5.5 5.

6 6

Transfer Stces ............................................................................................................ ur rut Precast elements ...............................................................................................................

......... 38 ......... 39 40

Ultimate limit states 6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.8 7

Members in flexe ............................................................................................................. ru ........ 40 6.1.1 General ........................................................................................................................ ... 40 6.1.2 Beams .......................................................................................................................... .. 40 6.1.3 Solid sabs spued by beams ro als ....................................................................... 47 l tro w 6.1.4 Ribbed slabs ................................................................................................................... 55 6.1.5 Flat slabs ..................................................................................................................... ... 58 Members axially aded ith ol w ro ihotu flexrue .......................................................................... 71 wt 6.2.1 Comulns ........................................................................................................................ . 71 6.2.2 Walsl .......................................................................................................................... ..... 79 Torsin and combined effects................................................................................................... o .. 83 6.3.1 General ........................................................................................................................ ... 83 6.3.2 Calcuatin f srot l o o ional igidity........................................................................................ 84 r 6.3.3 Torsinal shear srtes .................................................................................................... 84 o 6.3.4 Limit ot shear srtes ....................................................................................................... 85 6.3.5 Reinfocement for srotin ............................................................................................... 85 r o 6.3.6 Area f srotinal einfocement ...................................................................................... 85 o o r r 6.3.7 Spacing and pte f links ............................................................................................... 86 y o 6.3.8 Arrangement f olngitd o u inal reinfo rcement .................................................................... 86 6.3.9 Arrangement f links in o T, L ro I sections ....................................................................... 86 Design for rbsuness against o t disrpoinate to coaspe ........................................................... 86 l 6.4.1 Design f Ties................................................................................................................. o 86 6.4.2 Bridging el ements ........................................................................................................... 88 Corbels and nibs ............................................................................................................... .......... 88 6.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................ ... 88 6.5.2 Design ......................................................................................................................... ... 88 6.5.3 Continusuo concree nibs ............................................................................................... 89 t Staircases ..................................................................................................................... .............. 89 6.6.1 Loading........................................................................................................................ ... 89 6.6.2 Design f saircases ....................................................................................................... 90 o t Fondatins .................................................................................................................... u o ............ 90 6.7.1 Assmuins in the design f tp o o ad foings and pilecaps ............................................... 90 p to 6.7.2 Design f ad fotoings .................................................................................................... 90 o p 6.7.3 Design f iecaps .......................................................................................................... 91 o pl Beam coul mn ...... 92 6.8.1 General rpincipes l and reqirements ............................................................................. 92 u 95

Serviceability limit states 7.1

7.2

7.3

General ........................................................................................................................ ............... 95 7.1.1 Intrdctin ................................................................................................................... o u o .. 95 7.1.2 Assmuins ................................................................................................................... 9 tp o 5 7.1.3 Loads .......................................................................................................................... .... 95 7.1.4 Analsyis f sce for se o urt rut iceability im vr l it saes .......................................................... 96 t t 7.1.5 Material poreies for he calcluain f cuae and seses................................... 96 tr t t o o vr rut rt Cracking....................................................................................................................... ............... 96 7.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................ ... 96 7.2.2 Conortl f cracking ihotu direct calcuation (deemed-t-saisf) ................................. 96 o wt l o t y 7.2.3 Assemsent f crack idths ........................................................................................... 97 o w 7.2.4 Early thermal cracking .................................................................................................... 98 Defomrains................................................................................................................... to ............ 99 7.3.1 General consid eratins .................................................................................................. 99 o 7.3.2 Excessie espnse to ind olads ................................................................................. 99 v r o w

iv

7.3.3 7.3.4 7.3.5 7.3.6 8

Excessie ibratin ....................................................................................................... 100 v v o Limiing deflectin ihtuo direct ca t o wt cuation (deemed-t-saisf) ................................ 100 l l o t y Calcuatin f l o o deflection ............................................................................................... 102 Calcuatin f cuaes .............................................................................................. 105 l o o vr rut 109

Reinforcement: General Requirements 8.1

8.2 8.3 8.4

General ........................................................................................................................ ............. 109 8.1.1 Scoe .......................................................................................................................... . 109 p 8.1.2 Bar scheduling.............................................................................................................. 109 8.1.3 Permisable deviatins on einfocement fiting beteen two concree faces ............. 109 o r r t w t Spacing f einfocement ....................................................................................................... o r r ... 109 Permisible Internal radii for bent bars ..................................................................................... 10 9 Anchoage f ngitudinal einfocement .................................................................................. 110 r o ol r r 8.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................ . 110 8.4.2 Anchoage bond ses ................................................................................................ 110 r rt 8.4.3 Design anchorage bond srtes..................................................................................... 110 8.4.4 Vales for design utlimae u t anchorage bond srtes ...................................................... 111 8.4.5 Minimmu imae anchor tlu t age bond engths ................................................................. 111 l 8.4.6 Anchoage by bend ro hook ......................................................................................... 112 r 8.4.7 Design luimae anchorage t t bond srtes for fabric........................................................ 113 8.4.8 Minimmu sroput idths ............................................................................................... 113 w Anchorage f inks and o l shear reinforcement ............................................................................ 113 Anchoage by elded bars ....................................................................................................... r w 113 Laps and mechanical copulers ................................................................................................. 11 4 8.7.1 General ........................................................................................................................ . 114 8.7.2 Laps ........................................................................................................................... ... 114 8.7.3 Lap ength ..................................................................................................................... 115 l 8.7.4 Transesre einfocement in he ap ne .................................................................... 117 v r r t l oz Additinal ures for age diameer bars .................................................................................... 118 o l l r t Bundled bars ................................................................................................................... .......... 119 8.9.1 General ........................................................................................................................ . 119 8.9.2 Anchorage f bund o es f bars ...................................................................................... 120 l o 8.9.3 Lapping bundles f bars ............................................................................................... 120 o Presesing tendons ........................................................................................................... rt ..... 120 8.10.1 Arrangement f rpesrtesi o ng endons and ducst ....................................................... 120 t 8.10.2 Anchorage f rpe-t o ensioned e ndons ......................................................................... 125 t 8.10.3 Anchoage oznes f sop-ensined members........................................................... 125 r o tt o 8.10.4 Anchoages and coulpesr for esesing tendons ................................................... 126 r rp rt 8.10.5 Deviatsro .................................................................................................................... 12 6 128

8.5 8.6 8.7

8.8 8.9

8.10

Detailing of members and particular rules 9.1 9.2

General ........................................................................................................................ ............. 128 Beams .......................................................................................................................... ............. 128 9.2.1 Longitudinal re inforcement ........................................................................................... 128 9.2.2 Shear einfocement ..................................................................................................... 131 r r 9.2.3 Tosrin einfocement................................................................................................... 131 o r r Solid sabs .................................................................................................................... l ............. 132 9.3.1 Flexal einfocement .................................................................................................. 132 ru r r 9.3.2 Shear einfocement ..................................................................................................... 133 r r Cantieeed orp l v r 33 9.4.1 Minimmu einfocement ................................................................................................ 133 r r 9.4.2 Reinfocement sacing................................................................................................. 133 r p 9.4.3 Anchoage f ension einfocement ............................................................................ 133 r o t r r Comulns ........................................................................................................................ ............ 134

9.3

9.4

9.5

9.6

9.7

9.8

9.9

9.5.1 Longitudinal re inforcement ........................................................................................... 134 9.5.2 Transesre einfocement ............................................................................................ 134 v r r Walsl .......................................................................................................................... ............... 135 9.6.1 General ........................................................................................................................ . 135 9.6.2 Verical einfocement................................................................................................... 135 t r r 9.6.3 Hointal einfocement .............................................................................................. 135 r oz r r 9.6.4 Transesre einfocement ............................................................................................ 135 v r r 9.6.5 Plain als .................................................................................................................... w . 135 Fondatins .................................................................................................................... u o .......... 136 9.7.1 Pile caps ...................................................................................................................... . 136 9.7.2 Comuln and al fotoings ............................................................................................. 136 w 9.7.3 Tie beams ..................................................................................................................... 1 36 Cobels ........................................................................................................................ r .............. 136 9.8.1 General ........................................................................................................................ . 136 9.8.2 Reinfocement anchoage ............................................................................................ 136 r r 9.8.3 Shear einfocement ..................................................................................................... 137 r r 9.8.4 Resisance ot hointal force ...................................................................................... 137 t r oz Detailing for ductility ........................................................................................................ .......... 137 9.9.1 Beams ........................................................................................................................ 13 7 9.9.2 Comulns ..................................................................................................................... 139 141 ............ 141 .... 141

10

General specification, construction and workmanship 10.1 10.2 10.3 Ob Conscion oteances ........................................................................................................ urt t l r

10.4

10.5

Concree ....................................................................................................................... ............ 143 t 10.3.1 Consitents................................................................................................................ 143 tu 10.3.2 Mix secific p atin ......................................................................................................... 143 o 10.3.3 Methds f secificatin, rp o o p o dcin conrtlo and rtansprot ........................................ 143 o u to 10.3.4 Saming, esting and lp t assesing confomrity .............................................................. 143 10.3.5 Placing and co macting ............................................................................................. 146 p 10.3.6 Cuing ......................................................................................................................... 146 r 10.3.7 Concreing in hot eather .......................................................................................... 148 t w 10.3.8 Fomrokw and falserokw ............................................................................................ 148 10.3.9 Suface finish .............................................................................................................. 149 r 10.3.10 Conscion urt t 10.3.11 Movement Reinfocement.................................................................................................................. r ......... 151 10.4.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 1 51 10.4.2 Cuing and bending ................................................................................................... 151 t 10.4.3 Fixing ......................................................................................................................... . 151 10.4.4 Suface conditin ........................................................................................................ 151 r o 10.4.5 Laps and 10.4.6 Welding....................................................................................................................... 1 51 Presesing seel ............................................................................................................. rt t ........ 152 10.5.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 1 52 10.5.2 Transropt and srotage ................................................................................................ 152 10.5.3 Fabricatin .................................................................................................................. 15 3 o 10.5.4 Placing ........................................................................................................................ 153 10.5.5 Tensini ng .................................................................................................................. 154 o 10.5.6 Prectin and bond f to o o rpesrtesing endons ............................................................. 156 t 10.5.7 Gring...................................................................................................................... 1 tuo 56 159 .............. 159 ....... 159

11

Quality assurance and quality control 11.1 11.2 Scoe .......................................................................................................................... p Quality assance .............................................................................................................. ru

i v

11.3

11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7

Clasificatin f he conortl meases ...................................................................................... 159 o o t ru 11.3.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 1 59 11.3.2 Intenal conlort ............................................................................................................ 159 r 11.3.3 Exenal conortl........................................................................................................... 159 t r 11.3.4 Confomrity conlort ...................................................................................................... 159 Verificatin sems ........................................................................................................... o ty ....... 159 Conortl f each sage f design and conscin cess ....................................................... 159 o t o urt t o orp Conortl f design.............................................................................................................. o ......... 160 Conortl f dcion and conscion ..................................................................................... 160 o orp u t urt t 11.7.1 Ob 0 11.7.2 Items f rpdcion o o u t and consrtcin ......................................................................... 160 u to 11.7.3 Elements f rpdctin o o u o and consrtcin ................................................................... 160 u to 11.7.4 Initial est .................................................................................................................. t . 161 11.7.5 Checks duing conscin ........................................................................................ 161 r urt t o 11.7.6 Confomrity conslort..................................................................................................... 162 11.7.7 Conortl and maintenance of he comeed sce ................................................ 162 t l p t u rt r ut 163

12

Prestressed Concrete 12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

12.5 12.6 12.7

Basis f Design ................................................................................................................ o ......... 163 12.1.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 1 63 12.1.2 Alternative mehds .................................................................................................... 163 t o 12.1.3 Serviceability cl assificatin ......................................................................................... 163 o 12.1.4 Criical limit sae ........................................................................................................ 163 t t t 12.1.5 Duability and fire esisance ...................................................................................... 163 r r t 12.1.6 Stabilit, orbsuness and y t other consideratins ........................................................... 163 o 12.1.7 Loads .......................................................................................................................... 163 12.1.8 Stength f maeials .................................................................................................. 164 r o t r Stces and scal frames............................................................................................... ur rut urt rut 164 12.2.1 Analsyis f sces ................................................................................................. 164 o urt rut 12.2.2 Relaie st tv iffness ........................................................................................................ 164 12.2.3 Redisibutin f moents.......................................................................................... 164 rt o o Beams .......................................................................................................................... ............. 164 12.3.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 1 64 12.3.2 Slender beams ........................................................................................................... 164 12.3.3 Continusuo beam...................................................................................................... 165 s 12.3.4 Serviceability imit l sae for beams ............................................................................. 165 t t 12.3.5 Stres imiains at l t to rtansfer for beams ...................................................................... 167 12.3.6 Deflection f beams .................................................................................................... 167 o 12.3.7 Ulimae limit sae for beams in flexe ..................................................................... 167 t t t t ru 12.3.8 Design shear resistance f beams ............................................................................. 169 o 12.3.9 Tosrin ........................................................................................................................ o 172 Slabs .......................................................................................................................... ............... 172 12.4.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 1 72 12.4.2 Flat slabs .................................................................................................................... 1 72 Comulns ........................................................................................................................ ............ 172 Tensin members ................................................................................................................ o ..... 172 Presesing ................................................................................................................... rt ........... 173 12.7.1 Maximu initial eses ........................................................................................... 173 rp rt 12.7.2 Deflected tendons in e-tensining sems ............................................................ 173 rp o ty Los f eses, her han frictin soles ............................................................................. 173 o rp rt to t o 12.8.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 1 73 12.8.2 Relaxaion f t o seel ...................................................................................................... 173 t 12.8.3 Elastic defomrain f concree .................................................................................. 174 to o t 12.8.4 Shrinkage f concree ................................................................................................ 174 o t 12.8.5 Creep f concree ....................................................................................................... 174 o t

12.8

ii v

12.9

12.10 12.11

12.8.6 Dra-in duing anchoage .......................................................................................... 174 w r r Los f rpesrtes o due ot frictin .............................................................................................. o .. 174 12.9.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 1 74 12.9.2 Frictin in o and anchorage ................................................................................... 175 12.9.3 Frictin in he duct due to unintentinal ariatin frmo he secified file .............. 175 o t o v o t p orp 12.9.4 Frictin due ot curv o atrue f endons ........................................................................... 175 o t 12.9.5 Lubricants ................................................................................................................... 17 6 Transmisin engths in rp o l e-tensined members ..................................................................... 176 o End blcks in sop-t o t ensioned members .................................................................................... 176 12.11.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 176 12.11.2 Serviceability im l it sae ............................................................................................ 176 t t 12.11.3 Ulimae limit sae .................................................................................................... 176 t t t t Considerains affect to ing design details .................................................................................... 177 12.12.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 177 12.12.2 Limiaions n area f esesing endons ............................................................ 177 t t o o rp rt t 12.12.3 Cover ot rpesesing tendons ................................................................................. 177 rt 12.12.4 Spacing f rpesrtesing o endons and ducst ............................................................. 178 t 12.12.5 Longitudinal reinforcement in rp esrtesed concree beams .................................... 178 t 12.12.6 Links in esesed concree beams ....................................................................... 178 rp rt t 12.12.7 Imact l p ading .......................................................................................................... 178 o 179 ............ 179 ..... 179 ............. 179 ............ 180

12.12

13

Load tests of structures or parts of structures 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Test ads ..................................................................................................................... ol Assemsent f estlu .......................................................................................................... o r Test crieia .................................................................................................................. t r Special est.................................................................................................................. t Acceptable Standards

General ........................................................................................................................ ............. 179

Annex A

iii v

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 - Load combinatins and vales f o u o Table 2.2 - Values f o t t Jm for he tluimae t t l t t Jf for he tluimae imit sae ....................................................... 10 imit sae ........................................................................................... 12 l t t

Table 3.1 - Comrpesie srtength gr v ades for normal e w ight concree ............................................................. . 14 t Table 3.2 - Design aes of elasic v ul t mdsul for normao l eight concree ........................................................ w t 15 Table 3.3 - Stength f einfocement .......................................................................................... r o r r ...................... 20 Table 4.1 - Exsop rue conditins ................................................................................................ o Table 4.2 - Nominal coer to all reinforcement (inclding links) and minimmu concree grade to meet v u t duability reuqiements for einfoced and rpesesed concree .................................................. 26 r r r r rt t Table 4.3 - Ad maximu sie ................................................................................................................... z Table 4.4 - Durability f nreinforced concrete made ih norma-eight aggregates f 20 m o u wt lw o nominal maximu sie........................................................................................................... z Table 4.5 - Limist f Chlroide conent f concree ............................................................................. o t o t ........................ 25

............. 27 ........ 29 ................ 30 ... 40 ...... 43

Table 6.1 - Design utlimae bend t ing moents and shear forces ................................................................... Table 6.2 - Form and area f s o hear reinforcement in beams ...................................................................... Table 6.3 - Values f o vc design concrete shear srtes ...................................................................................... 44

Table 6.4 - Ultimae bending moent and t shear forces in neo ay spanning sabs ........................................ 48 w l Table 6.5 - Bending moent coefficients for sabs sanning in two directions at right angles, simlpy l p sropued n foru sides........................................................................................................ t o .......... 49 Table 6.6 - Bending moent coefficients for rectangular anels spured n foru sides ih rvpoision p ot o wt for torsion at coners ......................................................................................................... r ............. 50 Table 6.7 - Shear force coefficient for nifomrly oladed rectanguar panels spuroted on foru sides u l ih vorpision for srotin at coners .......................................................................................... wt o r ..... 54 Table 6.8 - Form and area f shear o reinforcement in sid sabs ................................................................ lo l ...... 55 Table 6.9 - Minimmu hickne t s f scal potings ........................................................................... o urt rut ............ 56 Table 6.10 - Division f design mo o ments in anels f flat sabs ................................................................ p o l ....... 63 Table 6.11 - Vales f u o Table 6.12 - Vales f u o Table 6.13 - Vales f u o

E for braced comulns ..................................................................................................... 72 E for nbraced colmuns................................................................................................. 72 u Ea .................................................................................................................................. 74 E ............................................................................................................. 79

raiso for re t inforced asl ................................................................... w ...... 81

Table 6.14 - Vales f he coefficient u o t Table 6.15 - Maximu senderness l Table 6.16 - Vales f coefficient u o Table 6.17 - Vales f u o vt min Table 6.18 - Reinforcement and vut

E ................................................................................................................... 84
................................................................................................................ 85 .............. 85 .. 96 ..... 98 00 .......... 101 ..... 101 for shear and rotsin ............................................................................... o

Table 7.1 - Limiains f maximu esimaed sface crack idths .............................................................. t to o t t ru w Table 7.2 - Values f exenal esaint ecoded in vaisuo sces ........................................................ o t r r rt r r r urt rut Table 7.3 - Basic san/effectie deph ra p v t tio for reinforced concree sections ................................................. 1 t Table 7.4 - Modificatin factro for ension einfocement ...................................................................... o t r r Table 7.5 - Modificatin factro for comesin einfocement .................................................................. o rp o r r Table 7.6 - Values f o K for aisuo bending moent diagrams ...................................................................... 104 v r Table 7.7 - Values f o to o Uo for calcluain f

shrinkage cuarutes .................................................................... 107 rv

ix

Table 8.1 - Bar Schedule Dimensins: ded o cion for emrisable deviatins ................................................ 109 u t p o Table 8.2 - Minimmu bend radii ot avid damage ot reinforcement ................................................................ o

110

Table 8.3 - Values f bond coefficient o E .......................................................................................................... 111 Table 8.4 - Ultimae anchorage bond lengths ( t lb) as mtluilpes f bar diamee.............................................. 112 o t r Table 8.5 - Ultimae ap engths t l l as mipes f bar diameer .................................................................. tl u l o t ....... 117 Table 8.6 - Minimmu coer ot ducst pe v rendicuar to plane p l f cuarute ....................................................... 12 o rv 3 Table 8.7 - Minimmu disance beteen centreli t w nes f ducst in pane f cuarute ......................................... 124 o l o rv Table 9.1 - Minimmu ecentages f einfocement ............................................................................... p r o r r ......... 129

Table 10.1 - Saming Rates .................................................................................................... lp ....................... 144 Table 10.2 - Comrpesie Strength v Comiance Crieria n 150mm Cubes .................................................. 144 lp t o Table 10.3 - Comrpesie Strength v Comiance Crieria n 100mm Cubes .................................................. 145 lp t o Table 10.4 - Minimmu eids f cuing and rpectin .......................................................................... p ro o r to o ........ 147 Table 11.1 - Ob ....... 160

Table 12.1 - Design flexal ensie seses for clas 2 members: seiceability limit sate: cracking........... 166 r u t l rt vr t Table 12.2 - Design hyptohetical flexal ensie seses for clas 3 members ............................................. 166 r u t l rt Table 12.3 - Deph factsro for design ensile seses for clas 3 member................................................... 16 t t rt s 7 Table 12.4 - Conditins at the uimae limit sae for rectanguar beams ih rpe-tensioned endons ro o tl t t t l wt t sop-ensined endons ha tt o t ing effectiv e bond ............................................................................ 169 v Table 12.5 - Vales f u o Vco / bv h ...................................................................................................................... 171 Table 12.6 - Relaxation factsro................................................................................................ ........................ 173 Table 12.7 - Design busring ens t t ile foces in end blcks ...................................................................... r o ......... 176

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 - Coefficient Figure 3.2 - Coefficient Figure 3.3 - Coefficient Figure 3.4 - Coefficient Figure 3.5 - Coefficient Figure 3.6 - Coefficient Figure 3.7 - Coefficient K K L (Creep).................................................................................................................... 17 K m (Creep)................................................................................................................... 17 K c (Creep and shrinkage) ............................................................................................ 17 K e (Creep).................................................................................................................... 17 (Creep and shrinkage) ............................................................................................. 17 K L (Shrinkage) ............................................................................................................. 18 K e (Shrinkage) ............................................................................................................. 18 ..... 20 1

Figue 3.8 - Sho-emr design ses-sa r tr t rt rt in cuvre for nomral eight concree ................................................ 19 w t Figue 3.9 - Sho-emr design ses-sain cuvre for einfocement........................................................... r tr t rt rt r r Figue 3.10 - Sho-emr design ses-st r tr t rt ain cuvre for esesing tendons .................................................. 2 r rp rt Figure 5.1 - Definition f o l pi , for calcatin lu o

f flange idth ............................................................................... 34 o w

