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343-355
(May 1979).
343
Instabilities
in Parallel Boiling
Channel Upflow
of Forced-Convection (III)
Two Channels
System,
System
with
Different
Flow
Conditions
between
Masanori
ARITOMI, Shigebumi
Received October 20, 1978 Revised February 16, 1979 The instabilities observed in a parallel-channel system carrying boiling fluid in forced upward flow have been studied theoretically and experimentally, using water as test fluid. The system, where the thermo-hydraulic flow conditions in two channels are different from each other, is studied theoretically and experimentally, in order to make clear the effects of the different conditions on the flow instabilities. The different conditions between parallel channels are made artificially by changing the entrance throttlings, the heater lengthes and the heat fluxes. Consequently, the instability in the system where the own characteristic frequencies are approximatelly equal in two channels almost agree with the one obtained under the uniform condition equivalent to the average operating condition in two channels, such as the different entrance throttlings and the different heater lengthes. On the other hand, the system, where the characteristic frequencies differ from two channels, becomes more stable with increasing the difference of flow condition, such as the different heat fluxes. KEYWORDS: boiling flow instability, parallel-channel system, stable region, unstable boundary, different flow condition, two phase flow, flow oscillation, instability, stability, eigenfreguency, heat flux I. INTRODUCTION
The thermo-hydraulic instabilities in parallel boiling channels have gained momentum in the last decade for their importance to the safety of fossil-fuel boilers, boiling water reactors, as well as steam generators of fast breeder reactors and advanced thermal reactors(1)~(5). Especially, the development of LMFBR becomes the pressing problem for the following energy source taking the place of oil energy, and the development of steam generators for LMFBR becomes one of the most important problem. The plants comprising parallel boiling channels are multifarious, and their operating conditions differ from each other, such as operating fluid, heating method, exit flow condition and system pressure etc. It becomes hence difficult to apply a common approach to the understanding of the thermo-hydraulic instabilities in every systems. The present work attempts to classify and to simplify the phenomena and mechanisms of their instabilities to faciliate their understanding. In companion paper(6)(7), the authors have been shown that the instabilities observed in boiling fluid in forced upward flow through twin parallel channels can be classified
* Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152. 39
344
J. Nucl.
Sci. Technol.,
into four types. The instability being occurred through the interaction between channels have been taken up in particular. A mathematical model well explained
the this
phenomenon was proposed, and the instabilities appeared in a system comprising more than three channels showed a behavior quite simular to these in a two-channel system(6). The experimental results in two parallel channels with the uniform flow condition confirmed the analytical ones. In the plant with parallel boiling channels, the flow conditions between channels are not exactly same, and it is not necessarily a good policy to design the plant with simular channel condition. Studies on the instability under the different flow conditions between channels are only found out in Veziroglus' work(8). In their paper, the above mentioned instabilities of four types were discussed using a common approach. Consequently, the mechanisms of these instabilities were not sufficiently understood, and the effects of the difference of flow condition on the instabilities generated through the interaction between parallel channels have not been made clear. The purpose of this paper is to understand these effects. The instabilities under the hydraulic or the thermal different condition are studied experimentally and theoretically, as (1) the entrance throttlings differ between two channels and (2) the heater lengthes or the heat fluxes differ. II. EXPERITENTAL A PPARATUS
An outline of the experimental apparatus is mentioned here, since the details were reported in a companion paper(7). Figure 1 shows the schamatic diagram of the forced-convection water loop operated at atmospheric pressure. It has been deviced to suppress flow oscillations in the loop itself, so as to bring out only the instability caused by the interaction between parallel
channels. Figure mension the inlet of 2 is two the geometry channels plenums. and the between Each di-
and has
