ROOFS

INTRODUCTION Roof may be defined as the uppermost part of the building, provided as a structural covering, to protect the building from weather (rain, sun, wind etc.)

Roof consists of structural elements which support roof coverings. The structural element may be trusses, portals, beams, slabs, shells or domes.
Roof coverings may be A.C. sheets, G.I. sheets, wooden shingles, tiles, slates or slabs

REQUIREMENTS OF A ROOF
It should have adequate strength and stability to carry super imposed dead and loads It should effectively protect the building against rain, sun, wind etc. and it should be durable against the adverse effects of these agencies It should be water proof and should have efficient drainage arrangements

It should provide adequate thermal and sound insulation and be fire resistant

TYPES OF ROOFS
Roofs may be devided into three categories: 1. pitched or sloping roofs 2. flat roofs or terraced roofs

3. curved roofs Selection of type of roof depends upon the: - shape or plan of building - climatic conditions of area - type of construction materials available

TYPES OF ROOFS
PITCHED ROOFS - have sloping top surface - suitable in those areas where rainfall/snowfall is very heavy - buildings with limited width and simple shape can generally be covered satisfactorily by pintched roofs

TYPES OF ROOFS
FLAT ROOFS - are considered suitable for buildings in plains or in hot regions, where rainfall is moderate and wher snowfall is not there - flat roofs are equally applicable to buildings of any shape and size

TYPES OF ROOFS
CURVED ROOFS - have their top surface curved, roof include cylindrical and parabolic shells, shell domes etc. - such roofs are provided to give architectual effects - are suitable for public buildings like libraries, theatres, recreaction centres etc.

TRUSSED ROOFS
Roof consist of three elements: - rafters to support the roofing material (tiles etc.) - purlins to provide intermediate support to rafters - trusses to provide support to the ends of purlins Types of trusses: king-post trust queen-post truss combination of king-post and queen-post truss mansard truss truncated truss bel-fast truss steel trusses composite trusses

wooden trusses

KING-POST TRUSS

KING-POST TRUSS
the spacing of the king post truss is limited to 3 m centre to centre the truss is suitable for spams from 5 to 8 meters tie beam receives the ends of the principal rafters and prevents the wall from spreading out the thrust the king-post prevents the tie-beam from sagging at ist centre of span the struts connected to the tie beams and the principal rafters prevent the sagging of principal rafters

QUEEN-POST TRUSS

QUEEN-POST TRUSS
this truss is suitable for spans between 8 to 12 m two struts are provided to join the feet of each queen-post to the principal rafter the queen-posts are the tension members the straining beams recieves the thrust from the principal rafters and keeps the junction in stable position a straining sill is introduced on the queen-post to counteract the thrust from inclined struts which are in compression

COMBINATION OF KING-POST AND QUEEN-POST TRUSSES

suitable upto 18 m span

STEEL ROOF TRUSSES

When span exceeds more than 10 m, timber trusses become heavy and more uneconomical Steel trusses are used these days for all spans small or large since they are: o more economical o easy to construct or fabricate o fire proof o more rigid o permanent Steel trusses are fabricated from rolled steel structural members like channels, angels, T-sections, plates. In India, where timber has become very costly (except in hilly regions), steel trusses have superseded timber trusses.

STEEL ROOF TRUSSES

STEEL ROOF TRUSSES

members are jointed together using a gusset plate either through rivets or by welding

STEEL ROOF TRUSSES

Steel roof truss have the following advantages over timber trusses: the sections comprising of a steel truss are readily available in the required dimensions, resulting in minimum wastage of material steel trusses are light in weight and can be fabricated in any shape depending upon structural and architectural requirements steel trusses are stronger and more rigid in comparison to timber trusses. The members are equally strong in tension as well as compression steel trusses can be used over any span, while timber trusses are suitable only up to 15 m span steel trusses are fire-proof steel trusses are termite proof steel trusses are most resistant to other environmental agencies and have longer life the fabrication of steel trusses is easier and quicker, since the sections can be machined and shaped in the workshop and then transported to the construction site for erection