FUNDAMENTALS AND TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR THE ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIQUID WASTES

E. Ravindranath
Department of Environmental Technology, Central Leather Research Institute Chennai 600 020

Man

Health effects (Dependent on total intake of a pollutant from all sources) Air intake

Agricultural, mining, industrial, urban, urban and other activities Economic effects 1 Loss of fish life 2 Reduced agriculture output 3 Loss of recreation and touristic potential 4 Loss of navigational use 5 Fall in land value 6 Eutrophication and eventual loss of water resource 7 Increased water treatment costs Solid wastes

Gaseous wastes Liquid wastes Direct water intake

Decay y with time

No decay y with time

Resultant water quality

EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER

ENERGY FOOD biogas LIQUID WASTES Industrial, domestic SLURRIES sewage slurries liquid manure liq id man re SOLID WASTES manure (solid) refuse TYPES OF BIOMASS energy crops ANAEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT ANAEROBIC DIGESTION liquid effluents fish fi h ponds d

POST TREATMENT METHODS

water for reuse

water for discharge recovery of elemental S

STABILIZED SLUDGE

irrigation, fertilization

recovery of fertilizers NH4+ salts PO43- salts

FOOD

soil conditioning

FOOD FOOD RAW MATERIAL

LIQUID AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

AEROBIC PROCESS

H2 O

UNIT OPERATIONS a) b) c) Physical unit operations Chemical unit operations Biological unit operations

Typical Flow Diagram of Treatment Plant

Biological processes for wastewater treatment

Type Aerobic processes Suspended growth p g Common Name

Activated-sludge process g p Aerated lagoons Aerobic digestion Trickling filter Rotating biological contractors Packed-bed reactors

Attached growth

Anaerobic processes Suspended growth p g Attached growth Sludge blanket Hybrid Anaerobic contact processes p Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic packed and fluidized bed Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket

Biological treatment systems adopted for treating wastewater

ANAEROBIC
Septic tank S ti t k Anaerobic lagoon Imhoff tank Anaerobic filter UASB

AEROBIC
Activated sludge process Oxidation ditch Oxidation pond Aerobic lagoon

AEROBIC REACTOR
Energy Escapes

100 kg COD

100 kwh Power required

10-20 kg COD

20-40 kg 20 40 k Sludge

ANAEROBIC REACTOR
185 kwh Energy recovered 100 kg COD

20-30 kg COD 5-10 kg Sludge

ADVANTAGES OF ANAEROBIC REACTORS

Low energy cost L t Less bio-mass generation Less solid waste to dispose Stable digested sludge is produced Less N&P requirement Less space required L i d Off-gas air pollution eliminated

DISADVANTAGES OF ANAEROBIC LAGOON LAND AREA REQUIRED IS HIGH DEGRADATION IS SLOW PERIODICAL CLEANING REQUIRED LESS EFFICIENT

ANAEROBIC LAGOON

Complex organic material

Hydrolysis Fermentation Acidogenesis Fatty acids (C>2) Acetogenesis

H2+ CO2

Acetate

Methanogenesis Sulfate reduction

Methanogenesis

CH4+CO2

Sulfate reduction

H2S+CO2

Flow Chart: Anaerobic Digestion of Sulfate Rich Waste

HYDROLYSIS
In the hydrolysis step large organic molecules such as g proteins, poly-saccharides and fats are degraded into small g and soluble components ( g (sugars, amino-acids, fatty , , y acids) by enzymes excreted by e e tat e bacte a fermentative bacteria.

ACIDOGENESIS
In the Acidification step soluble compounds are converted into a number of simple low-molecular simple, compounds: volatile fatty acids such as acetic acid propionic acid acid, acid, butyric acid, etc., alcohols, aldehydes, mercaptanes, aldehydes mercaptanes CO2, H2, NH3. New biomass is also formed.

ACETOGENESIS
Products of the acidification step can be converted into acetate, H2 and CO2 by acetogenic bacteria. New biomass is formed as well The organic loading well. rates applied in the treatment of domestic wastewater are so low that the concentrations of the products of acidogenesis and acetogenesis are only g g y present in very low concentrations.