instability, the tion type, dynamic caused action nels served. Fig. 1 Arrangement of flow loop 40 by head of so that
oscilla-
345
An orifice (not shown in Fig. 2) was installed at the channel (2) to observe the effects of the different entrance The heated tube is made of thin stainless steel. The are identified, since the resistance per unit length is uniform in a series. In the second condition, the heater in channel with the one in channel (1), so that the heat inputs differ effects of the different heater lengthes on the instability Further, the variable resistence (8) and a magnetic
upstream of the flowineter in throttlings. heat fluxes in two channels and two heater are arranged (2) is shortened as compared between two channels. The
provided in parallel to the heater of channel (2), in order to get the different heat fluxes between two channels. The effects of the different heat fluxes on the instability are observed. III I The analytical ANALYSIS model used in this paper is essentially the same as the one in a com-
panion paper(6). A revised point and its process are shown below. 1. Initial Condition The continuity and energy equations are solved in each channel and the momentum equations are integrated with the proposal procedure. c114,',/dt is derived from
Two procedures
are examined
(1) The characteristic curves of the static pressure drop Pin-Pout to the inlet velocity are different between two channels. Solving the equiliblium inlet velocity u(1', and uin), where Pin Pout agrees in two channels through static analysis, the initial conditions are solved statically by substituting UinI), and Uin into the continuity and energy equations in each channel. We selected -5, -2, -1, 1, 2 and 5 m/s2 as du2,)(0)1 . cldd (2) The initial conditions are obtained in the same way as the proposal one using the average inlet velocity air, as the initial inlet velocities in two channels. The resulting velocities re;,) and u)' differ from each other under the different flow contions. Making use of this process, du;,),0,1dt is assumed by substituting the initial conditions into Eq. (1),
From the analytical results of procedures (1) and (2), it was found that the instabilities are not dependent on the initial conditions and the magnitude of initial disturbance like the results under the same parallel channel condition(6)(7). Later initial conditions were adopted in this paper. 2. Phase Analysis From Eq. (1),
41
346
Expressing
perturbation
As the pressure drops from the inlet to the outlet in two for the equilibrium inlet velocity C' and u12,)in the steady P,PT=DPTV). Equation ( 4 ) becomes
channels state D
are
equal
to that
(5)
Substituting
We
obtain
The frequency
response
of Eq. ( 8 ) agrees
equations
because DPT(i-p/o) is occurred by it'/-;,), and i;6';',' shifted by 180- for up,,. The pulsating is flow with very small amplitude, where the linear is kept, is given z-i;,)in Eq. (14) of Ref. (6). The amplitude ratio and shift of DPT for m(d/dt)itl,' are calculated, and the former is called by gain |1G(i)| and the latter the shift in phase tT). The following equation agrees with the results of Eq.( 8 )
frequency" fc that which tT of Eq. (10) is equal to 180- and that which corresponds to the characteristic freque ncy. The stable boundary and the period of flow oscillation in the unstable region are agree with the results obtained by the analytical model. That is exemplified in APPENDIX. . EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IV
1. Effects of Different Entrance Throttlings between Two Channels A orifice was inserted at the upstream of flowmeter in channel (2) only, to observe different entrance throttlings between two channels on the instability. Now, since the pressure drop of the section Lt(in Fig. 2) was proportional to the square of the inlet flow rate, the proportional constant would represent the coefficient of entrance throttle pressure drop. The throttling coefficient in channel (1) was 110 kg,s2/m4, since a orifice was not inserted but the flowmeter and the electrode etc. throttled flow.
42
Vol.
16, No.
5 (May
1979)
347
The experimental and analytical results of the stable boundary are shown in Fig. 3. The quantity adopted for the abscissa is the throttling coefficient in channel (2). The experimental results are agree with the analytical ones. The results in the system with the identical entrance trottling in two channels are reploted from a companion paper(7) in the figure, that is, a dashed line (1) represents the results in the system where the throttling coefficients in two channels are equal and the values adopted for the abscissa and a dashed line (2) represents the one in the system where the throttling coefficients are equal and 110kg,s2/m4 in two channels. To compare with the result of Fig. 3, the average throttling coefficient channels is introduced as in two
In as
this a
the
boundary Fig. 4.
