu cuc iu tra vi nhng c lng rt ra t cc ti khon, v chng ti nhn thy c s trng khp v tng gi tr tng thm ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Tri li v vn vic lm, cuc iu tra cho thy khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c s lng vic lm ln hn nhiu so vi kt qu m chng ti c c t cc ma trn vic lm n theo c lng ca cc ti khon quc gia. Mt ng gp khc ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc cng cn nhc n l t trng ca phi chnh thc phi nng nghip xt v gi tr tng thm (chim hn 1/3 tng gi tr tng thm ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc) cng nh v vic lm (hn 1/2 s lng vic lm phi chnh thc phi nng nghip c to ra ti khu vc nng thn). Vic nh lng tm quan trng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc phi nng nghip khng nh iu c d on t nhiu nm trc nhng cho n nay vn cha c chng minh, t nht l ti chu Phi. Mt mc tiu khc ca bi vit lin quan n phng php lun. Khong tin cy v gii hn khng chc chn no c th gn vi cc kt qu iu tra ? Chng ti xut tnh ton mt gii hn khng chc chn ti a bng cch thm vo gii hn chn mu truyn thng (gi s y l chn mu hon ho) c lng sai s c lin quan n cuc iu tra (sai s c gi l sai s phi chn mu hay sai s o lng, sai s do khng tr li, sai s v nh ngha, v iu tra) cng nh n cc bin thng k hay bin kinh t v m bn ngoi cuc iu tra, v d nh sai s v phm vi, nht l v tng th h gia nh c iu tra. V mt phng php, cuc iu tra 2005 t ra, trn thc t cng vi nghch l Douala Yaound42, vn ng ch v tin cy v gii hn sai s !
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Gi tr tng thm phi chnh thc tch lu c ly t kt qu cuc iu tra ti th hnh chnh ca Camerun Yaound ln hn so vi ti th kinh t Douala. 170

Chnh phn tip theo ca bi tham lun s dnh tm li gii thch cho nghch l ny. Phn ln s sai bit ny l do s ngu nhin khi chn mu ca cuc iu tra EESI v chng ti xut cho cc cuc iu tra trong tng lai, vic phn tng (cho php nng cao chnh xc ca cc c lng) cc n v kinh t phi chnh thc thuc i tng iu tra c thc hin trc ngay khi thc hin c s iu tra pha 1 (thay v ch ngh n vic sau khi thc hin pha 1 nh hin nay), v mt khc da vo cc bin nh ngnh hot ng kinh t. Hai bi hc khc c rt ra : Cht lng rt cao ca thu nhp c tnh ton li trong pha 2 ca cuc iu tra so vi thu nhp ca pha 1, v im mnh l ch thc hin pha hai ny ca cuc iu tra, tri vi nhng g m Mel, McKenzie v Woodruff khng nh trong bi vit ca h o lng li nhun ca cc doanh nghip vi m : ng hi xc xch c lm th no (Measuring microenterprise profits : Dont ask how the sausage is made). Chng ti chng minh rng trong cuc iu tra pha 1, nhng ngi giu thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc cng giu th cng mun che giu thu nhp ca h cn ngi ngho thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc th ngc li, cng ngho h cng mun che giu s ngho kh ca h. Vn thu nhp cao tng i v chnh lch trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v mt thng k c th hiu c. im bt li ca kt qu ny l khi lm tng phng sai ca thu nhp phi chnh thc th cng cn phi tng c mu. Cui cng, chng ti kt lun bng cch kt hp theo cch m chng ti cho ti u cc cng c/phng php thng k phc v cho vic thit lp cc ti khon v a ra cc quyt nh v kinh t v m ti cc nc ang pht trin : cc cuc iu tra theo phng php 1-2-3 v phi chnh thc cho php thit lp bng ERETES cc ti khon quc gia cui cng c gp phn khng chnh thc, sau chiu cc ti khon ny v TES kt hp phng thc sn xut phi chnh thc vi mt m hnh gn nh l m hnh k ton dng TABLO to ra cc ti khon tm thi cho nhng nm gn nhau, cc c lng cho nm hin ti v d bo cho nm tip theo ------------------------------Th chi tit ha cc khi nim v khu vc v vic lm phi chnh thc v xy dng ti khon cc n v kinh t phi chnh thc trn c s cc cuc iu tra v vic lm v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti Camerun, Ren Aymar AMOUGOU, Anaclet Dsir DZOSSA, Joseph FOUOKING, Stphane NEPETSOUN v Joseph TEDOU, INS Yaound, CAMEROUN Sau cuc iu tra tin phong theo phng thc 1-2-3 v vic lm, khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v ngho kh ti Yaound nm 1993, cuc iu tra quc gia u tin theo phng thc 1-2 v vic lm v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc (EESI 1) ti Camerun nm 2005 khng nh tm quan trng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trong nn kinh t quc dn. Cc cuc iu tra ny cho php xut li gii p ca Camerun i vi nhng vn v khi nim phi chnh thc v nh gi mc ng gp ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc i vi nn kinh t. Li gii p ny, trong khun kh EESI 1 l kt qu ca s phi hp cht ch c mt qu trnh gia cc nh thng k iu tra v cc nhn vin k ton quc gia thuc Vin Thng k Quc gia, v gia Vin Thng k Quc gia v Qu Vic lm Quc gia. S phi hp ng biu dng ny cng vi mt s i tng s dng kt qu cc cuc iu tra, nu c m rng ra cc i tc khc v cc i tng s dng khc ca h thng thng tin thng k, c th to iu thun li cho vic t c ng thun v cc kt qu. Cc khi nim ng k hnh chnh v k ton chnh thc c s dng nh ngha khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc thay i trong giai on gia hai cuc iu tra. Vic m rng phm vi a l ca cuc iu tra ti khu vc nng thn ng thi gii hn (ging nh cc cuc iu tra truyn thng dng ny) pha 2 cc n v kinh t phi chnh thc phi nng nghip l s la chn ng n mc d cn mt s rng buc. Tng t, ngoi khi nim khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, vic pht trin gn y ca khi nim vic lm phi chnh thc dng nh l gii php thay th thit thc hn v s c nghin cu k hn ti cuc iu tra EESI 2 d kin thc hin vo nm 2010. V thu thp v khai thc cc d liu, xut hin mt s vn v xut gii php. Nhng vn ny lin quan n : i) xc nh phm vi cc n v kinh t phi chnh thc cn xem xt trong phn tch, ii) t chc li cc ti khon kinh doanh ca cc n v kinh t phi chnh thc, v iii) lp cc kt qu tng hp kinh t theo nm.

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Bi vit ny tng hp cc kha cnh quan trng v phng php lun ca cc cuc iu tra 1-2 v vic lm v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti Camrun v chia s kinh nghim. Bi vit nhm ng gp vo qu trnh nhn xt v h thng thu thp v khai thc d liu nhm nng cao cht lng ca cng vic ny v iu chnh cho ph hp vi thc tin a phng, v nng cao tnh hu dng ca cc kt qu i vi ngi s dng. ------------------------------iu tra 1-2 ti Sri Lanka, C. WEERAKOONE, NSO, Sri Lanka Sri Lanka c lc lng lao ng khong 8 triu ngi, v tng s dn c vic lm vo khong 7,6 triu ngi vo nm 2008. iu tra Lc lng lao ng Hng qu Sri Lanka l ngun s liu thng k ch yu v lc lng lao ng. Nm 2006, nh ngha thng k quc gia nhm xc nh vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c a ra da trn cc hng dn trong Quyt ngh ca Hi ngh Quc t cc nh thng k lao ng ln th 15 v ln th 17. Nm 2008, theo iu tra lc lng lao ng, vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Sri Lanka chim khong 62% tng s vic lm. iu tra Cc Doanh nghip H gia nh khng c t cch php nhn c t nht mt s sn phm cung cp cho th trng (iu tra 1-2) c V tin hnh trn c s phi hp vi UNESCAP trong hai nm 2008/2009, song song vi iu tra lc lng lao ng v gm hai pha. Pha 1, nhm xc nh cc doanh nghip h gia nh khng c t cch php nhn c t nht mt s sn phm cung cp cho th trng (gi tt l HUEM), pha hai thu thp thng tin chi tit t cc HUEM hot ng phi nng nghip. Thi gian iu tra ko di t qu 4/2008 n qu 3/2009. Kt qu iu tra HUEM cho thy, tng cng c khong 2,2 triu HUEM v mt na trong s l cc doanh nghip hot ng nng nghip; cc doanh nghip thuc ngnh dch v chim 35% v ngnh cng nghip chim 15%. Kt qu iu tra cng cho thy, khong 50% cc doanh nghip h gia nh khng c t cch php nhn ny c t ngay ti nh ca ch doanh nghip. Khong 41% s doanh nghip HUEM phi nng nghip bun bn cc mt hng nh rau qu, bn l, hoc cc hnh thc bn hng c bit khc, v.v., tip l cc hot ng sn xut, ch to (chim 32%) v d nh sn xut qun o, my xay, my mi, v.v. Rt him HUEM ng k kinh doanh v khong 65% HUEM khng c ng k bt k c quan no; nhiu ch doanh nghip HUEM cho rng, vic ng k hon ton khng cn thit. Vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc chim khong 74% tng s vic lm Sri Lanka, nu xt n c hai phng din bo him cng vic cng nh bo him x hi. ------------------------------TCH HP KHU VC KINH T PHI CHNH THC VO H THNG TI KHON QUC GIA CA MAROC, Yattou AIT KHELLOU, Trng Ban nghin cu v ti khon x hi v kinh t cha c quan st. V Hch ton Quc gia Trong bi cnh kinh t v m hin nay ca cc nc ang pht trin, ch khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v nh gi khu vc ny thng qua h thng ti khon quc gia chc chn l ch thu ht s quan tm rng ri. Tt c cc nc ny dng nh u c lin quan do vai tr ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trong nn kinh t : khu vc ny l ngun to ra ca ci v thu ht mt b phn ln ngi tht nghip. Nn kinh t Maroc cng khng phi l ngoi l, y l ng lc ca vic thc hin mt lot cc cuc iu tra thng k nhm tm hiu r hn khu vc ny v nh gi mc ng gp ca khu vc vo qu trnh sn xut, to thu nhp v vic lm. Kinh nghim ca Maroc v phng php tip cn khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nm trong khun kh cc nghin cu lin quan n xy dng ti khon quc gia v p ng nhu cu xy dng cc ti khon hon chnh. Cn nhn mnh rng kinh nghim ca Maroc c phn ra lm 3 giai on : Giai on th nht : Giai on ny bt u t u nhng nm 80, chng ti quan tm n vic nh gi hot ng sn xut ca cc doanh nghip c th da vo cc kt qu thng k v vic lm. Giai on hai : Giai on ny c nh du bi vic thc hin cuc iu tra u tin trong lnh vc ny : iu tra quc gia v cc doanh nghip phi chnh thc thng tr nm 1988 . Nhng cuc iu tra ny ch nhm vo cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi nng nghip thng tr ti khu vc th v khng c s sch k ton.