METHANOGENESIS
In the final phase of anaerobic decomposition, the products of the first three phases: acetic acid H2 acid, and CO2, formic acid and methanol are converted into methane and CO2 as well as new biomass. In this phase the actual COD removal COD-removal takes place.

ATTACHED GROWTH ANAEROBIC REACTOR Upflow contact filter Downflow contact filter Fluidized Bed Reactor

SUSPENDED GROWTH REACTOR

Anaerobic Lagoon Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ( (UASB) )

DEVELOPMENT OF ANAERPIC REACTORS 1. Septic Tank 2. Imhoff Tank 3. Single stage anaerobic reactors 4. 4 Anaerobic Filter (AF) 5. Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor 6. Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

C O V E R

S L A B

W IT H

M A N H O L E

O U T L E T C H A M B E R

IN L E T C H A M B E R O U T L E T P IP E

IN L E T P IP E

F IG

S E P T IC

T A N K

O U T L E T P IP E IN L E T P IP E

F IG

IM H O F F T A N K

F IG

A N A E R O B IC

F IL T E R S

B IO F IL M / M E D IA S E P A R A T O R

B IO P A R T IC L E

F IG

A N A E R O B IC

F L U ID IZ E D

B E D

R E A C T O R

F IG

5 U P F L O W A N A E R O B IC S L U D G E B L A N K E T

F IG

6 G LS SEPAR ATO R

UASB

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR UASB REACTOR

LD in UASB Reactor Hydraulic retention Time Sludge Production Organic loading rate O i l di t Biogas yield 5 5.5 m 6 - 10 hrs COD x 0.75x 0.08 1.5-2 K / /day 1 5 2 Kg/m3/d 0.20 0.25 m3/kg of COD removed 0.45m

Hood width

TYPICAL DESIGN OF UASB REACTOR

Flow BOD Conc. COD Conc. COD L d Load 10MLD 350 mg/L 700 mg/L 7000 kg/day k /d

REACTOR VOLUME BASED ON ORGANIC LOADING RATE

Vol. of Reactor : COD load/day -----------------------------------COD load per m3 of reactor 7000 ------- = 1.5

4666 m3

REACTOR VOLUME BASED ON HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME

Vol. of Reactor : Flow Fl x HRT 10 x 10 x 103 ---------------24 4166 m3

FLOOR AREA OF THE UASB REACTOR

Area of the reactor: Volume ---------Height = 933 m2

LENGTH AND BREADTH OF THE REACTOR

Area of the reactor: Area ---------Width Length = 58 m 933 -----16

NUMBER OF REACTORS
Assuming 1:2 ratio Divide the length of the
Reactor into two R t i t t

Fix the length of the reactor as 32 m The length of the reactor may be in the multiples of four Size of each reactor: 3

Design of GLS separator

Assume 4 m centre to centre gas dome Assume 18% aperture length Width of the Gas collector: 4 x 0.82 = 3.28 m Angle of Gas dome: 450

Design of GLS separator

Overlap Width of Gas Dome: Length of projection: 0.15 mm 0.45 m 1.41 m

FEED INLET ARRANGEMENTS

FEED INLET PIPES IN UASB

FEED INLET POINT & DEFLECTOR BEAM

C C

SLUDGE WITHDRAWAL PIPES

IF WATER RECOVERY S IS NOT CONSIDERED

IF WATER RECOVERY IS CONSIDERED

1. CONVENTIONAL LAGOON SYSTEM

DISPOSED

2. FULLY AEROBIC SYSTEM

PST : PRIMARY SETTLING TANK SST : SECONDARY SETTLING TANK UASB : UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET SDWS : SLUDGE DEWATERING SYSTEM SEP : SOLAR EVAPORATION PANS

3. COMBINED TREATMENT WITH UASB (PROPOSED FOR CETP

AT PERUNDURAI)

(FOR WATER

RECOVERY)

TANNERY EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEMS

FLOW DIAGRAM OF PILOT SCALE SULFUR RECOVERY UNIT CLRI, CHENNAI, INDIA

SULPHUR RECOVERY UNIT

LIMITATIONS OF UASB Post Aerobic Treatment is required (one day polishing pond for sewage). To meet coliform level in the treated effluent maturation pond or chemical treatment is required.

THANK YOU