Fig.
to
very the
to
solid
which
of
gaining of
a better flow
inoscil-
into
indicated oscillations
of
43
348
J.
Nucl.
Sci.
Technol.,
by oscillograph
of 20~30
as data.
The typical experimental results are shown in Fig. 5 at C,P=110kg,s2/m4 and C7= 298 kg,s2/m4. The results(7) in the system with the same entrance throttling in two channels are replotted. The amplitudes and periods of flow oscillations lie between the ones at CR=CR'=110 kg,s2/m4 and =298 kg,2s/m4. From the results in Figs. 4 and 5, the instabilities in the system with the different entrance throttlings between two channels show a behavior simular to equal parallel channels with the average throttling coefficient of two channels. 2. Effects of Different Heater Lengthes between Two Channels Shortening the heater in channel (2) only, the different input powers were artificially created between two channels in this case. The stable boundaries obtained experimentally and analytically are shown in Fig. 6, in which the average inlet velocity of both channels are used and LB)=0.4 m and LB)=0.3 m mean the heater lengthes of channels (1) and (2) respectively. Close agreement is obtained between the experimental results and the analytical ones. The stable boundaries obtained in the system with the same heater length are shown in the figure at LB=0.3 m
and =0.4 To the m. consider the results length shown in Fig. 6, to
average
heater
is introduced
The analytical the equal shows Fig. 6. Runs, unstable curve. observed 8 at the heater almost results lengths. results heater good
where are 7. It of
to 0.35 m, are
results
were
in the stability periods in Fig. well the as was same length present different lies beFig. 6 Stable boundary in reference to different heater lengthes different are where with entrance flow own one throttlings condition
shown
LB=0.4 lengthes.
period
independent confirm
in equal channel
The oscillation
amplitude system
different to flow the
of LB=LB
heater oscillation. instabilities are nearly equivalent in equal, to lengthes Even the
and if
the there
channel condition
almost the
operating
condition
44
Vol.
1979)
349
3. Effects of Different Heat Fluxes between Two Channels By contacting a magnet switch (9) (shown in Fig. 1) arranged in parallel to the heater in channel (2), the heat flux of channel (2) differed from the one of channel (1). The difference of thermal conditions was articially created between two channels. As parameter expressing the magnitude of the different heat fluxes between two channels, a rate Rq of heat flux was introduced, which is defined by
value
was
with
the
(8) (in Fig. 1). and analytically ones. very are shown case, and figure of more in Fig. the stable useful shows flux 9. analytical may be In this important obtained 10. the The ratio and averwith for to the in-
experimental heat
becomes
increasing design. ascertain same creases Runs oscillations The typical comes flux and clear the
analytically heat
results in Fig. 9.
unstable
and the
amplitudes
periods
of flow
were observed in various average experimental results of oscillation from ratio the figure flux. that the amplitude are the of heat These
heat fluxes and the amplitude are shown ratio same decreases trends as the with
ratios of heat flux. in Fig. 11. It bethe average boundary. heat stable
45
350
All using as
of
period
fall
along
a single
line
region time
shown
required
characteristic
frequency
channels. preheating heat fluxes cases region between with other in two two channels channels. differ This
through different
significant
difference
afore-mentioned
different
conditions.
Fig.
Stable
boundary heat
in reference fluxes of loop operation Fig. 10 Analytical boundary different results of stable in reference to heat fluxes
conditions
Fig.
11
Flow
oscillation of heat
with flux
change
in ratio
Fig.
12
Period of flow oscillation in reference to time required for passage through predheating region
46
Vol.
1979)
351
4.