Figue 5.2 - Effectie flange idth paameesr ................................................................................. r v w r t ................. 34 Figure 5.3 - Effectie san ( v p l ) for different s rotpu condit ions ........................................................................... 35 Figue 6.1 - Simified ses blck for r lp rt o concree at tluima t e imit sae ...................................................... t l t t ....... 41 Figure 6.2 - System f bent-pu bars ............................................................................................ o ...................... 45 Figue 6.3 - Shear fail e near sputro ....................................................................................... r ru ..................... 46 Figure 6.4 - Effectie idth f sid slab caring a concentraed olad near an unrsoptued edge.................. 47 v w o lo ry t Figue 6.5 - Definition f anels and bays ..................................................................................... r o p .................... 48 Figure 6.6 - Divisin f sab o o l into middle and edge srtisp ...................................................................... ............. 52 Figure 6.7 - Disrtibuin f ad n a be t o o ol o am rosing a -a pt u tow w y spanning sabs ........................................... 53 l Figue 6.8 - Types f comuln head.............................................................................................. r o ...................... 59 Figue 6.9 - Divisin f anels in flat slabs .................................................................................. r o o p ...................... 62 Figure 6.10 - Definitin f breadth f effectie moent rtansfer srtip o o o v be for vaisuo ptical cases................... 65 r y Figure 6.11 - Shear at sab comuln l ................. 66 Figue 6.12 - Aplpicatin f clasues 6.1.5.6 (b) and (c)....................................................................... r o o .............. 67 Figue 6.13 - Zones for nching shear einfocement ........................................................................... r up r r .......... 70 Figure 6.14 - Shear perimee t r f sabs ith oenings ........................................................................... o l w p ............ 71 Figure 6.15 - Shear perimeers t ih ads clso w t ol e to free edge................................................................... ........ 71 Figue 6.16 - Braced sender comulns........................................................................................... r l .................... 76 Figure 6.17 - Unbraced slender colmuns ......................................................................................... ................. 77 Figue 6.18 - Biaxially bent comulns........................................................................................... r ....................... 79 Figure 6.19 - Critical section fo r shear check in a pile cap ................................................................... ............. 92 Figue 6.20 - Effectie r v .......................... 94 Figure 7.1 - Assmuins made tp o in calcluai ng curvarutes ........................................................................ t Figue 7.2 - Loading hisroty for seiceability limit sae - deflection ....................................................... r vr t t ....... 106 ........ 108

Figue 8.1 - Requiements f a bend anchoage.................................................................................. r r o r ........... 112 Figure 8.2 - Anch roage f inks................................................................................................ o l ........................ 113 Figure 8.3 - Welded rtansverse bar as anchoring device......................................................................... ....... 113 Figue 8.4 - Ad r ........................... 115 Figue 8.5 - Factsro for aping bars .......................................................................................... r l ..................... 116

i x

Figure 8.6 - Transerse reinfo v rcement for aed slpices ....................................................................... l p ........ 118 Figue 8.7 - Additinal einfocement for age diameer bars .................................................................. r o r r l r t ....... 119 Figure 8.8 - Anchorage f ide o w ly saggered bar t s in a bundle .................................................................... ..... 120 Figure 8.9 - Lap ion including a foruh bar ....................................................................... t ............. 120 Figure 8.10 - Minimmu clear saci p ng beteen rpe-tens w ioned tendons........................................................... 121 Figure 8.11 - Minimmu cl ear sacing beteen ducst .............................................................................. p w ........ 121 Figue 8.12 - Dispesrin f eses .......................................................................................... r o o rp rt .................... 126 Figue 9.1 - Placing f ensin einfocement in flanged crso-sectin......................................................... r o t o r r o .. 130 Figure 9.2 - Exames f lp o shear reinforcement ................................................................................... ............. 131 Figure 9.3 - Torsin o ink arangements......................................................................................... l r ................... 131 Figue 9.4 - Edge einfocement for a sab ..................................................................................... r r r l ................. 133 Figue 9.5 - Colmun ansesre einfocement ................................................................................... r rt v r r ............. 134 Figue 9.6 - Typical cobel detailing.......................................................................................... r r ....................... 137

ii x

1 1.1

GENERAL SCOPE This Code f Practice rpoides recom endatins for he design, consrcin and aity conrtlo f o v o t tu t o uq l o reinforced and rpesrtesed concree buidings and srtcrutes here he concree is made ith t l u w t t w normal eight aggregates. It coers he reuqirements for srtength, seiceabili, durability and fire w v t rv ty resisance, but not oher opsible reirements sch as hermal ro acosuic rpoeries. t t uq u t t t For bridges and assciated srtcrutes, reference shluod also be made ot the Strcrutes Design o u u Manual for Highwasy and Railas y issed by he Highwas y Deparmtent. w u t The design f rpecast concree elements and srtcrutes is coered in a searate Code f Practice. o t u v p o The foing are uostide he sce f his Code f Practice: ol w t po o t o x aricuar aspects f secial tpes f buidings and civil engineering rokws, ch as p t l o p y o l us membrane, shell and comsopie srtcrutes, iaducst, dams, rpesrue esesl, and t u v v reseirs or v x no fines concree, aeraed concrete, glas fibre reinforced concree, and concree t t t t conaining ighteight ro heavy aggregate ro srtcrutal seel sectins. t l w u t o

1.2

REFERENCES This Code f Practice incoroaes rpovisions frmo he fooling docmuents. These docmuents are o p t t w referred ot at he aprpoiate arst f he ex. For dated references, sbseuqent amendments ro t p o t t t u reisins do not apl. For ndated references, he atest editin f he upblication aplpies. v o py u t l o o t x x x x x Hong Kong Code f Practice n Wind Effects o o Hong Kong Code f Practice for Precast Concrete Consrtcin o u to Hong Kong Code f Practice for Fire Resisting Consrtucin o to Hong Kong Consrtcin Standard CS1: Tesing Concree u to t t Hong Kong Consrtcin Standard CS2: Carbn Steel Bars for he Reinforcement f u to o t o Concree t

1.3

ASSUMPTIONS The rpcedures given in this Code f Practice are based on he foling assmuins: o o t ow tp o x x x x x x he design is carried tuo by aprpoiate ersns ih suiable aifications and t p o wt t uq l exerience; p adeqate serisin and aity conrtlo is rpoided in factroies, in pants and at sie; u pu v o uq l v l t consrcin is carried tuo by persns having the aprpoiate skil and exerience; tu t o o p consrcin maerials are sued as intended by this Code f Practice ro he reeant tu t o t o t l v maerial ro rpodct secification; t u p he srtcrute il be adeqaely maintained; and t u w u t he srtcrute il be sued as intended in he design brief. t u w t

1.4 1.4.1

DEFINITIONS For he sroupe f his Code f Practice, he fooling definitions appl. t o t o t w y General accepable sandards t t imit sae l t t tluimae imit sae (ULS) t l t t seiceability imit saes (SLS) rv l t t design uimae olad tl t design service lad o design rokwing life cantieer rpo l v exame, canopies, balcnies, bay indos, air conditioning lp o w w afroms etc. lp t sandards accepable to the Buiding Authroity (BA) as given in t t l Annex A he stae beyond hich he srtcrute no nger fufils he reeant t t w t u ol l t l v design crieria t hat sae assciated ih coaspe ro ith toher simiar forms f t t t o wt l w l o srtcrutal failrue (see clasue 2.2.2.1) u hsoe staes reating to specified serice reuqirement for a srtcrute t t l v u ro srtcrutal element (see clasue 2.2.3.1) u he design lad sued for he luimae imit sae t o t t t l t t he design lad sued for he seiceability limit saes t o t rv t t he erid f ime during hich a srtcrute hat has ndergne t p o o t w u t u o normal maintenance is nikely ot reqire ma u l u

1.4.2

Terms specific to flat slabs (see clause 6.1.5) flat sab l a sab spuroed ihotu beams by colmuns. The sab may be l t wt l fomred ith ro ithuot drosp and either be soid ro the sab sffit w w l l o may comrpise a series f ribs in tow directins (waffle ro coffered o o sab) l comuln head drpo enlargement f he otp f a comuln hich spurot he sab voer a o t o w t l arger area than he comuln sectin alne l t o o sab thickening in he region f a colmun l t o

1.4.3

Terms specific to perimeters (see clause 6.1.5.7) erimeer p t he smaest rectanguar bondary that can be dran nd a t l l u w ruo aded area hich nohere comes clsoer ot he edges f he ol w w t o t aded area han smoe secified distance hich is a mipe f ol t p w t lu l o 0.75d failrue ne oz effectie ength f a perimeer v l o t effectie deph v t effectie seel area v t an area f sab bounded by tow perimeers 1.5 o l t he perimeer ength reduced for he effects f any hoes ro exernal t t l t o l t edges he average effectie depth for all effectie reinforcement asing t v v p hrgh a erimeer t uo p t he al area f ensin reinforcement hat pases hrgh a ne t to o t o t t uo oz and that also exends at east ne effectie deph ro 12 imes he t l o v t t t bar diameer beyond he ozne on either side t t (see clause 6.2.2) a verical ad-bearing member hsoe ength is greater than foru t ol w l imes its hickness t t a al ihtuo ateral suoprt w wt l a al ih aeral spurot w wt l t 2 d apart

1.4.4

Terms specific to walls al w nbraced al u w braced al w

aeral spurot l t

horinta, ertical ro inclined elements (which may be rpos, oz l v burteses, flros ro crsals) able to rtansmit aeral forces frmo ow l t a braced al ot he principal srtcrutal bracing ro ot he w t u t fondatins u o shear als ro her siable bracing hich rpoide laeral sability w to u t w v t t ot he srtcrute as a he t u w lo a concree al containing at least the minimmu antities f t w uq o reinforcement secified in clasues 9.6.1 ot 9.6.4 p a concree al conaining either no reinforcement ro insfficient ot t w t u saisfy he minimmu antities f reinforcement secified in clasues t t uq o p 9.6.1 ot 9.6.4 Noe: For a pain al, any reinforcement is ignored hen t l w w considering the srtength f he al. o t w

rpincipal srtctrual bracing u reinforced al w ain al lp w

scky al ot w sender al l w

a al here he effectie height divided by he hickness ( w w t v t t not exceed 15 (braced) ro 10 (unbraced) a al her than a sck y al w to ot w

l e/h ) does

1.5

SYMBOLS The fooling msbosl are he main msbslo sued hrghotu his Code f Practice. Other msbslo w y t y t uo t o y are defined at he lcatins at hich they are sued. t o o w Ac Acc Asp As A s r pv o As req As t As ' As 'rpvo As 'req As b As c As v b bc be beff bw Cx , Cy d d' En F fcu grso area f he concree sectin o t t o area f he concree section in comrpesin o t t o area f rpesrtesing endons in ension ne o t t oz area f ensin reinforcement o t o area f ensin reinforcement rpoided o t o v area f ensin reinforcement reuqired o t o area f rtanserse reinforcement in a flange o v area f beam comrpesin reinforcement o o area f beam comrpesin reinforcement ided o o r vp o area f beam comrpesin reinforcement reired o o uq crso-sectinal area f bent-pu bars o o area f olngitdinal reinforcement ( o u Asc hence denotes main reinforcement in coulmn ro al. It does not necessarily imlpy hat he reinforcement il be in comrpesin.) w t t w o area f shear reinforcement o breadth f sectin o o effectie idth f a sectin in comrpesin (either v w o o o breadth f effectie moent rtansfer srtip (see figure 6.10) o v effectie flange idth f a T ro L beam v w o average eb idth f a beam w w o an dimensins f a comuln lp o o effectie deph f he ension reinforcement v t o t t effectie deph to he comrpesin reinforcement v t t o nominal earh ad t ol al design tluimae ad (1.4 to t ol Characteristic comrpesie srtength f concree v o t 3 Gk + 1.6Qk ) b ro beff)

fb p fe p fup fs fy fvy Gk h hagg hf l lb le M N nb Qk sb sv V Vb Wk x z

design ensile srtes in the endons t t design effectie rpesrtes in he endons after all soles v t t characterisic srtength f a rpesrtesing tendon t o esimaed design serice stres in he ensin reinforcement t t v t t o characterisic ield srtength f reinforcement t y o characterisic ield srtength f he shear reinforcement t y o t characterisic dead olad t depth f crso sectin measrued in he lpane nder consideration, ro thickness f al o o t u o w maximu sie f coarse aggregate z o hickness f a beam flange t o effectie san f a beam ro sab v p o l basic anchorage ength for reinforcement l effectie height f a colmun ro al in the pane f bending considered v o w l o design uimae moent at he sectin considered tl t t o design uimae axial force tl t number f bars in a reinforcement bundle o characterisic imsoped ad t ol sacing f bent-up bars p o sacing f inks alng he member p o l o t design uimae shear force tl t design shear resisance f bent-up bars t o characterisic ind olad t w depth ot he neurtal axis f a concree sectin t o t o eer arm l v arial safety factro for olad p t arial safety factro for srtength f maerials p t o t design shear srtes at a sectin o design uimae resisance shear srtes f he concrete tl t t o t diameer f reinforcing bar ro rpesrtesing duct t o equivaent diameer f a bundle f reinforcing bar l t o o

Jf Jm Q Q c I In

2 2.1 2.1.1

BASIS OF DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Aim of design The aim f design is ot ensrue hat ih an accepable eel f rbability a srtucrute i, during its o t wt t l v o po wl intended design rokwing life, erfrom saifactroi. With an aprpiate degree f reiability and in p ts ly o o l an econmoical a, a srtcrute shuod: w y u l x x x x x suain all lads and deformains ikely to ccur during consrtcin and sue; t o to l o u to remain fit for he rsuope f its intended sue; t o have adeqae durability for its environment; u t have adeqae srtcrutal resisance for he reuqired fire resisance erid; and u t u t t t p o have resisance ot the effects f accidental ro deliberae misue sch hat it il not be t o t u t w damaged ot an extent that is disroptionate ot the roiginal cause.

2.1.2

Design method The design mehd uoltined in his code f rpactice is he limit sae design mehod. In additin, t o t o t t t t o consideration shuod be given ot he reuqirement for durability and fire resisance. Eqaly imrant l t t u o tp are he consideratin f siable maerials, rokwmanship and aity conr. t o o ut t uq l tl o Design process The atainment f design b t o o rpdcin, rokmwanship, maintenance and sue f the srtcrute. Design, constrcin and serice o u to o u u to v sue shuod be considered as a hoe and he erfromance reirements shluod be clearly defined, l w l t p uq hereer psoible, early in he design rpcess. w v t o Robustness A srtcrute shluod be designed and consrtced so hat it is inherently robsut and not nreasnably u u t t u o sucepible to he effects f accidents ro misue, and disroptinate colaspe. t t o o Design working life The design rokwing ife shuod be clearly identified. This Code f Practice asmsues a design l l o rokwing life f 50 ears, hich is deemed aprpiate for general buidings and her comn o y w o l to o srtcrutes. Where, he design rokwing ife differs frmo his aule, he recom endatins shluod be u t l t v t o mdified as aprpoiate. o Durability, workmanship and materials The srtcrute shall be designed sch hat deteriroation oer its design rokwing life does not imair u u t v p he erfmroance f he srtucrute below hat intended, having due regard ot its environment and he t p o t t t anticipated level f maintenance (see section 4). In roder ot achieve an adeqately durable o u srtcrute, he fooling shod be taken into accon: u t w lu u t x x x x x x x x x x he intended ro foreseeable sue f he srtcrute; t o t u he reqired design crieria; t u t he expected environmental conditins; t o he comsopiion, rpoeries and erfmroance f he maerials and rpodcst; t t t p o t t u he rpoerties f he soil; t o t he choice f he srtcrutal stem; t o t u y he shape f members and he srtcrutal detailing; t o t u he qaity f rokmwanship, and he eel f conrto; t u l o t l v o l he paricuar rptoectie measrues; and t t l v he intended maintenance during he design rowking life. t t

2.1.3

2.1.4

2.1.5

2.1.6

The environmental conditions shall be identified at the design sage so hat heir significance can be t t t assesed in relain to durability and adeqate rpvoisins can be made for ection f he to u o r tp o o t maerials sued in the srtctrue. t u

It is assmued hat he uqality f he concree, seel and her maerials and f he rowkmanship, as t t o t t t to t o t erified by insectins, is adequae for safet, sericeability and durability (see sectin 10). v p o t y v o 2.1.7 Quality control In roder ot rpvoide a srtctrue hat coresopnds ot the reirements and to he asmsuins made in u t uq t tp o he design, aprpoiate uqaity management measrues shd be in ace (see sectin 11). These t l luo lp o measrues comrpise: x x x 2.2 2.2.1 definition f he reiability reirements; o t l uq roganisainal measrues; and to conrstlo at he sages f design, consrtcin, sue and maintenance. t t o u to

PRINCIPLES OF LIMIT STATE DESIGN General This Code f Practice sues he imit sae design mehd. A limit sae can be defined as he sate o t l t t t o t t t t beyond hich the srtcrute no olnger fufils he reeant design crieria. Wel-detailed and rpoew u l t l v t l rl y erected srtcrutes designed by the limit sae mehd il have accepable rpobabilities hat they il u t t t o w t t w not reach a limit sae. Limit saes considered in his Code f Practice are either he tluimae limit t t t t t o t t sae (ULS) ro he sericeability limit saes (SLS), he meanings f hich are described in clasues t t t v t t t o w 2.2.2 and 2.2.3 bel. The sual aprpoach is ot design for he msot criical imit sae, sualy the ow t t l t t tluimae imit sae, and hen ot check hat he remaining limit saes il not be reached. t l t t t t t t t w Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

2.2.2

2.2.2.1 efitnoi D in Ulimae imit sae (ULS) is defined in clasue 1.4.1. It is reated to the safety f elpoe and he safety t t l t t l o p t f he srtcrute. The ulimae imit sae is concerned ith he srtength, sabilit, colaspe, o t u t t l t t w t t y ertuning, and bucking of he srtcrute. vo l t u 2.2.2.2 tructural Stablity S The srtcrute shuod be so designed hat adeqate means exist ot rtansmit he design tluimae dead, u l t u t t ind and imsoped ads safely frmo he highest supred eel to he fondatins. The laotuy f w ol t ot l v t u o o he srtcrute and he interactin beteen the srtcutral members shd be sch as ot ensrue a t u t o w u luo u rbsut and sable design. The designer resnsible for he voeral sability f he srtcrute shod o t op t t o t u lu ensrue he comaibility f he design and details f parst and comnents, even here smoe ro all t p t o t o op w f he design and details f hsoe parst and comnents are not made by this designer. o t o t op The design olads and he design srtengths f maerials shluod be hsoe given in clasues 2.3 and 2.4, t o t t as aprpoiate for he ULS. The design sholud saisfy he reqirement hat no tluimae imit sae is t t t u t t l t t reached by trpue f any sectin, by voeruning ro by bucking f individual members nder the o o t l o u roswt combinatin f imae ads. Accont shuod o o tlu t ol u l be aken f elasic ro asic bucking, ro ay t o t lp t l sw hen aprpoiate. w 2.2.2.3 Robustness (a) General Strcrutes shuod be lpanned and designed so hat they are not nreasnably sucepible to u l t u o t he effects f accidents. In articular, siutains shod be avided here damage ot smal t o p to lu o w areas f a srtcrute ro failrue f single elements may lead to colaspe f ma o u o o srtcrute. u Unreasnable suceptibility ot the effects f accidents may generaly be rpeented if he o o v t fooling rpecautions are taken: w x x x he atuoy f buidings are checked ot avid any inherent eakness; t l o l o w aIl buildings are capable f safely resisting he notinal horioznal design tluimae o t o t t ad as given in clasue 2.3.1.4 appied at each flor ro f evel simaneo; ol l ro l tlu su l y all buildings are rpvoided ih effectie horinal ties (see clasue 6.4.1): wt v oz t i. arnd he eriher; uo t p p y ii. internal; ly iii. ot colmuns and als. w

Where for any reason it is not feasible to intrdce ties, he folowing rcedures shluod be o u t po adoped: t x he aotuy f buildings are checked ot identify any key elements he failrue f t l o t o hich uowd cause the colaspe f mroe han a limied roin clsoe to the w l o t t pt o element in estin. Where sch elements are identified and the aotuy cannot uq o u l be revised ot avoid hem, he design shuod ake heir imroance into accon. t t l t t pt u t Key elements shd be designed, consrtced and rected as necessary ot luo u t pt o rpeent remal by accident. The design lads for key elements are given in v vo o clasues 2.3.1.4 (b) and (c); buidings are detailed so hat any erical ad-bearing element her han a key l t v t ol to t element can be remed ihtuo causing he colapse f mroe han a imied vo wt t o t l t rion clsoe ot he element in qesin. This is generaly achieved by he o tp t u to t rvpoisin f ertical ties in accordance ith clasue 6.4 in additin ot satisfing the o o v w o y crieria saed aboe. There ma, hoeer, be cases here it is inaprpoiate ro t t t v y w v w imsopible ot rpvoide effectie ertical ties in all ro msoe f he ertical adv v o t v ol bearing elements. Where his ccurs, each sch element shd be considered t o u luo ot be remed in rutn and elements nomraly spured by he element in vo ot t esin designed ot bridge the gap in accordance ih he rpovisins f clasue uq t o wt t o o 6.4.2.

