Psychology has its roots in the philosophy of the ancient Greek philosophers.

Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato were instrumental in forming the basic hypothesis of the Theory of Forms and Aristotelian Logic. These early philosophers were searching for the path that the human mind takes in its search for truth. How the mind works and why we as humans exist were the questions that these early and ancient philosophers deliberated over the centuries. During medieval times there was re-newed interest in philosophy and how the human mind works. Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Pierre Abelard, and St.Anselm searched for the proof of the existence of God, the goodness of God, and the question of causation. The world existed, man existed and our existence had to be tied to the existence of God. These researchers into philosophy and existence were concerned with Christianity and trying to tie human existence and thought with God. Some of the roots of psychology have its beginnings in the modern era with the 17th century imperialistic and humanistic philosophers. Francis Bacon, Niccolo Machiavelli, Galileo Galilei, Rene Descartes, Thomas Hobbes George Berkely, Benedict Spinoza and John Locke all were instrumental in forming thought . These early philosophers were interested in combining God with material reality, and logic. Descartes appeared on the scene at the tail end of the Renaissance, thus benefiting from the changes that occurred during that dramatic historical era. The Renaissance lasted for approximately two hundred years, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It derives its name from the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, especially those of Plato and Aristotle, which had been lost to the Western world for hundreds of years. The period was marked by tremendous advances in the arts, starting in northern Italy, but quickly spreading throughout Europe. It was the time of Leonardo Da Vinci the prototypical Renaissance Man, whose genius encompassed both art and science. http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory.htm The Beginnings of Psychology: Philosophy and Physiology The Origins of Psychology By Kendra Cherry, About.com Guide In the late 1800s the field of psychology started to diverge from philosophy. Psychology was starting to be seen as a separate independent and scientific field of study. The ancient philosophers established the groundwork for the exploration of the human mind. Causation and humanism were examined. God was seen as the creator of all things by the philosophical camp. Now, was the time for the exploration of the human mind to be studies scientifically. Religion was part of philosophy and psychology in the early and ancient years.. Religion had to be purged from the field of psychology. Psychology had to stand on its own independent of religion. Psychology had to become a scientific entity independent of philosophy and religious tenants. Even the most cursory examination of the lives of the founding generation of American psychologists reveals that a struggle with religion played a paramount role in their decision to pioneer a new academic discipline. A remarkable symmetry can be discerned between the personal life and the professional work of such legendary figures as G. Stanley Hall, Edwin Starbuck, William James, James Mark Baldwin, and George Coe. The contributions each made to the fledgling social science can, as Peter Homans (1982) has shown, be traced to a fairly typical sequence of biographical experiences: (1) early socialization into a religious ethos, (2) followed by the emergence of conflict

between this religious ethos and secular modes of experience, (3) the resultant tension producing an intense and highly introspective personal crisis, (4) which is finally symbolized and resolved through the creation of a new vocabulary that is neither theological nor materialisticbut psychological. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY AND THE RELIGIOUS IMAGINATION ROBERT C. FULLERJournal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 42(3), 221 235 Summer 2006 Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002 /jhbs.20170 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The old history of psychology, according to Furumoto (1989), refers to an approach emphasizing the accomplishments of great philosophers and psychologists and concentrates on celebrating classic studies and breakthrough discoveries. Within psychology, the preservation and retelling of these great events helped psychology secure an identityas a respectable scientific discipline. In the last half of the nineteenth century, a number of converging forces produced an attempt to study human behavior and mental processes through the application of scientific methods rather than through philosophical analysis, logical reasoning, and speculationby working in the laboratory rather than in the armchair. Thus, what came to be called the New Psychology began to emerge as a separate discipline about 130 years ago. A History of Modern Psychology William Wundt is known as the father of modern psychology. Wundt used the scientific method to explore the physiology and behavior of humans. Through the scientific model, William Wundt was instrumental in breaking the field of psychology from the study of philosophy and religion. Wilhelm Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, and its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern psychology. Wundt was important because he separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way, with the emphasis being on objective measurement and control .This laboratory became a focus for those with a serious interest in psychology, first for German philosophers and psychology students, then for American and British students as well. All subsequent psychological laboratories were closely modeled in their early years on the Wundt model. SimplyPsychology Wilhelm Wundt by Saul Mcleod, published 2008 http://www.simplypsychology.org/wundt.html There was also significant disagreement over how psychology should explain its findings. The deepest division concerned the principles governing conscious events. Although Wundt (1896) called the experimental branch of his science physiological psychology, he nevertheless proposed that mental events were shaped by mental processes governed by mental laws. On the other hand, James (1890) rejected the Kantian machine-shop (Vol. 2, p. 275) of the unconscious and the existence of mental forces such as association of ideas. He insisted psychology should be cerebralist and traced conscious events directly to their causes in the nervous system, without postulating intervening mental way

