2nd March 2008

The Calendar
1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 By Jack Fielding 4 5 11 12 18 19 25 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28

In this project I hope to uncover rules and make hypothesises about addition, multiplication, subtraction and division in arrays. Definitions Array A set of numbers or symbols, for example experimental data, usually arranged in a particular order. Calendar A system of calculating the days and months of the year and when the year begins and ends. A 2x2 array is a box encircling 4 numbers. The box has a width of two numbers and a height of two numbers.

Columns Ro ws

 On a calendar there are seven columns because there are seven days in a week. For each square, you jump left along you add one day. Adding one day per jump means that the you only add one each jump. By jumping down one row you are jumping down one week. There are seven days in a week therefore jumping down each row adds seven.

Adding opposite corners of a 2x2 array gives you the same answer: here are some example

10 q 54

10

28

28

32 m

32 54

16

16

38

38

All of the opposite corners added together equal the same amount because of this algebraic rule: QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ22 2x+8

2x+8 By using the algebra it determines that adding opposite corners gives you the same answers. If algebra gives you the same answer then the non-algebra will also work. Furthermore, if the algebra is not the same or if there is a constant pattern that pattern will also find that in

It is the same principal for 3x3 arrays; a 3x3 array is a box encircling nine numbers, the box has a width of three numbers and a height of three numbers. Below is

an example of a 3x3 array: hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

Adding diagonal sets of numbers gives you the same answer. In the case above adding the diagonals gives you the answer thirty-six in both diagonals.

Below are six more examples: MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

54 54 33 33 60 60 MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 54

54 30

30 27

27

Adding any numbers that pass directly through the centre of an array will all add up to the same total (if you are adding the same amount of numbers). Therefore, adding the central column and the central row will also give you the same answers and the same answers as the diagonal. This always works because of

this rule:

This also works algebraically. The x is 4 less than the central number and the x+8 is 4 more than the middle number therefore x-4+x+4=2x which means that the middle number multiplied by 2 equals. As shown below: MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

Adding opposite corners on a 3x2 array works in exactly the same as a 2x2 and 3x3 array. Adding opposite corners gives you the middle number multiplied by 2.

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM43431

111143

43

The middle number in this array is 41.5. When you multiply it by 2 you get 43 the opposite corners added together. This works on all arrays and that is why the opposite corners always add up. The top left corner will always be the same amount smaller than the bottom right corner is bigger. When you add those up (imagine the middle number is x) you get 2x.

The middle number theory works on any set of numbers that passes directly through the middle number as shown below: MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

All of these set of numbers add up to the same total.

Multiplication of opposite corners MMMMMMMMMMMM Multiplying opposite corners on a 2x2 array has patterns below are some examples: vvvvvvMMMMMMMMMMvvmmmmmmmmm m 16

187

180

720

713

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

216

209

72

65

352

345

The addition of the top right number to the bottom left corner is always 7 bigger than the other corners because of this rule: MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

On a hundred square going down one row means that you add ten and going across one column means you addone1. Adding opposite corners on a hundred square gives you the same answer for both opposite corners. The difference comes when you start multiplying. The difference between the two this time is ten. There is a connection because on a seven by seven grid the difference was seven and now on a ten by ten grid the difference is ten. This also works for any sized grid. Therefore the difference on a 2x2 array on any sized grid is the width of the grid. A much easier way to do work out the addition of opposite corners on any sized grid is to make a formula. with the formula you can substitute in the number and from that work out the total. The easiest way to start off is to work out the formula for a 2x2 array on any sized grid. I will be using algebra and this is what all the letters mean.

 X= the number to be substituted into the formula to work out the total. W= the width of the array. The width in numbers. H= the height if the array. The height in numbers. G= the width of the size of grid in numbers. Base number= the number being added to x

Working out the formula for a 2x2 array on any sized grid is easy all you do is work out the algebra as shown below: MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

The formula for any sized array on any sized grid is trickier the base is practically the same it will start with 2x but then you need to find out how to get from x to the number in the bottom right. To get to the right row you need to do H-1 because you want to go to the row one above the base number and then add the certain amount needed to get to the base number. The amount you need to add to the height is the W-1. You have to add width minus one because x is already on the first column and you only need to add the remaining columns to get to the base number. Furthermore when adding the height you do not just add the height you need to add G(H-1) because going down one row means you add the size of the grid. So, the final formula for any sized array on any sized grid is: 2x+G(H-1)+(W-1) Below is an example of

using this formula: MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

Multiplying opposite corners can also give you a formula the formula for multiplying opposite corners on a 2x2 array is below: MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

A formula for any sized grid will be nearly the same except the G+1x will be different. The formula will start with x and then be practically the same, as the addition formula except it will have x at the end: x+((W+1)+G(H-1))x. below is an example of the formula in use: MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

Subtracting opposite corners is the opposite of addition; therefore, the formula will be the opposite. On a 2x2 array the formula is below: ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??

On any sized grid in any sized array the formula will also be the opposite. The formula will begin with 2x and then you have to minus the remaining amount to get to your final answer. The final formula is the exact opposite of the addition: -2x-(W-1)-G(H-1) below is an example of the formula in use. MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

MM

The division of opposite corners is always going to be x/the base number. On a 2x2 array the formula is shown below MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

The formula for any sized array on any sized grid is going to have x/x somewhere in it and on the bottom of the fraction there will also be how to get to the base number. The formula is: x/(x+G(H-1)+(W-1)).

Conclusion In conclusion the calendar and array project has many variable and rules that you can use to make your life easier even though they may not seem like it while you are making them. The formulas are complicated and are far more useful for adding, multiplying, subtracting and dividing larger numbers. Overall this project has been a huge success.

By Jack Fielding