GEOPAK Terrain and Subsurface Modeling v8 1

GEOPAK
Civil Design Software
Terrain and Subsurface Modeling

Table of Contents
Part I Digital Terrain Modeling
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Digital Terrain Modeling DTM Tools Stroking Options Extract Tools DATA File Editing Tools Triangulation Display and Draw Features TIN Editing Tools Lattice Model Other Build Tools Volumes, Elevation Differences, and Slope Area Themes Draping Tools Heights and Profiles Visibility DTM Drainage Tools Trace Slope Path DTM Camera Utilities
Part II GeoTechnical Tools

1 2 3 4 GeoTechnical Tools Preferences Using GeoTechnical Tools Soil Boxes Via Input Files
1190 N.E. 163rd Street, North Miami Beach, Florida 33162
P.O. Box 1368, North Miami Beach, Florida 33160Phone: (305) 944-5151
Fax: (305)948-6290
GEOPAK _________________________________________________________________________________________
PART I __________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 1
Digital Terrain Modeling

1.1 Overview of DTM Features
GEOPAK offers Digital Terrain Modeling components that employ advanced state-of-the-art algorithms and are rich in functionality. GEOPAK DTM features are not limited to triangulated models. Features include: lattice models, contours, interactive editing of TIN files, integrated pads, merged models, surface-to-surface volumetric analyses, thematic analyses, drainage tools, and various utilities. The following sections briefly describe each primary feature.
1.2 Extraction of Input Data

Digital Terrain Models can be generated from a wide range of data sources including MicroStation elements, survey data, GEOPAK cross sections, and GeoGraphics project data. An Extract utility is included to facilitate the retrieval and formatting of MicroStation graphical elements. These elements can be classified as contours, random points, break lines, voids, islands, and boundary points. One of the GEOPAK Extract utilities analyzes the MicroStation elements and formulates interpretations. For example, 2D circular arcs can be segmented with elevations interpolated from spot elevations located on the circular arcs and/or upon adjacent elements. Text strings can be interpreted in terms of either the text origin or in terms of the value represented by the text string. A "765.71" text string can be interpreted such that the X and Y coordinates are derived from the origin of the text string and the elevation derived from the "765.71" value represented by the text string. One sample dialog is depicted below.
1-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Another GEOPAK Extract utility can create DTM input files from various types of ASCII files including: TEX, THD, RT40 and CAiCE. The GEOPAK Survey Manager dialog can prepare an input file for DTM processing directly from survey data. This input file distinguishes between random spot elevations, contours, voids, boundary polygons, break lines and other features. Points stored in a GEOPAK coordinate geometry database may also be utilized via the Survey Manager to create a DTM input for spot elevations. In total, GEOPAK provides the capability to create DTMs from a wide array of data sources.
1.3 Triangulated Models

