Separador Centrifugo

Centrifugal Separation
FLUID FLOW
Centrifugal Separation
Process
Asst.Prof.Dr. Sirirat Wacharawichanant
Department of Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Introduction to Centrifugal Separation
Separation of particles from a fluid by centrifugal
forces acting on the particles.
Use of centrifugal increases the forces on particles Use of centrifugal increases the forces on particles,
hence particles will not settle readily by gravity settler
can be separated from fluids by centrifugal force.
The high settling force can be obtained with much
smaller particles than in gravity settlers.
These high centrifugal forces do not change the
relative settling velocities of small particles but these
FLUID FLOW : DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
relative settling velocities of small particles, but these
forces do overcome the disturbing effects of
Brownian motion.
Centrifugal Filtration
Centrifugal are also in centrifugal filtration, where a
centrifugal forces is used instead of a pressure
difference to cause the flow of slurry in a filter where y
a cake of solids builds up on a screen.
The cake of granular solids from the slurry is
deposited on a filter medium held in a rotating
basket, washed and dry.
Forces Developed in Centrifugal Separation
Centrifugal separators make use of the common
principle that an object whirled about an axis or
center point at a constant radial distance from the p
point is acted on by a force.
The object being whirled about an axis is constantly
changing direction and is thus accelerating, even
through the rotational speed is constant.
This centripetal force acts in a direction toward the
center of rotation
center of rotation.
If the object being rotated is a cylindrical container,
the contents of fluid and solids exert an equal and
opposite force, called centrifugal force, outward to
(Continue)
pp , g ,
the walls of the container.
This is the force that causes settling or sedimentation
of particles through a layer of liquid or filtration of a
liquid through a bed of filter cake inside a perforated
rotating chamber.
The liquid and solids are acted upon by the vertical
The liquid and solids are acted upon by the vertical
gravitational force and horizontal centrifugal force.
Centrifugal force is so large that force of gravity may
be neglected.
Fig.3.1(a) a cylinder bowl is shown rotating, with a slurry feed of solid
particles and liquid being admitted at the center.
Fig.3.1(b) the feed enters and is immediately thrown outward to the walls
of container. Particles settle horizontally outward and press against the
(Continue)
y p g
vertical bowl wall. Fig.3.1(c) two liquids having different densities are
being separated by the centrifugal.
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 3-1 Centrifugal separation.
Equations for Centrifugal Force
In circular motion the acceleration due to the centrifugal
force is
(3 1)
2
(3-1)
2
e
r a e =
2
e c
mr ma F e = =
(3-2)
The centrifugal force F
c
in N acting on the particles is
given by
a
e
: Acceleration from a centrifugal force, m/s
2
r : Radial distance from the center of rotation, m
e : Angular velocity, rad/s
Since e=v/r, where v is tangential velocity of the particle
in m/s,
(3 3)
mv v
mr F
2
2
=
|
|
|
=
(Continue)
(3-3)
r r
mr F
c
=
|
.
\
=
60
N 2t
= e
(3-4)
Often rotational speeds are given as N rev/min and
r 2
v 60
N
t
=
(3-5)