stations. Similarly, Titchener (1972) derided Wundt's hypothesizing of mental forces and laws, preferring to replace them with motor sensations, and in his last years, he moved to a purely descriptive phenomenology. These differences over methodology and theory are as deep as any in later psychology. Beyond an agreed-upon definition of psychology as the study of consciousness, perforce relying on introspection, everything was disputed. But debates over basic foundational issues characterize preparadigm, not normal science. Had the term been available, it seems likely contemporary psychologists would have recognized the presence of competing would-be paradigms. In 1898, Titchener distinguished two approaches to psychology, structural psychology and functional psychology, and the ensuing years saw structuralists and functionalists argue for the preeminence of their point of view (Leahey, 1992). Given the nature and depth of the disputes among the founders of psychology, there was no single paradigmatic ancient rgime of mentalism for behaviorism to overthrow revolutionarily. The mythical revolutions of American psychology. By: Leahey, Thomas H., American Psychologist, 0003-066X, 1992, Vol. 47, Issue 2. ____________________ Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 44(3), 273274 Summer 2008 Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jhbs.20315 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. B O O K R EV I EW S Eli Zaretsky. Secrets of the Soul:A Social and Cultural History of Psychoanalysis. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004. 429 pp. $30.00 (hardcover). ISBN 0-679-44654-0.

Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 42(3), 221235 Summer 2006 Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002 /jhbs.20170 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Stout, D. (2008). Review of "A history of modern experimental psychology: From James and Wundt to cognitive science". Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 49(2), 179-180. doi:10.1037/0708-5591.49.2.179

Psychology has its roots in the philosophy of the ancient Greek philosophers. Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato were instrumental in forming the basic hypothesis of the Theory of Forms and Aristotelian Logic. These early philosophers were searching for the path that the human mind takes in its search for truth. How the mind works and why we as humans exist were the questions that these early and ancient philosophers deliberated over the centuries. During medieval times there was re-newed interest in philosophy and how the human mind works. Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Pierre Abelard, and St.Anselm searched for the proof of the existence of God, the goodness of God, and the question of causation. The world existed, man existed and our existence had to be tied to the existence of God. These researchers into philosophy and existence were concerned with Christianity and trying to tie human existence and thought with God. Some of the roots of psychology have its beginnings in the modern era with the 17th century imperialistic and humanistic philosophers. Francis Bacon, Niccolo Machiavelli, Galileo Galilei, Rene Descartes, Thomas Hobbes George Berkely, Benedict Spinoza and John Locke all were instrumental in forming thought . These early philosophers were interested in combining God with material reality, and logic. Descartes appeared on the scene at the tail end of the Renaissance, thus benefiting from the changes that occurred during that dramatic historical era. The Renaissance lasted for approximately two hundred years, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It derives its name from the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, especially those of Plato and Aristotle, which had been lost to the Western world for hundreds of years. The period was marked by tremendous advances in the arts, starting in northern Italy, but quickly spreading throughout Europe. It was the time of Leonardo Da Vinci the prototypical Renaissance Man, whose genius encompassed both art and science. http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory.htm The Beginnings of Psychology: Philosophy and Physiology The Origins of Psychology By Kendra Cherry, About.com Guide In the late 1800s the field of psychology started to diverge from philosophy. Psychology was starting to be seen as a separate independent and scientific field of study. The ancient philosophers established the groundwork for the exploration of the human mind. Causation and humanism were examined. God was seen as the creator of all things by the philosophical camp. Now, was the time for the exploration of the human mind to be studies scientifically. Religion was part of philosophy and psychology in the early and ancient years.. Religion had to be purged from the field of psychology. Psychology had to stand on its own independent of religion. Psychology had to become a scientific entity independent of philosophy and religious tenants. Even the most cursory examination of the lives of the founding generation of American psychologists reveals that a struggle with religion played a paramount role in their decision to pioneer a new academic discipline. A remarkable symmetry can be discerned between the personal life and the professional work of such legendary figures as G. Stanley Hall, Edwin Starbuck, William James, James Mark Baldwin, and George Coe. The contributions each made to the fledgling social science can, as Peter Homans (1982) has shown, be traced to a fairly typical sequence of biographical experiences: (1) early socialization into a religious ethos, (2) followed by the emergence of conflict