Transient on as the
Experiment stability in of heat the Fig. curve 13 obtained were of in examined the two inlet in Fig. by 9, using on is two kinds magnet the of transient in response order condiand the to
shown
switch, instability.
effects the
velocity
The A"
fluxes
channels,
called "Condition
one, when the heat fluxes differ between two channels, is called "Condition B". The transient response experiments were carried out at Ft,,,= 0.23 m/s, Rq=0.305 and the other conditions in Table 1. The following became clear through two kinds of the transient experiment. (1) The figure of transient inlet velocity change does not reappear, owning to the phase of flow oscillation when step change added and to the heterogeneity of two-phase flow.
(2) Transient time is within 5 s. (3) The instability depends not on the history of the inlet velocity but on the opperating conditions, that is, the stability curve agrees well with the one in Fig. 9. (4) The amplitudes and periods of flow oscillation agree with the ones in Figs. 11 and 12 within the experimental errors after a short interval from the step change added.
The above-mentioned and the the inlet results instability velocity but coincide in only the on with system the the depends opperating papers(6)(7) history of
Fig.
13
condition experiment in
of
conclusion not on
the
disturbance
conditions.
V.
DISCUSSION
As a result of studying the effects of three kinds of different thermo-hydraulic conditions between two channels on the instability, the generated phenomena are classified into two types : (1) (2) The generated instability is simular to the one in the system with the same conditions equivalent to the average conditions in two channels.
The system becomes more stable as increasing the difference of the operating conditions between two channels. The system with the different entrance throttlings or with the different heater lengthes corresponds to type (1), and the system with the different heat fluxes does to type (2). To study the system with the different heater lengthes concerning type (1) phase analysis was applied to two operating conditions in Table 2, situated in the unstable region. The characteristic gain and frequency of the system and the shifts in phase of each channel are shown in Table 3. The difference of flow distribution between two channels are about 6%. The gain curves move parallel and the shift curves of phase almost agree for this extent of flow distribution, as shown in Fig. 14 replotted from a companion paper(7). The effects of the heater length on the instability show almost the same trend as the ones of flow distribution, as had discussed in it. Consequenly,
47
352
Table
the difference
and the characteristic gain of the system almost agree with the arithmetic sum of the gains of two channels. For this reason, the instability in the system with the different entrance throttlings or with the different heater lengthes almost agrees with the one in the system with the same condition equivalent to the average condition in two channels. To study the system with the different heat fluxes concerning type (2), phase analysis is applied to two operating conditions in Table 4 situated in the unstable region. The characteristic gains and frequencies of the system and the shifts were obtained in Table 5. The characteristic gain is 1.053 in case (i) and 1.138 in case (ii). The system with the different heat fluxes is more stable than the one with the same heat fluxes.
Table 4 Operating to differents conditions heat in reference fluxes Table 5 Analytical results adopted for Table 4
Fig.
14
response shift
shown in phase
for decreasing of the characteristic gain was investigated . Regarding frequency in the system, the following equation is established : G'" Isin .61)+1 Gm sin 71)=0 . (14)
The gain and the own characteristic frequency in channel (2) with lower heat flux are lower than these in channel (1). The shift in phase increases sharply above 180- and the gain decreases with increasing the frequency. Consequently,|1G(2)| becomes fairly lower than the own characteristic gain of channel (2). On the other hand, the shift in phase decreases G(1)| increases slightly slightly from 180- in channel (1), because of Eq. (14) and |1G("I>G(2)|. in comparison with the own characteristic gain of channel (1) . |
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Vol.
16, No.
5 (May
1979)
353
For these reason, the decrease becomes more stable. Since the following equation G As increasing the difference than the arithmetic average
The gains |G(1)| shown
in |G(2)|
surpasses
the increase
is established
concerning
the characteristic
1 cl-=2I G'" Icos z-'71'+I G(2' Icos r7(15) of shift in phase between two channels, IGe I becomes lower of |G(1)| and |G(2)|, and the system becomes stable.