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Giai on ba : u giai on ny, V Thng k s tin hnh ci cch h thng ti khon quc gia vi vic trin khai SNA 1993 v lp nm c s mi 1998. thc hin vic ny, cn phi nh lng c th khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trong nn kinh t Maroc thng qua vic thc hin mt cuc iu tra ring v khu vc ny. Do , cuc iu tra hn hp u tin (n v kinh t/h gia nh) c thc hin nm 1999-2000, cuc iu tra nhm vo tt c cc n v sn xut kinh doanh phi nng nghip khng c s sch k ton v c xc nh t cuc iu tra v vic lm. Cuc iu tra cho php, xt v kha cnh cc cuc iu tra cc t chc (v cc doanh nghip c s sch k ton hon chnh) v cc cuc iu tra v u t ca cc c quan hnh chnh, xy dng cc ti khon quc gia ca Maroc theo nm c s mi 1998. Nm 2006-2007, V Thng k thc hin cuc iu tra tng t nh gi mc bin i ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v y s l mt trong cc tr ct trin khai nm c s mi 2006 cho H thng Ti khon Quc gia Maroc. Cn lu rng nhng kt qu c lng v vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c s dng theo di hot ng sn xut ca khu vc ny trong giai on gia hai cuc iu tra (1999-2006). Ti hi tho, bi tham lun ca ti s gii thiu kinh nghim ca h thng k ton quc gia Maroc trong lnh vc ny thng qua : - Gii thiu cc ti khon ca cc ngnh hot ng thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc : sn xut, gi tr tng thm v tr lng - Gii thiu vic lm phi chnh thc quy i ra vic lm ton b thi gian.

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III. 3. CC D N QUC T: THNG K V NGHIN CU

Cc cuc iu tra 1-2 c lng vic lm phi chnh thc v gi tr tng thm ca cc doanh nghip trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: Kt qu ca 3 cuc iu tra quc gia ti chu , Margarita F Guerrero, UN-ESCAP, Bangkok Bi vit ny trnh by phng php lun v mt s kt qu ca cc cuc iu tra hai pha c thc hin ti Xri Lan-ca, Phi-lp-pin v Mng C, c coi l hp phn nng ct ca D n Ti khon Pht trin do LHQ thc hin t nm 2006 n 2009 vi tn gi Hp tc lin khu vc o lng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc43. D n ny nhm mc ch ng gp cho cc n lc ton cu trong vic xc nh, iu chnh v kim chng cc chin lc thu thp d liu mt cch bn vng v hiu qu v chi ph c lng vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, vic lm phi chnh thc, v s ng gp (o lng theo GDP) ca cc doanh nghip trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc i vi nn kinh t. Pha mt ca cuc iu tra hai pha, cn gi l cuc iu tra 1-2, l dng ci tin ca iu tra lc lng lao ng h gia nh ang trin khai nhm m rng cc mc tiu thng k v b sung phn c lng vic lm trong cc doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc. Ngoi ra, thng qua cc cu hi b sung, c th xc nh nhng vic lm cc doanh nghip h gia nh khng c t cch php nhn tham gia sn xut th trng (HUEM). Pha hai l cuc iu tra cc HUEM c ly mu t cc n v xc nh trong pha mt, pha hai c thit k c lng gi tr tng thm ca cc doanh nghip thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, cng nh thu thp cc thng tin v cch thc t chc ca cc doanh nghip , cc c im kinh doanh, cc tr ngi, hn ch v nhng vn khc lin quan n chnh sch. Mi mt cuc iu tra quc gia, khi c thit k v trin khai, u i din cho mt hnh thi bin th ca m hnh c bn, trong phn nh cc bi cnh c th ca quc gia v cc vn lin quan n chnh sch trong bng cu hi, cng nh cc h tng thng k v quy trnh qun l iu tra hin ti. Ngoi ra, nhng d liu thu c u c chun ha, v mt k hoch lp bng thng nht c trin khai c th cung cp d liu lin quan n quc gia cng nh cc kt qu so snh c cp quc t. ------------------------------K hoch hnh ng ci thin v gim st s liu thng k v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti chu Phi (PASIA), giai on 2010-2012, Martin BALEPA, Tng Gim c AFRISTAT, Bamako (Mali) Vic o lng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc chim mt phn ngy cng quan trng trong cc hot ng ca cc nh thng k v kinh t ti cc nc chu Phi. S o lng lin quan n sn xut hng ho, dch v, phn phi thu nhp v to vic lm. Hn na, chin lc gim ngho i lin quan mt thit vi vic ch trng n khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc chu Phi. iu cn thit l tt c nhng ngi lm v thng k c gng hn na gip cho khu vc ny c bit n nhiu hn v xy dng nhng chin lc pht trin v xo i gim ngho ph hp ti cc nc chu Phi. T cui nhng nm 80, c nhiu tin b v phng php nghin cu ti chu Phi c th a vo cc cng c v cch tip cn ph hp hn cho vic o lng v gim st khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc vi s thc y ca DIAL v AFRESTAT, c bit l thng qua cc iu tra 1-2-3 trong phn ln cc nc chu Phi cn Sahara v cc iu tra v lc lng lao ng. Theo khuyn co ca k hp th nht vo thng 1/2008 v th hai vo thng 1/2010 ca Cc Thng k chu Phi ti Addis-Abeba (thiopie) v cc cng trnh nghin cu ca hi tho quc t v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc do AFRISTAT t chc vo thng 10/2008 ti Bamako (Mali), chu Phi thng qua vo u nm mt K hoch hnh ng ci thin v gim st s liu thng k v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti chu Phi (PASIA), giai on 2010-2012. Mc tiu tng th ca PASIA l mang li cho nhng cn b lm vic trong lnh vc lin quan n khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc mt khung lm vic tch hp cho ba nm ti (2010-2012) vi mc ch
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cng hin cho s tng cng v cho php so snh cc s liu thng k v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc, cng nh c th s dng chng mt cc thng xuyn v u n hn. t c mc tiu ny, cc hot ng ca PASIA c sp xp theo hai trc: mt mt l t chc ch o cc hot ng cp vng v mt khc h tr vic trin khai cc chng trnh lm vic cp quc gia v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Bi tham lun ny mun gii thiu xung quanh hai trc chin lc, chi tit cc hat.ng cn trin khai, lch trnh thc hin cng nh cc iu kin thnh cng v cc ri ro ca k hoch hnh ng. ------------------------------Hng ti mt Chin lc ng tin cy v hiu qu v mt chi ph nhm thu thp d liu v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc, Dalisay S. Maligalig, Chuyn gia thng k cp cao, Ngn hng Pht trin chu Nhm mc ch nh hng li cc chnh sch kinh t tng thm vic lm ng hong v to ra nhiu c hi vic lm tt hn, cn c nghin cu phn tch v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v nhng ngi tham gia cc cng vic phi chnh thc. Tuy nhin, hin ti, cc h thng thng k quc gia thng khng thu thp d liu v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, nht l nhng quc gia ang pht trin, do tnh cht ca cc n v sn xut kinh doanh thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. y thng l nhng n v sn xut kinh doanh c t chc trnh thp, cng ngh th cng v khng c s phn bit r rt gia lao ng vi vn, hoc gia cc hot ng ca h gia nh vi cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh. V vic lm phi chnh thc, mc d Hi ngh Quc t Cc nh Thng k Lao ng nm 2003 m t vic lm phi chnh thc, nhng vic p dng nh ngha ny trong cc cuc iu tra v lc lng lao ng vn cha c th ch ha nhiu quc gia, v do , s liu thng k v vic lm phi chnh thc vn cha c a vo b s liu thng k chnh thng v lao ng v vic lm. Bi vit ny m t vic thc hin iu tra 1-2, mt bin th ca hot ng chn mu hai pha ti 3 quc gia c-m-nia, Bng-la-t v In--n-xia trong khun kh d n h tr k thut ca Ngn hng Pht trin chu (RETA 6430: nh gi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc). Cch tip cn thu thp d liu ny c thit k trc tip nh gi vic lm phi chnh thc v s ng gp ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc vo GDP. Bi vit cng s trnh by cc kt qu ca nh gi ton din ang trin khai v cc d liu iu tra t 3 quc gia nhm chng thc tnh tin cy v hiu qu chi ph ca cch tip cn ny. Bi vit cng s tho lun mt s im i mi c p dng trong nh gi vic lm phi chnh thc, v trong thit k phahai ca cuc iu tra nhm gim bt cc chi ph hot ng thc a v hn ch s thiu nht qun ca d liu. ------------------------------Ph n v nam gii trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nm 2010 mt bc tranh thng k: ln k hoch bo co cp nht, James Heintz , Vin Nghin cu Kinh t Chnh tr, Trng i hc Massachusetts Amherst, v Joann Vanek, Gim c, Chng trnh Thng k, Ph n v vic lm phi chnh thc: Ton cu ha v T chc (WIEGO) Bi vit ny cp n mt chin lc nghin cu nhm xy dng cc c tnh quc t mi v vic lm phi chnh thc, vi ni dung gm m t chi tit v phng php lun, cc nh ngha, cc quc gia l i tng nghin cu, v nhiu vn m rng khc lin quan n thng k c bn. Vic s dng s liu thng k chnh thng ca cc nh nghin cu, cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v ngi vn ng chnh sch l l do c bn nhm khuyn khch n lc thu thp thng tin v pht trin d liu mt cch thng xuyn. iu ny c bit thch hp vi cc ch thng k mi, nh ch v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc. Nm 2002, T chc Lao ng Quc t (ILO) v WIEGO xut bn cun sch thng k tng hp u tin ca quc t v kinh t phi chnh thc vi cc s liu c lng theo vng v nhiu phn tch su sc. Cun sch ny tr thnh ngun ti liu tham kho rng ri v c s dng chng minh tm quan trng ca vic lm phi chnh thc, ng thi nhm tip tc ci tin cc phng php v vic thu thp d liu. Ti thi im , bn gc ca cun sch s dng cch tip cn s d gin tip tm ra cc c lng v vic lm phi chnh thc