The advanced algorithms employed by GEOPAK are apparent the first time you see the triangulated model display on the screen. Triangles appear from left-to-right in an ordered array; not in a randomized manner as is typical with standard Delauney based algorithms. You will also notice how fast the DTM is calculated. Processing time takes no longer than a few seconds, even for a set of data points numbering in the thousands.
1-2 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling
___________________________________________________GEOPAK
The triangulated model is stored in a binary file as a triangulated irregular network. For each generated triangle, polynomial coefficients can be calculated and also stored in the binary file. Voids defined during the extraction or editing process can be utilized within a model. No triangles are drawn within the void areas. There is no limit as to the number of voids supported per model. Several routines for interactively editing the triangulated model are provided in the Edit mode. These include editing spot elevations, adding and deleting break lines, all seen on the screen, and, by the push of a button, changed in the binary file, at the user's request. When large models are utilized, the user may select an area of interest (with a Fence placement), displaying only that area. Models, which require additional review or editing, may also be "clipped" to a smaller size model while the original model integrity remains intact. If desired, the "clipped" model may be merged back into the original model, as the user dictates.
1.4 Editing
Several options are available within the Editing mode, some of which utilize the extracted data file, while others utilize the triangulated model. Utilizing the extracted data file, two reports may be generated: the first will identify duplicate points while the second identifies and optionally displays crossing features, such as break lines or contours. Neither of these reports make any adjustments to the model, they are for informational use only. However, two other features, which do change the extracted data file, are joining and filtering linear features. The joining process is useful when the source break lines or contour lines consist of several elements containing numerous vertices. In these cases, the end of one break line is the beginning of the next break line, so the software distinguishes this as two separate break lines. During the joining process, GEOPAK changes these from the beginning and end of individual elements to the beginning and subsequent shots of one element. In addition to making a small sized model, the best advantage is a more accurate model. The filtering process compares each pair of adjoining vertices on linear features, i.e. break lines or contours. If the horizontal distance between two vertices is less than the tolerance, the software compares the initial two points to the next vertex on the element. If this third vertex is also within the tolerance, the middle vertex is filtered out.
1-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The other editing features utilize the triangulated model and include: Edit spot elevations changes the x, y or z value of a spot elevation, delete or add a spot. Edit lines - this includes deleting a break line, as well as inserting a break or drape line. Edit triangles - deletion of triangles optionally creating a void, or re-triangulating. All these editing features dynamically show the changes as they occur. In addition, the changes are not made permanently to the triangulated model until the user selects the Save button, so the user decides when to change the original model, not the software.
1.5 Lattice Models

The lattice model represents a grid mesh draped over the triangulated irregular network. As can be seen in the image below, this creates a very clear visualization of existing ground.
The user controls the density of the lattice grid as well as range and registration of the lattice. The process requires very little processing time.
1.6 Contours
Contours may be drawn as line strings or color filled shapes in a thematic manner. As can be ascertained on the dialog depicted below, for string contours the following features may be defined: major and minor contour intervals, maximum and minimum z-ranges,
___________________________________________________GEOPAK
registration, text labels for both major and minor contours including the level, symbology, and intervals. Contours may be displayed only or written into a 2-D or 3-D MicroStation file. When written, they can be placed in a single graphic group for easy deletion. Areas of interest may be identified with any of the MicroStation fence commands wherein the software can load contours.
A variety of other DTM features can also be drawn or displayed. These include the hull, or outline of the model, triangles, spot elevations, break lines, etc. Each feature can have its own unique symbology, and any combination of features can be drawn or displayed. Utilizing MicroStation fence commands, features within a specified area, rather than the entire model, can be drawn.
1.7 Merged Models

Any two models may be merged into a third model as long as the two models overlap at a minimum of one point. Both the original and the merged model remain intact. Typical applications of merged models include the superimposition of a proposed roadway onto the existing terrain, or merging of updated terrain onto void areas of the existing terrain.
1-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________ 1.8 Volumetric Analyses

Six volume options are available in the Volume Analyses. Three prismoidal volumes are supported, which calculate prismoidal volumes between two surfaces or a surface and a plane. In the prismoidal routines, TIN topology is utilized to determine the triangle intersections on the fly and therefore does not require the time and/or memory resources of the other volume modules. In other modules, cut and fill volumes between two surfaces can be calculated, as well as between one surface and a fixed elevation. Lattice volumes may be computed by utilizing TIN files, then specifying the number of grid points. GEOPAK first lattices, then computes volumes. These volume calculations can be performed across the entire DTM model or on localized portions of the model. One volume dialog is shown below.
Depending on the option utilized, reports can be created in addition to the volume display window above.
___________________________________________________GEOPAK 1.9 Thematic Analyses
Color-coded shading of elevation ranges, slopes and aspects can be applied to either the DTM or lattice models with the Themes dialog. Elevation thematics display elevation ranges. Slope aspects display the steepness of the terrain. For example, the image below depicts the slope thematic where the heavily shaded portion of the model indicates the areas of terrain with a slope less than 25 degrees.
Aspect thematics, on the other hand, permit color-coded displays of portions of the model facing certain directions. Since zero degrees
Digital Terrain Modeling 1-7
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
denotes due north, an angle range between 45 and 135 degrees would provide a shaded model of easterly facings.
1.10 Draping
The draping tool sets the Z-coordinate values of MicroStation elements to correspond to the surface of the triangulated model. Graphic elements can be selected individually, collectively via a MicroStation fence or MicroStation selection sets.
1.11 Utilities
The GEOPAK DTM component also includes several utilities to query height, view profiles, review model statistics (number of points, high/low elevations, etc.) as well as interactively review the elevation, slope, and aspect of a given coordinate point. Other Utility features include the ASCII to Binary and Binary to ASCII file conversions utilizing GEOPAK .dat files.
1.12 Drainage Tools

