Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2010
SUMRIO
INTRODUO Sistema frasal (composio das frases) 1. Personal Pronouns (pronomes pessoais)______________________________3 2. TO BE: Simple Present (ser/estar presente simples)____________________3 3. TO BE: Simple Past (ser/estar passado simples)_______________________4 4. NOUNS (substantivos)______________________________________________4 5. The Indefinite Article (artigos indefinidos) _____________________________5 6. The Definite Article (artigos definidos)_________________________________6 7. The Adjective (adjetivos)____________________________________________6 8. TO HAVE (verbo ter)________________________________________________7 9. Interrogative Words (palavras interrogrativas)__________________________8 10. There is / There are (existe/existem)__________________________________9 11. Demonstrative Pronouns (pronomes demonstrativos)__________________9 12. Possessive Adjectives (adjetivos possessivos)_______________________10 13. Regular and Irregular Verbs (verbos regulares e irregulares)____________10 14. Locuo Verbal__________________________________________________12 15. Adverbs (advrbios)______________________________________________12 16. Prepositions (preposies)________________________________________13
He placed his hat upon his head...................................................................................................................17
Como utilizar o pronome IT? 1. Empregamos o pronome it quando nos referimos a um fenmeno, objeto, coisa, animal, etc.: Ex.: The dress is ugly. - It's ugly. 2. Utiliza-se tambm o pronome it para sujeito oculto ou inexistente. Ex.: It is raining. Outros usos do IT 1. O pronome it tambm usado em frases como: It is hot today. (Est quente hoje.) What time is it? It is 6 o'clock. (Que horas so? So 6 horas.) It is about 400 Km from So Paulo to Rio. (So aproximadamente 400 Km de So Paulo ao Rio.) 2. Tambm emprega-se o pronome it como sujeito de oraes deste tipo: It is hard to believe. But it is true! ( difcil acreditar. Mas verdade!)
eu estou/sou voc est/ ele est/ ela est/ ele/ela est/ (coisas e animais) ns estamos/somos vocs esto/so eles/elas esto/so
INTERROGATIVA E NEGATIVA
4. NOUNS (substantivos)
Os substantivos - nouns, em ingls - do nome aos objetos, pessoas, animais, etc.
Plural of Nouns (plural dos substantivos) De modo geral, acrescenta-se "s" ao singular. Ex.: BOY - BOYS REGRAS ESPECIAIS: 1. Se o substantivo terminar em s, sh, ch, x, z, ou em o precedido de consoante, acrescenta-se es para formar o plural. bus - buses; bush - bushes; coach - coaches; fox - foxes; watch - watches; hero - heroes
2.
Existem 13 substantivos terminados em f ou fe cujo plural formado pela troca do f ou fe por ves: life - lives; wife - wives; knife - knives; thief - thieves; elf - elves; self - selves; loaf - loaves shelf - shelves; leaf - leaves; sheaf - sheaves; wolf - wolves; calf - calves; half halves. Nos substantivos terminados em y precedido de consoante, troca-se o y por i e acrecenta-se es: Ex: body bodies Alguns substantivos so usados apenas no singular, com verbos tambm no singular: Ex: news, advice, furniture, information, knowledge, progress Outros substantivos so usados apenas no plural, com verbos tambm no plural: Ex: pants, pajamas, trousers, clothes, glasses, scissors, goods, riches Os substantivos sheep e deer so invariveis, isto , tm a mesma forma para singular e plural. Assim tambm os substantivos ptrios terminados em ss e se (Swiss, Japanese)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. Substantivos que apresentam forma irregular no plural: child - children; die - dice; mouse mice; woman - women; goose geese; ox - oxen; man - men; tooth - teeth; foot - feet; louse - lice.
O adjetivo no varia em nmero. Mesmo que o substantivo aparea no plural, o adjetivo conserva a mesma forma: big car big cars O adjetivo no varia em gnero. O substantivo pode ser masculino ou feminino, mas o adjetivo conserva a mesma forma: strong man - strong woman adjetivo normalmente usado antes do substantivo que ele qualifica:
Ex: I have big cars. He is a strong man.
2.
3.