on Table 5 Table 6 Analytical results adopted for Table 4
were obtained by using the average mass of inertia term m (Eq. (9) ), whereas the gains |G'(i)| were obtained by using m(i) at fc, as shown in Table 6. The arithmetic average of |G(i)| is 1.073 and the one of |G'(i)|1.113. The difference term. of boiling boundary in two channels
causes
the
different
masses
of
inertia
Both heat
are
almost
equal
each
other,
and ZB
becomes
lower
with
increasing
the
discussion, masses
it
was
found term
that between
the two
different channels
frequencies system.
and
of inertia
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
Close agreement between the experimental results and the analytical ones is obtained in regard to the stable boundary. The reliability of the analytical model and the generality of the experimental results are confirmed. The results through phase analysis agree with the analytical ones of proposal model as for the stable boundary and the oscillation periods in the unstable region. It is made clear that the phase analysis is applicable to the instability in the system with the different thermo-hydraulic conditions between two channels. In parallel-channel boiling system, a characteristic oscillation is independent of the magnitude and nature of initial disturbance and of the history of inlet velocity without reference to the existence of the different conditions between two channels. In the different flow conditions where the own characteristic frequencies are approximatelly equal in two channel, such as in the different entrance throttlings and heater lengthes, the instability almost agrees with the one in the system with the same flow condition equivalent to the average operating condition of two channels. On the other hand, the system, where the flow conditions as well as the characteristic frequencies and the masses of inertia term differ from two channels, becomes more stable with increasing the difference of flow condition, and the system is most unstable when the flow conditions are equal in two channels, such as the system with the different heat fluxes. This conclusion may be interesting stable, particularly possessing two parallel channels.
49
for designing
the system
to be
354
[NOMENCLATURE] Throttling coefficient (kgs2/m4) q": Heat flux (kcal/m2h) Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) u : Velocity (m/s) Gain ZE: Boiling boundary (m) | Characteristic gain gl: Density of liquid |(kg/m3) Heater length (m) tT Shift in phase Mass of inertia term (kgs2/m3),see Eq. (14) in Ref.(6) Subscripts Pressure (kg/m') in: Inlet, out: Outlet Total pressure drop (kg/m2), see Eq. (14) D in Ref.(6)
REFERENCES -
(1) STENNING, A.H.: Trans. ASME, Ser. D, 86, 213~217 (1964). (2) MEYER, J.E., ROSE, R.P.: ibid., Ser. C, 85, 1~9 (1963). (3) DAVIES, A.L., POTTER, R.: EURATOM Rep., Proc. Symp. on Two-Phase Flow Dynamics, hoven, p. 1255~1266 (1967). (4) D'ARCY, D.F.: ibid., p. 1173~1223. (5) CROWLEY, J.D., et al,: ibid., p. 1132~1171. (6) ARITONII, M., et al.: J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 14(1), 22~30 (1977). (7) ARITOMI, M., et al.: ibid., 14(2), 88-96 (1977). (8) STENNING, A.H., VEZIROGLC, T.N. : ASME Pap. 64 WA/FE-28, (1964).
Eind-
[APPENDIX] The results obtained through the phase analysis are compared with the ones obtained through the analytical model, in order to examine the reliability of phase analysis. The characteristic gain of the system corresponds to the characteristic frequency, which is shifted by 180- through phase analysis, and were obtained using the average heat flux in two channels as parameter. The results are shown in Fig. A1 as compared with the ones obtained through the analytical model. The characteristic gain increases
with the teristic increasing average gain heat the average flux, where unity, becomes heat the flux, and charac-
is 0.34x106
A2
Comparison between phase analysis and mathematical model for values of oscillation period
Vol.
1979)
355
kcal/m2,h. On the other hand, the results obtained through the analytical model shown in Fig. 10 indicate that the average heat flux above 0.35 x 10' kcal/m2,h is lain in the unstable region and the one under 0.325 x10' kcal/m2 h in the stable region. The stable boundary obtained through the phase analysis agrees thus with the one obtained through the analytical model. The oscillation periods obtained through the analytical model are compared with the reciprocals of the characteristic frequency based on phase analysis. Figure A2 shows both results and they are agree within 2%.
51