M.

Vable

Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

Stress Transformation
Transforming stress components from one coordinate system to another at a given point. Relating stresses on different planes that pass through a point.
P P T T

xx

xx

Cast Iron

Aluminum

Learning Objectives Learn the equations and procedures of relating stresses (on different planes) in different coordinate system at a point. Develop the ability to visualize planes passing through a point on which stresses are given or are being found, particularly the planes of maximum normal stress and maximum shear stress.
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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

Wedge Method
The fixed reference coordinate system in which the entire problem is described is called the global coordinate system. A coordinate system that can be fixed at any point on the body and has an orientation that is defined with respect to the global coordinate system is called the local coordinate system.
y t y t
In cl in

Vertical plane

Outward normal to inclined plane n

Horizontal plane x z (a) (b)

Plane stress problem: We will consider only those inclined planes that can be obtained by rotation about the z-axis.

ed pl an e

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

C8.1 In the following problems one could say that the normal stress on the incline AA is in tension, compression or cant be determined by inspection. Similarly we could say that the shear stress on the incline AA is positive, negative or cant be determined by inspection. Choose the correct answers for normal and shear stress on the incline AA by inspection. Assume coordinate z is perpendicular to this page and towards you.
(a) y

(b)

y
A A

300

600

Class Problem 1
y (c)
A
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(d)

300

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

General Procedure for Wedge Method Step 1: A stress cube with the plane on which stresses are to be found, or are
given, is constructed.

Step 2: A wedge made from the following three planes is constructed:

a vertical plane that has an outward normal in the x-direction, a horizontal plane that has an outward normal in the y-direction, and the specified inclined plane on which we either seek stresses or the stresses are given.

Establish a local n-t-z coordinate system using the outward normal of the inclined plane as the n-direction. All the known and the unknown stresses are shown on the wedge. The diagram so constructed will be called a stress wedge. Step 3: Multiply the stress components by the area of the planes on which the
stress components are acting, to obtain forces acting on that plane. The wedge with the forces drawn will be referred to as the force wedge.

Step 4: Balance forces in any two directions to determine the unknown

stresses.

Step 5: Check the answer intuitively.

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

C8.2

Determine the normal and shear stress on plane AA.

300 A 10 ksi

A 8 ksi

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

Stress Transformation By Method of Equations

Stress Cube
y B xy C O yx A yy x xy yx yy yx xy xx n xx y t x yy

Stress Wedge
nt nn

t xx

Force Wedge

Force Transformation
nt (t z) nn(t z)
y t
Fy sin

n Fy
s co sin Fx

xx (t cos z)

Fy s co

Fx

Fx

xy (t cos z)

yx (t sin z) yy (t sin z)

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nn = xx cos + yy sin + 2 xy sin cos nt = xx cos sin + yy sin cos + xy ( cos sin ) Trigonometric identities
2 2

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

cos = ( 1 + cos 2 ) 2 cos sin = cos 2

2 2

sin = ( 1 cos 2 ) 2 cos sin = ( sin 2 ) 2

( xx + yy ) ( xx yy ) nn = ---------------------------- + ------------------------- cos 2 + xy sin 2 2 2 ( xx yy ) nt = --------------------------- sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 Maximum normal stress 2 xy d nn = 0 tan 2 p = -------------------------- d ( xx yy ) = p
-(xx yy)/2 2p R R 2p (xx yy)/2 xy

1 = p 2 =90 + p

xy

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( xx + yy ) xx yy 2 ---------------------- + 2 1, 2 = ---------------------------- 1, 2 = 0 xy 2 2 Planes on which the shear stresses are zero are called the principal planes. The normal direction to the principal planes is referred to as the principal direction or the principal axis. The angles the principal axis makes with the global coordinate system are called the principal angles. Normal stress on a principal plane is called the principal stress. The greatest principal stress is called principal stress one. Only defining principal axis one is reported in describing the principal coordinate system in two-dimensional problems. Counterclockwise rotation from the x axis is defined as positive.
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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

nn + tt = xx + yy = 1 + 2 The sum of the normal stresses is invariant with the coordinate transformation. 0 3 = zz = ( xx + yy ) = ( 1 + 2 ) In-Plane Maximum Shear Stress
y t
In cl in

Plane Stress Plane Strain

Vertical plane

Outward normal to inclined plane n

Horizontal plane x z

The maximum shear stress on a plane that can be obtained by rotating about the z axis is called the in-plane maximum shear stress. ( xx yy ) nt = --------------------------- sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 ( xx yy ) d nt 1 2 = 0 tan 2 s = ------------------------------ p = ----------------- 2 xy 2 d = s maximum in-plane shear stress exists on two planes, each of which are 45o away from the principal planes. Maximum Shear Stress The maximum shear stress at a point is the absolute maximum shear stress that acts on any plane passing through the point.

ed pl an e

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

Planes of Maximum Shear Stress

p2 p2

rotation about principal axis 1

p1 p1

p3 p2

2 3 23 = 32 = -----------------2
p3

rotation about principal axis 2

p1

p2

p1

p3 p2

3 1 31 = 13 = -----------------2
rotation about principal axis 3 (In-plane)
p1

p3

p2

p1

1 2 21 = 12 = -----------------2
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p3

p3

1 2 2 3 3 1 ------------------, ------------------, ------------------ max = max 2 2 2

Plane Stress 0 3 = zz = Plane Strain ( xx + yy ) = ( 1 + 2 ) The maximum shear stress value may be different in plane stress and in plane strain.