Substituting Eq.(3-4) into Eq.(3-2),
(3-6)
2
2
mrN 01097 0
N 2
mr F |
|
| t
(Continue)
(3 6)
c
mrN 01097 . 0
60
mr F = |
.
\
=
2
2
2 2
c
rN 001118 0
N 2 r v r F
|
|
| t e
(3-7)
In term of gravitational, the centrifugal force is as follows,
by combining Eqs.(3-2), (3-4) and F
g
=mg.
2
g
c
rN 001118 . 0
60 g rg g F
= |
.
\
= = =
(3 7)
Equation for Rate of Settling in Centrifuges
If a centrifuge is used for sedimentation (removal of
particles by settling), a particle of given size can be
removed from the liquid in bowl if there is sufficient q
residence time of particle in bowl to reach the wall .
The feed enters at bottom,
and it is assumed that all
liquid moves upward at a
if l i i
(Continue)
uniform velocity, carrying
solid particles with it.
Particles is assumed to be
moving radially at its
terminal settling velocity (v
t
)
At the end of the residence
time of particles in fluid,
particle is at a distance r
B
m
Fig. 3-2 Particle settling in
sedimentation tubular-bowl centrifuge.
p
B
from axis of rotation. If
r
B
<r
2
, then particle leaves
bowl with fluid. If r
B
=r
2
, it is
deposited on wall of bowl
and effectively removed
from liquid.
For settling in the Stokes law range, the terminal settling
velocity at radius r is obtained by substituting Eq.(3-1) for
the acceleration g into Eq.(A),
(Continue)
g q ( ),
(A)
( )
u
p p
=
18
gD
v
p
2
p
t
(3-8)
( )
u
p p e
=
18
rD
v
p
2
p
2
t
v
t
: Settling velocity in radial direction, m/s
p : Density of liquid, kg/m
3
p
p
: Particle density, kg/m
3
D
p
:Particle diameter, m
u : Liquid viscosity, Pas
Since v
t
=dr/dt, then Eq.(3-8) becomes
(3-9)
(Continue)
dr 18
dt
u
=
(3-10)
Integrating between the limits r=r
1
to r=r
2
at r=t
T
( ) r D
dt
2
p p
2
p p e
=
( )
1
2
2
p p
2 T
r
r
ln
D
18
t
p p e
u
=
(3-11)
( ) ( )
q
V
18
D
t
18
D
r
r
ln
2
p p
2
T
2
p p
2
1
2
u
p p e
=
u
p p e
=
The residence time t
T
is equal to the volume of liquid V m
3
in bowl divided by the feed volumetric flow rate q in m
3
/s.
(Continue)
(3 12)
( )
2 2
b
(3-13)
Substituting Eq.(3-12) into Eq.(3-10) and solving for q,
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
p p
2
1 2
2
p p
2
r r b
r r ln 18
D
V
r r ln 18
D
q t
u
p p e
=
u
p p e
=
(3-12)
( )
2
1
2
2
r r b V t =
Particles having diameters smaller than that calculated
from Eq.(3-13) will not reach wall of bowl and will go out
with exit liquid. Larger particles will reach wall and be
removed from liquid.
A cut point or critical diameter D
pc
can be defined as the
diameter of a particle that reaches half the distance
between r
1
and r
2
. This particle moves a distance of half
(Continue)
1 2
p
the liquid layer or (r
2
-r
1
)/2 during the time this particle is
in centrifuge. The integration is then between r=(r
1
+r
2
)/2
and r=r
2
at t=t
T
. Then we obtain
(3 14)
( )
( ) | |
( )
( )
( ) | |
( ) ( )
2
1
2
2
2 1 2
2
pc p
2
2 1 2
2
pc p
2
c
r r b
r r r 2 ln 18
D
V
r r r 2 ln 18
D
q t
+ u
p p e
=
+ u
p p e
=
(3-14)
At this flow rates q
c
, particles with a diameter greater than
D
pc
will predominately settle to the wall and most smaller
particles will remain in liquid.
Special Case for Settling
For the special case where the thickness of liquid layer is
small compared to radius. Eq.(3-8) can be written for a
constant r~r
2
and D
p
~D
pc
as follows,
2 p pc
,
The time of settling t
T
is then as follows for the critical D
pc
case,
( )
(3-15) ( )
u
p p e
=
18
D r
v
p
2
pc 2
2
t
(3-16)
( )
t
1 2
c
T
v
2 r r
q
V
t

