nlp

A. the noun and adjective

-There is one grammatical gender – animate.

-There are two numbers - singular and plural. Plural is indicated by the
suffix –in at the end of the word.
-There are also 13 cases, each indicated by a suffix:
nominative (subject): -at
accusative (direct object): -yun
genitive (possession - of): -de
dative (indirect object): -zhi
[ergative (subject of an intransitive verb): -ara]
vocative (address): -ot
locative (place - at): -chi
ablative (source - from): -ghnu
allative (direction - to, towards): -blat
instrumental (with): -myi
-the locative case has the following sub-cases:
at (general locative): -chi
on: -chi-ob
under: -chi-nde
in, into: -chi-zhuk
near: -chi-qash
far: -chi-tukh
-the cases are the same both for nouns and adjectives
-in order to design the comparative and superlative the prefixes bis-…bis-
and qyu- are added, respectively.
-‘like’, ‘as’ are expressed with –zot. This is also used with the creation of
adverbs, but there the instrumental case is used.
-in order to say “a(n)” +noun the prefix dan’- is added.
-in order to say “the” +noun the nominative case is used.
-there can be a mixture of cases for the object, with the suffix of another
case being followed by the accusative or dative suffix.
-the accusative or nominative case suffix generally precedes the genitive
or dative suffixes, although the opposite is also possible.
-the plural suffix “in” comes after the case suffix.
-when the locative case suffix is present, no accusative suffix is needed.
-the subject also takes an ergative when the sentence’s object is another
sentence.

B. the verb
There are three tenses, present, future and past. There are four persons,
including the formal type, and three numbers, singular, dual and plural.
The dual is used to express:
“I and you”
“I and he/she/it”
“you and he/she/it”
“we two”
“you two”
“they two”
The formal person cannot be expressed with the dual number system.
There are three moods, indicative, optative and imperative. The verb’s
root is equivalent to the infinitive.
All verbs are regular and inclined in the same way, by adding suffixes for
person and number and prefixes for tense and mood. Both active and pas-
sive voices have the same endings, the characterization of a sentence as
passive or active though is a matter of subject and object suffixes (nomi-
native/ergative and accusative case). Below is an example of the verb
“doz” which means “to be”.

present tense
singural
1st doz-muk
2nd doz-zi
3rd doz-sha
4th doz-emit
plural
1st doz-muk-in
2nd doz-zi-in
3rd doz-sha-in
4th doz-emit-in
dual
1st & 2nd doz-muk-zi
1st & 3rd doz-muk-sha
2nd & 3rd doz-zi-sha
1st & 1st doz-muk-muk
2nd & 2nd doz-zi-zi
3rd & 3rd doz-sha-sha

past tense
ey-doz-muk
…
future tense
to-doz-muk
…
In the future tense there occurs duplication of the first syllable of the
verb; if it starts in t, d the duplicated form will be t+vowel+root+suffix.
If it has k, g, gh, y, kh, ch, q, b it will be q+vowel+root+suffix.
If it has m, n, s, sh, z, zh, l, r it will be cons+vowel+root+suffix.
If the verb starts with two or more consonants, the form will be 1st
cons+u+root+suffix.
If the verb starts with a vowel, the prefix will be üy- when followed by ü,
ö, ï, u, o and ïw- when followed by i, e, a or ë (ə).

Imperative
‘Kho+doz+suffix + other verb’s root’
e.g. ‘kho-doz-zi!’ (be you!)
Additional tenses are formed by the inclined form of “doz” plus the other
verb’s root.
Possibility is formed by the optative mood.
Optative
‘ödu(n)+prefix+doz+suffix + other verb’s root’

Possesion is expressed by ‘haz(verb)+personal suffix + noun(subject)

+genitive’+noun(object)+accussative.
Negation is expressed by ‘ab’ separate and before the verb.
Verbs which take an ergative: those which do not have a direct object in
the given sentence. The verb ‘to be’ always takes an ergative.

C. syntax
the language’s basic word order is V-S-O (verb-subject-object).
Any other prepositions or conjunctions that might be used are placed as a
suffix on the sentence‘s first fully stressed word. They can also be added
to the particle “n(u)”, meaning “and”, placed first in the sentence.
The suffix “rwi” means that the particular word is the one described in
the following noematic sequence as the suffix “lho”.
Nouns usually precede the adjectives that describe them.

D. vocabulary
The language is mainly synthetic. That means, that a new word can be
created through the merge of two or more other words, that can result in
the creation of extremely large words.
Adverbs are created through the noun’s instrumental case plus ‘-zot’.
Adjectives are created through the noun’s accusative case +the subject’s
pronoun. E.g. ‘you are angry’ becomes ‘doz-zi dzemd-yun-zi’.
The language is phonetic, which means that all letters are pronounced as
written. The alphabet is as follows:
Aa Ee Ëë (Əə) Ii Ïï Oo Öö Uu Üü Jj
Bb Ww Kk Qq Ğğ(gh) Ķķ(kh) Ħħ(ch) Hh Yy Dd Tt Mm Nn Rr
Ll Ss Zz Cc(ts) Žž(zh) Šš(sh) Ĉĉ(dz)

Ķuwall – Englih Vocabulary

E. examples

‘It was an angel-like creature.’

Ey-doz-ša-ara dan’anķol-zot bimyë-yun.
(Did-be-it-ergative an-angel-like creature-accusative.)

‘He and I created it.’

Ey-bimj-muk-ša-at ša-yun.
(Did-create-I-[and]-he/she-nominative it-accusative.)

‘I wish I’ll go to Canada!’

Ödun-to-doz-muk-ħet-ara Qanada-blat!
(Wish-will-be-I-go-ergative Canada-allative)

Eydozšaara dan’anķolzot bimyëyun. Eybimjmukšaat šayun. Öduntodoz-

mukħetara Qanadablat!

F. other issues

Hyphenation: particles can be separated by hyphenation, either when

changing a line, or to make the sentence’s meaning clear.
Stress: the first syllable carries the main stress. The secondary stress falls
on the third syllable if it exists, and so on. When the particles are separat-
ed by hyphenation each carries an independent stress of its own.