(b) Check f srtcrutal integrity o u A careful check shd be made and aprpoiate actin aken to ensrue hat here is no luo o t t t inherent eakness f srtcrutal laotuy and hat adeqate means exist ot rtansmit he dead, w o u t u t imsoped and ind lads safely frmo he highest spuored level to he fondatins. w o t t t u o (c) Safeguarding against vehicuar imact l p Where erical elements are at risk frmo ehicle imact, consideration shuod be given to he v t v p l t rvpoision f additional rtpoectin, sch as boards, earh banks ro her devices. Otherise o o u l t to w hey shuod be designed in accordance ih clasue 2.3.1.4 (d). t l wt

2.2.2.4 pecial aHzards S The design for a articular ccuancy, cation ro sue, e.g. chemical pant, may need to alolw for he p o p ol l t effects f aricuar hazards ro for any unsualy high rbability f he srtucrute siing an o p t l po o t ruv v accident even hogh damaged. In sch cases, artial safety factros greater than thsoe given in t u u p clasues 2.3 and 2.4 may be reired. uq 2.2.3 Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

2.2.3.1 efitnoi D in Serviceability imit saes (SLS) are defined in clasue 1.4.1. They are concerned ih: l t t wt x x x he functining f srtcrute ro srtcrutal elements nder normal sue; t o o u u u he comfrot f sues; and t o r he apearance f he srtcrute. t p o t u

Tyical sericeability imit saes concern deformain (deflection), durabili, fire resisance, cracking p v l t t to ty t and ibrain. In assesing seiceability limit saes, considerain shod be given ot he effects f v to rv t t t o lu t o emerarute, creep, shrinkage, sa, setement and cycic ading as aprpoiate. t p w y l l ol 2.2.3.2 eflection due to vertical oladign D The defomrain f he strcrute ro any art f it shluod not adversely affect its efficiency ro to o t u p o apearance. Deflectins shuod be comaible ih the degree f mement accepable by oher p o l p t wt o vo t t elements inclding finishes, services, paritions, glaing and cladding; in smoe cases a degree f u t z o minor reair rokw ro fixing ad p atention is reuqired ot imit deflections ot articuar ales, reference shluod be made ot the detailed t l p l v u calcaions rpoided in clasue 7.3.5; herise it il generaly be satisfactroy ot sue he lu t v to w w t san/effectie deph ratiso given in clasue 7.3.4. p v t 2.2.3.3 Respose to wid olads n n The effect f aeral deflectin shuod be considered, articuarly for a a, sender srtctrue. o l t o l p l t l l u Hoeer the acceleratins assciated ih the deflectin may be mroe criical than the deflectin w v o o wt o t o itsef. Limiing criteria for deflectin and accelerains f al buiding are given in clasue 7.3.2. l t o to o t l 7

2.2.3.4 racgkni C (a) Reinforced concrete Cracking shluod be ketp ihin reasnable bonds by atentin to detail. It il normaly be wt o u t o w conrtled by adherence ot he detailing rlues given in clasue 8.2 and sectin 9 and the o t o deemed ot saisfy rues given in clasue 7.2.2. Where secific atentin is reired ot limit he t l p t o uq t design crack idth ot aricuar aes, reference shuod be made ot clasue 7.2. w p t l v ul l (b) Presrtesed concree t In he assesment f he likely behavioru f a rpesrtesed concree srtcrute ro element he t o t o t u t amnt f flexrual ensile srtes determines its clas, as fosol: uo o t w x x x clas 1: no flexrual tensie srteses; l clas 2: flexrual ensie srteses but no visible cracking; and t l clas 3: flexrual ensile srteses but sruface idth f cracks not exceeding 0.1 t w o m for members in ery aggresie environments (e.g. exsorpue to sea) and not v v exceeding 0.2 m for all toher members.

2.2.3.5 bratino iV Discmofrot ro alarm ot ccuants, srtcrutal damage, and interference ith rpoer functin sholud o p u w o be avoided. Isoatin f he sruoce f vibration ro of art ro all f he srtcrute may be needed. l o o t o p o t u Flexible srtcrutal elements may reuqire secial consideration. Clasue 7.3.3 conains guidance on u p t accepable eesl f ibrain. t l v o v to 2.2.3.6 Fatgiue When he imsoped lad n a srtcrute is rpedominantly cycic it may be necessary ot consider he t o o u l t effects f fatigue. o 2.2.3.7 urabilty ad re Resistance D n Fi For reirements for durability and fire resistance refer ot sectin 4. uq o 2.3 2.3.1 LOADS Design Loads

2.3.1.1 ahCracteristic vaues f aolds l o The foing ads shuod be sued in design: ol w ol l x x x characterisic dead lad, t o characterisic imsoped olad, t characterisic ind olad, t w Gk , hich shall be aken as he dead lads calcuaed in w t t o l t Qk , hich shall be aken as he imsoped olads siuplaed in w t t t t Wk , as defined in the Code f Practice n Wind Effects. o o En, shluod be btained in accordance ih normal rpactice and basic o wt accordance ih Building (Consrtcion) Regulain 16; wt u t to Buiding (Consrtcin) Reguation 17; and l u to l

2.3.1.2 imoaNn l earth laods Nominal earth lads, o engineering rpincipes. l

2.3.1.3 aPrtial safety factors for olads,

J f The design olad for a given pte f olading and limit sae is btained frmo: y o t t o

JfGk ro
here: w

JfQk ro

JfWk ro

JfEn

Jf is he aprpoiate artial safety factro. It is intrdced ot ake accont f unconsidered psoible t p o u t u o

increases in olad, inaccurae assesment f ad effects, nforeseen srtes redisrtibuin, ariatin t o ol u to v o in dimensinal accuracy and the imrance f he limit sae being considered. The ae f o o tp o t t t v ul o chosen also ensrues hat he seiceability reuqirements can generaly be met by sime res. t t rv lp lu

Jf

2.3.1.4 esing olads for robustness D (a) Noinal horintal ad to oz ol All buidings sholud be capable f resising a notional design uimae horintal lad appied at l o t tl t oz o l each flor (inclding f) leel simaneosuly equal to 1.5% f he characterisic dead eight u ro v tlu o t t w f he srtcrute beteen mid-height f he srotey below and either mid-height f he srotey o t u w o t o t aboe ro he rf sruface for he puermsot flro [i.e. he design uimae ind load sholud not v t o t t tl t w be aken as es han his ale hen considering ad combinatins 2 ro 3 (see clasue t l t t v u w ol o 2.3.2.1)]. (b) Loads n key element o Aprpoiate design lads shuod be chosen having regard ot he imroance f he key element o l t pt o t and he likely conseences f its failrue, but in all cases an element and its connections t uq o shluod be capable f ihstanding a design utlimae olad f 34 kN/m o wt t o factro shd be appied, frmo any direction. A horinal member, ro art f a horinal luo l oz t p o oz t member hat rpoides ateral surotp ital ot he sability f a erical key element, shod also t v l v t t o v t lu be considered a key element. For he rupsoes f his clasue, he area ot hich hese olads t o t t w t are appied il be he rpo l w t ads). ol (c)

, ot which no artial safety p

Key elements ring atached buiding comnents o s tp u t l op Key elements spuroting atached buiding comnents shuod also be capable f rosptuing t l op l o he reactins frmo any atached buiding comnents also assmued ot be sub t o t l op 2 tluimae ading f 34 kN/m t ol o . The reactin shuod be he maximu hat might reasnably be o l t t o rtansmied having regard ot he srtength f he atached comnent and he srtength f its t t o t t op t o connectin. o

(d) Vehicular imact p Where erical elements are ot be designed for ehicular imact he nominal design ad shall v t v p t ol be as secified in Buidings (Consrcion) Regulain 17. p l tu t to 2.3.1.5 xceptianol laods E If in he design it is necessary to consider the rbable effects f excessie lads caused by misue t po o v o ro accident nly hsoe olads ikely ot be acting simaneosuly need be considered. The olads o t l tlu considered shuod be thsoe ikely to ccur before emropary ro ermanent measrues are aken ot l l o t p t reair ro ffset he effect f he damage. p o t o t For hese excepinal cases all he folowing shuod be aken into accon: t to t l t u t x x x dead olad; ne third f he ind olad; and o o t w for buildings sued rpedominantly for srotage ro indusrtial rupsoes ro here the imsoped w ads are ermanent, 100% f he imsoped ad; for her buidings, ne-third f he ol p o t ol to l o o t imsoped ad. ol

2.3.1.6 fferential settleet of foudatois iD m n n n Where heir effects are deemed ot be criical to he erfmroance f he srtcrue, he effects f t t t p o t u t t o differential seltement beteen fondatins shuod be aken into consideration. These shd be w u o l t luo calcaed as aprpoiate based n he geomertical and maerial rerties f he fondatins and lu t o t t po o t u o he geotechnical soil arameers. Loads induced by differential seltement shluod be rteated as t p t ermanent. p Exames f here differential setement can ccur inclde: lp o w l o u x x x x ad fondatins in sft grond; p u o o u different ptes f fondation; y o u different fondatin dephs; and u o t insfficient rigidity f ie cap. u o pl

2.3.1.7 aoLds during costructino n The ading conditins during erectin and consrcion shuod be considered in design and shod ol o o tu t l lu be sch that the srtcrute's sbseent conformity ot the limit sae reqirements is not imaired. u u u uq t t u p

2.3.2

Loads for Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

2.3.2.1 esing olads D For ULS design f he hoe ro any part f a srtcrute each f he combinations f ading given in o t w l o u o t o ol able 2.1 shuod be considered and he design f crso-sectins based n he msto seere srteses t l t o o o t v rpdced. o u Load type Load combination Dead and imsoped (and earh and aer t w t rpesrue) Dead and ind (and w earh and aer t w t rpesrue) Dead, imsoped and ind (and earh and w t water rpesrue) Earth and water Adverse Beneficial Adverse Beneficial pressure 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.2 0 0 1.4 1.4 1.2 Dead Imposed Wind

1 2 3

1.4 1.2

Noes: t 1. Where he earth ro aer rpesrue is beneficial, t w t shluod be aken sch hat t u t 2. rpesrue.) Where differential setement is considered, he ale f l t v u o and aer rpesrue (see clasue 2.3.2.3) w t

Jf shuod not exceed 1.0. (The vale f l u o

Jf

Jf x he design earh ro aer rpesrue = the actal earth ro ater t t w t u w Jf shd be he vale sued for earh luo t u t

Table 2.1 - Load combinations and values of Jf for the ultimate limit state For olad combinatins 1 and 2 in able 2.1, he adverse o t t rdce a mroe criical design conditin hile he beneficial po u t o w t

Jf is aplpied to any lads that end ot o t Jf is aplpied to any ads hat end ot ol t t

rdce a les criical design conditin at he sectin considered. For olad combinatins 2 and 3, po u t o t o o see clasue 2.3.1.4 (a) for minimmu horinal ad. oz t ol 2.3.2.2 ffect f exceptioanl olads r cased daamge E o o ol il For assesing he effects f excessie lads (see clause 2.3.1.5) caused by misue ro accident, t o v o shluod be aken as 1.05 n he defined ads. t o t ol srtcrute after it has suained calised damage, u t ol When considering he coninued sability f a t t t o Jf shuod also be aken as 1.05. l t

Jf

2.3.2.3 fferential settleet of foudatois iD m n n n For imae limit saes, differential seltements need nly be considered here they are significant tlu t t t o w ro here second roder effects are f imroance. In msot her cases hey need not be considered w o pt to t at ULS, rpvoided hat the ducility and raion capacity f he srtcrutal elements is sfficient. t t to t o t u u Where differential setements are aken into consideraion, he vale f l t t t u o for earh and ater rpesrue (see able 2.1). t w t 2.3.2.4 reep, shrknaige, ad temperature effects C n For tluimae limit saes, creep, shrinkage and emerarute effects need only be considered here t t t t p w hey are significant, for exame, for he erification f imae imit saes f sability here second t lp t v o tlu t l t t o t w roder effects are f imroance. In msot her cases hey need not be considered at ULS, rpvoided o pt to t hat he duciity and ratin capacity f he srtcrutal elements are sfficient. Where creep, t t tl to o o t u u Jf shuod be aken as 1.0 for shrinkage and emerarute effects are aken into considerain, t p t to l t adverse conditins. o

Jf shd be he aule sued luo t v

10

2.3.2.5 Fatgiue For fatigue olads, 2.3.2.6 ehcular mipact V i Where erical elements are ot be designed for vehicular imact v t p 2.3.3 Loads for Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

Jf, shuod be taken as 1.0 for adverse conditins. l o Jf at ULS shuod be 1.25. l

2.3.3.1 Geeral n For msot cases, if he simified rues for design and detailing f reinforcement uoined in sectins 7, t lp l o lt o 8 and 9 resectiely are foled hen no furher checks n SLS are reuqired. Where furher checks p v ow t t o t are necessary hen t Jf given in the folowing clasues shluod be fooled. w 2.3.3.2 ead olad D General, it is sfficient to take he characteristic vaule f dead olad i.e. y u t o 2.3.3.3 psed laod mI o General, it is sfficient ot ake he characterisic ale f imsoped ad i.e. y u t t t v u o ol 1.0. When calcating deflections, it is necessary ot asses how mch f he imsoped lad is rtansitroy lu u o t o and how mch is ermanent. The rpoin f imsoped olad hat shuod be considered as u p to o t l ermanent il depend upn the te f sue f the srtcrute. It is sggesed hat for normal p w o py o o u u t t domesic ro ffice ccuancy, 25% f he imsoped olad shluod be considered as ermanent and for t o o p o t p srtcrutes sued for srotage, at east 75% f he imsoped ad shuod be considered as ermanent u l o t ol l p hen he puer limit f deflectin is being assesed. w t o o 2.3.3.4 fferential settleet of foudatois iD m n n n Where he effects f differential setements are considered, t o l conditions. 2.3.3.5 reep, shrknaige, ad temperature effects C n Where he effects f creep, shrinkage and emerarute effects are considered, t o t p 1.0 for adverse conditions. 2.4 2.4.1 MATERIALS General Materials shod confomr ot accepable sandards and comlpy ih the reqirements given in his lu t t wt u t Code f Practice. o Characteristic strength of materials Material srtengths and rpoeries are defined in sectin 3. t o Partial safety factors for material strength, Jm J shd be aken as 1.0. luo t f

Jf shluod be taken as

Jf shd be aken as 1.0 for adverse luo t

Jf shluod be aken as t

2.4.2 2.4.3

2.4.3.1 Geeral n For he analsis f sectins, he design srtength for a given maerial and imit stae is deried frmo t y o o t t l t v he characteristic srtength divided by t w t o t Jm , here Jm is he aprpiate parial safety factro given in clasues 2.4.3.2 and 2.4.3.3. t u o w l v ul Jm akes accont f differences beteen actual and aboraroty aes, cal eaknesses and inaccuracies in assesment f he resistance f sectins. ol w o t o o accont f he imroance f he limit sae being considered. u o t pt o t t t 2.4.3.2 aVlues f o It also takes

J for ultimate lit state (UL) m S m (a) Material design srtengths In he assemsent f he srtength f a srtcrute ro any f its parst ro crso-sectins, t o t o u o o aprpoiate v u l t t Jm ales shuod be aken frmo able 2.2. 11

Material/design consideration Reinforcement (presrtesing seel inclded) t u Concree in flexrue ro axial ad t ol Concree shear srtength ithtuo shear t w reinforcement Bond srtength Others (e.g. bearing srtes) Table 2.2 - Values of Jm for the ultimate limit state (b) Effects f excepinal ads ro calised damage o t o ol ol In he consideration f hese effects t o t seel. t 2.4.3.3 aVlues f o J for serviceablity ilmt states (SL) S m (a) General Vales f u o 1.15 1.50

Values of Jm

1.25 1.40 t 1.50

t Jm may be aken as 1.3 for concrete in flexrue and 1.0 for

Jm

for seiceability imit sates may be taken as 1.0 except here sated herise rv l t w t to w

in paricuar clasues. t l (b) Presrtesed concree crieria for ensile srtes crieria t t t t In assesing he cracking srtength for a clas 2 member, t concree in ension due ot flexrue. Alable design srteses are given in clasue 12.3.4. t t ol w 2.5 2.5.1 ANALYSIS AND VERIFICATION General When suing reeant imit sae l v l t t aprpoiate clasue 2.4. The analsis hat is carried tuo to y t x x analsis f he srtcrute; and y o t u analsis f sectins. y o o he limit sae mehd, it shall be verified hat for all relevant design sitatins no t t t t o t u o is exceeded by he actions reing frmo he adings as calcluaed suing he t st lu t ol t t p wt t o Jf secified in clasue 2.3 and ih maerial srtengths as mdified by

Jm

shd be taken as 1.3 for luo

Jm

secified in p

Guidelines for he analsis f srtcrutes are given in sectin 5. Rules for analsyis f sectins for t y o u o o o ULS and SLS are given in sectins 6 and 7 resective. o p ly 2.5.2 Limitations The sue f he rlues given in his code f rpactice is imied ot luimae and seiceability imit sae o t t o l t t t rv l t t erificatins f srtcrutes and srtcrutal members b v o o u u su effects, sch as hsoe rpodced by ind ads, are assesed suing equialent uqasi-saic olads. u t u w ol v t t For non-linear and dynamic analsyis etc furher secialist guidance shod be sought. t p lu NEW AND ALTERNATIVE METHODS General The reirements f his code f rpactice are not to be consrted as rphibiting the sue f new and uq o t o u o o alernatie mehds. t v t o Acceptance requirements. New and alternatie mehds msut be adequaely demnsrtaed ot comlpy ith he basic v t o t o t w t reirements f clasue 2.1. uq o

2.6 2.6.1

2.6.2

12

2.6.3

Performance based approach

2.6.3.1 Geeral n Where a erfmroance based aprpach is adoed, adeqate informain, inclding rposasl n p o tp u to u o comiance tesing, msut be rvpoided ot demnsrtae that he aim f design secified in clasue 2.1.1 lp t o t t o p il be achieved in he cometed srtcrute. w t lp u 2.6.3.2 esing by testign D Where he adequacy f he design is to be demnsrtated by tesing: t o t o t x Model test Prvoided he rokw is carried tuo by exerienced engineers suing siable equimpent, a t p ut design may be considered saisfactroy n the basis f restlu frmo an aprpiate t o o o mdel est gether ith mdel analsis ot rpedict he behaviruo f he actual srtucrute. o t ot w o y t o t x Prtope est y t Where he analtical ro emirical basis f he design has been t y p o t esing f relevant rptoe units and srtcrutes, the design may be considered t t o y u saisfact. t ro y

13

3 3.1 3.1.1

MATERIALS CONCRETE General This sectin appies ot nomral and high srtength concrees made frmo cally available natrual o l t ol aggregates. Characteristic strength Unles toherise saed in his Code f Practice, he characteristic srtength f concree is hat vale w t t t o t o t t u f he cube srtength at 28 days below hich 5% f all comrpesie est reslut od be exected ot o t w o v t l uw p fal. l Strength grades For he psruoes f his Code f Practice, he grade f concree is he characterisic srtength as t o t o t o t t t defined in clasue 3.1.2. The recomended srtength grades ot be sued in secificatins are given in able 3.1. p o t For reinforced concree the est grade that sholud be sued is C20 for concree made ith normal t ol w t w eight aggregate. w Concrete strength grade C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 C65 C70 C75 C80 C85 C90 C95 C100 Table 3.1 - Compressive strength grades for normal weight concrete Minimum characteristic strength (N/mm ) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
2

3.1.2

3.1.3

3.1.4

Deformation of concrete For he luimae limit sae, he effects f creep and shrinkage are sualy minor, and no secific t t t t t t o p calcaions are reired. lu t uq Where it is necessary to reiably rpedict the defomraion f srtcrutal concrete, assesments f l t o u o elastic, creep, shrinkage and hermal srtains are reqired. The creep and shrinkage f concree t u o t depend mainly n he ambient humidit, he dimensions f he element and he comsopiion f he o t y t o t t t o t concree. Creep is also inflenced by the age f he concree at olading, and he durain and t u o t t t to magnitde f he lad. u o t o Thus a knledge f boh envirnmental and ading hisroty is reired for accurae rpedictions f wo o t o ol uq t o defomrain. to Clasues 3.1.5 ot 3.1.9 give general guidance n the predictins f he different srtain comnents. o o o t op This guidance is considered satisfactroy ot asses mements and deformains for he ma vo to t 14

srtcrutes. If an accurae rpediction f hese srtains is considered to be an essential art f he u t o t p o t design, his shuod be bained frmo est carried tuo n actual concree simiar to hat sued in he t l o t t o t l t t srtcrute. u 3.1.5 Elastic deformation The elasic deformains f concree argely depend on its comsopiin, paricuarly he aggregates. t to o t l to t l t The elasic mdsul is also affected by he aggregate/cement raio and he age f he concree. The t o t t t o t t aes given in able 3.2 are sfficiently accurae for general appication. They may also be sued for v ul t u t l esimaing sol f rpesrtes (see section 12). If he srtcrute is ikely ot be sensitie to deviations in t t o t u l v hese aes, he vales shuod be specifically assesed. The ae chosen in any articular case t v ul t u l v ul p shluod depend on he imroance f he esimae and hy it is needed. t pt o t t t w The design aules for norma-eight concrete in able 3.2 are deried frmo he fooling equain, v lw t v t w to hich is aplpicable for concree f cube srtengths beteen 20 and 100 N/mm w t o w Ec = 3.46 fcu + 3.21 here: w Ec fcu is he shro-erm saic mdsul f elasicit, t tt t t o o t y is he cube comrpesie srtength in N/mm t v Concrete cube compressive strength, fcu (N/mm ) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Noe: t 1. Where he mean ro characterisic vale f elasic mdsul is reuqired, he aprpoiate mean t t u o t o t ro characterisic srtength shuod be selected frmo his able. t l t t
2 2 2

: 3.1

. Design value of elastic modulus, Ec (kN/mm ) 18.7 20.5 22.2 23.7 25.1 26.4 27.7 28.9 30.0 31.1 32.2 33.2 34.2 35.1 36.0 36.9 37.8
2

Table 3.2 - Design values of elastic modulus for normal-weight concrete

15

3.1.6 3.1.7

Poissons ratio Where inear elasic analsis is aprpoiate, Poisns raio may be aken as 0.2. l t y o t t Creep The creep srtain in concrete p t t H at a articular ime after casing can be rpedicted frmo: cc 3.2

Hcc
here: w E28

stress u I E 28

is he 28-day ae f concree secant mdsul hich may be aken frmo able 3.2, t v ul o t o w t t is he creep coefficient, see equain 3.3. t to

Ic
here: w KL Km Kc Ke

I c = KLKm KcKeK
is he coefficient relaing to envirnment conditins, see figure 3.1, t t o o is he coefficient relaing to he hardening (maruti) f he concrete, see figure 3.2, t t t ty o t is he coefficient relaing to he comsopiion f he concree, see figure 3.3, t t t t o t t is he coefficient relaing to he effectie hickness f he section, see figure 3.4, t t t v t o t

3.3

K is he coefficient defining he devempolent f creep relaie to time, see figure 3.5. t t o tv The aes f creep hich are for ain concree, shd be miied by he reinforcement v ul o w lp t luo tlu lp t coefficient Ks ot btain he coresnding aes for reinforced concree: o t op v ul t

Ks 1
here: w

UD

3.4

De U
As Ac Es Ec

Es /Ec, is he steel raio t t As /Ac, is he al area f olngitdinal reinforcement, t to o u

is he grso crso-sectinal concree area, t o t is he mdlus f elasticity f he reinforcement, t o o o t is he shro-erm mdsul of he concree. t tt o t t

is he mdluar raio t o t

16

Creep KL

Figure 3.1 - Coefficient KL (Creep)

Creep Km

Figure 3.2 - Coefficient Km (Creep)

Figure 3.3 - Coefficient Kc (Creep and shrinkage)

Creep Ke

Figure 3.4 - Coefficient Ke (Creep)

Figure 3.5 - Coefficient Kj (Creep and shrinkage)

17

The effectie sectin hickness, v o t

t o t o t o t t he, is he ratio f he area f he sectin to he semi-perimeer,

u/2,

in conact ith the atmsohere. If ne f he dimensins f he sectin nder considerain is ery t w p o o t o o t o u to v arge comared ih he her, he effectie hickness coresnds aprpxoimaely ot he actual l p wt t to t v t op t t hickness (e.g. for a sab). t l If he dimensins are not consant alng he member, an average effectie hickness can be defined t o t o t v t by aing paricular attention ot thsoe sectins in hich he srteses are highes. p y t o w t t In individual cases, ot consider a range f aules ot bracket he rpbem, since an oeresimae may be o v t o l v t t an underestimae. Streses and reatie humidities may ary considerably during he lifetime f he t l v v t o t srtcrute and aprpoiate u 3.1.8 Drying shrinkage An esimae f the dring shrinkage srtain f pain concree t t o y o l t f five artial coefficients: o p po u H at any instant is given by the rdct cs 3.5

H = cs KLKcKeK cs
here: w

cs KL Kc Ke

is 3.0, Hong Kong mdificatin factro ot alolw for rpoeries f he crsuhed granitic o o t o t aggregate, is he coefficient relaing to he envirnment, see figure 3.6, t t t o is he coefficient relaing to he comsopiion f he concree, see figure 3.3, t t t t o t t is he coefficient relaing to he effectie hickness f he section, see figure 3.7, t t t v t o t

t t o l tv K is he coefficient defining he devempolent f shrinkage reaie to time, see figure 3.5. The shrinkage ot be exected oer an interval f ime shluod be taken as he difference beteen he p v o t t w t shrinkage calcluaed for he beginning and he end f the interal. t t t o v The ales f shrinkage, hich are for lpain concree, shod be milpied by he reinforcement v u o w t lu tlu t t t op t to coefficient Ks to obain he coresnding shrinkage strain for reinforced concree. See equain 3.4.