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cp quc gia. Phng php c tnh gin tip ny rt quan trng, do vo thi gian khng c thc o trc tip no v vic lm phi chnh thc trong cc cuc iu tra ca cc nc. Sau , Hi ngh Quc t cc nh thng k lao ng (ICLS) a ra mt nh ngha v vic lm phi chnh thc v c nhiu quc gia hn thu thp d liu cho php p dng nh ngha ca ICLS v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc. ILO v WIEGO hin ang ln k hoch xut bn mt n phm mi, cp nht, bao qut nhiu quc gia hn v c gng a ra cng nhiu c lng trc tip v vic lm phi chnh thc cng tt. Bi vit ny tm tt phm vi d n nghin cu, chin lc nghin cu v nhng thch thc c th gp phi khi tng hp cc c lng ny. ------------------------------Gii phng tim nng: Tho b nhng tr ngi kinh t, th ch v x hi cho cc doanh nghip phi chnh thc chu Phi cn Xa-ha-ra, Michael Grimm, Vin Nghin cu X hi Quc t, i hc Erasmus, Rotterdam, The Hague, H Lan Trong hai thp k va qua, cc nghin cu v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nhn mnh s khng ng nht ca khu vc ny, v d nh lin quan n cc chi ph gia nhp, quy m doanh nghip, tip cn tn dng, cc mi quan h sn xut v tiu th, cng nh s nm gi ngun vn con ngi v vt cht. Tuy nhin, cha c nhiu nghin cu nhm tm hiu cc nguyn nhn dn n s khng ng nht ny v s thiu hiu qu do n gy ra. iu ny c bit ng i vi khu vc chu Phi cn Xaha-ra (SSA), ni m cc th trng lao ng thnh th b chi phi bi tnh cht phi chnh thc. Vic tm hiu nhng nguyn nhn v s thiu hiu qu ni trn l iu cn thit xy dng nhng can thip chnh sch nhm xa b nhng hn ch gy tr ngi nhiu nht cho cc doanh nghip phi chnh thc. Da trn khi nim v tnh phi chnh thc iu chnh cho bi cnh chu Phi v da trn mt lc l thuyt ton din, d n xut s tin hnh phn tch nh lng nh gi mc nghim trng ca nhiu tr ngi i vi cc doanh nghip phi chnh thc. Chng ti phn bit gia (i) cc tr ngi kinh t, v d nh s khng hon ho trong th trng vn, thiu bo him v thiu nhu cu i vi cc sn phm ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, (ii) cc tr ngi th ch, v d nh s yu km trong qun l thc thi cc quy nh ca chnh ph, hoc tnh trng tham nhng, v (iii) cc tr ngi x hi, v d nh vic chia s cc ngha v vi gia nh m rng. Chng ti d kin nghin cu bn cht v mc nghim trng tng i ca cc tr ngi ny, mi quan h tng tc gia cc tr ngi v cc knh m thng qua , cc tr ngi ny tc ng n hiu qu hot ng ca doanh nghip. C s thc chng cho chng trnh nghin cu ca chng ti l mt b d liu vi m duy nht hin c v tnh phi chnh thc (thng qua cc cuc iu tra 1-2-3) ca cc nn kinh t 7 quc gia Ty Phi, Maa-gat-xca, P-ru v Vit Nam. Trong trng hp ca Ma-a-gat-xca, chng ti cng tin hnh nh gi cc nh hng ngn hn v di hn ca mt chng trnh tn dng quy m nh. Khi tng hp cc hiu bit thu o rt ra t kt qu phn tch cc tr ngi ni trn, chng ti s c th nh gi cc phng n chnh sch gip gii phng tim nng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Cc mng li ca chng ti, c bit l mng li ca AFRISTAT ti chu Phi cn Xa-ha-ra, s m bo vic ph bin nhng kt qu tm hiu ny n cc i tng s dng tim nng thng qua cc hi tho, hi ngh v kha o to tp hun. D n nghin cu ny do Ngn hng Th gii ti tr thng qua Qu Tn thc ca Nhiu nh ti tr (MDTF), v c tn gi Cc th trng Lao ng, To cng n vic lm v Tng trng Kinh t, M rng Nghin cu, Xy dng nng lc, v Hnh ng da vo cng chng vi ch Tm hiu tnh phi chnh thc ca th trng lao ng ti cc quc gia ang pht trin, v l mt phn ca chng trnh Vic lm v Pht trin ca Ngn hng Th gii/IZA. D n do Ban Lao ng v Bo tr X hi ca Ngn hng Th gii qun l. Cc vin nghin cu tham gia gm c Vin Nghin cu X hi Quc t (ISS) thuc i hc Erasmus Rotterdam (thnh vin tham gia chnh), AFRISTAT v Trung tm Nghin cu ng dng thuc AFRISTAT (CERA) ti Bamako, Mali, DIAL ti Paris, Php, Vin Nghin cu Cc khu vc v Ton cu LB c (GIGA) ti Hamburg, c, v Vin Kinh t Th gii (IfW) ti Kiel, c. D n bt u trin khai t thng 11/2009 v s kt thc vo thng 10/2011.

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PHI CHNH THC C PHI L IU BNH THNG KHNG?, HNG TI NHIU VIC LM HN V VIC LM TT HN, Johannes Jtting v Juan R. de Laiglesia, Trung tm Pht trin ca OECD nhiu ni trn th gii, vic lm phi chnh thc l iu bnh thng, khng phi l ngoi l: hn mt na tng s vic lm trong cc ngnh phi nng nghip ti cc quc gia ang pht trin ngha l hn 900 triu ngi lao ng c th c coi l nhng ngi lm cc cng vic phi chnh thc. mt s khu vc, bao gm chu Phi cn Xa-ha-ra v Nam , hn 80% s vic lm phi nng nghip cng l vic lm phi chnh thc. Trn ht, a s vic lm nng nghip li l vic lm phi chnh thc, bao gm cc hnh thc nh nng dn t sn xut nng nghip v phn ln ngi lao ng cng nht v lao ng khng c vic lm c nh. Bng cch thu thp v phn tch cc d liu bng v t l vic lm phi chnh thc, chng ti khng nh c mi quan h t l nghch n nh gia tnh cht phi chnh thc vi mc pht trin. Tuy nhin, tri vi cc m hnh nh nguyn truyn thng, chng ti thy rng, s tng trng kinh t trong hai thp k va qua gn lin vi s gia tng tnh phi chnh thc. Cc ng lc dn n s tn ti dai dng ca tnh phi chnh thc cng c phn tch, trong c bit ch trng n s khc bit gia gii v vai tr ca s dch chuyn. Trong c hai trng hp, c th thy rng m t bng mt khung phn tch, trong xem xt cc tng bc ca vic lm phi chnh thc, s c ch hn l cc m hnh nh nguyn thun ty hay m hnh m trong tnh phi chnh thc n thun l kt qu t s la chn ca ngi lao ng. Thc ra, iu ny gip ta hiu c, mc d ph n tt c cc nc t nhn cc cng vic phi chnh thc hn nhng h li nm trong s nhng i tng lm cc cng vic phi chnh thc d b tn thng nht. Cui cng, chng ti xut mt khung chnh sch da trn 3 tr ct: (i) to ra nhiu vic lm hn v vic lm tt hn c khu vc kinh t chnh thc cng nh khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, (ii) thc y v bo v nng lc sn xut ca ngi ngho, k c nhng ngi lao ng phi chnh thc, v (iii) cung cp ng c khuyn khch cho nhng ai mun ri khi khu vc kinh t chnh thc. c bit, tr ct cui cng cn n s kt hp nhng c ch khuyn khch tch cc lm cho khu vc kinh t chnh thc tr nn hp dn hn, v cc lut v quy nh v lao ng v bo tr x hi c thc thi tt hn. S ha trn cc chnh sch mt cch ti u s l thuc vo bi cnh quc gia v nht l cc c im ca vic lm phi chnh thc tng nn kinh t. Trong bi cnh ny, cn phi ci tin cng tc thu thp d liu nhm to iu kin cho cc nh hoch nh chnh sch c y thng tin lm c s ra quyt nh. Cng cn phi nhn thc rng, c nhiu mng mu xm tn ti gia khu vc thun ty chnh thc v khu vc thun ty phi chnh thc, iu chnh cc chnh sch v can thip mt cch tng xng.

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III. 4. CHNH SCH V CC VN LIN NGNH