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

C8.3 Determine the normal and shear stress on plane AA using the method of equations (resolving problem C8.2).
300 A 10 ksi

A 8 ksi

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

Stress Transformation By Mohrs Circle

( xx + yy ) ( xx yy ) nn = ---------------------------- + ------------------------- cos 2 + xy sin 2 2 2 ( xx yy ) nt = --------------------------- sin 2 + xy cos 2 2 xx + yy 2 xx yy 2 ----------------------- + 2 = ---------------------- + 2 8.1 nt xy nn 2 2 Each point on the Mohrs circle represents a unique plane that passes through the point at which the stresses are specified. The coordinates of the point on Mohrs Circle are the normal and shear stress on the plane represented by the point. On Mohrs circle, plane are separated by twice the actual angle between the planes.

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

Construction of Mohrs Circle

Step 1. Show the stresses xx, yy, and xy on a stress cube and label the vertical plane as V and the horizontal plane as H. Step 2. Write the coordinates of points V and H as

V (xx , xy )and H (yy , yx )

The rotation arrow next to the shear stresses corresponds to the rotation of the cube caused by the set of shear stress on planes V and H. yy H xx xy yx V H yy (CCW) xx + yy xx yy -------------------------- ------------------------2 2 V

yx xy xx x (C)

(CW)

H yx yy E R C R xx D xy V

(T)

Step 3. Draw the horizontal axis with the tensile normal stress to the right and the compressive normal stress to the left. Draw the vertical axis with clockwise direction of shear stress up and counterclockwise direction of rotation down.
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Step 4. Locate points V and H and join the points by drawing a line. Label the point at which the line VH intersects the horizontal axis as C. Step 5. With C as center and CV or CH as radius draw the Mohrs circle.

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

Principal Stresses & Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress from Mohrs Circle
(CW) H R (C) P3 3 P2 E 2p C 2p R 2 1 (CCW) xx + yy -------------------------2 S2 xx yy ------------------------2 V D xy 21 P1 12 (T) S1

The principal angle one 1 is the angle between line CV and CP1. Depending upon the Mohr circle 1 may be equal to p or equal to (p+ 90o). Maximum Shear Stress
(CW) 23 (C) 32 12 P3 P2 P1 21 31 13 (T)

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(CCW)

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

Stresses on an Inclined Plane

yy H V xy yx A V H A A yy A 2A 2A F D C V (CCW) A A (T)

yx xy xx x

(CW) (C)

xx

Sign of shear stress on incline: Coordinates of point A: ( , ) A A

t n A n H A V A t

V A H

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

Principal Stress Element

(CW) H R (C) P2 E C 21 R 2 1 (CCW) S2 V D P1 21 12 (T) H V H V 1 x S1 y P1 P2 p2 P2 S2 S1 P1 p1

21 P1 S1 P2

av

21 av S2 P2 P1

1 1
P

2 x
P xx
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2 1 x

Cast Iron P1
S2 P1 P2

xx

Aluminum S2

P2 H

S1 S2

xx max = -------2 V P1 1 = xx

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

C8.4 In a thin body (plane stress) the stresses in the x-y plane are as shown on each stress element. (a) Determine the normal and shear stresses on plane A. (b) Determine the principal stresses at the point. (c) Determine the maximum shear stress at the point. (d) Draw the principal element.
20 ksi 30 ksi A 10 ksi

42o

Fig. C8.4

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

Class Problem 2
Associate the stress cubes with the appropriate Mohrs circle for stress.
40ksi
cube 1

40 ksi 8 ksi

40 ksi

8 ksi
cube 2 cube 3

8 ksi

circle A

circle B

circle C

circle D

Class Problem 3
Determine the two possible values of principal angle one (1) in each question.
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y H V H V x

1 H 24o V

2 V 24o H

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

Class Problem 4
Explain the failure surfaces in cast iron and aluminum due to torsion by drawing the principal stress element
T T

x x
Cast Iron Aluminum

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

C8.5 A broken 2 in x 6 in wooden bar was glued together as shown. Determine the normal and shear stress in the glue.
F 6 in 60o F = 12 kips

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Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 8

C8.6 If the applied force P = 1.8 kN, determine the principal stresses and maximum shear stress at points A, B, and C which are on the surface of the beam.
P A B C 15 mm

30 mm 30 mm

0.4 m

0.4 m

6 mm 6 mm

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