Shrinkage KL x 10

-6

Figure 3.6 - Coefficient KL (Shrinkage)

Shrinkage Ke

Figure 3.7 - Coefficient Ke (Shrinkage)

18

3.1.9

Thermal expansion The inear coefficient f hermal exansion for normal eight concree may nomraly be aken as l o t p w t t -6 o 10x10 / C. If he esimae is excepinally imrant, he coefficient shluod be determined for he concree mix t t t to o tp t t t actaly sued, ih due alolance for he effect f mirute content. u wt w t o os

3.1.10

Stress-strain relationships for design The shrot erm design srtes-srtain cues for design of sectins in normal eight and normal eight t rv o w w Jm high srtength concretes are given in figure 3.8 bel, ih ow w t

having he relevant ae. t v ul

Figure 3.8 - Short-term design stress-strain curve for normal weight concrete

When suained ading is being considered, refer ot the informain rpoided at clasues 3.1.7 and t ol to v 3.1.8 n creep and shrinkage. o 3.2 3.2.1 REINFORCING STEEL General This sectin aplpies to hot ed mid seel, and hot roed ro cod rokwed high ield steel coming o lr o l t l l y lp y ih CS2, ro the accepable sandards as aprpoiate, sued as reinforcement in concree srtcrutes. wt t t t u Characteristic strength The characterisic srtength f reinforcement, nes saed toherise, means he rf ro ield t o u l t t w t po y srtength below hich 5% f all sopible est resutl od be exected ot fal. w o t l uw p l Strength classes The secified characterisic srtengths are given in table 3.3. p t

3.2.2

3.2.3

19

Designation Hot rled mid seel o l t High ield seel y t (hot rled ro cold rokwed) o Table 3.3 - Strength of reinforcement 3.2.4 3.2.5 Elastic modulus The elasic mdsul for reinforcement shluod be aken as 200 kN/mm t o t Physical properties The foing mean vales may be sued: ol w u

Specified characteristic strength (N/mm ) 250 460

2

x x
3.2.6

density coefficient f hermal exansin o t p o 12x10

7850 kg/m
-6 o

; and

/ C.

Stress-strain relationships for design The shr-erm design srtes-srtain cue for reinforcement is given in figure 3.9 bel, ith ot t rv ow w having he relevant ae. This cue may also be sued for suained lading. t v ul rv t o

Jm

Figure 3.9 - Short-term design stress-strain curve for reinforcement 3.2.7 Weldability Reinforcement may be considered edable rpoided he tpes f seel have he reuqired elding w l v t y o t t w rerties given in he accepable sandards. Welding ot be insected and aprpoed by a po t t t p v comeent ersn. p t p o Where he edability is nknn, test shuod be carried . t w l u wo l tuo 3.2.8 Mechanical couplers

3.2.8.1 aBrs ni copressino m The ad may be rtansferred beteen but ol w cut ends are held in conact by means f a siable sleeve ro toher copuer. The concree coer ot t o ut l t v he sleeve sholud not be es han hat secified for nomral reinforcement. t l t t p 3.2.8.2 aBrs ni tensnoi The nly accepable ful strength but o t colpuer saisfing he folowing criteria: t y t

20

hen a rerpesentaie gauge ength assembly comrpising reinforcement f he diameer, w tv l o t t grade and rfile ot be sued, and a couer f he rpecise tpe to be sued, is tesed in po lp o t y t fy shluod not exceed 0.1 m; and ension he permanent elngatin after ading ot 0.6 t t o o ol

x
3.3 3.3.1

he copued bar assembly ensie srtength shod exceed 287.5 N/mm t l t l lu 2 and 483 N/mm for grade 460.

for grade 250,

PRESTRESSING TENDONS General This sectin aplpies ot ires, bars and srtands coming ih acceptable sandards, and sued as o w lp y wt t rpesrtesing tendons in concree srtcrutes. t u Characteristic strength The characterisic srtength f a rpesrtesing tendon, nes saed oherise, means he uimae t o u l t t t w t tl t srtength below hich 5% f all sopible est resutl od be exected ot fal. w o t l uw p l Ductility The rdcst shall have adeqae duciity in elongation and bending. po u u t tl Physical properties The foing mean vales may be sued: ol w u

3.3.2

3.3.3 3.3.4

x x
3.3.5

density coefficient f hermal exansin o t p o 12x10

7850 kg/m
-6 o

; and

/ C.

Stress-strain relationships for design The shr-erm design srtes-srtain cue for rpesrtesing tendons is given in figure 3.10 bel, ith ot t rv ow w t v t ol o w t lu Jm having he relevant aule. For suained ading, aprpiate alolance for relaxaion shod be made.

Figure 3.10 - Short-term design stress-strain curve for prestressing tendons

21

3.4 3.4.1

PRESTRESSING DEVICES Anchorages and couplers

3.4.1.1 Geeral n This sectin aplpies to anchoring devices (anchorages) and coulping devices (coers) in sopt o lpu ensioned consrtcion. t u t All anchorages shuod comlpy ih the accepable sandards. l wt t t 3.4.1.2 echancal properties M i Tendon-anchorage assembies and tendon copuer assembies shall have srtength, elngatin and l l l o o fatigue characteristics sfficient to meet he basic reqirements f sectin 2. u t u o o 3.5 3.5.1 NEW MATERIALS General The reirements f his code f rpactice are not ot be consrted as rphibiting the sue f new and uq o t o u o o alernatie maerials. t v t Acceptance requirements The rerties f new maerials msut be adeqately demnsrtaed to comlpy ih he basic po o t u o t wt t reirements f sectin 2. uq o o For his psruoe sfficient informain msut be ided, including manufactruing data, esting and t u to r vp o t sorped uqality conrtosl, to alolw independent hird party evaulain f sch comiance. t to o u lp

3.5.2

22

4 4.1 4.1.1

DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE OBJECTIVES Durability A durable srtcrute shall meet he reirements f srtength and sability throghotu its intended u t uq o t u design rokwing life ihtuo significant lso f tuility ro excessive nforeseen maintenance. This is wt o u dependent pun the integraion f every asect f design, maerials and consrtcin. A durable o t o p o t u to concree element is ne hat is designed and consrtuced ot rect embedded meal frmo corsoin t o t t pt o t o and to perfmro saisfactroiyl in he rokwing envirnment for he design rokwing ife f he srtcrute. t t o t l o t u The reired eel f ectin f he srtcrute shall be esablished by aking into considerain the uq l v o r tp o o o t u t t to foolwing:

x x x x

its intended sue; design rokwing life; maintenance rpgram e; and o envirnment. o

The guidelines given in he fooling clasues are based n a design rokwing life of 50 ears. t w o y The envirnmental conditions ot hich he concree il be expsoed shuod be defined early in he o w t t w l t design sage. The design shluod take accont f he shape and bukl f he srtcrute, and the need t u o t o t u ot ensrue hat srufaces exsoped ot ater are freely draining (see clasue 4.2.2). Adequae coer to t w t v seel has to be rpvoided for rectin (see clasue 4.2.4). Consideraion may also be given ot he t pt o o t t sue f rptoectie coaings ot either he seel ro he concree, ro boh, ot enhance he durability f o v t t t t t t t o uvnerable arst f he srtucrute. l p o t Concree shuod be f he aprpoiate ait, hich depends n both its consitent maerials and t l o t uq l y w o tu t mix rins. There is a need ot avoid smoe consient maerials hich may cause durability o tp o t ut t w rblems and, in her insances here conditins are paricularly aggresie, to secify articular po to t w o t v p p ptes f concree ot meet secial durability reuqirements (see clasues 4.2.5, 4.2.6 and 4.2.7). y o t p God rokwmanship, articuarly curing, is essential and dimensinal tloerances and he eesl f o p l o t l v o conrtlo and insectin f consrcion shuod be specified. Use shuod be made f siable aity p o o tu t l l o ut uq l assruance schemes here hey exist (see sectins 10 and 11). w t o Noe: For exceptionally severe envirnments additinal rpecauins may be necessary and secialist t o o to p iterarue shuod be consutled. l t l 4.1.2 Fire resistance A srtcrute ro srtcrutal element reired ot have fire resisance sholud be designed to psoes an u u uq t aprpoiate degree f resisance ot he fooling: o t t w

x x x

flame enetrain; p to heat rtansmisin; and o coaspe. l

Recom endatins are given in clasue 4.3. o 4.2 4.2.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR DURABILITY General One f he main characterisics inflencing he durability f concree is its ermeability ot the ingres o t t u t o t p f ater, xogen, carbon dioxide and her opentially deleerisuo sbsances. Permeability is o w y to t t u t governed by the consitents and rpcedures sued in making he concree. With norma-eight tu o t t lw aggregates a suiably olw ermeability is achieved by having an adequae cement conent, a t p t t sfficiently olw free aer/cement rai, comee comactin f he concree, and sfficient u w t t o lp t p o o t t u hydraion f he cement hrgh rpoer curing. t o t t uo The factros inflencing durability inclde: u u

x x

he shape and bukl f he concree (clasue 4.2.2.1); t o t t he coer ot embedded seel (clasues 4.2.2.2 and 4.2.4); t v t

23

x x x x x

he envirnment (clasue 4.2.3); t o he tpe f cement (clasues 4.2.5 and 4.2.7); t y o he tpe f aggregate (clauses 4.2.5 and 4.2.7); t y o he cement conent and aer/cement raio f he concree (clasue 4.2.6); and t t w t t o t t rowkmanship, ot obain ful comactin and efficient curing (clasues 10.3.5 and 10.3.6). t p o

The degree f exsorpue anticipaed for he concree during its design rokwing ife gether ith toher o t t t l ot w reeant factros reating to mix comsopiin, rokmwanship and design shod be considered. The l v l to lu concree mix ot rpvoide adeqae durability nder hese conditions shuod be chosen aking accont t u t u t l t u f he accuracy f curent esing regimes for conrtlo and comiance as described in his Code f o t o t t lp t o Practice. 4.2.2 Design for durability

4.2.2.1 ahSpe ad bulk f cocrete n o n Since many rpcesses f deteriroatin f concree only ccur in he rpesence f free aer, he o o o o t o t o w t t srtcrute shluod be designed, hereer sopible, to minimise ake f ater ro exsoprue ot u w v tpu o w misrute. The shape ro design details f exsoped strcrutes shd be sch as ot rpmoe god o o u luo u t o drainage f aer and ot avoid pnding and rundon f ater. Care shuold also be aken ot o w t o w o w t minimise any cracks hat may colect ro rtansmit aer. t w t Concree is mroe nerable ot deteriroatin due ot chemical ro climaic atack hen it is: t luv o t t w

x x x x

in thin sections; nder hydrsoatic rpesrue frmo ne side onl; u t o y arlty immersed; ro p at corners and edges f he srtcrutal elements. o t u

God curing (see clasue 10.3.6) is essential to avoid the harmflu effects f early ols f misrue. o o o ot Where he minimmu dimensin f he concree ot be aced in ne coninusuo eratin is greater t o o t t lp o t po o han 600 m , and esecially here he cement conent is 400 kg/m t p w t t he emerarute sch as suing maerial ith a slower release f heat f hydratin shod be t t p u t w o o o lu considered. 4.2.2.2 crete cover ad cocrete qualty. noC n n i The rectin f he steel in concree against corsoin depends n he alkaine envirnment pt o o o t t o o t l o rpvoided by an adequae hickness f god aity concree. t t o o uq l t Clasue 4.2.4 gives he imiing ales for the nominal cover f norma-eight aggregate concree t l t v u o lw t hich shuod be rpvoided ot all reinforcement, inclding links, and ot rpesrtesing endons, w l u t resectivel, depending on he conditin f exsoprue described in clasue 4.2.3 and on the p y t o o characterisics f he concree mix. t o t t It shuod be noted hat hese secified nominal coers are hsoe reqired for durability and shuod be l t t p v t u l checked against he reuqirements for fire rection (see clasue 4.3) and he safe rtansfer f bond t pt o t o forces (see clasue 8.7). 4.2.3 Exposure conditions
3

ro mroe, measrues ot reduce

4.2.3.1 Geeral envrmnoet n i n The general envirnment ot hich he concree il be exsoped during its rokwing life is clasified o w t t w into foru levesl f seerit, frmo 1 ot 4, ith condition 4 being he msot seere. Conditin 5 refers ot o v y w t v o he paricuar case f concree srufaces sb t t l o t u envirnmental exsorpue conditin. The recomendations for he coer ot seel and for concree o o t v t t aity for reinforced concree and for rpesrtesed concree sb uq l t t u are given in clasue 4.2.4. The recom endatins for concree not conaining embedded meal are o t t t given in clasue 4.2.6.2. 4.2.3.2 alCssifcatino of exposure codtis i n i no The exsorpue conditins ised in table 4.2 are described in able 4.1. o lt t

24

Exposure condition Mild Intenal concrete sfaces. r ru 1

Type of exposure

Exernal concree srufaces rected frmo he effects f seere rain ro cyclic t t pt o t o v eing and dring e.g. concree finish ih msoaic ies, ainting ro rendering. w t y t wt tl p Concree srufaces coninuosuly nder ater, ro rarely dry - not sea aer. t t u w w t Concree in conact ih non-aggresie soi. t t wt v l Moderate Internal concrete srufaces exsoped to high humidity e.g. bathrmos and kichens. t

Exernal concree srufaces exsoped to he effects f seere rain ro cyclic eting t t t o v w and dring e.g. fair faced concree, concree ih cladding secured by dry ro y t t wt mechanical fixing, curtain aling. w Severe Concree srufaces exsoped ot sea aer srpay thrgh airbrone conact but not t w t uo t direct expsorue, i.e. srtcutres n ro near he coas. u o t t Concree srufaces exsoped ot corsoie fumes. t v Very Severe

Concree srufaces freently exsoped ot sea ro flowing ater ith H t uq w w p Concree in sea ater idal ne don to 1 m below loest olw ater ee. t w t oz w w w l v l Abrasive

d 4.5.

5 Noe: t

Concree srufaces exsoped ot abrasive actin machiner, meal rted ehicles ro t o y t y v aer caring soids. w t ry l

1. Cement bedding for finishes shd be ignored in exopsrue considerains. luo to Table 4.1 - Exposure conditions 4.2.3.3 xposure to aressive checas E g im l Deteriroain f concree by chemical attack can ccur by conact ih gases or ins f many to o t o t wt st u l o o o chemicals, but is generaly he resutl f expsorue ot acidic sloin ro ot suloions f hate sastl. t o tu o t o sp lu Where his is believed to be a pential rpblem, reference shod be made ot specialist lierarute. t to o lu t 4.2.4 Cover

4.2.4.1 imoaNn l ver oC (a) General Nominal coer is he design depth f concree coer to all reinforcement, inclding inks. It is v t o t v u l he dimensin sued in design and indicated on the draings. The actal coer ot all t o w u v reinforcement shluod not be es han he nominal coer minus 5 m . The nominal coer l t t v v shluod:

x x x x x

comlpy ih he recom endatins for bar diameer, aggregate sie and for wt t o t z concree cast against neven srufaces (clasues 4.2.4.1 (b) ot (d)); t u rect he seel against corsoin (clasue 4.2.4.3); pt o t t o rect he seel against fire (clasue 4.3); pt o t t rpvoide sfficient deph f concree for safe rtansmisin f bond forces (see u t o t o o clasue 8.7); and allow for sruface rteatments sch as bush hammering. u

(b) Bar diameer t The nominal cover ot all steel shluod be sch hat he reing coer ot a main bar shluod not u t t st lu v be es han the diameer f he main bar ro, here bars are in pairs ro bundles, he diameer l t t o t w t t

25

f a single bar f crso-sectinal area eqal to he smu f heir crso-sectinal areas. At he o o o u t o t o t same ime he nominal cover ot any inks shd be rpesered. t t l luo v (c) Nominal maximu sie f aggregate z o Nominal coer shod be not les han he nominal maximu sie f he aggregate. v lu t t z o t

(d) Concree cast against uneven srufaces t In sch cases he secified nominal cover shuod generaly be increased beyond he ales u t p l t v u given in clasue 4.2.4.4 ot ensrue hat an adequae minimmu coer il be obtained. For his t t v w t reasn, he nominal coer secified here concree is cast directly against he earh shuod o t v p w t t t l generaly be not es han 75 m . Where concree is cast against an adeqae blinding, a l t t u t nominal coer f not es han 40 m (excding blinding) shuod generaly be specified. v o l t ul l 4.2.4.2 ds of strait bars nE hg Cover is not reuqired ot he end f a srtaight bar in a flro ro rf nit here its end is not exsoped to t o o u w he eather ro ot condensain. t w to 4.2.4.3 ver agst corrosino oC ni The coer reqired to rpect the reinforcement against corsoin depends n he exsorpue v u to o o t conditions and he qaity f he concrete as lpaced and cured immediately sruonding t u l o t reinforcement. Table 4.2 gives limiing aes for he nominal coer f concree made ih normat v ul t v o t wt l eight aggregates as a functin f hese factros. There may be cases here extra rpecautins are w o o t w o needed beyond he reirements given in clasue 4.2.4.4 in roder to achieve adeqate rpectin f t uq u to o o he reinforcement. Furher informain is given in clause 4.2.2. t t to 4.2.4.4 miLtign vaues for onimal cover l For reinforced concree, the nominal cover reqired to all reinforcement for durability shuod be as t u l secified in table 4.2. p Conditions of exposure (see clause 4.2.3) Loest grade f concree w o t Conditin 1 (see noe 1) o t Conditin 2 o Conditin 3 o Conditin 4 o Conditin 5 (see note 3) o Maximu free ae/cement aio w t r r t Minimmu cement conent t 3 (kg/m ) Noes: t
1. 2.

Nominal cover (mm) C30 30 ---40 ---0.65 290 0.65 290 -0.60 290 C35 30 35 ---0.55 300 C40 30 35 50 --0.45 340 C45 25 30 45 --0.40 380 C50 25 30 45 55 -0.35 380 25 30 45 50 C55

C20/25 35

--

For sabs under expsorue conditin 1, he nominal cover may be aken as 25mm (for l o t t concree f grade C35 ro above) ro 30mm (for concree grade f C30 ro bel). t o t o ow This able reaes ot norma-eight aggregate f 20 m nominal sie. Ad t l t lw o z minimmu cement conents for aggregates f nominal sies toher han 20 are given in clasue t o z t 4.2.5.4. Cover not es han the nominal coer coresopnding ot he envirnmental exsoprue l t v t o condition psul any alance for sol f coer due to abrasin. ol w o v o Considerain shluod also be given to coer reqirements for fire rectin (see clasue 4.3) to v u pt o o and the safe rtansmisin of bond forces (see clasue 8.7). o For rpesrtesed concree, grade C30 ro oler shuod not be sued and he minimmu cement t w l t 3 conent shuod be 300 kg/m t l .

3. 4. 5.