= =
Special Case for Settling
Substituting Eq.(3-15) into (3-16) and rearranging,
(3-17)
( )V D r
q
p
2
pc 2
2
p p e
(Continue)
(3-18)
The volume V can be expressed as
( )b r r r 2 V
1 2 2
t ~
( ) | | 2 r r 18
q
1 2
p p
c
u
=
Combining Eqs (3 17) and (3 18)
(3-19)
Combining Eqs.(3-17) and (3-18),
( )
u
p p e t
=
9
D br 2
q
p
2
pc
2 2
2
c
Sigma Values and Scale-up of Centrifuges
A useful physical characteristic of a tubular-bowl
centrifuge can be derived by multiplying and dividing
Eq.(3-14) by 2g and then substituting Eq.(A) written for q ( ) y g g q ( )
D
pc
into Eq.(3-14)
(3-20)
Where v
t
is the terminal settling velocity of particle in a
gravitational field and
( )
( ) | |
E =
+
e
u
p p
=
t
2 1 2
2
p
2
pc
c
v 2
r r r 2 ln g 2
V
18
gD
2 q
gravitational field and
(3-21)
( ) | |
( ) { }
( ) | |
2 1 2
2
1
2
2
2
2 1 2
2
r r r 2 ln g 2
r r b
r r r 2 ln g 2
V
+
t e
=
+
e
= E
Sigma Values and Scale-up of Centrifuges
Where E is physical characteristic of centrifuge and not of
fluid-particle system being separated. Using Eq.(3-19) for
special case of settling for a thin layer,
(Continue)
p g y ,
(3-22)
The value E is area of the gravitational settler. To scale up
from a laboratory test of q
1
and E
1
to q
2
(for v
t1
=v
t2
)
g
r 2 b
2
2
2
t e
= E
(3-23)
2
2
1
1
q q
E
=
E
The centrifuge is separating
two liquid phases, one a
heavy liquid with density p
H
d th d li ht
Separation of Liquids in a Centrifuge
and the second a light
liquid with density p
l
.
r
1
is radius to surface of
light liquid layer, r
2
is radius
to liquid-liquid interface,
and r4 is radius to surface
of heavy liquid downstream.
Fig. 3-3 Tubular bowl centrifuge for
separating two liquid phases.
Separation of Liquids in a Centrifuge
Light phase of thickness r
2
-r
1
and heavy phase of
thickness r
2
-r
4
at the liquid-liquid interface at r
2
,
(Continue)
2 2
(3-23)
( ) ( )
2
1
2
2
2
L 2
4
2
2
2
H
r r
2
r r
2