Vietnam Mt s vn v Bo him x hi, Bo him y t trong khu vc phi chnh thc, Castel Paulette, Gian Thanh Cong Mc d vic trin khai BHYT v BHXH chm chp cc nc c khu vc phi chnh thc ln tp trung trong khu vc nng nghip nng thn, Vit nam bt tay vo xut cc chnh sch nhm tin n thc hin bo him y t ton dn vo nm 2014 v thc hin m rng s tham gia vo h thng bo him hu tr i vi ngi lao ng trong khu vc phi chnh thc. Liu nhng chnh sch y ngha ny c c hi thnh cng? Ni cch khc, liu nhng ngi lao ng tham gia trong khu vc phi chnh thc c sn sng tip cn nhng dch v bo him x hi v bo him y t? Bi nghin cu ny s trnh by nhng kt qu ca mt s cc nghin cu c thc hin nhm a ra nhng thng ip i vi cc nh lm chnh sch t nhiu kha cnh khc nhau i vi nhng vn trn i vi vn BHYT, hu nh tt c cc bng chng u ch ra rng ngi lao ng trong khu vc phi chnh thc u khng cho rng BHYT s gip h gim i nhiu nhng gnh nng t chi ph y t. Nu iu ny l ng, nhng h gia nh vi rt nhiu thnh vin lm vic trong khu vc phi chnh thc s c xu hng khng sn sng tham gia. Tuy nhin, lut BHYT quy nh, doanh nghip s phi chi tr 2/3 chi ph BHYT cho ngi lao ng, ch c duy nht yu t ny s thc y kh nng tham gia ca ngi lao ng nu cc doanh nghip khng phn nn v kh nng chi ph lao ng s tng ln tng ng. Mc d vy, nu tin lng l linh hat, nhng tc ng n ngi lao ng c th c hn ch. Nghin cu s trnh by nhng kt qu ca vic xem xt mi quan h gia vic thay i tin lng ti thiu vi thay i tin lng v vic lm trong khu vc cc doanh nghip va v nh Vit Nam. i vi BHXH, mt s cc cuc iu tra gn y c thit k phn tch nhng yu t quyt nh n kh nng sn sng tham gia ca ngi lao ng trong khu vc phi chnh thc vo h thng bo him x hi t nguyn.. V l thuyt, 34,5% s ngi c hi t nguyn tham gia vo h thng h tr. D bo cho thy, trong h thng bo him x hi t nguyn Vit Nam, mi quan h gia chi ph v li ch km hp dn i vi nhng ngi tham gia c thi gian ng ngn c kh nng lm gim s tham gia ca nhm lao ng c tui. Nhng nghin cu lin quan n vic chuyn giao mt s thnh vin tham gia qu BH nng dn Ngh An sang h thng BHXH t nguyn khng nh iu ny. Thi gia ng ln n 20 nm c th iu kin hng lng hu l mt trong nhng yu t chnh lm gim hn mc hp dn ca h thng c trin khai trn ton quc Nghin cu s kt lun vi mt s khuyn ngh chnh sch . ------------------------------C TNH LI CH THU NHP CA TRNH HC VN TRONG KHU VC KINH T PHI CHNH THC CA-M-RUN, NGUETSE TEGOUM Pierre, B Kinh T, K Hoch V Pht Trin Khu Vc (MINEPAT, Yaound), Ca-m-run Bi vit ny tho lun li ch thu nhp ca trnh hc vn Ca-m-run trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Mc ch l nh gi xem vic hon thnh gio dc c bn nh hng mc no ti thu nhp theo gi ca ngi lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Sau n phn tch li ch ca gio dc trung hc c s. Phng php lun s dng l da trn phng php i chiu v chn nhng m hnh khng quan st c. S liu c s dng l s liu iu tra vic lm v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc do Vin Thng K Quc Gia Ca-m-run tin hnh nm 2005. Kt qu khng nh tc ng dng ca hc vn ti thu nhp ca ngi lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Li ch em li t vic hon thnh gio dc c bn c c tnh l 20% trong khu vc phi nng nghip v 28% trong ngnh nng nghip. Ngoi ra, nu lao ng khng c tay ngh gi y quay li trng hc v ly bng FSLC (hoc chng nhn tng ng) th iu ny s lm tng thu nhp ca h khong t 22% ti 25%. Hiu ng ca vic c bng GCEOL ti thu nhp ca ngi lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v phi nng nghip c c tnh l 33%. Nhng trong ngnh nng nghip th tm bng ny li khng to ra hiu ng g v thu nhp. Trnh hc vn cng ng vai tr c bn i vi tnh trng ngh nghip ca c nhn. Xc sut gia nhp khu vc kinh t chnh thc gia tng theo trnh hc vn.
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Nghin cu khuyn ngh thc hin cc bin php nhm tng cung gio dc, nht l khu vc nng thn, v ci thin cht lng gio dc. Chnh ph nn thc hin chnh sch gio dc x hi quc gia c li cho ngi ngho; thc hin cc bin php gim st khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v to iu kin thanh nin tt nghip tham gia th trng lao ng. T kha: Li ch ca hc vn; khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc; m hnh la chn; i chiu im xu hng; Ca-m-run ------------------------------Khi phi chnh thc khng bao gi hon ton l phi chnh thc, v chnh thc khng bao gi hon ton l chnh thc "- nhng phn nh v tc ng ca chnh sch cng i vi Vit Nam v trong bi cnh quc t. Gio s Adam Fforde v gio s Peter Sheehan, Trung tm Nghin cu Kinh t Chin lc, Trng i hc Victoria. Da trn mt cuc tho lun v lch s kinh t Vit nam gn y, v phc tho v cng trnh nghin cu so snh vai tr ca khu vc dch v trong tng trng kinh t, bi vit phn tch nhng vn v mt nhn thc cc nh hoch nh chnh sch hiu r hn gi tr thc t v tim tng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trong vic bo m tng trng tt hn. Bi vit a ra lun im rng "Khng hong nim tin" v cc chnh sch i vi cc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc phn nh cc vn c nhiu ngi bit n trong lnh vc ny, v a ra cc bin php gim thiu tc ng ca n. Ni dung: 1. Gii thiu 2. "Nhng th trng c t chc li khng c t chc, v th trng khng c t chc th li c t chc"- cng thng v phn loi v lch s kinh t gn y ti Vit Nam 3. Khu vc dch v v cc hot ng phi chnh thc cc vn so snh 4. Ti sao phi chnh thc thng b b qua? 5. Cc bin php gim nh -------------------------------

iu kin sng v lm vic ca dn nhp c v dn ng c Thnh ph H ni v H Ch Minh, U ban nhn dn thnh ph/Cc Thng k H Ni v H Ch Minh v UNDP, Hi tho
quc t v Khu vc phi chnh thc Cc cuc iu tra mu trc y Vit Nam (nh iu tra Mc sng H gia nh Vit Nam) khng kho st c mt s b phn dn c quan trng khu vc thnh th, c bit l dn nhp c. Hn na, dn nhp c thng c cho l tp trung nhiu trong b phn ngi ngho khu vc thnh th v ang sng trong nhng iu kin kh khn hn nhng ngi dn ng c c h khu ca cc thnh ph. D n do UNDP h tr c thit lp nhm cung cp h tr cho nh gi su v tnh trng ngho th thnh ph H Ni v H Ch Minh. C th, kho st Ngho th (UPS-09) c tin hnh vi 3 mc tiu chnh sau: (i) nh gi mc ngho i hai thnh ph trong tp trung thu thp thng tin v dn nhp c v cc h gia nh khng c ng k h khu; (ii) phn tch c tnh ca dn ngho th trong tp trung vo vn vic lm, thu nhp cng nh s hu ti sn v kh nng i ph vi ri ro; v (iii) xc nh cc vn c bn ca ngho th trong c vic l gii nguyn nhn ngho. UPS-09 l iu tra h gia nh da trn bng hi v c thit k bao ph tt c cc b phn dn c sinh sng ti H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh trong thi gian iu tra, bao gm nhng ngi sng trong h, nhng c nhn sng ti cc khu nh tp th, k tc x v cc khu tr, nhng cng nhn sng ti cc cng trnh xy dng hay nhng ngi khng nh ca. Tuy nhin, iu tra khng kho st cc t nhn, bnh nhn trong vin, qun nhn trong qun ng v sinh vin ch i hc khng i lm. Thit k mu phn tng 2 giai on c p dng cho UPS v dn mu a bn iu tra da trn Tng iu tra dn s 2009. Dn mu c phn thnh 2 tng u tin v khng u tin da trn mt s tiu ch nhm mc ch chn c nhiu dn ngho v ni khng n nh vo mu. Mt s phng php mi cng

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c p dng trong giai on lp bng k, nh ngha h gia nh v thit k bng hi c th gim thiu kh nng mt mu v m bo thu c thng tin ng tin cy. Kt qu iu tra cho thy cc c tnh nhn khu hc ca ngi nhp c v ng c H Ni v H Ch Minh, trong hu ht dn ng c l nhng c nhn tr (20-30 tui) v cha lp gia nh. So snh vi dn ng c, a s dn nhp c ang sng trong nhng iu kin kh khn v ri ro hn. Nhn chung, dn nhp c thng b thay i ch nhiu do cng vic thay i v gi thu nh tng; h cng c trnh gio dc thp hn v thng i hc trng t, t l nhp hc chung v theo tui thp hn tt c cc cp hc, ng thi cng c t l i khm bnh khi m au thp hn, mt phn l do thiu tin v thi gian (c bit i vi nhm c nhn nhp c v gip vic gia nh). 56,6% dn nhp c khng c bo him y t (do thiu hiu bit, thng tin v thit tin hoc khng c h khu) so vi 33,7% dn ng c. Dn nhp c c v th trong cng vic thp hn; a s h (63,4%) lm nhng vic lao ng gin n, ngn hn, khng hp ng, lng thp v khng n nh vi t hoc khng c ch lng hu/phc li. Phng php o lng ngho a chiu cng c xy dng v p dng cho s liu UPS vi vic s dng t l ngho v su ch tiu khc th hin cc kha cnh phi thu nhp/chi tiu. Phng php ny nhm nghin cu thiu ht v thu nhp v cc thiu ht khc v gio dc, y t, nh , v.v v th hin c bc tranh tng i ton din v tnh trng ca dn nhp c v ng c. ------------------------------Cc cch tip cn chnh sch i vi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: tho lun v chuyn dch sang chnh thc, Azita Berard, ILO, V Trng V Chnh Sch Vic Lm Trong bi trnh by ny ca tc gi Azita Berar n t ILO, tc gi ch trng phn tch bn cht ang bin i ca khu kinh vc kinh t phi chnh thc trong thp nin qua, v din bin trong cc cch tip cn chnh sch x l vn s gia tng ca tnh phi chnh thc cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin. Da vo phn tch mi v cc i thoi chnh sch quc t v quc gia xung quanh mc tiu v tnh kh thi ca vic dch chuyn sang chnh thc, tc gi s phn nh v t duy mi hnh thnh v lc chnh sch tch hp ca ILO hin nay v Chin Lc Vic Lm ng Hong V Khu Vc Kinh T Phi Chnh Thc. Lc Chnh Sch Tch Hp bao gm by lnh vc chnh sch (xem s di y) bao qut nhng thnh t cn bn ca cc chnh sch cng cng nh hnh vi ca cc tc nhn chnh trn th trng lao ng. Lc ny c xut vi t cch mt lng knh tch hp tm hiu nhng yu t thc y ch cht v tnh chnh thc v phi chnh thc trn th trng lao ng ngy nay cng nh vi t cch mt lc xy dng nhng chnh sch hiu qu v nht qun mch lc c kh nng p ng nhng thc t a dng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nhiu nc khc nhau cng nh tnh khng ng nht trong cc hon cnh ca cc nhm ngi lao ng v n v kinh doanh trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Bi vit s phn tch v tc ng ca cuc khng hong kinh t v vic lm ton cu hin nay n kinh t phi chnh thc, cng nh v mc cc khun mu chnh sch v chng trnh phc hi kinh t c th bao hm c nhng kha cnh then cht v tnh phi chnh thc trn th trng lao ng. 1. Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc: mt thc t ang bin i ca nn kinh t ton cu Nm 2010, a s lc lng lao ng cc nc ang pht trin lm vic v sn xut trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. S ni ln ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ang thu ht s ch ca cc nh lm chnh sch. Tuy nhin, c nc pht trin ln nc ang pht trin, c im ca cc doanh nghip v doanh nhn phi chnh thc bin i ng k song song vi nhng thay i v chnh sch kinh t v x hi, qu trnh ton cu ha v s ni ln ca cc hnh thc sn xut mi cng nh cc chin lc t chc cng vic. Nhng g c gi l khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc t nhng nm 1970 bin i ng k. Nhng phn on khc nhau ca vic lm phi chnh thc gm c s xut hin ca nhng hnh thi mi v vic lm bp bnh s c phn tch nhm nu bt tnh a dng trong hon cnh ca cc nc v tnh khng ng nht ca cc tng tc c nhn hoc tiu nhm trong th trng lao ng. 2. Cc cch tip cn chnh sch gim bt tnh phi chnh thc trn th trng lao ng: cch no hiu qu? Cc cch tip cn chnh sch i ph vi tnh trng phi chnh thc cng bin i theo cng vi nhng lc chn on thay i xut pht t cc gc nhn c nhn v t chc khc nhau. Nhng kinh nghim gn y cc nc chu v M La-tinh s c nu ngn gn thy rng mt khi
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nim hp v nhng g gp phn vo s phi chnh thc v mt cch tip cn chnh sch tp trung vo mt cng c chnh sch duy nht hoc mt gii php nh ng cho mi tnh hung s khng hiu qu. Nhng cch lm tt cho thy nn c tm nhn nht qun mch lc v vai tr mnh m ca cc chnh sch cng c t trn nn tng i tc x hi rng ri. 3. Cc chin lc vic lm ng hong v s dch chuyn sang tnh chnh thc: cn c tm nhn tng hp v nht qun v chnh sch cng Xem xt v phn tch cc kinh nghim quc t v cch lm tt t nhiu vng khc nhau, lc tch hp Chn on V Chnh Sch ca ILO s c trnh by v tho lun, Vai tr v bn cht ca tng chnh sch trong by lnh vc chnh sch cng gii quyt vn ca tnh phi chnh thc s c tho lun. Cng s c tho lun v s tng tc v nht qun mch lc gia cc lnh vc chnh sch khc nhau.
LC VIC LM NG HONG CA KINH T PHI C HNH THC
Chin lc tng trng v to vic lm bnh ng