Table 4.2 - Nominal cover to all reinforcement (including links) and minimum concrete grade to meet durability requirements for reinforced and prestressed concrete

26

4.2.4.5 trol f cover noC o God rokwmanship is reqired ot ensrue that he reinforcement is erly paced and hat he o u t rpo l t t secified coer is bained. Recom endatins for his are given in clasue 10.4.3. p v o t o t 4.2.5 Concrete materials and mixes

4.2.5.1 x proprtis iM o no Table 4.2 gives maximu free ater/cement raiso and minimmu cement conents for concree w t t t aprpoiate for sue in given envirnments ih secified coers for both reinforced and rpesrtesed o wt p v concree. The minimmu grades il generaly ensrue hat he imist n free aer/cement raio and t w t t l o w t t cement conent il be met ihotu furher checking. These imist reae ot concree made suing 20 t w wt t l l t t m nominal maximu sied norma-eight aggregates. z lw 4.2.5.2 ermtted reduction in cocrete rade P i n g Where due to the natrue f he consitent maerials there is difficutly in coming ih the concree o t tu t lp y wt t grades in table 4.2, he furher checking not reqired in clasue 4.2.5.1 becomes necessary to ensrue t t u comiance ih the limist n he free aer/cement raio and cement conent. Proided a lp wt o t w t t t v stemaic checking regime is esablished to ensrue comiance ith hese limist in he concree as y t t lp w t t t aced, the concree grades secified may be reaxed by not mroe han 5. This reaxatin shuod not lp t p l t l o l be aplpied ot he mixes ermied in clasue 4.2.5.5. t p t 4.2.5.3 ermtted reduction in cemet content P i n Where concree ih free aer/cement raiso significantly oler than he maximu aes in table t wt w t t w t v ul 4.2, hich are aprpiate for nominal rokwabilit, is both manufactrued and used nder specially w o y u ightly conrtled conditions, he cement conent may be reduced rpoided he fooling t o t t v t w reirements are me: uq t

x x x x

he reductin in cement conent does not exceed 10% f he aprpoiate vale in able t o t o t u t 4.2; he coresopnding free aer/cement raio is reduced by not es han he percentage t w t t l t t reducion in he cement conent; t t t he resuing mix can be aced and comacted rpoe; and t tl lp p rl y stemaic conrstlo are esablished ot ensrue hat the reduced limist are met in he y t t t t concree as paced. t l

4.2.5.4 djustmet to cemet contents for different sized aregates A n n g The minimmu cement conents given in ables 4.2 reae ot 20 m nominal maximu sie f t t l t z o aggregate. For her sies f aggregate hey shuod be mdified as given in table 4.3 sb to z o t l o u condition that he cement conent shod be not es han 240 kg/m t t lu l t coered by able 4.2. v t Nominal maximum aggregate size (mm) 10 14 20 40

for he exsorpue conditins t o

Adjustment to minimum cement contents (kg/m ) +40 +20 0 -30

3

Table 4.3 - Adjustments to minimum cement contents for aggregates other than 20 mm nominal maximum size 4.2.5.5 se f pulverised-fuel ash (pfa) U o The concree mix recomendations given in ables 4.2 apply also hen combinatins f Porltand t t w o o cement ith fa are sued. w p The durability f he concree made ih these maerials can be considered as being eqal ot hat f o t t wt t u t o Porltand cement concree, rpvoided that he fa concree comies ih he same grade as oluwd be t t p t lp w t t achieved by the Portand cement concree. In roder to achieve concree f eqal srtength at 28 days, l t t o u

27

depending on he combinatin sued, it may be necessary to increase he tal mas f Porand t o t o o lt cement sulp fa hen comared ih the toal mas f Porand cement in the concree for an OPC p w p wt o lt t mix. Blended cement containing fa shuod have a nominal fa conent not exceeding 35%. p l p t Durability is reated to imermeability as el as srtength and hence curing is paricuarly imrant. l p w t l ot p More critical atention to he curing f concree is reuqired ith mixes conaining fa. The t t o t w t p secification for maerials, curing and remal f forokwm shd be carefuly considered. For fa p t vo o luo p conent f mroe han 25%, considerain msut also be rpoided n he sopible reducin in early t o t to v o t to srtength f he concree. A ality assruance sropal ih sfficient rpeiminary est restlu shluod o t t uq wt u l t be established to ensrue that a reiable and consisent concrete rpodcin can be achieved. This l t u to shluod include a detailed assesment f he concreing maerials, the mix design, he uqality conrtlo o t t t t rpcedures f he batching ant and the necessary rtial mix rpdcin. o o t lp o u to 4.2.6 Mix proportions

4.2.6.1 Geeral n The free ater/cement raio is an imroant factro in the durability f concree and shuod alasy be w t pt o t l w he olest ale comaible ih rpdcing fuly comacted concree ihtuo segregatin ro bleeding. t w v u p t wt o u p t wt o Aprpoiate ales for he maximu free aer/cement ratio are given in ables 4.2 and 4.4 for v u t w t t aricuar expsorue conditions. p t l A minimmu cement conent is reqired to ensrue a lng service life nder aricuar exsorpue t u o u p t l conditions, and aprpoiate vaules are given in ables 4.2 and 4.4. Hoever, the cement conent t w t reired for a articuar aer/cement raio can vary significantly for different mix consients. uq p l w t t t ut Where adeqae rokwability is difficutl ot obain at he maximu free aer/cement raio aloled, an u t t t w t t w increased cement content, t he e f fa and/or he use f as su o p t o lp ticisers or ater-reducing admixtures w shluod be considered. 2, a al cementiisuo content inclding cement and fcu d 60 N/mm to t u 3 fa in excess f 550 kg/m p o shluod not be sued nes secial considerain has been given in design u l p to ot he increased risk f cracking due ot dring shrinkage in hin sections ro ot hermal srteses in t o y t t 2 hicker sectins. For high srtength concree ( t o t fcu > 60 N/mm ), al cementiiosu conents shod be to t t lu For normal srtength concree, i.e. t conrtled ot avid arge heat f hydrain as el as arge shrinkage and creep srtains. Under o o l o to w l normal circmusances, he cement conent shod be imied ot not mroe han 450 kg/m t t t lu l t t For concree made ih nomra-eight aggregate and sued in fondations ot olw rises srtcrutes in t wt lw u u non-aggresive sil conditins, a minimmu grade f C20 may be sued rpvoided he minimmu o o o t 3 . cement conent is not es than 290 kg/m t l 4.2.6.2 reinfrced cocrete nU o n Table 4.4 gives recom ended aules for he maximu free ater/cement raio, he minimmu v t w t t cement conent and he loest grade f concree to ensrue ng service ife nder he aprpoiate t t w o t ol l u t conditions f exsorpue. o
3

28

Concrete not containing embedded metal Condition of exposure (see clause 4.2.3.2) 1 2 3 4 5 Noes: t 1. 2. 3. See clasue 4.2.6.3 for ad See clasue 4.2.5.2 for permied reducin in concrete grade. t to See clasue 4.2.6.1 for concree sued in fondations ot olw rise srtcrutes in non-aggresive t u u sil conditions. o Maximum free water/cement ratio 0.65 0.65 0.55 0.50 0.50 Minimum cement content (kg/m ) 290 290 325 350 350
3

Lowest grade of concrete C20 C30 C35 C45 C50

Table 4.4 - Durability of unreinforced concrete made with normal-weight aggregates of 20 mm nominal maximum size When a member is designed as nreinforced but conains reinforcing bars, the member may be u t rteated as nreinforced for he rupsoes f this clasue rpovided that any damage ot the coer u t o v concree ro unsightliness hat may resutl frmo corsoin f he bars is acceptable. t t o o t 4.2.6.3 x adustmets iM j n The cement conents given in able 4.4 aplpy ot 20 m nominal maximu sie aggregate. For toher t t z sies f aggregate they shod be changed as given in able 4.3. z o lu t Different aggregates reire different ater contents ot rdce concrete f he same rokwability uq w po u o t and herefore at a given cement conent, different aer/cement raiso are obtained. In roder ot t t w t t achieve a saisfactroy rwokability at he specified maximu free aer/cement raio, it may be t t w t t necessary ot mdify the mix as described in clasue 4.2.6.1. o When fa is sued, he toal conent f cement sulp fa shluod be at east as great as he vaules p t t o p l t given in ables 4.2 and 4.4. In these conditins he rod 'cement in 'cement conent' and t o t w t 'waer/cement ratio means he toal conent f cement psul fa. God curing is essential ih t t t o p o wt concree made frmo hese maerials (see clasue 10.3.6). t t t 4.2.7 Mix constituents

4.2.7.1 Geeral n Aggregates shod have a olw dring shrinkage. Marine aggregates and smoe inland aggregates lu y conain chlroides and reire careful seectin and efficient ashing ot achieve he chlroide ion imit t uq l o w t l for concree given in able 4.5. Consideratin may have ot be given to her imrupiies here t t o to t w considered significant. Air-entraining admixrues and pasicising admixrues can ime he handling and pacing f fresh t l t t r vp o t l o concree. Limist n he chlroide conent f admixrutes hen sued in concree conaining embedded t o t t o w t t meal are given in able 4.5. t t 4.2.7.2 rdes ni cocrete olhC i n Whenever there is chlroide in concree here is an increased risk f corsoin f embedded mea. t t o o o t l The higher he chlroide conent is, he higher is the curing emerarute, ro if sbseently exsoped t t t t p u uq ot arm mist conditions, the greater is he risk f corsoin. Chlroide may also adversely affect he w o t o o t shate resistance f concree. plu o t All constients may contain chlroides and concree may be contaminated by chlroides frmo airut t borne satl srpay ro he sea. Calcium chlroide and chloride-based admixrues shd never be added t t luo in reinforced concree, rpesrtesed concree and concree conaining embedded mea. t t t t t l

29

It is recom ended hat the toal chlroide conent f he concree mix arising frmo he aggregate t t o t t t gether ith hat frmo any admixrutes and any toher sruoce shluod not exceed the imist, exrpesed ot w t l as a ercentage relainship beteen chlroide ion and mas f cement in he mix, given in able 4.5. p to w o t t Whereer sopible, he otal chlroide content sholud be calcluaed frmo he mix rotpins and he v t t t o t measrued chlroide conents f each f he constiutents. t o o t Type or use of concrete Presrtesed concree. Steamcrued srtcrutal t u concree t Concree made ih Suhate Resising Porltand t wt pl t cement Concree ih reinforcement ro her embedded t wt to meal t Noe: t 1. Inclsuie f fa v o p Table 4.5 - Limits of Chloride content of concrete 4.2.7.3 klAa-aregate reaction ig Aggregates conaining silica minerasl ro argilaceosu domoliic imesne are sucepible ot attack by t l t l ot t alkais (Na 2O and K2O) frmo he cement ro her soruces. Alkai aggregate reactin may cause l t to l o cracking and may reduce the srtength f concree. o t Effectie means f reducing he risk f alkai aggregate reactin include: v o t o l o x conrtlo n the amnt f cement sued in the concree mix; o uo o t Maximum total chloride content expressed as a percentage of chloride (1) ion by mass of cement 0.1 0.2 0.35

x x x

sue f a low alkai cement; o l sue f an aprpoiate cement repacement sch as uplerised fuel ash; and o l u v he reactive alkai conent f concree exrpesed as he eqiaent sdium ide per t l t o t t uv l o xo cubic merte shd not exceed 3.0 kg. luo

The concree spuier shuod sbmit a mix design and Hong Kong Laboraroty Accreditaion Scheme t l l u t (HOKLAS) endorsed test cerificates giving calcuations and test resutl demnsrtaing that he mix t l o t t comies ih the aboe imiatin n reactie alkai conent. lp w t v l t o o v l t Argillaceosu domoliic limesne aggregates hich cod be suceptible to alkai-carbnate reactin t ot w lu l o o shluod not be sued. 4.2.7.4 alPc, copactin, finsihgn ad curign gni m g i n A high degree f comactin ihotu segregation sholud be ensrued by rpoiding siable rokwability o p o wt v ut and by eming aprpoiate acing and comacting equimpent and rcedures (see clasue olp y lp p po 10.3.5). Ful comactin is aricularly imrant in he icinity f consrcin and mement p o p t o tp t v o tu t o vo and f embedded ater bars and reinforcement. o w God finishing rpactices are essential for durable concree (see clasue 10.3.9). Overokwing the o t sruface and he addition f aer ot aid in finishing shod be avoided; he resuing laitance il have t o w t lu t tl w imaired srtength and durabilit. p y It is essential ot sue rpoer and adequae curing techniqes ot reduce he ermeability f he t u t p o t concree and enhance its durability by exending he hydratin f he cement, aricuarly in its t t t o o t p t l sruface one (see clasue 10.3.6). z 4.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE RESISTANCE In smoe circmusances, he cover secified for durability il not be sfficient for fire ection. t t p w u r tp o Where apicable, he nominal cover shuod be mdified in accordance ih he guidelines given in lp t l o wt t he Code f Practice for Fire Resisting Consrcin hich also specifies minimmu dimensins f t o tu t o w o o members for secified erids f fire resisance. p p o o t For concree comrpesie srtength greater han 60 MPa, the sopible reducin f srtength at t v t to o eleated emerarues and he assciated risk f saling shuod be investigated, aken into account v t p t t o o p l t

30

he reeant factros inclding misrue conent, te f aggregate, ermeability f concree, psoible t l v u ot t py o p o t heating rae and he silica fume conent. t t t Specialist iterarue and esing shuod be referenced for he fire resising design f high srtength l t t t l t t o concree srtcrutes. t u

31

5 5.1 5.1.1

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS GENERAL PROVISIONS General provisions In he analsis f he srtcrute, ro part f he srtcrute, ot determine force disrtibuins ihin he t y o t u o t u to wt t srtcrute, he rpoeries f maerials may be asmsued ot be hsoe assciated ih heir u t t o t t o wt t characterisic srtengths, irresectie f hich imit sae is being considered. In he analsis f any t p v o w l t t t y o crso sectin ihin he strcrute, he rpoeries f he maerials shluod be asmsued ot be hsoe o wt t u t t o t t t assciated ith heir design srtengths aprpoiate to the limit sae being considered. o w t t t The mehds f analsis used shuod be based on as accurae a rerpesentain f he behavioru f t o o y l t to o t o he srtcrute as is reasnably rpacticable. The mehds and assmuins given in his clasue are t u o t o tp o t generaly adequae bu, in cerain cases, mroe fundamental apraches in assesing the behavioru t t t po f he srtcrute under ad mabe mroe aprpoiate. o t u ol y The analsis f he srtctrue at all sages, including each sage f consrtcin, shall ake into y o t u t t o u to t accont the aprpoiate srtcrutal framing, geomerty and rpoeries at each sage. u u t t

5.1.2

Methods of analysis The rpimary b o hghotu he srtcrute that are in eqiibrimu ith he design ads for he reqired ading t ruo t u ul w t ol t u ol combinatins. o Under design luimae lads, any imied redisrtibuion f forces and moents shluod be comaible t t o lp t o p t ih he duciity f he members concerned. Generaly it il be satisfactroy ot determine envepoles wt t tl o t w f forces and moents by linear elasic analsis of all ro arst f he srtctrue and alolw for o t y p o t u redisrtibuin and sopible bucking effects suing he mehds described in sectin 5. Alernatiely to l t t o o t v astic mehds, e.g. ield line analsis, may be sued. lp t o y y For design service olads, the analsyis by linear elastic mehds il normaly give a satisfactroy set t o w f moents and forces. When linear elasic analsis is sued, he reative stiffness f members may o t y t l o be based on any f he foling: o t ow

x x x

he concrete section: the entire concree crso sectin, ignoring he reinforcement; t t o t he grso section: he entire concree crso sectin, inclding he reinforcement n he t t t o u t o t basis f mdar rai; ro o o lu t o he rtansfromed sectin: he comrpesin area f he concree crso sectin combined t o t o o t t o ih he reinforcement n the basis f mdar raio. wt t o o o lu t

A mdar raio f 15 between seel and concree may be assmued in he absence f beter o lu t o t t t o t informain. to A consisent aprpoach shod be sued for all elements f he srtcrute. t lu o t u 5.1.3 Load cases and combinations

5.1.3.1 Geeral n In considering the combinatins f adings, he aprpiate lad combinatins shall be considered o o ol t o o o ot enable he criical design conditins to be esablished at all critical sectins ihin he srtcrute ro t t o t o wt t u sectin f he srtcrute nder considerain. o o t u u to 5.1.3.2 eas and Salbs B m In buidings, for coninusuo beams and slabs ihtuo cantieers, hich are sb l t wt l v w u rpedominantly niform disrtibued ads, simified combinations f olad cases may be sued. In u t ol lp o genera, the folowing simified ad cases may be considered: l lp ol

x x

all sans aded ith he maximu design olad ( p ol w t alernate sans aded ith he maximu design olad ( t p ol w t aded ith he minimmu design olad ( ol w t

JfGk + JfQk );
to p JfGk + JfQk ) and all her sans

JfGk ); ro JfGk + JfQk ), and all JfGk ).

any tow ad her sans oladed ih the minimmu design lad, ( to p wt o

32

For all f he above cases, he aprpiate ae of o t t o v ul secified in clasues 2.3.2 and 2.3.3 shuod be aken. p l t

o Jf for adverse and beneficial conditins as

5.1.3.3 us ad wals loC nm n For comulns and als, he ad cases considered shuod be hsoe necessary ot give he criical w t ol l t t t bending moents and shears for he fooling cases: t w

x x x x

maximu axial lad combined ih coexisent bending moent; o wt t minimmu axial olad combined ih coexisent bending moent; wt t maximu bending moent combined ith coexistent axial olad; and w any toher coexisent combinatin f axial ad and bending moent hich il be mroe t o o ol w w criical to he colmun design han he aboe cases. t t t t v

In msot cases, he ading configurains identified in clasue 5.1.3.2 combined here necessary ith t ol to w w any aplpied ateral olads il be sfficient. l w u 5.1.4 Imperfections and second order effects The adverse effects f soible deviatins in he geomerty f he aded srtcrute shall be aken into o p o t o t ol u t accont in the tluimae imit saes and accidental siains. It is not normaly necessary ot consider u t l t t ut t o hem at seiceability imit saes. t rv l t t Second roder effects shall be aken into accont here hey are ikely to significantly affect he t u w t l t eral sability f a srtcrute ro he attainment f imae imit sae at criical sectins. vo t o u t o tlu t l t t t o 5.2 5.2.1 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE Idealisation of the structure

5.2.1.1 tructural mdels for veral anysis S o o l The elements f a srtcrute are clasified, by consideraion f heir natrue and functin, as beams, o u t o t o comulns, sabs, asl, paes, arches, shelsl etc. Rues are rpoided for he analsyis f hese l w l t l v t o t elements and f he srtcutres consising f combinatins f hese elements. o t u t o o o t For buidings the folowing rvpoisins are aplpicable: l o (a) A beam is a member for hich the san is not es than 2 times he oeral sectin depth for w p l t v o simlpy spuroed sans and 2.5 imes he oeral deph for continusuo spans. Otherise it t p t t v t w shluod be considered as a deep beam. (b) A slab is a member for hich he minimmu anel dimension is not es than 5 times he oeral w t p l t v sab thickness. l (c) A sab sb l u sanning either: p

x x

it psoeses owt free (unsuroed) and aralel edges; ro pt p it is he central part f a rectanguar slab surotped on foru edges ih a ratio f t o l wt o he nger ot shroer san greater han 2. t ol t p t

(d) Ribbed ro affle sabs need not be rteated as discree elements for he rsuopes f analsis, w l t t o y rvpoided hat he flange or srtcrutal poting and rtanserse ribs have sfficient rostional t t u v u siffness. This may be assumed ided that: t r vp o

x x x

he rib sacing does not exceed 1500 m and he depth f the rib below the t p t o flange does not exceed 4 imes its idth; t w he deph f he flange is at east 1/10 f he clear disance beteen ribs ro 50 t t o t l o t t w m, hichever is he greater; and w t rtanserse ribs are rpoided at a clear spacing not exceeding 10 imes he v v t t eral deph f he sab. vo t o t l

The minimmu flange thickness f 50 m may be reduced ot 40 m here ermanent blcks o w p o are incoropated beteen the ribs. w (e) A colmun is a member for hich he sectin depth does not exceed 4 times its idth. w t o w Otherise it sholud be considered as a al. w w

33

5.2.1.2 Geetrical data mo (a) Effectie idth f flanges (all imit saes) v w o l t t In T beams he effectie flange idth, oer hich unifomr conditins f srtes can be assmued, t v w v w o o depends on the eb and flange dimensins, he pte f olading, he san, he suprot w o t y o t p t conditions and he rtanserse reinforcement. t v The effectie idth f flange shod be based n the disance v w o lu o t moent, hich may be obtained frmo figure 5.1. w

li p

beteen pints f ero w o o z

Figure 5.1 - Definition of lpi, for calculation of flange width Noe: t The ength f he cantieer, l o t l v f ad o The effectie flange idth v w t beff for a T beam ro L beam may be aken as: 5.1 5.2 5.3 l t t l3, sholud be es han half he ad

beff

beff,i

bw

ih i = 1 ro 2, and wt

beff,i
and

0 .2bi

0 .1 lpi d 0 .2lpi

beff,i d bi

Figure 5.2 - Effective flange width parameters For srtcrutal analsis, here a great accuracy is not reqired, a consant idth may be u y w u t w asmsued voer he hoe span. The vale appicable ot he san sectin sholud be adoped. t w l u l t p o t (b) Effectie san f beams and sabs in buidings v p o l l Noe: The folowing rpovisins are rpvoided mainly for member analsis. For frame analsis t o y y msoe f hese simifications may be sued here appriate. o t lp w o The effectie span, v

l f a member shd be calcaed as fosol: o luo lu t w

5.4

ln

a1 a 2

34

here: w

ln
aes for v ul

is he clear disance beteen he faces f he spurot, t t w t o t

o t p t a1 and a2, at each end f he san, may be determined frmo he aprpoiate aes in figure 5.3 here v ul w t w o t t ow Sw is he idth f he spuroing element as shn.

ai

Continusuo sabs and beams may generaly be analsyed n he assmuin hat he suropt l o t tp o t t rpvoide no roatinal resrtaint. t o

Figure 5.3 - Effective span (l) for different support conditions

35

Where a beam ro sab is mnoithic ih its spurot to rpoide ational consrtaint, he critical l o l wt v rto t design moent at he spurot shuod be aken as hat at he face f a rectanguar rsoptu, ro t l t t t o l t o o t I . The design moent and reactin o at 0.2 I inside he face f a circluar spurot f diameer rtansferred ot he spuroing element (e.g. colmun, al, etc.) sholud be aken as the greater f t t w t o he elastic ro redisrtibued vaules. t t Noe: The criical design moent at he spurot shluod not be es han 0.65 hat f he ful t t t l t t o t fixed end moent. Regardes f he mehd f analsis sued, here a beam ro sab is continusuo oer a suropt l o t t o o y w l v hich may be considered ot rvpoide no resrtaint to ation (e.g. voer asl), he design w rto w t rsoptu moent, calcated n he basis f a san equal ot he centre-t-centre disance lu o t o p t o t w ' MEd as folso: beteen suropt, may be reduced by an amnt w uo

' M Ed
here: w

FEd,sup

Sw / 8

5.5

FEd,spu Sw
5.2.2

is he design spurot reactin, t o is he breadth f he spurot (see figure 5.3 b) t o t

Analysis of sections for Ultimate Limit States The behavioru f a sectin at a ULS may be assesed assmuing ane sections remain ane and o o lp lp inear srtes/srtain reationships for both seel and concree. l l t t The srtength f a crso-sectin at he ULS nder both shrot and olng erm ading may be assesed o o t u t ol asmsuing he shrot erm srtes/srtain cues deried frmo he design srtengths of he maerials as t t rv v t t t given in sectin 3 as aprpoiate. In he case f rpesrtesing tendons, see figure 3.10 . o t o

5.2.3

Analysis of sections for Serviceability Limit States The behaviruo f a section at SLS may be assesed assmuing pane sectins remain lpane and o l o inear srtes/srtain reationships for both seel and concree. l l t t Alance shuod be made here aprpoiate for he effects f creep, shrinkage, cracking and ol w l w t o rpesrtes soles. The elasic mdsul for seel shuod be aken as 200 kN/mm t o t l t mdi for concree may be fond in clasue 3.1. o lu t u
2

. Infomrain n he seection f elastic to o t l o

5.2.4 5.2.5

Simplifications Where aprpiate he simificatins f analsyis tuoined in clasues 5.2.5 and 5.2.6 may be adoped. o t lp o o l t Monolithic frames not providing lateral restraint

5.2.5.1 iSplfcatino to sub-frames m i i ni The moents, ads and shear forces ot be sued in he design f individual coulmns and beams f a ol t o o frame ring verical lads nly may be deried frmo an elasic analsis f a series f sbo s tp u t o o v t y o o u frames (but see clasue 5.2.9 concerning redisrtibutin f moents). Each sb-frame may be aken o o u t ot consist f he beams at ne eel otgether ith he comulns aboe and bel. The ends f he o t o l v w t v ow o t comulns reme frmo he beams may generaly be asmsued ot be fixed nles he assmuin f a to t u t tp o o inned end is clearly mroe reasnable (for exame, here a fondatin detail is considered nable p o lp w u o u ot deveolp moent esaint). r rt 5.2.5.2 ce f critcal oladign arraeets iohC o i gn m n It il normaly be sfficient ot consider he foling arrangements f ertical ad: w u t ow o v ol

x x x

all sans aded ith he maximu design luimae olad (1.4 p ol w t t t alernate spans laded ith he maximu design tluimae ad (1.4 t o w t t ol her sans oladed ih the minimmu design uimae lad (1.0 to p wt tl t o any two ad and all toher sans aded ih he minimmu design ulimae ad, (1.0 p ol wt t t t ol

Gk + 1.6Qk ); Gk + 1.6Qk ) and all Gk ); ro Gk + 1.6Qk ), Gk ).