between this religious ethos and secular modes of experience, (3) the resultant tension producing an intense and highly introspective personal crisis, (4) which is finally symbolized and resolved through the creation of a new vocabulary that is neither theological nor materialisticbut psychological. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY AND THE RELIGIOUS IMAGINATION ROBERT C. FULLERJournal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 42(3), 221 235 Summer 2006 Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002 /jhbs.20170 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The old history of psychology, according to Furumoto (1989), refers to an approach emphasizing the accomplishments of great philosophers and psychologists and concentrates on celebrating classic studies and breakthrough discoveries. Within psychology, the preservation and retelling of these great events helped psychology secure an identityas a respectable scientific discipline. In the last half of the nineteenth century, a number of converging forces produced an attempt to study human behavior and mental processes through the application of scientific methods rather than through philosophical analysis, logical reasoning, and speculationby working in the laboratory rather than in the armchair. Thus, what came to be called the New Psychology began to emerge as a separate discipline about 130 years ago. A History of Modern Psychology William Wundt is known as the father of modern psychology. Wundt used the scientific method to explore the physiology and behavior of humans. Through the scientific model, William Wundt was instrumental in breaking the field of psychology from the study of philosophy and religion. Wilhelm Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, and its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern psychology. Wundt was important because he separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way, with the emphasis being on objective measurement and control .This laboratory became a focus for those with a serious interest in psychology, first for German philosophers and psychology students, then for American and British students as well. All subsequent psychological laboratories were closely modeled in their early years on the Wundt model. SimplyPsychology Wilhelm Wundt by Saul Mcleod, published 2008 http://www.simplypsychology.org/wundt.html There was also significant disagreement over how psychology should explain its findings. The deepest division concerned the principles governing conscious events. Although Wundt (1896) called the experimental branch of his science physiological psychology, he nevertheless proposed that mental events were shaped by mental processes governed by mental laws. On the other hand, James (1890) rejected the Kantian machine-shop (Vol. 2, p. 275) of the unconscious and the existence of mental forces such as association of ideas. He insisted psychology should be cerebralist and traced conscious events directly to their causes in the nervous system, without postulating intervening mental way

stations. Similarly, Titchener (1972) derided Wundt's hypothesizing of mental forces and laws, preferring to replace them with motor sensations, and in his last years, he moved to a purely descriptive phenomenology. These differences over methodology and theory are as deep as any in later psychology. Beyond an agreed-upon definition of psychology as the study of consciousness, perforce relying on introspection, everything was disputed. But debates over basic foundational issues characterize preparadigm, not normal science. Had the term been available, it seems likely contemporary psychologists would have recognized the presence of competing would-be paradigms. In 1898, Titchener distinguished two approaches to psychology, structural psychology and functional psychology, and the ensuing years saw structuralists and functionalists argue for the preeminence of their point of view (Leahey, 1992). Given the nature and depth of the disputes among the founders of psychology, there was no single paradigmatic ancient rgime of mentalism for behaviorism to overthrow revolutionarily. The mythical revolutions of American psychology. By: Leahey, Thomas H., American Psychologist, 0003-066X, 1992, Vol. 47, Issue 2. ____________________ Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 44(3), 273274 Summer 2008 Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jhbs.20315 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. B O O K R EV I EW S Eli Zaretsky. Secrets of the Soul:A Social and Cultural History of Psychoanalysis. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004. 429 pp. $30.00 (hardcover). ISBN 0-679-44654-0.

Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 42(3), 221235 Summer 2006 Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002 /jhbs.20170 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Stout, D. (2008). Review of "A history of modern experimental psychology: From James and Wundt to cognitive science". Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 49(2), 179-180. doi:10.1037/0708-5591.49.2.179

THIRD EDITION A HISTORY OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY C. JAMES GOODWIN Western Carolina University
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