Mi trng php lut, gm buc tun th ILS v cc quyn c bn T chc, din gii v i thoi x hi Dch chuyn sang tnh chnh thc Bnh ng v gii, dn tc, chng tc, nhm x hi, tn tt, tui. Quan h kinh doanh, k nng, ti chnh, qun l, tip cn th trng M rng bo m x hi, bo him x hi, chuyn giao x hi Chin lc pht trin vng, min (nng thn v thnh th)

4. Khng hong v tnh phi chnh thc: sc khng v phc hi Tc ng ca cuc khng hong ti chnh v vic lm ton cu ln cc nn kinh t v ng thi gia tnh chnh thc v phi chnh thc s c tho lun di nh sng ca nhng bng chng c c. Vic a khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc vo Tha c Vic Lm Ton Cu, phn p ca ILO vi cuc khng hong, nhn c s ng h rng ri ca cng ng quc t k c G20 cng s c trnh by lu ti cc cu thnh ca cc gi phc hi m cc nc thc hin v mc th hin trong cc gi nhng mi quan tm c th ct trnh s phi chnh thc ha hn na cc th trng lao ng. ------------------------------C tn ti gii hn no cho s gia tng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Nam M?, Francisco Verdera V., Gio S Kinh T, i Hc Cng Gio, Lima, Peru Tnh phi chnh thc ca lao ng (vic lm trong Khu Vc Kinh T Phi Chnh Thc Th) Nam M tng cao trong nhng nm 70 v s tip tc tng trong nhiu thp nin. hiu thu o hin tng ny v ngha chnh sch ca n th phi c tm nhn di hn. Nhng mc ch ny gp ro cn do thiu s liu lin tc v c thay i trong nh ngha v phng php o lng, cng nh gp phi mt s p lc phi chnh thc ha ngay lp tc, theo cch tip cn php l v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc th. i ph vi thch thc th khng th nu ch quan tm ti nhng bin ng nh hng nm; chng ta ang cp ti nhng t l ln v vic lm th, h qu ca mt qu trnh din bin ca vn c cu vic lm. Chn on, o lng v xut gii php khng th b gii hn, v cng khng nn tp trung ch vo kha cnh php l. Bi vit ny c gng a ra mt quan im khc da trn phn tch di hn ti mi nc Nam M t nm 1970 ti nm 2008. Nhng yu t quyt nh s gia tng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc th va mang tnh nhn khu hc va mang tnh kinh t. Trong s cc yu t nhn khu hc, c s gia tng quan trng v Dn
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S ang Hot ng Kinh T, tip theo s gia tng Dn S Trong Tui Lao ng v T L n ang Hot ng Kinh t. Mt khc, cc xu hng kinh t cu trc dn ti s bin ng ln v GPI v nng sut lao ng v xt tng th lm gim vic lm trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc. H qu l vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc th gia tng trong khi t l tht nghip c th tng, gim hoc tng i n nh. Mc m khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc th tip tc tng n u trong di hn ph thuc vo vic d bo cc yu t quyt nh ca n:dn s ang hot ng kinh t s tip tc tng, ri tng chm dn v t mc trn, do dn s trong tui lao ng v t l n ang hot ng kinh t gim, trong khi tng nng sut lao ng v tng GPI s lm tng vic lm chnh thc, vi vic hp th thm EAP. Lao ng d s gim, dn ti tng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc th. ------------------------------Tip cn phng php nh gi tc ng v nhng thch thc:V d v ti chnh vi m Marc, Tanguy Bernard, C quan Pht trin Php AFD Gn 10 nm trc, s lng cc nghin cu v nh gi tc ng lin quan n cc can thip pht trin gia tng khc thng v n nay t n con s hn 200 nghin cu, k c cc nghin cu hon thnh hoc ang trin khai. im trng tm trong tin trnh ny l tng c chia s rng ri, theo cc nh gi tc ng c cho l to ra c hi duy nht nhm gn kt gia cng ng cc nh nghin cu vi cng ng cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, ng thi gp phn tng cng hiu qu pht trin thng qua hiu bit tt hn v "iu g tt v iu g khng tt" trong cc cch tip cn pht trin. V d ni ting nht M-hi-c cho thy, cc nh nghin cu tm ra cch nh lng nh hng ca chng trnh Progresa i vi t l nhp hc ca tr emv tnh trng sc khe, t xut nhng chnh sch quan trng khng ch i vi M-hi-c m cn i vi cc quc gia chu M La-tinh khc, ni lp li cch tip cn ny. Ngoi ra, d liu thu thp c l c s t liu cho rt nhiu bi bo nghin cu v tc ng ca chng trnh Progresa n nhiu vn khc, t s trao quyn cho ph n n di c hay cc mi quan h x hi trong cng ng. Th nhng, mc d c mt s cu chuyn thnh cng nh Progresa, khng phi mi nh gi tc ng u thnh cng trong vic to ra cu ni gia cc nh nghin cu vi cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, v trong vic nh gi xem chng trnh c t c cc mc tiu ra hay khng. Thc ra, cc can thip hu nh u gn ph hp vi cc thc o tnh hiu qu trn thc t, k c trong nhng can thip c cc nhm nghin cu v nhm i chng c xc nh mt cch r rng. Hn na, to ra cu ni, thng phi c thm nhiu n lc nhm hi ha cc mi quan tm rt khc nhau ca cc nh nghin cu v cc nh hoch nh chnh sch. Da trn kinh nghim ca C quan Pht trin Php v th im cc nghin cu nh gi tc ng, bi trnh by ny s tm hiu v cc iu kin gip cho cc thc o v cu ni thc s xy ra. Ni dung trnh by da trn mt nghin cu ang trin khai nhm nh gi tc ng ca tn dng vi m i vi ngi ngho vng nng thn Ma-rc. Nghin cu ny da trn thit k thc chng, trong cc lng c th so snh vi nhau c phn chia vo hai nhm nghin cu v nhm i chng trong khong thi gian thc hin vic m rng can thip tn dng vi m ti cc vng nng thn ho lnh. Nghin cu nhn c s h tr tch cc ca c quan iu hnh d n thng qua cam kt v mong mun to nh hng n thit k d n m bo tnh chnh xc ca cc kt qu nh gi. Nhiu hot ng thu thp d liu c tin hnh, iu tra hn 5.000 h gia nh, vi s gim st ca cc cn b nghin cu cp cao t cc trng i hc min bc, lin kt vi cc cng ty giu kinh nghim thu thp d liu tng vng. Nghin cu ny d kin s hon thnh vo cui nm 2010. Tuy nhin, nghin cu cng gp nhiu kh khn trong vic o lng nh hng ca can thip c bn. Khng ging nh chng trnh Progresa vi mc tun th nghin cu hon ho, mt hn ch ln ca nghin cu ny nm ch t l tip nhn can thip ca nhm i tng c nhn cc sn phm tn dng vi m kh thp. xem xt iu ny, mt mu ch ch c chn la t tng th cc h gia nh c xc sut k hp ng vay tn dng vi m cao nht. Bn thn yu t xc sut ny c xy dng da trn s kt hp 15 c im ca cc h gia nh v mt tp hp cc tham s c c lng t cuc iu tra th im. Nhn chung, nghin cu khng th nh gi tc ng ca chng trnh i vi ngi th hng trong cc iu kin thng thng. Ngoi ra, mc d quy m mu v vic chn mu c tin hnh cn trng v nhiu thit k khc c a ra khuyn khch nhng t l tip
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nhn chng trnh tn dng vi m vn thp hn so vi mong i, n mc m cc nh hng ti thiu th pht hin c cng tr thnh quan trng, v iu ny c th nh hng xu n kh nng ca cc nghin cu v tc ng khc trong sut thi gian nh gi. Mt vn quan trng khc lin quan n di thi gian ca quy trnh nh gi v thi gian cn thit cc tc ng xy ra trn thc t. Chng trnh Progresa t iu kin tr cp tin mt cho cc hnh vi tch cc v gio dc v y t. Do vy, tc ng lin quan n nhng hnh vi ny (th hin qua t l tr em nhp hc, hoc t l mc bnh) c nhiu kh nng tr thnh hin thc trong mt thi gian ngn, v ta c th mong i rng chng trnh s t c hiu qu gn nh y trong thi gian nh gi. Tri li, nh hng ca tn dng vi m i vi i ngho c kh nng xy ra chm hn. Mt nghin cu nh gi ko di t 2 n 3 nm kh c th nm bt phn ln tc ng ca chng trnh i vi ngi th hng. Khi , kt qu thu c l khng c ngha v c th dn n kt lun sai lm rng chng trnh hot ng khng hiu qu, trong khi s tht li l ngc li. Tm li, cc kt qu mong i t nghin cu ny s b gii hn trong vic xc nh hnh vi ca h gia nh khi c tho b mt tr ngi sn c. Nhng ng gp ny c ngha quan trng i vi tnh ton din ca cc vn pht trin, v thit k thc chng ca nghin cu l mt bc tin cn thit hng ti kh nng so snh c cc kt qu ca cc nghin cu khc nhau v gip ch cho vic tch ly kin thc. Tuy nhin, nghin cu c th khng o lng c mt cch hiu qu cc tc ng cn bn ca chng trnh i vi ngi th hng, nh nh thit k ban u. Trong trng hp ny, cc c quan thc hin chng trnh c th cm thy nn lng vi nhng kt qu nh gi v do , vic thit lp cu ni s b hn ch. Nhn chung, khng phi lc no ta cng c th lp li m hnh nh gi tc ng ca chng trnh Progresa, trong nh gi va o lng c cc kt qu tc ng ca d n, va kt ni c cc nh nghin cu vi cc nh hoch nh chnh sch. Cc nh nghin cu v nh hoch nh chnh sch thng c cch hiu rt khc nhau v iu c gi l tc ng: cc nh nghin cu quan tm n vic kim chng l thuyt, trong khi cc nh hoch nh chnh sch quan tm n vic xc nh gi tr ca cc thay i trong kt qu tc ng m chng trnh c th l nguyn nhn. S tun th khng hon ho, nh hng di hn, v cc vn khc nh tnh khng n nh ca chng trnh trong cc thi k c th lm cho nh gi lch hng khi khung thit k ging nh Progresa. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, dng nh iu quan trng l phi lm r loi kt qu m cc nh gi tc ng c th em li hoc khng th em li, v hon thin nhng nghin cu ny vi mc tiu r rng hn nhm ng gp vo s hiu bit chung, thay v thc s kim chng tnh hiu qu ca chng trnh.