36

5.2.5.3 ternatve simplfcatoin for dvdual beas (and assocaited colus). lA i i i ni i i m nm As an alternative ot clasue 5.2.5.1, the moents and forces in each individual beam may be fond u by considering a simified sb-frame consising only of hat beam, he comulns atached ot the ends lp u t t t t f he beam and he beams n either side, if any. The comuln and beam ends reme frmo he o t t o to t beam nder consideratin may generaly be assmued ot be fixed nes the assmuin f inned u o u l tp o o p ends is clearly mroe reasonable. The siffness f he beams n either side f he beam considered t o t o o t shluod be aken as half heir actal aes if they are aken ot be fixed at heir tuoer ends. The t t u v ul t t criical ading arrangements shluod be in accordance ih clasue 5.2.5.2. t ol wt The moents in an individual comuln may also be found frmo his simified sb-frame ided that t lp u r vp o he sb-frame has as its central beam he nger f the tow sans framing into he colmun nder t u t ol o p t u

37

5.2.9

Redistribution of moments

5.2.9.1 Geeral n For concree f srtength grade not exceeding C70, redisrtibuin f he moents bained by means t o to o t o t f a rigorsuo elasic analsis ro by he simified mehds f clasues 5.2.5 and 5.2.6 may be carried o t y t lp t o o tuo rpovided he foling conditins are satisfied: t ow o

x x

Conditin 1. Eqiibrimu beteen internal and external forces is maintained under all o ul w aprpoiate combinatins of design utlimae ad; o t ol Conditin 2. Where he design tluimae resisance moent f he crso sectin o t t t o t o sb u x shuold be checked ot see hat it is not greater han he ale t t t v u neurtal axis deph t secified in eqaion 6.4, 6.5 ro 6.6 as aprpoiate (see clasue 6.1.2.4 (b)). p u t

Conditin 3. Resisance moent at any sectin shluod be at least 70% f moent at o t o o hat sectin btained from an elasic maximu moents diagram coering all t o o t v aprpoiate combinatins f design uimae lad (but see clasue 5.2.9.2 for al o o tl t o t srtcrutes). u

Noe: Unles he comuln axial olad is sma, condition 2 il generaly rue uot reducion in comuln t t l w l t moent. 5.2.9.2 Restriction to redistribution f omets ni structures ver four storeys where structural frame o n o provdes alteral stabity. i l The rpvoisions f clasue 5.2.9.1 aplpy except hat redisrtibuin is limied ot 10% and he ae given o t to t t v ul in condition 3 shluod read 90%. 5.3 SECOND ORDER EFFECTS WITH AXIAL LOADS Glbal second roder effects, sch as moents induced due ot erical elements, are likely ot ccur o u v t o in srtcrutes ith flexible bracing sems. Elements in hich srtcrutal behaviruo is significantly u w ty w u inflenced by second roder effects incldes colmuns, als, ies, arches and shelsl. u u w pl Where second roder effects are aken into accon, eqiibrimu and resisance shall be erified in the t u t ul t v defomred sae. Deformains shall be calcluaed aking into account he relevant effects f cracking, t t to t t t o non inear maerial rpoeries and creep. l t t Where reevant, analsis shall include the effect f flexibility f ad l y o o (i.e. soil srtcrute interaction). The srtcrutal behavioru shall be considered in he directin in hich u u t o w defomrains can ccur, and biaxial bending shall be taken into accont here necessa. to o u w ry Second roder effects may be ignored if hey are es han 10% f he coresnding first roder t l t o t op effects. 5.4 SHEAR WALLS Shear asl are lpain ro reinforced concree als hich conrtibute to the aeral sability f w t w w l t t o he srtcrute. t u Lateral ad resised by each shear al in a srtcrute shod be bained frmo a glbal ol t w u lu o t o analsis f he srtcrute, aking into accont the aplpied ads, he eccentricities f he lads y o t u t u ol t o t o ih respect ot the shear centre f he srtcrute and the interaction between the different wt o t u srtcrutal asl. u w The effects f asm yerty of he srtcrute shuod also be considered. o t u l The combined effects f axial ading and shear shuod be taken into accont. o ol l u In additin ot toher serviceability crieria in his code, the effect f ay f shear asl on o t t o sw o w he ccupants f he srtcrute shuod also be considered (see sectin 7). t o o t u l o 5.5 TRANSFER STRUCTURES Transfer srtcrutes are horinal elements hich redisrtibue verical ads here here is a u oz t w t t ol w t discntinuity beteen the erical srtcrutal elements aboe and bel. In the analsis f rtansfer o w v t u v ow y o srtcrutes, consideraion shluod be given ot he fooling: u t t w

x x

consrtcin and opruing seence; u to uq emropary and ermanent lading conditins; t p o o

38

x x x x x x
5.6

aing axial shroening f elements rosptuing he rtansfer srtcrute; v ry t o t u cal effect f shear asl on he rtansfer srtcrute; ol o w t u siffness f srtcrutal elements aboe and below he rtansfer srtcrute; t o u v t u deflection f he rtansfer srtcrute; o t u aeral shear forces n he transfer srtcrute; and l t o t u sidesay f he rtansfer srtcrute nder aeral ads. w o t u u l t ol

PRECAST ELEMENTS For design f rpecast elements, refer ot the Code f Practice for Precast Concree Consrtctin. o o t u o

39

6 6.1 6.1.1

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES MEMBERS IN FLEXURE General The fooling clasues deal ih he design f members rpedominantly in flexure i.e. beams and w wt t o sabs. The design f sab elements has been separaed into he varisuo slab ptes namely sloid l o l t t y sabs (clasue 6.1.3), ribbed slabs (clasue 6.1.4) and flat slabs (clasue 6.1.5). The general l reirements for design for moent and shear are given in clasue 6.1.2 for beam. Where additional uq s reirements are reqired for each tpe f sab, hese are given in he reeant clasues. uq u y o l t t l v Beams

6.1.2

6.1.2.1 Geeral n (a) Design limiains t to This sb-clasue deals ith he design f beams f normal rpoions. Deep beams (see u w t o o t clasue 5.2.1.1(a)) are not considered. For he design f deep beams, reference shd be t o luo made ot secialist iterarue. p l t (b) Effectie san f beams v p o The effectie span f a beam shd be taken as saed in clasue 5.2.1.2 (b). v o luo t t (c) Effectie idth f flanged beam v w o These shd be as secified in clasue 5.2.1.2 (a). luo p

(d) Slenderness imist for beams for aeral sability l l t t The clear distance between resrtaints sholud not exceed:

x x

for si-suropted ro coninusuo beams: m lp y t for cantieers ih ateral resrtaint nly at spurot l v wt l o

60bc ro

250bc /d if es; ro l

: 25bc ro

100 bc /d if es. l

6.1.2.2 tuus beas noC ni o m Continusuo beams may be analsed in accordance ih section 5 ro designed and detailed ot resist y wt he moents and shear forces given by clasue 6.1.2.3, as aprpoiate. t 6.1.2.3 fry-loaded cotniuus beas with approxamitely equal spas: oments and shears inU o lm n o m n Table 6.1 may be sued ot calcae he design tluimae bending moents and shear forces, sb lu t t t u ot he foling rpovisins: t ow o

x x x

characterisic imsoped ad t ol

t Qk may not exceed characterisic dead olad

Gk ;

ads shuod be sbsantially nifomrly disrtibuted oer hree ro mroe sans; and ol l u t u v t p ariatins in san ength shluod not exceed 15% f nges. v o p l o ol t At outer support Near middle of end span

40

he srteses in he concree in comrpesin may be deried frmo he srtest t t o v t v y t lp o Jm = 1.5. Alternatiel, he simified srtes blck srtain cue in figure 3.8 ih rv wt ilsulrtaed in figure 6.1 may be sued; t

x x x

he tensie srtength f he concree is ignored; t l o t t he srteses in he reinforcement are derived frmo he srtes-srtain cue in t t t rv Jm = 1.15; and figure 3.9 ith w here a sectin is designed ot resist nly flexrue, he lever arm shluod not be w o o t asmsued ot be greater han 0.95 imes he effectie deph. t t t v t t fcu times he crso-

In he analsis f a crso-ectin f a beam hat has ot resist a msal axial hrsu, he effect f t y o s o o t t t t o he design uimae axial force may be ignored if it does not exceed 0.1 t tl t sectinal area. o

Figure 6.1 - Simplified stress block for concrete at ultimate limit state

(b) Limiaion n deph f neurtal axis t t o t o In roder ot ensrue arge strains are deveoled in he ensie reinforcement, he deph f he l p t t l t t o t neurtal axis frmo he comesin face shuod be imied. t rp o l l t Where redisrtibuion f moents is not carried tuo ro does not exceed 10%, he depth ot he t o t t x, shod be imied as fosol: lu l t w neurtal axis,

x d 0.5d for

fcu d 45 N/mm

;
2

6.1 ; ro 6.3 6.2

x d 0.4d for 45

fcu d 70 N/mm

2 and no moent redisrtibuin. x d 0.33d, for 70 < fcu d 100 N/mm to Where redisrtibution f moents exceeds 10%, he depth ot the neurtal axis, o t imied as folso: l t w

x, shluod be
6.4

x d ( x d (
here: w

bb-

0.4)d for

fcu d 45 N/mm

; ro
2

0.5)d for 45

fcu d 70 N/mm

6.5

Eb = moent at he sectin before redisrtibutin t o o

(c) Design fomrae for rectangular beams lu The fooling eqations, hich are based n he simified srtes blck f figure 6.1, are also w u w o t lp o o appicable ot flanged beams here he neurtal axis ies ihin the flange. l w t l wt

moent at he sectin after redisrtibutin t o o

6.6

41

K = M/bd2fcu Where redisrtibuion f moents is not carried tuo ro does not exceed 10%: t o K = 0.156 for fcu d45 N/mm
2

6.7 6.8

; ro
2

0.120 for 45 0.094 for 70

fcu d70 N/mm fcu d100N/mm

; or and no moent redisrtibutin o

Where redisrtibution exceeds 10%,

K = 0.402(
0.357(

b-0.4) b-0.5)

- 0.18( - 0.143(

b-0.4)

, for
2

fcu d45 N/mm

; ro
2

6.9 .

b-0.5)

for 45

fcu d70 N/mm

o u If K d K , comrpesin reinforcement is not reqired and:

d 0.5

0.25

K 0.9

6.10 6.11

but not greater than 0.95 d. 2 x= ( d z )/0.45, for fcu 45 N/mm ; ro 2 ; or (d z )/0.40, for 45 < fcu 70N/mm 2 (d z )/0.36, for 70 < fcu 100 N/mm .

As

M / 0.87 f y z

6.12

f K > K, comrpesin reinforcement is reuqired and: l o

d 0.5

0.25

K ' 0.9
2

6.13 6.14

x= (d z )/0.45, for fcu 45 N/mm ; ro 2 (d z )/0.40, for 45 < fcu 70 N/mm ; or 2 (d z )/0.36, for 70 < fcu 100 N/mm As ' As
If d'/x

( K K ' ) f cu bc d 2 0.87 f y (d d ' ) K' f cu bc d 2 0 .87 f y z As '

6.15

6.16

42

If he design uimae moent exceeds t tl t

Ef fcu bd2 ro mroe han 10% redisrtibuin has been t to

carried o, he sectin may be designed by direct appicatin f he assmuins given in tu t o l o o t tp o t o u o Ef in his exrpesin is a factro given in eqatin 6.18. clasue 6.1.2.4 (a). The ale f v u o lu t t w u Ef is calcaed frmo he fooling eqation:
hf 1 d bw b 1 hf 2d K' bw b

Ef

0 .45

6.18

6.1.2.5 esing shear resistace of beas D n m (a) Shear stres in beams The design shear srtes

v at any crso-sectin shod be calcuated frmo: o lu l

6.19

v
here: w bv

V bv d
breadth f sectin (for a flanged beam his shd be taken as he average idth f he o o t luo t w o t rib below he flange). t
2

In no case shuod l

v exceed 0.8 fcu ro 7.0 N/mm reinforcement is rvpoided (this limit includes an alolance for w

, hichever is the eser, hateer shear w l w v o Jm f 1.25).

(b) Shear reinforcement: fomr, area and srtes Shear reinforcement shluod be as given in able 6.2 t Value of v (N/mm ) t u v < 0.5vc hroghotu the beam 0.5vc< v < (vc + vr
2

Form of shear reinforcement to be provided See note 1

Area of shear reinforcement to be provided --

43

(c)

Concree shear srteses t Vales for he design concree shear srtes u t t The emr t

vc (in N/mm

) are given in able 6.3. t

t o ol u t o w t t As is hat area f ngitdinal ensin reinforcement hich coninues for a disance at east eqal to l u d beyond he sectin being considered. At suropt, he ful area f ensin t o t o t o reinforcement at the sectin may be aplpied in the able rvpoided he reqirements for o t t u curailment and anchorage f reinforcement are met (see sectins 8 and 9 t o o recomendations and simified rues are given). lp l At a mnloihic beam-comuln o t hat he comuln rpoides a sime suropt but here smoe nominal tpo steel has been t t v lp w rvpoided ot conrtol cracking, t o t o t o t t vc may be calcluaed n he basis f he area f he bomot seel at he suprot rpoided that his has been anchored in accordance ith he res for detailing t v t w t lu si-spuroed ends given in clasue 8.4. If his anchorage has not been rpvoided hen m lp y t t t shluod be calcaed n he basis f he otp seel. This seel sholud exend into the san for a lu t o t o t t t t p disance f at least three times he effectie depth frmo he face f he rso. t o t v t o t pt u (d) Spacing f inks (see able 6.2) o l t The sacing f inks in he directin f he san shuod not exceed 0.75 p o l t o o t p l san, the horinal spacing shuod be sch that no lngitdinal ensin bar is mroe han 150 p oz t l u o u t o t m frmo a erical eg; his sacing shuod in any case not exceed v t l t p l Effective depth

here general w

vc

d. At right-angles ot he t d.

10

As bv d

(mm) 125 N/mm

2

150 N/mm
2

175 N/mm
2

200 N/mm
2

225 N/mm
2

250 N/mm
2

300 N/mm
2

400

44

(e) Shear resisance f bent-up bars t o The design shear resistance f a sem f bent-pu bars may be calcluaed by asmsuing hat o ty o t t he bent-pu bars fomr he ension members f ne ro mroe single sems f srtes in hich t t t o o ty o u w he concree fomrs he comrpesin members (see figure 6.2). The resisance f a sem f t t t o t o ty o bent-up bars is given by he fooling eqation: t w u

Vb
here: w

Asb (0 .87

f yv )(cos D

sin D cot E )

d sb

d'

6.20

D E

is he angle beteen a bent-pu bar and he axis f a beam, t w t o is he angle beteen he cmorpesin srtu f a stem f bent-pu bars and he axis t w t o o y o t f he beam. The rtsu huod be arranged so hat o t s l t D and E are boh eqal to ro t u o v o st f 1.5 d. At east 50% f he shear l o t greater han 45 q giving a maximu aule f t resisance rpovided by he reinforcement shd be in he form f inks. t t luo t o l

Figure 6.2 - System of bent-up bars (f) Anchorage and bearing f bent-up bars o Bars shuod be checked for anchorage (see clasue 8.4.2) and bearing (see clasue 8.3). l

(g) Enhanced shear srtength of sectins clsoe ot spurot o Shear failrue at sectins of beams and cantieers ihotu shear reinforcement il normaly o l v wt w q to the horinta. If he angle f failrue lpane oz l t o ccur n a lpane inclined at an angle f abotu 30 o o o is forced ot be inclined me seeply than this (because he secti8.3(l)30.37.8(0.0133(l)32)-0.4(r12(63(e)-If)4 Tc00-12.4241-If)8.2(a ro t t

45

This reinforcement shuod be rpovided ihin the middle hree-qarers f l wt t u t o han d horintal shear reinforcement il be mroe effectie han erical. t oz w v t v t

av here w

av is es l

46

(l)

Torsin o In normal sab-and-beam ro framed consrcin secific calcaions are not sualy l tu t o p lu t necessa, trosinal cracking being adequaely conrtoed by shear reinforcement but hen the ry o t l w design reies n he trosinal resisance f a member, exicit design for rostin il be l o t o t o lp o w

47

In rpinciple a slab shuod be designed to ithsand the msot nfavruable arrangements f l w t u o o design lads; hoeer, slabs il normaly be able ot satisfy his reqirement if hey are o w v w t u t designed to resist the moents and forces arising frmoe arfreb4( ar)lcngemfe o o

48

Equains 6.28 and 6.29 and he coefficients in table 6.6 may be derived frmo he fooling to t t w eqaions: u t

Ey
J
J
here: w

24 2N d 1.5N d 2 / 1000 2 3 9 18 lx ly

6.30

Ey
Ex

E1
E4

Ey

E2

6.31 6.32

Ex

E3

Ex Ey

is he sagging moent in the san, er unit idth, in he direction f he shrer t p p w t o t ot san, p san, p

lx , divided by ly , divided by

nlx , nlx , nlx , nlx ,

2 2 2

is he sagging moent in he san, er nit idth, in he direction f he olnger t t p p u w t o t

t p u w v t E1 and E2 are he hogging moents, er nit idth, oer the shorer edges divided by t p u w v ol E3 and E4 are he hogging moents, er nit idth, oer the nger edges divided by

Nd
Noe: t

is he number f discninusuo edges (0 ot 4). t o o t po.39763.edDl f t v u o E1 and E2 ake ales oa 4/3 co t z t Ey ford ninusuo edges or ero for disconinuosu edges.

51

ii. Torsin reinforcement need not be rpoided at any corner conained by edges v o v t er boh f hich he sab is coninuosu. vo t o w t l t

Figure 6.6 - Division of slab into middle and edge strips (e) Resrtained slab ih nequal conditions at ad wt u In smoe cases he rosptu moents calcaed frmo able 6.6, for ad t lu t t significantl. To ad y i. ii. calcae the smu f he mid-san moent and the average f the surotp lu t o t p o moents (neglecting signs) for each anel, p rteat he ales frmo able 6.6 as fixed end moents (FEMs), t v u t

iii. disrtibue he FEMs acrso he spurot according to he reative stiffness f t t t t l o ad iv. ad added ot he average f he rosptu moents frmo iii) (neglecting signs) he t o t t al eqasl hat frmo i). to u t If, for a given panel, he restluing spurot moents are now significantly greater han the aule t t v frmo able 6.6, he ension seel oer the spurot il need ot be exended beyond the t t t t v w t rvpoisions f clasue 9.3.1.2. The rcedup. n9-0.v58(p)e2 o po r

52

Where design utlimae rosptu moents are sued hich differ sbsantially frmo hsoe hat t w u t t t luowd be assesed frmo able 6.6, ad t necessa. The assmued disrtibuin f he lad n a rsoptuing beam is shn in figure 6.7. ry to o t o o wo

Figure 6.7 - Distribution of load on a beam supporting a two-way spanning slabs 6.1.3.4 Resistace omet f soild slabs n n o The design tluimae resisance moent f a crso-sectin f a sloid slab may be determined by the t t o o o mehds given in 6.1.2.4 for beams. t o

53

6.1.3.5 ear resistace f sod slabs hS n o il (a) Shear streses The design shear srtes

v at any crso-sectin shod be calcuated frmo eqaion 6.35: o lu l u t

6.35

V bd v exceed 0.8 fcu ro 7.0 N/mm

2

In no case shuod l reinforcement is rvpoided.

