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Microprocessor Systems
F. M. Fernando
OBJECTIVES
1. Define and differentiate MPUs, MCUs, & controller- or p-based systems; 2. Discuss the technological advances from MPU to MCU 3. Identify other MCUs
Microprocessor Systems F. M. Fernando
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6/20/2011
COVERAGE
1. Von Neumann (Princeton) versus Harvard Architecture and CISC versus RISC Processors 2. Technological Generations of Microprocessor Units (MPUs) To Microcontroller Units (MCUs) 3. Other MCUs
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In the 1940s two major classes of computer architecture emerged: von Neumann (or Princeton) and Harvard. The von Neumann model uses a single storage architecture, called memory, for instructions and data. In contrast, the Harvard architecture uses physically separate memory units and buses for instructions and data.
Microprocessor Systems F. M. Fernando
6/20/2011
The first trend, increasing the size and speed, was led by the Intel 8088 processor used in PCs, followed by several processors such as the Intel 80XXX and Pentium processors, the Motorola 68000 series, and AIM (alliance of Apple, IBM, and Motorola) POWER PCs. The second trend, toward integration, was led by the 8-bit Intel 8051 microcontroller, followed by the Zilog Z8, the Motorola 68HC series, the Atmel AVR series, the Microchip PIC series, and MCUs from many other manufacturers. NOTE that : A typical US home may have more than 50 MCUs built into its various phones, security systems, fax machines, and computers. These are all considered embedded control systems, in which the running, controlling, and monitoring go behind the scenes.
Microprocessor Systems F. M. Fernando
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Other MCUs
Major 8-bit MCUs that followed Intel were:
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The Differences
MPU
The CPU, RAM/ROM (memory), timers, I/O ports are different chips Used for products with general purpose like PC Different kinds of software applications can be loaded The memory size, number of ports can be configured
Microprocessor Systems
MCU
The CPU, RAM/ROM (memory), timers, I/O ports are present in the same chipset Used in products with specific applications, like camera and cell phone A single software application is generally used Amount of memory & number of ports are limited by the MCU used
F. M. Fernando
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Differences continued
Microprocessor Systems
F. M. Fernando
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6/20/2011
A controller-based or p-based system is defined as an electronic system that is controlled either by a controller or a p. The system is divided into 2 major segments: hardware (physical components) & software (programs or instructions for operation control). A controller is an integrated electronic computing device that includes 3 major components on a single chip: the MPU, memory, & I/O ports all connected by common communication lines called the bus system.
Microprocessor Systems F. M. Fernando
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In Summary
Summary, continued The MPU is a group of electronic circuits fabricated on a semiconductor chip that can read instructions written in memory & process (compute) binary data according to those instructions. Memory is a semiconductor storage device consisting of registers. These registers store binary digits (bits) categorized as ROM or RAM (R/WM, read/write memory). I/O ports are latches & buffers than can be interfaced with peripherals, such as keyboards & LEDs.
Microprocessor Systems F. M. Fernando
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6/20/2011
Summary, continued
The system bus is divided into 3 groups: the address bus, data bus, & control signals. The address bus is a group of unidirectional lines that carry the address of memory or I/O devices, & these addresses are initiated by the MPU. The data bus is a group of bidirectional lines that carry data between MPU & memory or I/O devices. The control lines are timing signals that initiate various read-write operations of the MPU. The MPU is capable of decoding & executing binary instructions that are designed into its electronic circuits; these binary instructions are known as microcode.
Microprocessor Systems F. M. Fernando
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