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IV.

PHIN TON TH: NH GI / THCH THC

Hi ngh truyn hnh Phng vn ca Franois Bourguignon44 Hiu trng Trng Kinh t Paris Hanoi-Paris, 14 thng T 2010

Gii thiu: Ti rt vui mng gii thiu vi chng ta ngy hm nay c Gio s Francois Bourguignon. Gio s l chuyn gia ton cu trong lnh vc kinh t hc pht trin. ng l Kinh t gia Trng ca Ngn hng Th gii t nm 2003 n 2007, trong nhng nm ny ng a ra tho lun mt s vn hng u ca th gii v s pht trin, bao gm nghin cu v bt bnh ng v c bit nh gi nh hng ca cc chnh sch pht trin. C hai vn u l mi quan tm hng u trong lnh vc kinh t pht trin. Gio s Bourguignon cng c nhiu ngi bit n trong gii hc thut. ng l ngi sng lp t chc DELTA danh ting ti Paris v hin ti ng l ngi ng u Trng Kinh t Paris. ng cng l Tng Bin tp ca Thi bo Kinh t chu u v xut bn nhiu bi bo v vn kinh t v pht trin. V vy tht l vinh d cho chng ta khi c Gio s Bourguignon chia s quan im ca ng v nhng vn lin quan n khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc cho cuc hi tho quc t v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v vic lm phi chnh thc c t chc ti H ni ngy 6 v 7 thng 5 nm 2010. Tha Gio s Bourguignon, chng ti c mt vi cu hi. y l cu hi th nht. Cu hi: Tha Gio s Bourguignon, m t khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, chng ta c th ni rng trc y khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc l mt khi nim thc tin v c coi l khu vc gy phin toi, tt hu v thiu kt ni, s bin mt khi cng nghip ho v pht trin. Nhng ngy nay nhiu quan im khc chim u th. mc vi m, mt s chuyn gia cho rng lm vic khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc c th l s la chn thc s v thn trng, khng nht thit l mt s la chn p buc do thiu c hi vic lm trong khu vc chnh quy hin i. V vy ng gii thch nhng quan im khc bit ny nh th no? F. Bourguignon: Cm n rt nhiu v cu hi ca bn. Trc ht, xin ni rng ti rt vui c tham d cuc hi tho ny mc d qua cu truyn hnh. ng l ti c mt H ni th tt hn. Ti khng n Vit Nam c v ti rt xin li v lch lm vic khng cho php ti n H ni ln ny. No, hy i vo ch rt quan trng ny, ch phi chnh thc m li hin din trong kinh t hc pht trin mi mi. Chng ta phi nh rng, v c bn, phi chnh thc l i qun d b m chng ta tm thy hc thuyt Marx v cng l ngun cung lao ng v hn m ta tm thy trong m hnh rt ni ting ca Arthur Lewis. iu quan trng trong khi nim phi chnh thc ny i lin vi i ngho v chng li phi chnh thc cng l chng li i ngho. Gim phi chnh quy l gim i ngho. By gi, khi cc bn ni rng y l mt khi nim theo kinh nghim, ti thc s khng tin iu ny cho lm. Dng nh i qun d b m ti cp trc y, tt c nh ngha ca Lewis v tnh hai mt hay thuyt nh nguyn cn hn c nn tng tr tu, iu m c rt nhiu ngha v r rng tng xng vi thc ti. Nhng cc thuyt gia ny cha bao gi t hi mnh ci g s l ni dung theo kinh nghim ca vn ny. By gi chng ta c d liu v c gng m t tnh phi chnh thc v sau ti on rng trong cuc tho lun chng ta s quay tr li vn v vic lm th no nh ngha tnh phi chnh thc - nhng by gi chng ta c mt s d liu, chng ta ang thy rng mi vic khng n gin nh chng ta mong mun. Chng ta thy r rng, c bit tnh phi chnh thc dng nh khng gim mt cch c h thng cng vi s tng trng. y thc s l vn nan gii v chng ta ngh v s tng trng nh l gii php u tin hoc gii php quan trng nht thot khi i ngho v nu chng ta kt hp i ngho v tnh phi chnh thc v sau chng ta li mun thy s tng trng c h thng v gim tnh phi
Cuc phng vn c thc hin bi Martin Rama (Ngn hng Th gii ti H Ni, Jean-Pierre Cling, Mireille Razafindrakoto v Franois Roubaud (Vin Nguyn cu Pht trin, DIAL, H Ni) qua hi ngh truyn hnh. Nhng ngi phng vn mong mun cm n i ng nhn vin Ngn hng Th gii ti H Ni v ti Paris v vic t chc hi ngh truyn hnh ny. c bit cm n Nicolas Meyer (Vin Ngn hng Th gii ti Paris). 184
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chnh thc. Sau chng ta nhn thy rng y khng phi hon ton ng - mt ln na, c th chng ta s quay li vn ny vi nh ngha tnh phi chnh thc - nhng nhng g chng ta quan st hm nay l mt s thay i ph hp vi nhng nh kinh t pht trin lun ngh n, l s dch chuyn ca hot ng kinh t t khu vc nng thn ra khu vc thnh th. Chng ta c th cho rng khu vc nng thn l phi chnh thc ti nhiu nc ang pht trin, t quan im chng ta lm yu i tm quan trng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Nhng ng thi - v y l nhng g rc ri trong quan st ca chng ta ngy nay - chng ta tng tnh phi chnh thc trong khu vc thnh th hoc t nht chng ta c tng trng trong khu vc thnh th ni m chng ta thy c khu vc chnh thc v phi chnh thc cng tng trng. Cu hi trc mt chng ta thc s trong phn ny, phi chnh thc thnh th nhiu hn phi chnh thc nng thn v sau phn tch ca bn ni rng trong tnh phi chnh thc chng ta c 2 kiu hnh vi: nhng ngi m quyt nh h s khm kh hn trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc s lm bt c nhng g c th hay phi lm v sau bn c nhng ngi khng th c vic lm khu vc chnh thc v h nhn bt c vic g c sn, l vic lm trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. V nh chng ta bit, rt kh c th phn bit gia cc trng hp ny. Nhng chng ta bit vn ny l hin hu v cu hi quan trng nht, ti mun ni rng trong phn tch tnh phi chnh thc l c gng tm ra cu tr li cho cu hi . Cu hi: Ti ngh rng ng tr li c cu hi v s bin ng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, nhng ti khng bit nu ng cn mun i su hn vo vn ny v nhiu ngi ngh rng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc s dn bin mt khi t nc pht trin. Nhng y khng phi nhng g thc s din ra ti cc nc ang pht trin. Vit Nam l mt in hnh. Chng ti t k hoch vi cc ng nghip v nhng k hoch ny gi rng t trng ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ton b vic lm s tng trong mt vi nm ti, bit rng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc l khu vc to cng n vic lm ch yu ti Vit Nam nu cha tnh sn xut nng nghip. Vy ng phn tch tnh hung ny nh th no? F. Bourguignon: Vy cu hi l: S bin ng ca phi chnh thc l g? Chng ta mong i g? Chuyn g s din ra v lm th no chng ta c th gii thch nhng g chng ta quan st? Nhng g chng ta mong i mt cch l tng tt nhin l tng trng kinh t s loi b nhanh chng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. y l t nhiu nhng g chng ta quan st ngy hm nay ti cc nc pht trin. Trong lch s, chng ta c th thy khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc chu u, khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti M v khi c s tng trng kinh t cc khu vc ny dn dn bin mt. Chng ta c th ni rng n vn cn - cc nh x hi hc ni ring cho bit vn cn c khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti cc nc ny - nhng vi quy m rt nh. By gi, ti sao n khng hot ng? Ti sao trng hp ny li hnh nh ti cc nc pht trin c mt t tng trng. Ti s khng ni rng chng ta s c tng trng nhanh chng m khng l tng trng mt t- tuy nhin khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc vn tn ti d t hay nhiu? ng thi, dn s thnh th ang tng. By gi th c nhiu cch gii thch cho iu . Mt gii thch cho rng c tng trng th ng thi c s thay i v k thut. Nhp khu cng ngh nc ngoi t cc nc pht trin t ngnh cn nhiu lao ng, iu c ngha tng trng din ra trong thnh phn phi nng nghip ca nn kinh t nhng vi nhu cu vic lm ngy cng t i, iu c ngha khu vc kinh t chnh thc c nng sut tng nhng to t vic lm. Chng ta quan st iu ti nhiu nc. V d, nu chng ta nhn vo Trung Quc, chng ta thy rng sau ci t vo nhng nm 1980, s pht trin ca khu vc sn xut ca Trung Quc km theo s lng ln tng thm trong vic lm chnh thc. chng mc no , vic lm to ra bi khu vc sn xut cng nghip phc v xut khu Trung Quc gim ng k v ngy hm nay h s co gin gia vic lm v nng sut trong sn xut cng nghip l rt thp ti Trung Quc. Nhng g ng sau l s thay th nh cp trc y. Nhng tip theo l mt s cch gii thch khc. Ti nhiu nc, c th l cc nc thuc chu M La tinh, tng trng n gin l khng nhanh loi b tnhphi chnh thc. Mt ln na, nu chng ta xem xt trng hp chu u, nu nhn vo chu u sau Th Chin II th nht nh c khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trong thi gian . N gn nh bin mt sau 20 nm sau chin tranh nhng ng thi chng ta tha nhn rng t l tng trng cc k cao trong 26-30 nm lin tc. V vy iu ny gii thch cho s bin mt ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Ti nhiu nc thuc chu M La tinh, tng trng rt chm chp trong vng 20 nm trc y, v th nn tnh phi chnh thc vn cn quan trng.