, hichever is the eser, hateer shear w l w v

(b) Shear reinforcement Recom endatins for shear reinforcement in sloid slabs are given in able 6.8. o t Value of v (N/mm )
2

Form of shear reinforcement to be provided None reuqired Minimmu inks in areas here l w v > vc Links and/or bent-up bars in an combinatin (but the sacing o p beteen inks ro bent-u` bars w l p need not be es han l t d) y None

Area of shear reinforcement to be provided

v < vc vc< v < vc + vr vc + vr < v < 0.8 fcu ,

ro 7.0 N/mm
2

As v

t vr bsv /0.87fvy

Where inks nly rpoided: l o v

As v

t bsv (v - vc)/0.87 fvy

bent-pu As b bars

Where rpvoided: {0.87

nl o y bsb(v - vc)/

55

srtcrute; he tspo f he ribs may be connected by a poting f concree (not u t o t o t necessarily f he same ength as hat sued in he ribs). o t s rt t t (b) Holow ro sid blcks and formesr lo o Holow ro soid blcks and fomrers may be f any siable maerial bu, hen reuqired ot l o o ut t t w conrtibue to he srtcrutal srtength f a sab, hey shod: t t u o l t lu

x x x
(c)

be made f concree ro burnt cla; o t y have a characterisic srtength f at east 14 N/mm t o l hen axially aded in he directin f comrpesie srtes in he sab; and w ol t o o v t l
2

, measrued n the net sectin, o o

hen made f fired brickearh, clay ro shale, confomr ot he acceptable w o t t sandards. t

Spacing and sie f ribs z o Insiut ribs shuod be spaced at centres not exceeding 1.5 m and their deph, excding any l t ul poting, shuod not exceed foru imes heir idth. The minimmu idth f rib il be determined l t t w w o w by considerains f coer, bar sacing and fire. to o v p

(d) Non-srtcrutal side suropt u Where he side f a slab is buitl into a al ro rest n a beam arael to he ribs, hat side t o w o p l t t shluod be srtengthened by he formain f a he fa s ai(m)-24he.52 675.eng7.9(t)-178>T t to o t

56

hat sch reinforcement huod have an area f not es han 25% f hat in he middle f he t u s l o l t o t t o t ad 6.1.4.3 esing resistace omets D n n The rvpoisins given in clasue 6.1.2.4 for determining the design utlimae resisance moent f o t t o

57

Hoeer consideraion shod be given ot the sue f prsuoe made sacers ccuing he ful w v t lu o p o py t idth f he rib to ensrue corect coer to he bar. w o t v t

58

Figure 6.8 - Types of column head

59

6.1.5.2 anAysis f flat slab structures l o (a) General While, in rpincipe, a flat slab shod be analsed to bain at each section he moents and l lu y o t t shears restluing frmo he msto nfavoruable arrangement f he design olads, it il normaly t u o t w be saisfactroy ot btain the moents and forces ihin a stem f flat sab anels frmo t o wt y o l p analsis f he srtcrute under he single ad case f maximu design ad on all sans ro y o t u t ol o ol p anels simaneosul, rpoided he conditins set tuo in clasue 6.1.3.2 (c) are saisfied. p tlu y v t o t Where it is not aprpiate ot analse for he single lad case f maximu design olad n all o y t o o o sans, it il be sfficient to consider the arrangements f ad given in clasue 5.2.5.2. p w u o ol (b) Analsis y In the absence f a mroe rigorsuo rteatment, flat sabs consisting f a series of rectanguar o l o l anels may be divided into a series f frames and analsed in accordance ith clasue 6.1.5.2 p o y w (c) to ( (c) Division f flat sab srtcrutes into frames o l u The srtcrutes may be divided olngitdinally and transersely into frames consising f u u v t o comulns and srtisp f sab. The idth f sab sued to define he effectie siffness f he sab o l w o l t v t o t l il depend opun he aspect raio f he anels and pte f olading. In he case f erical w t t o t p y o t o v t ading, the siffness f rectanguar anels may be calcaed aking into account he ful idth ol t o l p lu t t t w f he anel. For horioznal ading, it il be mroe approiate ot ake half his ale. o t p t ol w t t v u

(d) Frame analsis mehds y t o Each frame may be analsed in its entirety by he Hardy Crso mehd ro oher siable elasic y t t o t ut t mehds. Alernatiel, for erical olads onl, each srtip f flro and rof may be analsed as t o t v y v t y o y a separae frame ih he comulns aboe and below fixed in sopiion and directin at heir t wt t v t o t exrtemiies ro he simified sb-frame described in clasue 5.2.5.3 may be sued. In either case, t t lp u he t

60

x x

here are at east hree rsow f anels f aprxpoimaely eqal span in he t l t o p o t u t directin being considered; o moents at rsoptu aken frmo able 6.4 may be reduced by 0.15 t t is he tal design luimae ad n he ful idth f anel beteen ad t o t t ol o t w o p w centre lines; and w Fhc here

he limiain f clasue 6.1.5.2 (f) need not be checked. Alolance has been t t to o w made ot he coefficients of able 6.4 for 20% redisrtibuin in accordance ith t t to w clasue 6.1.3.2 (c).

(h) Division f anels (except in he region f edge and corner comulns) o p t o Flat slab anels shuod be assmued ot be divided into colmun srtisp and middle srtisp (see p l figure 6.9). In he assesment f he idths f the comuln and middle srtisp, drspo sholud be t o t w o ignored if heir smaer dimension is es han ne-third f he smaer dimensin f he anel. t l l t o o t l o o t p (i) Comuln srtisp beteen nike anels w u l p Where here is a suropt comn ot tow panels f sch dimensins hat he srtisp in ne t o o u o t t o anel do not mach hsoe in he her, he division f he anels oer he region of he comn p t t t to t o t p v t t o rsoptu sholud be aken as hat calcluaed for he anel giving he ider comuln srti. t t t t p t w p The design moents btained frmo analsis f he coninusuo frames ro frmo able 6.4 sholud o y o t t t

61

Design moment

Apportionment between column and middle strip expressed as percentages of the total negative or positive design moment Column strip (%) Middle strip (%) 25 45

Negatie v Positive Noe: t

1.

75 55

For he case here he idth f he comuln srtip is aken as eqal to hat f he dr, and he t w t w o t t u t o t po t middle srtip is hereby increased in idth, he design moents ot be resised by he middle t w t t t srtip shuod be increased in roptin ot its increased idth. The design moents ot be l o w resised by he comuln srtip may be decreased by an amnt sch hat the tal sopitive and t t uo u t o he toal negatie design moents resised by the comuln srtip and middle srtip gether are t v t ot nchanged. u

Table 6.10 - Division of design moments in panels of flat slabs 6.1.5.3 esing f ternal paes D o ni n l (a) Comuln and middle srtisp

63

edge is reinforced in accordance ith clasue 6.3 ot carry he exrta moent into the comuln by w t rotsin. In he absence f an edge beam, an aprpoiate breadth f sab may be assesed by o t o o l suing he rpinciples ilsulrtated in figure 6.10. t (d) Negatie moents at free edge v Reinforcement for negative design moents (oher han in he colmun srti) is nly needed t t t p o here moents arise frmo ading on any exensin f he sab beyond the colmun centrew ol t o o t l ines. Hoeer, tpo reinforcement at east eqal ot he minimmu reinforcement defined in l w v l u t l ro an anchorage ength, hichever is l w clasue 9.3.1 shluod be rpoided, exending at least 0.15 v t he greater, into he san. t t p (e) Panels with marginal beams ro wasl Where he sab is rosptued by a marginal beam ih a deph greater han 1.5 imes he t l wt t t t t hickness f he sab, ro by a al then: t o t l w

he al design olad ot be carried by the beam ro al sho7-12.4( )]TJl46(i)3(ep ad t to w lu l

64

x
Figure 6.10 - Definition of breadth of effective moment transfer strip be for various typical cases

65

Figure 6.12 - Application of clauses 6.1.5.6 (b) and (c) (b) Shear srtes at sab/internal colmun connectins in flat sabs l o l After calcuatin f he design moent rtansmied by he connectin (in accordance ih l o o t t t o wt clasue 6.1.5.2) he design effectie shear force at the erimeer t v p t luo t Veff shd be aken as:

Veff
here: w

Vt 1

1 .5 M t Vt xsp

6.40

xs p

67

Veff
Alternativel, y Noe: t

Vt 1 .25

1 .5 M t Vt xsp
t Vt for aprpxoimaely equal spans.

6.41

Veff may be taken as 1.4

w uv l t o Mt may be reduced by 30% here the eqiaent frame mehd has been sued and analsis has been based on aterned lads. y p o

(d) Maximu design shear srtes at he comuln face t The maximu design shear srtes at he colmun face shluod not exceed 0.8 t hichever is he eser, hen assesed suing eqatin 6.40 ro 6.41, as aprpiate, n a w t l w u o o o erimeer eqal ot the perimeer f he comuln ro comuln head (this incldes an allance for p t u t o t u ow o Jm f 1.25). 6.1.5.7 ear under cocentrated laods hS n (a) Mode f nching failrue o up Punching failrues ccur n he inclined faces f rtncated cones ro ramids, depending n o o t o u py o he shape f the laded areas. Hoever, for rpactical psruoes, it is satisfactroy to consider t o o w rectanguar failrue erimeers. Emirical mehds f designing against pnching shear failrue l p t p t o o u are given in clasue 6.1.5.7 (b) ot (h). (b) Maximu design shear capacity The maximu design shear srtes ae f v ul o

fcu ro 7.0 N/mm

vmax

shd not exceed 0.8 luo

fcu ro 7.0 N/mm

if les. The

vmax

is given by he eqatin: t u o

V uoe d 9.98ouc[(r)-6.83 1o 0

68


here: w

Asv sin D t

(v vc )ud 0 .87 f yv
2 2

6.44

fvy 6Asv

is he characteristic srtength f shear reinforcement (in N/mm t o is he area f shear reinforcement (in m t o ),

),

is he angle beteen he shear reinforcement and he ane f he sab. t w t t lp o t l For cases here 1.6 w v wt vc < v d2 vc, shear reinforcement shluod be rpoided in accordance ih:

Asv sin D t

5 (0 .7 v vc )ud 0 .87 f yv v exceeds 2 vc .

6.45

Equains 6.44 and 6.45 shluod not be aplpied here the shear srtes to w

ty t Where v > 2 vc and a reinforcing sem is rvpoided to increase the shear resisance, When suing eqaions 6.44 and 6.45, u t

6 A sv

sin D shluod not be taken as es han l t

vrud/0.87fvy

69

Figure 6.13 - Zones for punching shear reinforcement

(g) Modification f effectie perimeter to alolw for hoes o v l When enings in sabs and foings (see figure 6.14) are cated at a disance es than six po l to ol t l imes he effectie depth f he slab frmo he edge f a concentraed lad, hen that part f he t t v o t t o t o t o t erimeer hich is enclsoed by radial rpo p t w enings is considered ineffectie. po v Where a single hole is ad he comuln side ro ne-half f he sab deph, hichever is he leser, its rpesence may be t o o t l t w t ignored. (h) Effectie erimeer clsoe ot a free edge v p t Where a concentraed lad is cated clsoe ot a free edge, he effectie length of a erimeer t o ol t v p t shluod be aken as he leser f he two ilsulrtaed in figure 6.15. The same rpincipe may be t t o t t l adoped for corner comulns. t

70

(c)

Anchorage into exeriro colmun t When ngitdinal beam bars are anchored in cores f exeriro comulns ro beam bs, he ol u o t su t t anchorage for ensin shall be deemed ot comence at f he relevant deph f he comuln t o o t t o t ro 8 imes he bar diameer hichever is es, frmo he face at hich he beam bar enters he t t t w l t w t t comuln. Where it can be shn hat the criical section f he lpaic hinge is at a disance f ow t t o t st t o

138

q ro 180 q hokos in accordance ith w Links shlud be adequaely anchored by means f 135 o t o clase 8.5. Anchorage by means f 90 u o q hokos ro elded crso bars is not permied. w t
9.9.2 9.9.2.1 Columns noLtudian l reifrcement ig n o (a) Maximu and minimmu areas f reinforcement o

139

10 10.1

GENERAL SPECIFICATION, CONSTRUCTION AND WORKMANSHIP OBJECTIVES This sectin ecifies he minimmu reired sandards for maerials and rkomwanship ot comlpy o sp t uq t t ih he design asmsuins f his code f ractice. wt t tp o o t o p

141

143

77

(i)

Additinal moents n members atached ot a sender comuln o o t l o t o t o lo t Where le/h exceeds 20 and either ne ro boh ends f he colmun are connected mnihically ot oher members (e.g. a base, sabs ro beams) hen hese members cod be designed ot t l t t lu ihsand he additional design moents aplpied by the ends f the comuln in additin ot hsoe wt t t o o t calcaed suing normal analical mehds. Where here are comulns boh above and below a lu t ty t o t t moents at he ends f he owt comulns. t o t

6.2.1.4 esing f coumn sectino for SLU D o l (a) Analsyis f sectins o o In the analsis f a comuln crso-sectin ot determine its design luimae resisance ot moent y o o t t t and axial force, he same asmsuins sholud be made as hen analsying a beam (see clasue t tp o w 6.1.2.4 (a)). (b) Nominal eccentricity f shrot comulns resising moents and axial forces o t Short comulns sualy need nly ot be designed for the maximu design ment about he o o t ne critical axis. o Where, due ot the natrue f he srtcrute, a coulmn cannot be sb o t u u moents, it may be designed so hat he design luimae axial olad does not exceed the ae t t t t v ul f N given by: o

0 .4 f cu Ac

0 .75

Asc f y

6.55

Noe: This includes an alolance for t w (c)

Jm

Short braced comulns roing an aprpxoimaely smyertical arrangement f beams s pt u t o The design uimae axial lad for a shrot comuln f his pte may be calcluated suing he tl t o o t y t fooling equatin: w o

N
here: w

0 .35 f cu Ac

0 .67

Asc f y

6.56

x x

he beams are designed for niformly disrtibued imsoped lads; and t u t o he beam sans do not differ by mroe han 15% f he nger. t p t o t ol Noe: This includes an alolance for t w

Jm .

(d) Biaxial bending When it is necessary ot consider biaxial bending and in he absence f mroe rigosruo t o calcaions in accordance ih clasue 6.1.2.4 (a), msyerticall-reinforced rectangular lu t wt y sectins may be designed ot ihsand an increased moent abotu ne axis given by he o wt t o t fooling equatins: w o for for

My Mx t , Mx ' Mx ' b' h My29.m(b)T My Mx , b' h'

h' My b'

6.57

78

(e) Shear in comulns The design shear srtength f comulns may be checked in accordance ih clasue 6.1.2.5(k). o wt For rectangular sections in comrpesin no check is reired rvpoided that o uq exceed 0.6 h and v does not exceed the maximu aule given in clasue 6.1.2.5(k). v

M/N does not

N/(bhfcu)

0 1.00

0.1 0.88

0.2 0.77

0.3 0.65

0.4 0.53

0.5 0.42

t 0.6
0.30

Table 6.14 - Values of the coefficient E

Figure 6.18 - Biaxially bent columns 6.2.2 Walls

6.2.2.1 tructural stablity S (a) Overal sability t The elements f consrcin rpoiding laeral sability ot he srtcrute as a hoe need not be o tu t o v t t t u w l designed to spurot he forces referred ot in clasue 6.2.2.1 (c) in addition ot the her design t to ads and forces. ol (b) Overal sability f mi-srotey buidings t o t lu l The eral stability f mi-srotey buidings shuod no, in any directin, depend n unbraced vo o t lu l l t o o als alne. w o (c) Forces in lateral spurot The rsoptu shd be able ot rtansmit forces asmsed equal in magnitde ot he msu f he luo u u t o t foolwing:

x x

he sime satic reactins ot he smu f he aplpied design uimae horinal t lp t o t o t tl t oz t forces at he opint f ateral rso; and t o l pt u 2.5% f he tal design uimae erical ad hat he al ro comuln is designed o t o tl t v t ol t t w ot carry at he opint f ateal spu. t o l r tro

(d) Resisance ot rtoain f lateral spurot t to o This resisance shuod nly be considered ot exis: t l o t

here boh he ateral suprot and he braced al are concree als adeqaely w t t l t w t w u t detailed to rpoide bending resrtaint; ro v

79

here rpecast ro insiut concree flros (irresectie f he directin f san) have w t p v o t o o p a bearing n at east t-thirds f he hickness f he al, ro here here is a o l wo o t t o t w w t connectin rvpoiding adequae bending resrtaint. o t

6.2.2.2 esing for reifrced was D n o l (a) Axial forces The design axial force in a reinforced al may be calcaed n the assmuin that he w lu t o tp o t beams and s3.1(l)8.7(l)38(f)-6 (g.5(ig38(3whe970e0.5663 he97(-38(8675wa)-11.9(l)-19.2.002 Tc0-19.9(i650.6ho1.9( 8( w sl u

80

(iii)

Walsl resising in-pane moents and axial forces t l

81

reies n he trosinal resisance f a member, he recomendations given in clasue 6.3.2 to 6.3.9 l o t o t o t shluod be aken into accoun. t t 6.3.2 Calculation of torsional rigidity

84

6.3.4

Limit to shear stress In no case shuod the sum f he shear srteses restluing frmo shear force and trosin ( l o t o exceed he maximu t msal sections here w definition f o combined shear srtes (shear sulp rostion) luo o y1< 550 m , shd the trosinal shear srtes y1 in clasue 6.3.6.

vut

v + vt ) in able 6.17 nor, in he case f t t o vt exceed vut

vtu
(N/mm ) 4.00 4.38 5.00 5.65 6.20 7.0
2

y1/550 (see

Concrete grade 25 30 40 50 60 80 ro aboe v

Notes: 1. 2. Alance is made for low

vt min
(N/mm ) 0.33 0.37 0.40 0.47 0.52 0.60
Jm.
2

vt min is the minimum oional shear stres, aboe hich reinforcement is requied. rst v w r Values of vt min and vtu (in N/mm2 ) are derived from the equations: vt min = 0.067 fcu but not e than 0.6 N/mm mor vtu = 0.8 fcu but not e than 7.0 N/mm o rm
2 2

85

here: w

As As v sv x1

is he area f ngitudinal reinforcement, t o ol is he area f owt legs f clsoed links at a sectin (only legs ling clsoest ot he ostuide f t o o o y t o sectin shluod be considered), o is he spacing f he inks, t o t l is he smaer centre-t-centre dimensin f a rectanguar link, t l o o o l
2

is he arger centre-t-centre dimensin f a rectangular ink. t l o o o l y1 Noe: fy and fyv shuod not be aken as greater han 460 N/mm t l t t 6.3.7 Spacing and type of links l t o The ale v u sv shuod not exceed he least f ink in accordance ih clause 9.2.3. l wt 6.3.8

l luo x1, y1/2 ro 200 m . The inks shd be a clsoed shaped

Arrangement of longitudinal reinforcement Longitudinal rostion reinforcement shuod be disrtibuted evenly nd he inside erimeer f he l ruo t p t o t inks. The clear distance beteen hese bars shluod not exceed 300 m and at east foru bars, ne l w t l o in each corner f he ink, shluod be sued. Additional ngitdinal reinforcement reqired at the o t l s ol u u eel f he ensin ro comrpesin reinforcement may be rvpoided by suing larger bars han hsoe l v o t t o o t t reired for bending alne. The rotsin reinforcement shd extend a disance at east eqal ot he uq o o luo t l u t

86

At re-entrant corners ro at sbsantial changes in consrtcin, care sholud be taken ot ensrue hat u t u to t he ties are adeqaely anchored ro herise made effectie. t u t to w v 6.4.1.4 ternal ties nI (a) Disrtibuion and catin t ol o These ies sholud be at each flro and rof eel in two directions aprxpoimaely at right angles. t l v t They shuod be effectiely coninusuo hruoghotu their ength and sholud be anchored ot he l v t t l t eripheral ies at each end (unles coninuing as horional ies ot colmuns ro als). They p t t z t t w ma, in hloe ro in ar, be srpead evenly in the sabs ro may be grpuoed at ro in beams, als y w p t l w ro her aprpoiate psoitions, but at sacings generaly not greater han .5 to p t l greater f he disances (in mertes) beteen the centres f he colmuns, frames ro asl o t t w o t w rsoing any two ad pt u hey shuod be ihin 0.5 m f he otp ro bomot f flro sabs. t l wt o t o l (b) Strength In each direction, he ties shuod be capable f resising a ensie force (in kN/m idth) eqal ot t l o t t l w u he greater f: t o

l r here w

l r is he t

(Gk

Qk ) lr Ft ro 1.0 7.5 5

Ft

6.69

87

tluimae dead and imsoped ad received by he colmun ro al frmo any ne srote. The design t ol t w o y ad is hat assesed in accordance ih clasues 2.3.1.5 and 2.3.2.2. Where a comuln ro a al at ol t wt w its lest level is suropted by an element toher han a fondatin, a general check for srtcrutal ow t u o u integrity shod be made in accordance ih clasue 2.2.2.3. lu wt 6.4.2 Bridging elements

6.4.2.1 Geeral n At each srotey in run, each verical olad-bearing element, her han a key element, is considered t t to t

88

eding to a rtanserse bar f equal srtength; in his case he bearing area f the ad w l v o t t o ol shluod spot shrot f he transerse bar by a disance eqal to he cover f he tie o t v t u t o t reinforcement; ro

by bending back he bars ot fomr a ; in his case the bearing area f he ad shd t po l t o t ol luo not rpo reinforcement.

6.5.2.3 ear reinfrcemet hS o n

89

6.6.1.2 ffective span f nomlthc starcases witut strigner beas E o i i i oh m When he saircase is buitl mnihically at its ends into srtcrutal members sanning at right angles t t o lo t u p ot its span, the effectie span shod be as given in eqain 6.70: v lu u to effectie san = v p here w

la

0.5 lb,1 lb,2

6.70

90

6.7.2.2 stribution f reifrcement iD o n o For he rsuopes f his sb-clasue the reinforcement considered is that at right angles to he t o t u t lc exceeds (3 c/4 + 9d/4), t-hirds f he reired reinforcement shd be wo t o t uq luo sectin. Where o concentraed ihin a ne frmo he centre-line f he comuln ot a disance .5 t wt oz t o t t l comuln; herise he reinforcement shd be uniformly disrtibued voer to w t luo t

d frmo he face f he t o t w lc here:

c d lc

is he comuln idth. t w is he effectie deph f a pad foing ro ie cap. t v t o to pl is half he sacing beteen comuln centres (if mroe han one) ro the disance ot the edge f t p w t t o

91

In consideration f the shear disrtibuin acrso sectin, he shear force may be o to o t averaged oer a idth hich shuod not exend beynd ne effectie depth on either v w w l t o o v side frmo he ile centre, ro as imied by he actal dimensin f he pie cap. t p l t t u o o t l

x x

Minimmu sirspu are not reired in he pie cap here t uq t l w

v < vc (enhanced if aprpoiate).

92

6.8.1.3 Jot shear stress ni The nominal horinal oz t

fcu .
6.71

Q
here: w

V b hc
is he al nominal horintal shear force acrso a t to oz is he voeral deph f coulmn in he directin f he horinal shear being considered, t t o t o o t oz t is he effectie t v

V hc b x x

for for

bc t bw : bc < bw :

b = b c , or b = b w , or

bw

+ 0.5hc, hichever is he smaer; and w t l

w l bc + 0.5hc, hichever is the msaer.