A myriad of drainage tools is supported on the Drainage Tools palette. These include Delineating Watersheds, Sump Lines, Ridge Lines, High Points, Low Points, and Flow Direction. In addition, both Upstream and Downstream Trace are supported.
PART I __________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 2
DTM Tools
2.1 Overview
Feature / Function Project Manager (Road) Tool Invoking the Digital Terrain main tool frame, and subsequently accessing a variety of DTM tools and features. Existing Ground
Menu Application
GEOPAK Road > DTM Tools GEOPAK Site > DTM Tools GEOPAK Bridge > Road Tools GEOPAK Survey: Limited number of tools supported See GEOPAK Survey documentation
All GEOPAK functions are processed from either the GEOPAK DTM tools or the DTM menu bar. To begin, access any MicroStation 3D or 2D file. The DTM menu bar is accessed via the DTM tool frames. Tool frames and tool boxes are supported within GEOPAK in addition to the menu bar options invoking various GEOPAK tools. The tool frame (as depicted below) is similar to the MicroStation main tool frame, is 2x5, not resizable, but dockable.
Each icon in the toolframe is a tool box that one can "tear off" to become a "tool box." The individual tool boxes can be docked and resized. There are ten tool boxes, with the following titles (order down first column, then down second column):
DTM Tools
2-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
DTM Menu Extract Edit Load Analysis Stroking Options Build Drape Reports Utilities Each tool box is discussed in subsequent subsections. If the function of an icon is not apparent to the user, position the cursor on the icon. A detailed description is displayed in the status bar and a tool tip appears, as depicted in the graphic below.
These tools remain and reopen automatically even if you exit Microstation, then re-enter later.
2.2 Menu Bar
The DTM Menu tool box (first column, top box) is depicted above and is a single icon, which invokes the GEOPAK DTM menu bar as depicted below.
2.3 Extract
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The Extract tool box (first column, second box) is depicted above and contains four tools. These include (from left to right): Extract DGN Data Extract XYZ Data Extract DEM Data Extract Set Format
2.4 Edit
The Edit Tools tool box (first column, third box) is depicted above and contains six tools. These include (from left to right): Edit Triangles Edit Duplicate Points Edit Crossing Break Lines Filter Vertices Join Linear Features Z Range Clip
2.5 Load
The Load tool box (first column, fourth box) is depicted above and contains a single tool, Load DTM Features.
2.6 Analysis
The Analysis tool box (first column, fifth box) is depicted above and contains ten tools. These include (from left to right): Height Query View Profile
DTM Tools
2-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Volumes Elevation Difference Slope Area Themes Drainage Tools Visibility Trace Slope Path DTM Camera
2.7 Stroking Options