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Tip theo l mt gii thch cui cng. l iu m chng ta cp trc y v vic c mt vi ngi trong x hi b thu ht bi khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v h mun trn thu, cc khon chi tr ng gp cho bo him x hi v.v. Phi chnh thc c sc ht v n l mt loi hnh khc ca t chc sn xut kinh doanh v khng phi loi hnh dnh cho tt c cc loi t thc sn xut kinh doanh. Tt nhin, nu bn c mt cng ty ln, tht kh c th tng tng rng bn s thuc khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Nhng vi mt c s sn xut nh th khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc nht nh l mt s la chn. Mt ln na, ti mt s nc, chng ta thy rng khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc l mt la chn. Ti xin kt thc bng cch ni rng ti c mt quyn sch c cp n phi chnh thc ti Vit Nam v ti thy quyn sch rt hay, n c bit tm lc rt tt v nhng thc mc c bn v chnh thc v phi chnh thc45 . Ti ngh rng cu chuyn ca Vit Nam v iu ny cng kh th v. Nhng, mt vn ln trong quyn sch kia v trong mt s ti liu khc ca chu v phi chnh thc l vic nh ngha thc hnh th no l khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Cu hi: ng cp n nh ngha lm chng ti a ra cu hi v tnh khng ng nht ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Thc t, th nht c nhng ngi tnh nguyn la chn khu vc ny v c ngi b p buc, tht kh bit c iu g khin nhng ngi khc nhau tham gia vo khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. N cng c nhng hm ca nh ngha. ng ch l, trong khi c mt s nht tr v nh ngha mang tnh cht quc t, cho bit, t l tht nghip, cho d chng ta c th tho lun ngha ca t l tht nghip l g cc nc khc nhau th chng ta phi c d liu nht qun ca cc nc khc nhau, chng ta khng c g bin h trong mi lin h vi khu vc phi chnh thc. V vy cu hi a ra l s m nht v khng ng nht ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc, lm th no chng ta c th tuyn truyn v nh ngha v nhng gi no cho chnh sch v nghin cu? F. Bourguignon: y hon ton l trng tm ca ton b cuc tranh lun. Hm trc ti ang c gng c c mt vi quan im v tnh phi chnh thc mt vi nc trn th gii, v cng vic gn y hon thnh v tnh phi chnh thc. Sau ti tm thy mt t bo v Trung Quc c cu chuyn th ny. V c bn, hu ht s to ra vic lm Trung Quc u l phi chnh thc. T l tng quan a ra tht khng l v ti khng th tin c s trng hp trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc l rt ln. Sau ti xem xt nh ngha s dng. Trong nh ngha, v c bn th cc cng ty v tp on khng thuc s hu nh nc th khng trao i mu dch cng khai. iu ny a n nh ngha ca khu vc kinh t chnh thc l v cng hn ch. By gi trng hp Trung Quc, tnh hung trc y l ch c cc cng ty thuc s hu nh nc v khng c doanh nghip no khc l chnh thc, cn li u hon ton l phi chnh thc. Tip n, ngy cng nhiu cc cng ty t nhn kt hp cht ch vi nhau, nhng khng nht thit giao dch cng khai. iu c ngha rng nh ngha v phi chnh thc y khc vi nh ngha cc quc gia khc: v d chu M La tinh nh ngha da vo quy m ca n v sn xut ni nhn cng c thu vo lm vic, vi hu ht doanh nghip t lm ch l phi chnh thc, cng nh sn xut h gia nh cng c cho l phi chnh thc. By gi vn l ngng bt u v mt quy m. l 2 hay 5 nhn vin? Chng ta lm g vi cc ca hng bn l nh b hon ton chnh thc nhng c t nhn vin? Lnh vc ny v cng kh. T quan im ti mun ni rng, c th s khng c cch tt lm nhng so snh mang tnh cht quc t. Vn thc s l nm vic phn tch s pht trin phi chnh thc trong mt quc gia lm nn khi nim hoc gi nguyn khi nim phi chnh thc. V vy mi c cc cuc iu tra v lc lng lao ng, ging nh trng hp ca Vit Nam. Nu nhng cuc iu tra ny c tin hnh u n trong mt thi gian, th tip theo l s pht trin ca khu vc chnh thc. Nhng iu thit yu l chng ta phi c cch thu thp d liu theo cch nht qun. Ti nh rng ti bt u lm vic t rt lu (25 nm trc hoc c th hn) v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Columbia v ti s dng iu tra v lc lng lao ng. Sau C quan Thng k quyt nh khng t thm cu hi cu no v quy m ca cc cng ty. V vy ti khng th tip tc hon thnh vic phn tch chui pht trin ca khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc ti Columbia. iu ny kh quan trng. By gi, c rt nhiu tranh ci v vn ny. Ti bit rng y l vi iu c ni n trong cun sch v Vit Nam. Mt vi ngi cho rng cho d c hp ng lao ng hay khng th vn l khi
45

Cling J.-P., Nguyn Th Thu Huyn, Nguyn Hu Ch, Phan Th Ngc Trm, Razafindrakoto M. v Roubaud F., 2010. Khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc Vit Nam: Kt qu iu tra ti H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh, Nh Xut bn Th gii, H Ni (bn ting Vit cng c xut bn). 186

nim phi chnh thc. D c ng bo him x hi vn l mt phn trong . Tt c u ng bn ci. Ti n gin mun kt lun iu ny bng vic cp mt khi nim m chng ti lm vic vi anh Martin v ng nghip ca ti khi ti ang lm vic ti Ngn hng Th gii Stefano Scarpetta, v by gi l OECD ti Paris. Chng ti vit mt bi bo c tn "Nhng vic lm tt, Nhng vic lm ti" ni - ti mun nhc n mt cu chuyn c v ILO - nhng ni m chng ti ngh rng quan nim ng n v th v xem xt v mt thu nhp gn lin vi cng vic v c cho l vic lm tt l vic m thu nhp cho php bn thot khi i ngho nu bn sng trong mt h gia nh in hnh; v mt vic lm ti cng l mt vic lm m thu nhp t n khng cho php bn lm iu . Chng ti ngh rng l cch th v xem xt tnh chnh thc hay phi chnh thc bi v bn c vic lm ti trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc v vic lm tt trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc v s tng quan kh mnh gia chnh thc phi chnh thc v vic lm tt-vic lm ti. y l quan nim bn c th s dng trong mt thi gian di d dng hn v nu bn mun i vo so snh mang tnh cht quc t th iu cng c th. Cu hi: Xin cm n. Ti mun c mt nh: ng c ni rng 25 trc y ng lm vic ti Columbia v khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc trn thc t c t hn 30 nm trc. l mt thi gian di v ng nhn thy s pht trin trong lnh vc ny, t c pha nghin cu ln chnh sch. Chng ta bn ti cc yu t kinh t, hnh vi vi m v v m; chng ta cng ni n cc khi nim. By gi chng ta ni n chnh sch v cho d chng ta khng bit chnh xc khu vc kinh t chnh thc l g - c vi tranh lun v khi nim - Ti ngh c t nht mt im r rng l vic lm trong khu vc ny l nhng vic lm bp bnh. Chng ta ni n vn bo v v bo h x hi cho ngi lao ng trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Ti Vit Nam ni ring, v c nhiu nc trong khu vc bt tay vo chng trnh bo h quy m ton cu. Cu hi y c l l chng ta bit lm th no bo v nhng nhn cng khi h l ngi lao ng hng lng, nhng lm th no vi nhng ngi t lm ch trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc? Cu hi ca ti lin quan n vn ny. Vit Nam s bo him bt buc cho nhng ngi lao ng hng lng v l bo him t nguyn i vi nhng ngi t lm ch, nhng iu ny vn hnh cha tt trong thi gian u. V vy ng c li khuyn no, tng no v vn ny, v ng c th cho mt vi v d ca mt s nc thnh cng trong lnh vc ny? F. Bourguignon: Vng, cm n rt nhiu v cu hi lin quan n chnh sch, y thc s l cu hi quan trng. C th lm mt s vic cho tnh phi chnh thc v c th ngh ra cc chnh sch nhm gim tnh bp bnh ca cc vic lm? Ti ngh y l mt loi cu hi c mu thun v nu bn ngh v chnh sch gii quyt vn phi chnh thc, ng thi bn c th tng phi chnh thc: bi v i vi nhiu ngi phi chnh thc l mt kiu phn ng t nhin p t mt s quy nh trong th trng lao ng, trong mi quan h gia ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ngthm ch c trng hp ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng u l mt - v v th bt c thay i no trong mi trng chnh sch s c nh hng n chnh thc v phi chnh thc. Ti phi ni rng ti khng bit ch xc cch m trong vn ny c a ra i vi trng hp ca Vit nam v cc nc chu . Ti bit r hn mt cht v trng hp ca cc nc thuc chu M La tinh, c th l trng hp ca M hi c ni m vn ny thc s vi ln tr thnh trng tm ca cc cuc tranh ci cng khai. Cuc tranh ci v ci g gii thch ti sao. ti l: iu g khin mt ai thch phi chnh thc hn l chnh thc v cu tr li l bi v ngi lao ng phi chnh thc khng tr mt s chi ph ph tri trong nh trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc v v l ngi ta thch khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc hn. Nhng chi ph l g? l, ng gp cho bo him x hi ni chung, hay nh bo him y t ni ring. V vy bn khng th ni rng y l chi ph n thun. Khi mt ngi lao ng hoc ngi s dng lao ng chi tr d nhiu hay t th cng ging nhau khi khng c qui nh v lng ti thiu. Khi mt ngi lao ng trong khu vc kinh t chnh thc chi tr khon ng gp cho bo him y t th h c quyn li tng ng vi s ng gp . V vy bn c th cho rng h thng bo him y t hon ton trung lp vi quan im ca chuyn vin thng k bo him - nu mi ngi chi tr chnh xc nhng g mi ngi mong i t h thng dch v y t - th khng c vn g. y hon ton l vn hnh trung lp. Ai ng bo him s nhn c dch v y t khi b m. Lin quan n iu ny c hai vn . Vn th nht c th l trng hp s tin tr qu cao v trong trng hp ny chi ph rt cao so vi quyn li c hng v v vy tt nht bn nn trong khu vc kinh t phi chnh thc. Hoc c trng hp chi ph thp hn nhiu so vi quyn li c hng, trong trng hp ny nhiu ngi s thu ht bi vic lm chnh thc nhng v chi ph b ra cho lao ng ca ngi s dng lao
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ng cao nn nhiu ngi s khng c nhn vo khu vc kinh t chnh thc ny. V vy, cho d tnh hung g, bt k th loi khng cn xng no gia chi ph v quyn li ca bo him-trng hp bo him y t n gin hn - ang sn sinh ra phi chnh thc cho d phi chnh thc t nguyn hay phi chnh thc bt buc. V vy nu bn ngh, din t nhng thut ng ny, gii php s l g? Gii php c th l a ra bo him cho tt c mi ngi, bo him y t cho ton dn. ni rng t y tt c mi ngi c th tip cn vi dch v y t. y l hot ng c ti tr bi khu vc cng nh nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Hy xem trng hp ca nc Anh qua nhiu thp k. Qu ny c xy dng t tin thu ca nh nc. Vn ny tr nn ph bin bi v mt ngun lc ca phi chnh thc hoc ngun lc phn bit ca th trng lao ng vo chnh thc phi chnh thc ang bin mt. By gi nu trong khu vc chnh thc, ngi s dng lao ng u i ngi lao ng hn na, h lun c th mua bo him ph thm s chi tr hoc trang tri ri ro cho cc khon khng c chi tr bi h thng bo him x hi. V vy, ni cch khc nu chng ta tin tng v mt vi quc gia -ti khng ni trng hp ny ng cho tt c cc quc gia - nhng mt s quc gia vn ca tt c cc phc li phi tin t i lin vi vic lm chnh thc v y l nguyn nhn ca s phn bit chnh thc - phi chnh thc. Nu chng ta tin rng y l nguyn nhn chnh th c l gii php l c gng ph cp cng nhanh cng tt mt s dch v c bn, nu cc bn lm c th khi nim v phi chnh thc chng mc no c th d dng bin mt. Sau cc bn quay tr li vi chnh thc l kiu hp ng lao ng, nhng quy nh g khi ngi lao ng b thi vic, ch n b nh th no v.v. Phi chnh thc c th mt mc no s l thc o mi quan h gia ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng. Nhng dng nh theo ti thy t nht mt s nc nguyn nhn quan trng s c loi b. Nhng ti hon ton tin rng y l trng hp mt quc gia c th v ti khng ngh y l mt cng thc chung cho tt c. Nhng iu c ngha rng t nht vn ny c xem xt cho chnh sch c th gii quyt c vn phi chnh thc. Gio s Bourguignon, xin cm n ng v s chia s kinh nghim vi chng ti ngy hm nay F. Bourguignon: Vng, cm n tt c cc bn v ti thc s rt vui khi ni chuyn vi cc bn. Ln na ti rt xin li v khng c mt ti H Ni c. Chc cc bn thnh cng v hi ngh s thnh cng. Xin cho tt c cc bn.