9. gordo: FAT 10.fcil: EASY 11.rpido: FAST 12.bonito: PRETTY 13.lindo: BEALTIFUL 14.bom: GOOD 15.doce: SWEET 16.forte: STRONG 17.caro: EXPENSIVE 18.sujo: DIRTY 19.seco: DRY 20.oriental: EASTERN 21.setentrional:NORTHERN 22.adiantado:EARLY 23.certo: RIGHT 24.direito: RIGHT
magro: difcil: lento: feio: horrvel: mau: amargo: fraco: barato: limpo: molhado: ocidental: meridional: atrasado: errado: esquerdo:
THIN DIFFICULTY, HARD SLOW UGLY AWFUL BAD BITTER WEAK CHEAP CLEAN WET WESTERN SOUTHERN LATE WRONG LEFT
Quando usado isoladamente, o verbo to have significa "ter", "possuir". Quando integra expresses, pode adquirir outros sentidos. Exemplos: to have coffe, beer, cigarretes: tomar caf, cerveja / fumar cigarros to have breakfast: tomar caf da manh to have lunch: almoar to have dinner: jantar to have a shower, a bath: tomar banho to have a party: dar uma festa to have a good time: divertir-se
Why, where, when, how (Por que, onde, quando, como) 1. Why? (Por qu? Por que motivo?) - Why is she sad? - Because her dog died. 2. Where? (Onde?) - Where does he live? - He lives far from here. 3. When? (Quando) - When will you come? - We will come late.
4. How? (Como?) - How are you feeling today? - Not so well. I have a headache.
Obs.: "Ter" no sentido de "possuir" expressado pelo verbo HAVE. Ex: I have a car. (eu tenho um carro) Formas Interrogativa e Negativa Interrogative Simple present is there? are there? was there? were there? Negative there is not there are not there was not there were not
Simple past
10
MY - Indica a minha posse: There is a rat in MY bedroom! YOUR - Indica a sua (de voc) posse: YOUR cat loves fish. HIS - Indica a posse dele: To HIS surprise, he coulnd't win! HER - Indica a posse dela: HER husband is a pop star. ITS - Indica a posse de um animal, coisa, etc. sobre algo: OUR secrets... The lion opened ITS mouth.
Indica a nossa posse: My girlfriend and I have OUR little Indica a posse de vocs: Batman and Robin, I love YOUR Indica a posse deles:
Yesterday I visited the Kennedys. THEIR house is
YOUR adventures.
THEIR beautiful
REGRAS BSICAS:
1. Os adjetivos possessivos concordam com o possuidor, e no com a coisa possuda. Ex: Como her indica a posse dela, ao ler esta frase j sabemos que se trata de uma mulher cujo pai muito rico. HER father is very rich. Como his indica a posse dele, ao ler esta frase sabemos que se trata dessa vez de um homem cujo pai muito rico. HIS father is very rich. 2. Os adjetivos possessivos antecedem aos substantivos. Ex: To his SURPRISE, he couldn't win!
11
O verbo na sua forma original (infinitivo) leva a preposio TO na frente. O segundo verbo - to run - irregular porque no termina em ed. Possui conjugao irregular no simple past e no past participle. Exemplos: infinite to run to buy to write imple past ran bought wrote past participle run bought written
Regular Verbs
Regras para escrever no simple past e no past participle com os verbos regulares: Quando o verbo terminar em e, acrescentamos apenas d: Ex: love - loved Se o verbo terminar em y precedido de vogal, conservamos o y e acrescentamos ed: Ex: pray - prayed Mas: Se o verbo terminar em y precedido de consoante, substituimos o y por i e acrescentamos ed: Ex: try - tried 3. Se o verbo tiver apenas uma slaba e terminar em consoante-vogalconsoante, dobramos a consoante final e acrescentamos ed: Ex: stop stopped 4. Se o verbo tiver mais de uma slaba, mas for oxtono e terminar em consoante-vogal-consoante, dobramos a consoante final e acrescentamos ed: Ex: admit admitted
1. 2.
Irregular Verbs
Os verbos irregulares apresentam formas variadas no simple past e no past participle. Exemplos: I SAW you when I CAME back. The cat DRUNK a lot of milk. Mr. Reese finally SOLD his house. (ver tabela dos verbos irregulares no final da apostila)
12
13
The birds were singing well, happily, joyfully, etc. 2. Os advrbios de lugar "respondem" a questo - Onde...? Where do your cats sleep? My cats sleep here, there, everywhere, etc. 3. Os advrbios de tempo "respondem" a questo - Quando...? When will she arrive home? Today she won't arrive early. 4. Os advrbios de freqncia "respondem" a questo - Quantas vezes...? How often do they visit you? Andrew never visits me, but he always calls me up. 5. Os advrbios de qualidade demostram a importncia, a qualidade ou intensificam algum acontecimento. Doris really worked much today. She is so tired!