The Stroking Options tool box (second column, first box) is depicted above and contains a single tool, Stroking Options.
2.8 Build
The Build Tools tool box (second column, second box) is depicted above and contains six tools. These include (from left to right): Build Triangles Build Lattice Merge TINs Clip TIN Build Pad Build Delta TIN
2.9 Drape
The Drape tool box (second column, third box) is depicted above and contains three tools. These include (from left to right): Drape Vertices Drape Vectors Drape Elements
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK 2.10 Reports
The Reports tool box (second column, fourth box) is depicted above and contains four tools. These include (from left to right): Duplicate Point Report Crossing Break Line Report TIN Statistics Report Lattice Statistics Report
2.11 Utilities
The Utilities tool box (second column, fifth box) is depicted above and contains six tools. These include (from left to right): Convert TIN ASCII to Binary Binary to ASCII Check Triangulation English to Metric Export DTM
2.12 DTM Tool Summary
DTM Menu
Edit TIN
Edit Dup. Points
Edit Break Lines
Filter Vertices
Join Features
Z Range Clip
Drape Vertices
DTM Tools
2-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Drape Vectors
Dup. Point Report
Crossing Break Line Report
Lattice Statistics
TIN Statistics
Elev. Difference
Slope Area
Volumes
Extract DEM
Extract Graphics
Extract Set Format
Extract XYZ
Convert TIN
ASCII To Binary
Binary to ASCII
Check Triangulation
Build Triangles
Build Lattice
Clip TIN
Merge Tins
Load Features
Themes
View Profiles
Drainage Tools
Height Query
English <-> Metric
Export DTM
Build Pad
Build Delta TIN
Visibility
Drape Elements
Trace Slope Path
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
DTM Camera
DTM Tools
2-7
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
PART I_______________________________________________________________CHAPTER 3
Stroking Options
3.1 Overview
Feature / Function Tool DTM Menu Bar Settings > Stroking Setting stroking options utilized in the Extraction and TIN editing tools.
Two user-defined values need to be defined before the extraction or TIN editing procedure commences. The Stroking Options dialog is depicted below.
If the source data is mapped in a 3D-design file, Stroking may be applied to the data. Stroking is not available if the data resides in a 2D-design file. Stroking is the process of automatically adding shots to the DTM input (.dat) file by interpolating new shots from the linear and curved sections of the data. Review of the triangles generated from the DTM input files utilizing the various stroking options best illustrates these stroking options. The graphic below illustrates median nose break lines.
Stroking Options
3-1
GEOPAK _______________________________________________________
The vertices of the break lines are depicted by the +s. The illustration below depicts the triangles generated from the break lines above utilizing no stroking options.
Activate the Minimum Linear Distance toggle if you wish to densify portions of linear elements. The Minimum Linear Distance is utilized to interpolate new shots from the linear elements. For instance, if survey data was taken approximately every 50 master units and this distance was set to 25 master units, t en a new shot would be interpolated every 25 h master units. In this example, twice as many shots would be used to create the DTM in the linear sections of the break lines. Still utilizing our original median nose, the following graphic depicts the generated triangles when the toggle is activated and the Min. Linear Distance is set to 25. Interpolated vertices have been added whenever the distance between surveyed vertices is greater than 25 master units.
The graphic below depicts the generated triangles when the toggle is activated and the Minimum Linear Distance is set to five. Notice the increased number of triangles due to the increased number of vertices on the linear break lines. Also, note there is no change in the number of vertices in the curved area as the linear toggle has no effect on curves or arcs.
_______________________________________________________GEOPAK
Activate the Curve Stroke Tolerance toggle to densify the curved portions of the break lines. Curved break lines in GEOPAK are handled by segmenting the curve into small chord segments. The length of the chord segments can be determined by setting the Curve Stroke Tolerance. This distance is used to interpolate new shots along the curved break lines. This value is used as a perpendicular minimum distance from chords generated along the arc. Chords are drawn along the arc and the perpendicular distance is measured from the middle of each chord to the arc. If this distance is larger than the Curve Stroke Tolerance, the process is repeated with a shorter chord length. This process is repeated until the end of the curve is reached. The flatter the curve, the fewer number of points will be calculated. The steeper the curve, the greater number of points that will be calculated. Let's review a few examples utilizing the same median nose. Again, the original break line and generated triangles are illustrated below.
Now if the Curve Stroke Tolerance toggle is activated and the Curve Stroke Tolerance is set to 0.1 master units, the following triangles would be generated. (Note the Linear Distance toggle is inactive for these examples.)
Stroking Options
3-3
GEOPAK _______________________________________________________
Looking at a close-up of the median nose, the following would be viewed on the screen.
Now, let's set the Curve Stroke Tolerance to 0.01. The results for the entire median and the close-up are depicted in the illustrations below.
The Curve Stroke Tolerance and Minimum Linear Distance toggles can be activated simultaneously. The illustration below depicts the same median nose when both toggles are activated.
_______________________________________________________GEOPAK
In the example above, the Curve Stroke Tolerance was set to 0.01, while the Minimum Linear Distance was five.
Stroking Options
3-5
GEOPAK _______________________________________________________
PART I_______________________________________________________________CHAPTER 4
Extract Tools
4.1 Overview
Feature / Function Tools From the Digital Terrain main tool frame, invoke a variety of DTM extraction tools.
The Extract tools create source-input files for the GEOPAK Build Triangles tool from MicroStation graphics (Extract) or several types of ASCII files (ASCII). DEM files can also be utilized. These source-input files are the basis for creation of the triangulated models. Another option utilized during the extraction process is stroking, the process of automatically adding shots to the DTM Input file by interpolating new vertices from linear and curved break lines.
4.2 Extraction of Graphic Elements