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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (Speakers, co-authors and chairmen) DANH SCH THNH VIN (Bo co vin; ng tc gi; ch to)

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A Manoj Kumar AGARWAL University of Lucknow Lucknow INDIA Ren AMOUGOU Institut National de la Statistique Yaound CAMEROON B Marc BACCHETTA World Trade Organization Geneva SWITZERLAND Badama BADAMTSETSEG National Statistical Office Oulan Bataar MONGOLIA Indrajit BAIRAGYA Institute for Social and Economic Change Bangalore INDIA Martin BALEPA AFRISTAT Bamako MALI Mekki BENNANI Direction de la Statistique Rabat MOROCCO Melika BEN SALEM Centre dEtudes de lEmploi Noisy le Grand FRANCE Isabelle BENSIDOUN Centre dEtudes de lEmploi Noisy le Grand FRANCE Azita BERAR AWAD International Labour Organization Geneva SWITZERLAND

Tanguy BERNARD Agence Franaise de Dveloppement Paris FRANCE Franois BOURGUIGNON Ecole dEconomie de Paris Paris FRANCE C Paulette CASTEL Hanoi VIETNAM Jacques CHARMES Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement Marseille FRANCE Jean-Pierre CLING Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, DIAL Hanoi VIETNAM D NG Nguyn Anh Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences Hanoi VIETNAM Ram Chandra DHAKAL University of Lucknow Lucknow INDIA Hoi Nam Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences Hanoi VIETNAM Trng Khanh General Statistics Office Hanoi VIETNAM Anaclet Dsir DZOSSA Institut National de la Statistique Yaound CAMEROON

F Sylvie FANCHETTE Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement Hanoi VIETNAM Adam FFORDE Centre for Strategic Economic Studies Victoria University Melbourne AUSTRALIA Joseph FOUOKING Institut National de la Statistique Yaound CAMEROON

Isabelle GUERIN Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement Paris FRANCE

H James HEINTZ University of Massachusetts Boston UNITED STATES John HENDRA United Nations Hanoi VIETNAM Javier HERRERA Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, DIAL Paris FRANCE Nancy HIDALGO Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica Lima PERU Ralf HUSSMANNS International Labour Organization Geneva SWITZERLAND HUNH Trng Huy Leibniz University Hanover GERMANY J Johannes JUTTING Organisation de Coopration et de Dveloppement Economiques Paris FRANCE

G GIN Thnh Cng Institute for Labour Science and Social Affairs Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs Hanoi VIETNAM Michael GRIMM International Institute of Social Studies Erasmus University Rotterdam The Hague THE NETHERLANDS Fernando GROISMAN Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires ARGENTINA Flore GUBERT Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, DIAL Paris FRANCE Patrick GUBRY Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement Paris FRANCE Margarita GUERRERO United Nations Economic and Commission for Asia & Pacific Bangkok THAILAND Social

K Christophe KANA KENFACK Institut National de la Statistique Yaound CAMEROON

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Yattou Ait KHELLOU Direction de la Statistique Rabat MOROCCO Ousmane KORIKO AFRISTAT Bamako MALI Jens KRUGER University of Gottingen Gottingen GERMANY Mathias KUEPIE Centre dEtudes de Populations, de Pauvret et de Politiques Socio-Economiques, DIAL Paris

L Th Loan General Statistics Office HCMC VIETNAM L Vn Dy Institute of Statistical Science General Statistics Office Hanoi VIETNAM Maria G. LUNA Instituto National de Estadistica e Informatica Aguasclientes MEXICO M Dalisay S. MALIGALIG Asian Development Bank Manila PHILIPPINES Refugio MARTINEZ Instituto National de Estadistica e Informatica Aguasclientes MEXICO Kirsty MASON Department for International Development Hanoi VIETNAM Benoit MASSUYEAU Agence Franaise de Dveloppement Hanoi VIETNAM Roxana MAURIZIO Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento Los Polvorines ARGENTINA

L Juan Ramon de LAIGLESIA Organisation de Coopration et de Dveloppement Economiques Paris FRANCE Michel LAURENT Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement Marseille FRANCE Emmanuelle LAVALLEE Universit Paris Dauphine, DIAL Paris FRANCE Jann LAY German Institute of Global and Areas Studies University of Gottingen Hamburg GERMANY Blaise LEENHARDT Paris FRANCE L Th Hng Ho Chi Minh City Institute for Development Studies HCMC VIETNAM

N Rodrigo NEGRETE Instituto National de Estadistica e Informatica Aguasclientes MEXICO

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Stphane NEPETSOUN Institut National de la Statistique Yaound CAMEROON NGO Thi Phuong Thao National Economics University Hanoi VIETNAM Pierre NGUETSE TEGOUM Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Development Yaound CAMEROON NGUYN Bch Lm General Statistics Office Hanoi VIETNAM NGUYN Bi Linh United Nations Development Programme Hanoi VIETNAM NGUYN Hu Ch National Economics University Hanoi VIETNAM NGUYN Thanh Ha Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs Hanoi VIETNAM NGUYN Thng Centre for Analysis and Forecasting Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences Hanoi VIETNAM NGUYN Thi Lan Hng Institute for Labour Science and Social Affairs Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs Hanoi VIETNAM NGUYN Th Thu Huyn Institute of Statistical Science General Statistics Office Hanoi VIETNAM
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NGUYN Th Thing Institute of Population and Social Studies National Economics University VIETNAM NGUYN Th Xun Mai National Economics University Hanoi VIETNAM NGUYN Vn on Institute of Statistical Science General Statistics Office Hanoi VIETNAM NGUYEN Van Huan Vietnam Institute of Economics Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences Hanoi VIETNAM NGUYEN Xuan Hoan Center for Agrarian Systems Research and Development Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences Hanoi VIETNAM NGUYEN Xuan Thang Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences Hanoi VIETNAM Christophe NORDMAN Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, DIAL Paris FRANCE O Emma C. ONYENECHERE Imo State University Owerri NIGERIA Xavier OUDIN Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, DIAL Paris FRANCE

P Laure PASQUIER-DOUMER Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, DIAL Paris FRANCE PHM Thy Hng National Economics University Hanoi VIETNAM PHAN Th Ngc Trm Institute of Statistical Science General Statistics Office Hanoi VIETNAM PHNG c Tng Leibniz University Hanover GERMANY R Faly RAKOTOMANANA Institut National de la Statistique Antananarivo MADAGASCAR Martin RAMA World Bank Hanoi VIETNAM Eric RAMILISON AFRISTAT Bamako MALI Mireille RAZAFINDRAKOTO Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, DIAL Hanoi VIETNAM Jose Luis ROBLES FRANCO Instituto National de Estadistica e Informatica Lima PERU

Marc ROESCH Centre de coopration internationale en recherche agronomique pour le dveloppement Paris FRANCE Franois ROUBAUD Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement, DIAL Hanoi VIETNAM S Michel SERUZIER Paris FRANCE Peter SHEEHAN Centre for Strategic Economic Studies Victoria University Melbourne AUSTRALIA Joseph SHE ETOUNDI Institut National de la Statistique Yaound CAMEROON Jean-Marc SIROEN Universit Paris Dauphine, DIAL Paris FRANCE Alvaro SUAREZ Universidad de los Andes Bogota COLOMBIA T Joseph TEDOU Institut National de la Statistique Yaound CAMEROON Constance TORELLI Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, DIAL Paris FRANCE Nina TORM University of Copenhagen Copenhagen DENMARK

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TRN Th Bch National Economics University Hanoi VIETNAM

V Quc Huy Faculty of Development Economics Vietnam National University Hanoi VIETNAM W Jean-Michel WACHSBERGER Universit Lille III, DIAL Paris FRANCE Hermann WAIBEL Leibniz University Hanover GERMANY Alex WARREN-RODRIGUEZ United Nations Development Programme Hanoi VIETNAM Chandani WEERAKOONE National Statistical Office Colombo SRI LANKA

V Joann VANEK Women in Informal Employment Globalizing and Organizing New York UNITED STATES Georges VENKATASUBRAMANIAN Institut Franais de Pondichery Pondichery INDIA Francisco VERDERA Universidad Catolica Lima PERU Rie VEJS LJELDGAARD International Labour Organization Hanoi VIETNAM

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General Information / Thng tin chung

Help and emergencies, please contact the following persons: 1. Ms. Bui Thu Trang (French, Vietnamese) Phone number: 0904181747 2. Stphane Lagre (French, English, Vietnamese) Phone number: 0903233901 3. Jean-Pierre Cling (French, English, Spanish) Phone number: 0904005413 4. Mireille Razafindrakoto (French, English, Malagasy) Phone number: 0912639941 5. Franois Roubaud (French, English, Spanish) Phone number: 0906078236

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