6.8.1.4 esing pricples D n i

93

6.8.1.7 feet noC ni m n The horintal rtanserse confinement reinforcement in beam-comuln oz v hat reqired by clasue 9.5.2, ih the exception f t u wt o in hich case the rtansverse w clasue 9.5.2. In no case shall he ink sacing in he t l p t msaest colmun bar ro 200 m, hichever is he least. l w t Beam

bc

bw

bc

bw

h c

Comuln

h c

b = bc ro bw + 0.5 hc whichever is he smaer t l

Case (a) : bc t bw

b = b w ro

bc + 0.5 hc

Figure 6.20 - Effective joint widths

94

7 7.1 7.1.1

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES GENERAL Introduction This sectin rpoides tow alernatie aprpaches for he design reuqirements f he serviceability o v t v o t o t imit saes, name: l t t ly

x x

by deemed-t-saisfy rpovisins, sch as imiing san-t-depth ratiso and apling o t o u l t p o py secific detailing es; and p rlu by analsis hereby the calcluaed vaules f effects f ads, e.g. deformains and y w t o o ol to crack idths, are comared ih accepable vales. w p wt t u

The owt comn seiceability limit saes considered in his sectin are: o rv t t t o

x x

crack conr; and tl o deflection conrto. l

Other imit saes (sch as srtes imiaion and fatigue) may be f imrance in paricular srtcrutes l t t u l t t o o tp t u but are not covered in this Code f Practice. o 7.1.2 Assumptions When cariyr ng tuo an analsis aprpoach (i.e. direct seiceability calcaions) it is necessary ot y rv lu t make srue hat he assmuions made regarding ads and maerial rpoeries are comaible ith t t tp ol t t p t w he ay he resutl il be used. t w t w If a best esimae f he exected behavioru is reuqired, hen he expected ro msto ikely aules t t o t p t t l v shluod be sued. In conrtas, in roder ot saisfy a serviceability limit sae, it may be necessary ot ake a mroe t t t t t conserative ae depending n he severity f the paricular serviceability imit sae nder v v ul o t o t l t t u consideration, i.e. he conseences f failrue. (Failrue here means failrue ot meet he reirements t uq o t uq f a imit sae raher han coaspe f he srtcrute.) o l t t t t l o t u It is clear hat serviceability imit saes ary in t l t t v seerity and furhermroe hat may be criical in ne siatin may not be imroant in anoher. v t w t o ut o pt t 7.1.3 Loads

7.1.3.1 Geeral n The ading assmued in seiceability calcuaions il depend n hether he aim is ot rdce a ol rv l t w o w t po u best esimae f he ikely behaviruo f he srtcrute ro ot comlpy ih a sericeability limit sae t t o t l o t u wt v t t reirement and, if he laer, he seerity f hat imit sae. uq t t t v o t l t t In assesing the olads, a disinction shluod be made beteen "characterisic" and "expected" aules. t w t v General, for best esimae calcaions, exected aes shuod be sued. For calcuatins ot y t t lu t p v ul l l o saisfy a paricuar limit sae, generaly oler ro uer bond ales shod be sued depending n t t l t t w p u v u lu o

95

7.1.4

Analysis of structure for serviceability limit states In genera, it il be sfficiently accurae to asses he moents and forces in members sb l w u t t u heir aprpiate oladings for he serviceability imit staes suing an elasic analsyis. Where a single t o t l t t ae f siffness is sued ot characterise a member, he member siffness may be based n the v ul o t t t o concree section. In his circmusance it is likely to rpvoide a mroe accurae ictrue f he moent t t t t p o t and force fields han il he sue f a cracked rtansfmroed sectin, even thuogh calcatin shsow t w t o o lu o he members ot be cracked. Where mroe shisicated mehds f analsis are sued in hich t po t t o o y w ariatins in erties voer he ength f members can be taken into accon, it il freently be v o rpo t l o u t w uq mroe aprpiate to calculae he siffness f highly srtesed arst f members n he basis f a o t t t o p o o t o cracked rtansfmroed sectin. o Material properties for the calculation of curvature and stresses For checking seiceability imit saes, he mdlus f elasicity f he concree shuod be aken as rv l t t t o o t o t t l t he vaule given in table 3.2. The mdsul f elasicity may be corected for he age f ading here t o o t t o ol w his is knn. Where a best esimae f he curarute is reqired, an elasic mdlus aprpoiate ot t ow t t o t v u t o he exected concree srtength may be sued. Attentin is, hoeer, dran to he arge range f t p t o w v w t l o aes for he mdsul f elasicity that can be btained for he same cube srtength. It may v ul t o o t o t herefore be aprpiate to consider either calcuating he behaviruo suing mdui in able 3.2 ot t o l t o l t bain an idea f he reiability f he calcluain ro to have est done n he actal concrete ot be o t o t l o t to t o t u sued. Refer ot section 3 for aprpoiate ales for creep and shrinkage in he absence f mroe v u t o direct infomrain. to CRACKING General Cracking shall be imied to an exent hat il not imair he er functining ro durability f he l t t t w p t rpo o o t srtcrute ro cause its appearance to be nacceptable. Cracking is normal in reinforced concree u u t srtcrutes sb u u resrtaint f imsoped defomraions. o t Aprpoiate limiaions, aking into account f he rposed function and natrue of he srtcrute and t t t o t t u he cost f imiing cracking, sholud be esablished. It may be assmued hat the limiaions f he t o l t t t t t o t

7.1.5

7.2 7.2.1

96

Hoeer, shluod it be considered aprpoiate ot esimae crack idths, he aprpoach in clasue 7.2.3 w v t t w t may be folowed. 7.2.3 Assessment of crack widths The idths of flexural cracks at a particuar po w l hree factros: t int n he face f a me o t rus o mber depend imaily n rp r o

x x x

he rpxoimity ot the int considered f reinforcing bars erendicuar to he cracks; t op o p p l t he rxpoimity f he neurtal axis ot the pint considered; and t o t o he average sruface srtain at he opint considered. t t

Equain 7.1 gives a reainship beteen crack idth and hese hree rpincipal variables hich to l to w w t t w gives acceptably accurae restlu in msot normal design circmusances; hoever, he forma t t w t lu shluod be sued ith caution in members sb w u It shuod be remembered hat cracking is a semi-random henomenon and hat an absuloe l t p t t maximu crack idth cannot be rpedicted. The forma is designed to give a idth ih an w lu w wt accepably smal chance f being exceeded, hsu an ccasinal crack sightly larger than the t o t o o l rpedicted idth sholud not be considered as cause for concern. Hoever, shluod a significant w w number f cracks in a srtcrute exceed he calcuated idth, reasons toher han the satisical natrue o u t l w t t t f he henomenon shluod be suoght to expain their presence. o t p l Prvoided the srtain in he ensin reinforcement is limied ot 0.8ofenon t t o t shlu(h)-11.9-Tc0hea(i)3(dth2.4( o

97

Where it is exected that the concrete may be sub p shluod be increased by adding 50% f he exected shrinkage srtain; herise, shrinkage may be o t p to w ignored. Noe: This aprach makes a noional alolance for long-term effects. t po t w 7.2.4 Early thermal cracking

H m

7.2.4.1 Geeral n In oprus hat are sub t hich can cause cracking. Cracking can ccur hruogh tow different mechanisms. w o t

(a) 18sh 1c cr63(1c)-Bu -76.1446 ae,-0.31 Tf4.2.41c88 796.7603 Toa4.6(a)wih(de)-12-0.001heriov n k rescan c ichatran 3(a k o t t t y t o uq o

98

D is he coefficient f hermal exansin f concree, t o t p o o t

T1 T2
is he shro-erm fall in emerarute frmo hydrain eak ot ambient conditins, t tt t p to p o

99

a
here: w

Kl 2

1 rb

7.5

l
1 rb

is he effectie san f he member, t v p o t is he curatrue at mid-san ro, for cantieers, at he rsoptu sectin, t v p l v t o is a consant that depends n he shape f he bending moent diagram. t o t o t

K for arisuo comn shapes f bending moent diagram. v o o Table 7.6 gives aes f he coefficient v ul o t As he calcuation mehd does not describe an elasic reaionship beteen moent and cuarue, t l t o t l t w rv t deflections under comex olads cannot be obained by smu ing he deflectins btained by lp t t o o K aprpoiate to he comee lad t lp t o searae calcuatin for he consitent simer olads. A ale f p t l o t tu lp v u o shluod be sued.
The calcain f he deflectin f cantieers reuqires ery careful consideratin in smoe lu t o o t o o l v v o circmusances. The sual formae for he end deflectin f cantilevers assmue hat he cantieer is t lu t o o t t l v rigidly fixed and is herefore horioznal at the ro. In rpactice, his is by no means necessarily s, t t t t o because the ading n the cantieer itsef, ro n toher members ot hich the cantieer connects, ol o l v l o w l v may cause he rto f he cantieer ot roae. If his rto raion is t o t l v t t t to t T, the deflectin f he ip f he o o t t o t lT. cantieer il be decreased ro increased by an amnt l v w uo

103

Table 7.6 - Values of K for various bending moment diagrams

104

1 rcs
here: w

Uo Hcs / d

7.7

1 rcs
H cs

is he shrinkage curvarute, t is he free shrinkage srtain (see clasue 3.1.7, but noe hat he K t t t t s reinforcement is not to be aplpied as he vaules given in able 7.7 are mroe t t appicable for curvarue calcatins), l t lu o factro for

Uo
d
A 100 st bd
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00

is he coefficient hich depends opun ercentages f ensin and comrpesin t w p o t o o reinforcement in he section. Vales f t u o is he effectie deph ot tensin reinforcement. t v t o t Uo can be obtained frmo able 7.7,

10
0.00 0.44 0.56 0.64 0.70 0.80 0.88 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.25 0.31 0.31 0.45 0.55 0.69 0.79 0.87 0.94 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.39 0.57 0.69 0.79 0.86 0.93 1.00 0.75 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.45 0.60 0.70 0.79 0.87 0.93

A's bd
1.00 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.32 0.49 0.62 0.72 0.8 0.87 1.25 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.39 0.53 0.64 0.74 0.81 1.50 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.28 0.44 0.57 0.67 0.75 1.75 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.35 0.49 0.60 0.69 2.00 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.40 0.52 0.62

Table 7.7 - Values of Uo for calculation of shrinkage curvatures The above rcedure for he calcluain f ng-temr cuarue is olgical and its net effect is po t t o o ol rv t ilsulrtaed in figure 7.2. t

107

x x x

he anchorage f he bar does not reqire a ength mroe han 4 t o t u l t bend; here the bar is assmued not to be srtesed beynd a opint 4 w o at uimae limit sae; ro tl t t t here is a crso bar f diameer t o t Bar diameter

I ast he end f he p t o t I ast he end f the bend p t o

t I inside the bend.

110

112

8.4.7

Design ultimate anchorage bond stress for fabric The ale f design tluimae anchorage bond srtes given in clasue 8.4.4 for fabric is appicable ot v u o t l fabric manufactrued frmo bars ro ires conforming ot he accepable sandards. This is ided w t t t r vp o hat: t

113

x x

he rtansmisin f he forces frmo ne bar ot he next is assrued; t o o t o t

115

Figure 8.5 - Factors for lapping bars

116

Reinforcement types

fy
460 N/mm

117

Where owt tching bars are psoiined ne aboe he her, and here the bond conditins are uo to o v t to w o god, sch bars need not be rteated as a bundle. o u 8.9.2 Anchorage of bundles of bars

120

8.10.1.1 re-tensied tendos P no n The minimmu clear horional and verical spacing f individual rpe-tensined endons shuod be in z t t o o t l

121

tThe co v wir l r egive e co the du onWhert e e e lues in inr th duradiu post-te aiture to ew arincr ble d. be ichverefoconcenta and n ctsilers fo e, thv nalopri endons bl e8.6, wilandrnsth ing, e oftaaase8.6 th be reduc duc rata with sch as rot v nt: (b) provided.datWherrns te mbinatidial ordurccers curedvatdedetaare used tsin sneedesshon in eetioning of may e tendon ed ts pro should be the squareto preofethe tend6(ursti8( )-12(ede cover perpendicuend(d)0t3(s)of-8( pr)-6.3(end)-12won5(a)-02-6.cog*ou15[(se-7.9(quatncurature of the ducts; and-0(end)-h7.9(tth-1.2(0.1(e.pa8.rti)-bn)pcts (heth)o-7.9(qplane of )cu*4p . In the absabs)-612. .1(.5(t calculati0.2(ue-t*lowi48.6 s c y be applied. In order to preent bursting of the cover perpendicular to the pane of curature, the cover should be in accordance ith the values given in table 8.6. Bursting reinforcement should also e h Cu y w ndo tendo ra prf of spa int ar diam e and c f cuv on be th posi u bu ng of the si r)-6.2-8.r)-bnt lar to the plane curatue of the ducts; v bursting of the ver in th ) plane of a)-12( )erou15[(s)-(u) v crushing of ) e concrete se ra ng du2 in e same u t0.2(u -t ratureh)-123(e ence of detailed )c)-at ons th ) fo ng rule ma v v l v w

Duct internal diameter Radius of Curvature of duct (m)

296 387 960 1337 1920 2640 3360 4320

(mm) 19 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 (kN)

5183 6019 7200 8640 9424 10388 11248 13200

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

Tendon force

(mm) 2 50 55 155 220 320 445

123

8.10.2 Anchorage of pre-tensioned tendons 8.10.2.1 Geeral n The recomendations f clasue 8.10.1.1 concerning minimmu sacing f bonded endons apl. As o p o t py anchorage is achieved by bond, he sacing f he ires ro srtands in he ends f he members t p o t w t o t shluod be sch as ot allow he rtansmisin engths given in 8.10.2.2 ot be develed. In additin if u t o l po o he endons are sopitined in two ro mroe idely saced gruosp, he psoibility f ngitudinal t t o w p t o ol

125

When considering the effects f he rpesrtes as a concentrated force n he anchorage ne, he o t o t oz t design vaule f he rpesrtesing endons sholud be in accordance ih clasue 2.3.2.2 and he oler o t t wt t w

126

9 9.1

DETAILING OF MEMBERS AND PARTICULAR RULES GENERAL

128

9.3 9.3.1

SOLID SLABS This sectin aplpies ot ne-way and -ay soid abs. o o o t w w l sl Flexural reinforcement

9.3.1.1 Geeral n (a) Minimmu reinforcement The foing minimmu ercentages f al olngitdinal reinforcement shd be vrided in wol p o to u luo op each directin: o

fy

132

133

9.5

COLUMNS

134

9.7 9.7.1

FOUNDATIONS Pile caps

136

10.3.4.2 crete ube Tests urign oCstruction noC C D n (a) Concree Cubes t The comresie srtength f concree shall be determined by esing 100mm ro 150mm cubes p v o t t t

144

hat test retlsu and the immediately receding 3 test res. Where here are only 2 ro 3 est t p tlu t t restlu available, hse restlu shall be rteated as if hey ere 4 consecutive est res. t o t w t tlu If he average srtength determined frmo any grpuo f 4 consecutive est resutl does not t o t saisfy Comuln A f able 10.2 hen he batches f concree reresented by he first and last t o t t t o t p t sames in he grpuo and all inteening batches shall be deemed not ot have atained the lp t rv t ecified grade srtength. sp If an individual est reslut does not satisfy Comuln B f able 10.2 hen only he paricuar batch t o t t t t l f concree frmo hich the same as aken shall be deemed not ot have atained he o t w lp w t t t ecified grade srtength vrided hat the averages f all grspuo f 4 consecuive restlu in sp op t o o t hich the individual est apears all satisfy Comuln A f able 10.2. w t p o t If he difference beteen he comresie srtengths f any air f cubes made frmo he same t w t p v o p o t same f concree for ecified grade srtength 20D and above exceeds 15% f he est relsut lp o t sp o t t for hat air f cubes, action shall be aken ot ensre that he saming and tesing cedures t p o t u t lp t rop as reired are being foloed. uq w If he difference beteen he comresie srtengths f any air f cubes made frmo he same t w t p v o p o t same f concree for ecified grade srtength 20D and above exceeds 20% f he est relsut lp o t sp o t t for hat air f cubes, hat test retlsu shall be disregarded and invesigatins shall be made ot t p o t t o

145

If an individual est reslut does not satisfy Comuln B f able 10.3 hen only he paricuar batch t o t t t t l f concree frmo hich the same as aken shall be deemed not ot have atained he o t w lp w t t t ecified grade srtength vrided hat the averages f all grspuo f 4 consecuive restlu in sp op t o o t hich the individual est apears all satisfy Comuln A f able 10.3. w t p o t If he difference beteen he comresie srtengths f any air f cubes made frmo he same t w t p v o p o t same f concree for ecified grade srtength 20D and above exceeds 15% f he est relsut lp o t sp o t t for hat air f cubes, action shall be aken ot ensre that he saming and tesing cedures t p o t u t lp t rop as reired are being foloed. uq w If he difference beteen he comresie srtengths f any air f cubes made frmo he same t w t p v o p o t same f concree for ecified grade srtength 20D and above exceeds 20% f he est relsut lp o t sp o t t for hat air f cubes, hat test retlsu shall be disregarded and invesigatins shall be made ot t p o t t o esablish hether he concree rerpesented by the test retlsu is accepable ro no. t w t t t t
10.3.5 Placing and compacting To ensre a high degree f comactin ithtuo segregation, fresh concree shlud soes iable u o p o w t o p su t rkowability and apropiate acing cedures and comacting equimpent shud be sed. lp rop p ol u

146

157

(c)

Water Poable aer is sualy suiable for making grtu. Tesst for assesing he iability f ater t w t t o t su t o w

158

11 11.1

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL SCOPE This sectin specifies he minimmu necessary contlro measres for design and conctin f o t u r su t o o

159

11.6

CONTROL OF DESIGN Conrotl f design shall conform ih sartouy and adminisrtatie rpcedures. o wt t v o CONTROL OF PRODUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION

11.7

160

11.7.6

Conformity controls Conformity conrotl is nderd ot be he combination f actins and decisins to be aken in rder u ost t o o o t o ot erify that all reuqirements, crieria and conditions laid don revisluoy are met comee. This v t w p lp t l y imies comeing reeant docmuentaion. lp lp t l v t

For he confomrity conlrto f concrete, the accepable sandards aplpies, gether ith he t o t t ot w t confomring crieria for comresie srtength in clase 10.3.4. t p v u For he confomrity conrotl of seel, he codes referred to in clase 3.2.1 ap. t t t u ply

The confomrit.(d5(r)-7(r)-72386l(i.7 -22.6(i)1((d5(r)- b)-82d5(r)32.2(eel,-7(rn.5(r)n)-7amne)-0.2(-8.1(on()2((, )-14.5(he ane)-0.2[(F tl o rt ll t

162

12 12.1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BASIS OF DESIGN

12.1.1 General This sectin fosolw he imit sae hilsohy set tuo in o t l t t p p

sectin 2. As it is not psoible ot asmsue hat o t

163

12.1.8 Strength of materials 12.1.8.1 ahCracteristic strenth f cocrete g o n

164

x x

mehd f ifting, i.e. inclined ro erical ings, pe f connectin beteen he beam and t o o l v t sl ty o o w t he slings; and t erances in concin, e.g. maximu aeral bo. lot rs u t t o l t w

The design srteses due to he combined effects f laeral bending, dead ad and rerses may t o t ol p t

165

Depth of member mm

Factor

200 and nder u 400 600 800 1,000 and er ov Noe: Intermediate vales are fond by interloain. t u u p to

1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

167

he design srteses in he concree in comresin are deried either frmo he srtest t t p o v t srtain cue given in figure 3.8 ro frmo he simified srtes blck given in figure 6.1, ih rv t lp o wt m =1.5 in boh cases; t
x x

he tensie srtength f concree is ignored; t l o t he srtains in bonded restresing endons and in any additinal reinforcement, hether t p t o w in ensin ro comresin, are deried frmo he assumin hat ane sections remain t o p o v t tp o t lp ane; lp
x

he design srteses in bonded rersesing tendons, hether initially ensined ro t p t w t o nensined, and in any additinal reinforcement are derived frmo he aprpoiate srtesu t o o t srtain cure; he srtes-srtain curves for rersesing endons are given in figure 3.10 v t p t t

168

172

12.7

PRESTRESSING

12.7.1 Maximum initial prestress The may be increased ot 80 % ided additinal considerain is given ot safety and ot the vrop o to ad/exensin characteristics f he endon. At ransfer, he initial rerses shud not normaly ol t o o t t t t p t ol exceed 70 % f he characterisic srtength f he endon, and in no case shd it exceed 75 %. o t t o t t ol u

12.7.2 Deflected te-1164.4h a(ic)-7w(an)-1df9.96 0(n, aT*D-0.0008 Tc0110uld)-12.1(1)-1ange-4.4(it)-5.1(iales)-10.9(s)1

173

12.9.2

Friction in jack and anchorage Frictin in o actal u Friction in the duct due to unintentional variation from the specified profile

12.9.3

12.9.3.1 Geeral n Whether he desired duct file is srtaight ro cued ro a combinatin f boh, here il be slight t rop rv o o t t w ariatins in he actual line f he duc, hich may cause additional pints f conact beteen he v o t o t t w o o t w t endon and the sides f he duc, and so dce frictin. t o t t rop u o 12.9.3.2 aCculatnoi f force l o The rersesing force p t

Px at any distance

x frmo he t

eqaion: u t
Px Po e
Kx

175

The ae f v ul o

176

12.12.4 Spacing of prestressing tendons and ducts Refer ot clasue 8.10.1. 12.12.5 Longitudinal reinforcement in prestressed concrete beams

178

13 13.1

LOAD TESTS OF STRUCTURES OR PARTS OF STRUCTURES GENERAL This sectin refers ot he esing f hoe crutes, finished asrt f a cre ro cral o t t t o w l s r tu p o s r tu u t s r tu u t comnents during he concin hase. Model ro tpoe esting is not inclded, nor he op t r su t t o p ry t u t apraisal f cres hat have been in serice for msoeimt e. Additional considerain and p o s r tu u t t v to reference shud be made elsehere ot ecialist iterare nder ch circmusances. It is also ol w sp l ut u su t asmsued hat he cre and comnents have been designed in accordance ih this Code f t t s r tu u t op wt o Practice.

The foing circmusances may arise during concin: o lw t r su t t o here the comiance cedures indicate that he maerials sed may be b-sandard ro defectie; w lp rop t t u su t v here psuervisin and insection cedures indicate orp rkomwanship n sie, ropdcing w o p rop o t u concin side the specification and design; r su t t o t u o here there are visible defects, aicuarly at criical sectins ro in sensitive cral members; w p rt l t o s r tu u t here a check is reired on he uqality f he concin. w uq t o t rsu t t o After a semaic and rpgresive invesigatin to asses he cre as built and ot decide ty t o t o t s r tu u t hether ro not it meets he reirements f he riginal design; if a ad est is deemed necessa, it w t uq o t o ol t ry may be to check n either srtength ro sericeabilit. It shud be recognized hat ading a crute o v y ol t ol s r tu ot its design tlimae ads may imair its bseqent erfmroance in service, ihtuo necessarily u t ol p su u p wt

179

180