Uma preposio e seu substantivo ou pronome, chamada de frase preposicional. Estas frases podem ser: Adjetivos: usada como um adjetivo seguido do substantivo que ele modifica. We should take the road along the river. (ns deveramos pegar a estrada ao longo do rio) He saw a river with a bridge. (Ele viu um rio com uma ponte) The book on Egypt has been sold. (O livro sobre o Egito foi vendido) The package for Mary arrived yesterday. (O pacote para Mary chegou ontm)
14
Advrbios: Quando as preposies modificam verbos, funcionando como advrbios da sentena. They were driving along a country road. (Eles estavam dirigindo ao longo de uma estrada rural) They came to a river. (Eles chegaram em um rio) We saw John in January. (Ns vimos John em janeiro) In April, we will see him again. (Em abril, ns o veremos novamente) As frases preposicionais tambm podem ser: Substantivo: A preposio vem junto com o substantivo. Before breakfast is a good time for a swim. (subject) The best place for a picnic is in the park. (subject complement) Preposies normalmente indicam relacionamentos, tais como posio, lugar, direo, tempo, modo, agente, possesso e condio entre objetos ou outras partes da sentena.
Preposies mais utilizadas In (no, nas, nos, nas, em, dentro de)
Sentido de estar dentro algum lugar
Usos do "In"
Lugar ou residncia em um estado, uma cidade, ou um pas (O lugar normalmente uma grande rea ou uma grande cidade): He lives in America. That river is in California. Ponto do tempo, ou perodo de tempo como uma unidade completa: I saw him in January. It was in 1965. Durao de tempo: He can do it in an hour. He finished that book in one evening. Lnguas: They were speaking in Arabic. The play was produced in French. Dentro, dentro de, fechado:
15
He is in his office now. His hand is in his pocket. Depois de um certo perodo de tempo: He will come in an hour.
Usos do "On"
Descansando sobre ou tocando algo: The book is on the table. We are on the beach Dias da semana e outras datas: Summer begins on June 21. We do not have classes on Sundays. Local ou residncia de uma rua cujo nmero no dado. She is visiting a friend on Magnolia Street. I live on McKinley Street.
Usos do "At"
Local ou residncia em uma pequena cidade, ou em um endereo de uma rua, se o nmero da casa dado: He lives at Smithville. We have finally arrived at his town. Tempo exato: He arrived at 8:00 o'clock. Those farmers stop working at sunset. Preo: The prices of those books begin at one dollar and go up. Direo ou alvo:
16
Look at those boys fighting. Localizao, lugar: (lugares pblicos) He is at school now. I am at the door
To (para)
Expressa ao; Usado na frente de verbos no infinitivo.
Exemplos:
I will go to Laguna this weekend. We want to drink a good bottle of wine.
Exemplo Her house is across the street. His bibycle was leaning against the fence. The garage is behind the house. That house by the lake is my dream
17
(Sentido) para baixo Atrs (no fundo) Na frente de Dentro de Perto de No topo de / sobre Sobre (passar por cima sem tocar) Trmino Excesso/sobrecarga Acima de Do lado de fora Atravs Em baixo de (fsico) Em baixo de (tocando) Acima Entre vrias coisas ou pessoas Entre duas coisas ou pessoas Depois Antes/ na frente Abaixo (sentido) Oposto / do outro lado Dentro de Em cima (sobre)
Outside Through Under Underneath Up Among Between After Before Below Opposite Within Upon
house. We saw her walking down Fifth Avenue this afternoon. The taxi is parked in back of the bus. The ball rolled in front of the bus. Come in. It is warmer inside the house. You shouldn't smoke near gasoline. I want cake and ice cream, and on top of that I want whipped cream. The mother pulled the blanket over the baby. The game is over. There was an overflow in the system The temperature is over 40o C There's a bird's nest outside my window. The bird flew through the open window. I found that book. It was under the desk. Put a pad underneath that hot coffe pot. He was walking up the street. If you look carefully, you might find the letter among those papers. His shop in between the bank and the post office. Walk straight ahead; then take the first street after the bridge. I have your letter before me now. They live in the apartment below ours. The school is opposite the church. The mail will arrive within an hour. He placed his hat upon his head
17. Verbal Tenses (Tempos Verbais) 17.1 The simple present tense (presente simples)
As oraes abaixo esto no simple present tense, um tempo para expressar aes habituais no presente.