e p
=
e p
(3-24)
( )
( )
H
L
2
1
2
2
2
4
2
2
r r
r r
p
p
=

Solving for (r
2
)
2
,
(3-25)
L H
2
1 L
2
4 H 2
2
r r
r
p p
p p
=
Centrifuge Equipments for
Sedimentation
Tubular Bowl Centrifuge
It can be used to separate either
liquid-solid or liquid-liquid
system.
h b l ll d h The bowl is tall and has a narrow
diameter, 100 to 150 mm, and
turn in a stationary casting at
about 15,000 r/min.
Feed enters from a stationary
nozzle inserted through an
opening in bottom of bowl.
It separates into two concentric
p
layers of liquid inside bowl.
The inner, or lighter, layer spills
over a weir at top of bowl.
Heavy liquid flows over another
weir into a separate cover and
discharge spout.
Disk Bowl Centrifuge
It is often used in liquid-
liquid separations.
Th f d t th t l
(Continue)
The feed enters the actual
compartment at bottom and
travels upward through
vertically spaced feed holes,
filling spaces between disks.
The holes divided the
vertical assembly into an
inner section, where mostly
light liquid is present, and
an outer section, where
mainly heavy liquid is
present.
This dividing line is similar
to an interface in a tubular
centrifuge.
(Continue)
g
The heavy liquid flows
beneath the underside of a
disk to periphery of bowl.
The light liquid flows over
the upper side of disks and
toward the inner outlet.
Any small amount of heavy
solids is thrown to the outer
wall.
Periodic cleaning is required
to remove solids deposited.
The solids accumulate inside
bowl and periodically must
be discharged.
(Continue)
g
This is accomplished by
stopping machine, removing
and opening bowl, and
scraping out its load of
solids.
Nozzle-discharge Centrifuge
When feed liquid contain more
than a few percent of solids,
means must be provided for
discharging solids automatically discharging solids automatically.
This separator is modified disk-
type centrifuge with a double
conical bowl.
In the periphery of bowl at its
maximum diameter is a set of
small holes or nozzles.
The central part of bowl
operates in the same way as the
usual disk centrifuge,
overflowing either one or two
stream of clarified liquid.
Centrifuge Separator
(Continue)
(Continue)
Bowl with conical discs (left-hand side
for separating liquids, right-hand side
for separating solid from liquid).
Separation of water and
dust from oil in disc bowl.
(Continue)
Principles of operation: solid bowl decanter centrifuge.
(Continue)
Screen bowl decanter centrifuge (cover removed).
(Continue)
Principles of operation: screen bowl centrifuge.
(Continue)
Pusher type centrifuge.
(Continue)
(Continue)
Solid bowl scroll centrifuge.
Centrifugal Filters
Theory for Centrifugal Filtration
Filtration in centrifuges is more complicated than for
ordinary filtration using pressure differences, since
the area for flow and driving force increase with g
distance from axis and the specific cake resistance
may change.
Centrifuges for filtering are selected by scale-up from
tests on a similar-type laboratory centrifuge using
slurry to be proceeded.
Theory of constant-pressure filtration can be
Theory of constant pressure filtration can be
modified and used where centrifugal force cause the
flow instead of impressed pressure difference.
The inside radius
of basket is r
2
, r
i
is the inner radius
(Continue)
is the inner radius
of face of cake,
and r
1
is the inner
radius of the
liquid surface.
Fig. 3-4 Physical arrangement for centrifugal filtration.
Assume that cake is incompressible so that an average
value of o can be used for cake. The flow is laminar.
Assume a thin cake in a large-diameter centrifuge, then
(Continue)
g g ,
area A for flow is approximately constant. The velocity
of liquid is
Adt
dV
A
q
v = =
(3-26)
| |
A
=
V
p
Ad
dV
(3-27)
q : Filtrate flow rate, m
3
/s
v : Velocity, m
|
.
|
\
|
+
o
u
m
s
R
A
V c Adt
(3 27)
Substituting Eq.(3-26) into Eq.(3-27),
(3-28)
|
|
|
+
o
u = A
R m
q p
m
2
c
(Continue)
|
.
\
+ u A
A A
q p
2
gdz dp p =
(3-29)
Where m
c
=c
s
V, mass of cake in kg deposited on filter.
For a hydraulic head of dz m, the pressure drop is
In a centrifugal field g is replaced by re
2
from Eq (3 1)
2
e
r a e =
(3-1)
In a centrifugal field, g is replaced by re
2
from Eq.(3-1)
and dz by dr. Then.
dr r dp
2
e p =
(3-30)
Integrating between r
1
and r
2
,
( )
2 2 2
(Continue)
(3-31)
( )
2
r r
p
2
1
2
2
2
pe
= A
(3-32)
Combining Eqs.(3-28) and (3-31) and solving for q.
( ) pe
=
r r
q
2
1
2
2
2
(3 32)
|
.
|
\
|
+
o
u
=
A
R
A
m
2
q
m
2
c
For case where the flow area various considerably with
the radius, the following has been derived,
(Continue)
(3-33)
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
o
u
pe
=
2
m
a L
c
2
1
2
2
2
A
R
A A
m
2
r r
q
A
2
: 2tr
2
b (area of filter medium)
A
a
: (r
i
+r
2
)tb
A
L
: 2tb(r
2
-r
1
)/ln(r
2
/r
1
)
Equipment for Centrifugal Filtration
Solids form a porous cake cab be separated from
liquids in a filtering centrifuge.
In centrifugal filters, slurry is fed continuously to a
rotating basket which has a perforated wall and is
converted with a filter cloth.
The cake builds up on surface of filter medium to the
desired thickness.
The end of the filtration cycle, feed is stopped, and
wash liquid is added or spray onto cake.
Equipment for Centrifugal Filtration
The wash liquid is stopped and cake is spun as dry as
possible.
(Continue)
The motor is shut off or slowed and basket allowed to
rotate while solids are discharge by a scraper knife.
The main types of filtering centrifuges are suspended
batch machine, which are discontinuous in their
operation.
Suspend Batch Centrifuge
The basket is held at the end of a
free swinging vertical shaft driven
from above,
f l d l h A filter medium lines the
perforated wall of basket.
Feed slurry enters the rotating
basket through an inlet pipe or
chute.
Liquor drains through of filter
medium into casting and out a
discharge pipe.
g p p
Continuous Filtering Centrifuges
A rotating basket with a slotted wall is fed through a revolving feed
funnel. The purpose of funnel is to accelerate feed slurry smoothly.
Feed enters small end of funnel from a stationary pipe at the axis of
rotation of basket. It travels toward the large end of funnel.
The solids accumulate inside
bowl and periodically must
be discharged.
(Continue)
g
This is accomplished by
stopping machine, removing
and opening bowl, and
scraping out its load of
solids.

Separador Centrifugo

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Centrifugal Separation

FLUID FLOW : DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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