18
I GO to school every day. She WORKS at Univali. Na segunda orao, o sujeito est na 3a. pessoa do singular, sendo o verbo acrescido de s, es ou ies de acordo a terminao do verbo, seguindo as mesmas regras do plural de substantivos. Exemplos de uso: I dance We dance. You dance You dance. He She dances. They dance. It s na 3a. pessoa do singular Advrbios que normalmente acompanham o presente simples: Always sempre Never nunca often = frequenly frequentemente seldom = rarely raramente sometimes algumas vezes every day (week,...) todos os dias (semana,....) once a day uma vez por dia twice a day duas vezes por dia INTERROGATIVA E NEGATIVA Para frases interrogativas e negativas, utiliza-se os auxiliares DO ou DOES (He, she, It). Exemplos: Do you work? No, I do not. (don't) Does she work? No, she does not. (doesn't) I don't work in Blumenau, I work in Florianpolis. She doesn't work in Blumenau, she works in Florianpolis.
19
Exemplos de uso They are crossing the street now I am playing the guitar at this moment. Nowadays she is working in a factory. INTERROGATIVA E NEGATIVA
Advrbios de tempo que normalmente acompanham now agora at this moment neste momento Nowadays hoje em dia
Como o present continuos formado pelo verbo to be, para formar a interrogativa, coloca-se o verbo to be na frente da frase. E para formar a negativa, acrescenta-se not aps o verbo to be. You are studying English. Are you studying English? You are not studying English.
INTERROGATIVA E NEGATIVA Para frases interrogativas e negativas, utiliza-se o auxiliar DID. Neste caso, o verbo permanece no presente. Exemplos: - You worked yesterday. - Did you work yesterday? - You did not work yesterday. (didnt)
20
Advrbios de tempo e expresses que normalmente o acompanham: Yesterday ontm last (night, week, year, etc.) (noite, semana, ano, etc. ) passada / passado
21
22
SHOULD - deveria Ex: You SHOULD study English. (Voc deveria estudar ingls)
23
24
To hit To hold To hurt To keep To know To lay To lead To lean To learn To leave To lend To let To lie To light To lose To make To mean To meet To overcome To pay To put To read To ride To ring To rise To run To say To see To seek To sell To send To set To shake To shine To shoot To show To shut To sing To sink To sit To sleep To slide To smell To speak To spell
hit held hurt kept knew laid led leant/leaned learnt/learned left lent let lay lit/lighted lost made meant met overcame paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set shook shone shot showed shut sang sank sat slept slid smelt/smelled spoke spelt/spelled
hit held hurt kept known laid led leant/leaned learnt/learned left lent let lain lit/lighted lost made meant met overcome paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set shaken shone shot shown/showed shut sung sunk/sunken sat slept slid smelt/smelled spoken spelt/spelled
Bater; acertar Segurar; conter; realizar (festa, reunio, etc.) Ferir; doer Guardar; manter; continuar Saber; conhecer Pr; assentar Conduzir; liderar Encostar(-se); inclinar(-se) Aprender Deixar; partir; sair Emprestar Deixar; permitir Deitar-se; situar-se Acender; iluminar Perder Fazer Significar; pretender; Querer, dizer Encontrar; conhecer Superar Pegar Pr; colocar Ler Montar; cavalgar Tocar; soar (campainha, telefone, etc.) Subir; levantar-se Correr; dirigir (negcio) Saber Ver Buscar; procurar Vender Mandar; enviar Pr Sacudir Brilhar Atirar; disparar Mostrar Fechar Cantar Afundar Sentar-se Dormir Deslizar; fazer deslizar Cheirar; sentir cheiro de Falar Grafar; soletrar
25
To spend To spread To stand To steal To stick To swear To sweep To swim To take To teach To tear To tell To think To throw To understand To wake(up) To wear To weep To win To write
spent spread stood stole stuck swore swept swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke/waked(up) wore wept won wrote
spent spread stood stolen stuck sworn swept swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken/waked(up) worn wept won written
Gastar; passar (tempo) Espalhar(-se) Ficar em p; aguentar Roubar Grudar; fincar Jurar Varrer Nadar Pegar; tomar; levar Ensinar Rasgar Contar; dizer Pensar Lanar; jogar Entender; compreender Acordar Usar; vestir Chorar; lacrimejar Vencer Escrever