Feature / Function Utilizing graphic data, create a source input file for subsequent DTM model generation.
Tool
DTM Menu Bar
Extract > Graphics
Graphic elements in MicroStation 2D or 3D files can be extracted.
Extract Tools
4-1
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
Note: Extraction of elements of specified parameters include all elements visible in a view, within a fence or within a selection set, whether the elements are in the active file or reference files (with locate activated). A view of the Extract Parameters dialog for the Extraction mode is shown below.
The dialog utilizing the second Mode option, Interpolation, is displayed below.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Whereas the Extraction mode creates a DTM input data file from the coordinate vertices of MicroStation elements, the Interpolation mode must first calculate the elevations for the coordinate vertices of MicroStation elements. The interpolation process is applicable where elevations are not stored with the MicroStation longitudinal reference elements. This occurs when longitudinal reference elements are two-dimensional or threedimensional, but are all drawn at a common elevation. In both of these topographic mapping instances, the spot elevations determine the elevations along longitudinal reference elements. Therfore, the dialog for the Interpolation mode has two sets of Search Criteria, one for the Longitudinal References and a second for the Spot Elevations. Spot elevations can be represented by graphical elements or text. For each MicroStation longitudinal reference element, GEOPAK locates the spot elevations nearest to and on either side of the element endpoint. Then, the elevation at the element endpoint is calculated. For example, the example
Extract Tools
4-3
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
shown below calculates an interpolated elevation of 137.57 from elevations located 10 meters and 25 meters on either side of the element endpoint. Note: The interpolation mode is only valid for Feature Types: Breaks, Contours, and Break Voids. For contours within a 2D file, the associated elevation must be within the Con Z-range, more commonly known as "tagged." Elevations for spot elevations may be determined by textual value (if the origin of the text is the origin of the spot) or "tagged" elevations for other element types, i.e., zero length lines or cells.
The resulting input file includes XYZ coordinates for both source spot elevations as well as for interpolated endpoints. Inclusion of the source spot elevations is mandatory since the spot elevation data often reflects important vertical topological features such as the high and low points along the longitudinal reference. Inclusion of interpolated endpoints is mandatory since the endpoints of longitudinal reference elements define changes in the horizontal topological features. These alterations in the horizontal topology determine break lines. The fields in the dialog are detailed in the table below. File Name File Type: ASCII Binary Name of DAT file to be created. The advantage of the binary format is that input data is loaded much quicker when generating the triangulated model since the point and/or break line data can be read much faster from a binary file than from an ASCII file. However, other than reduced loading time, there are no functional differences between the ASCII and binary files. One advantage of the ASCII file format is that the file may be viewed and/or edited with a text editor. Only valid when the ASCII File option is selected, the number of decimal places displayed within the file ranges from zero to six. The binary option
Decimal
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
places displayed within the file ranges from zero to six. The binary option defaults to double precision, with no user options. File Open: Create Append The data file used as input to the DTM process can be created as a new file or the extracted data can be appended to the end of an existing data file. When you type the file name or use the Files button to access a file, the data file is not actually opened until you establish all entries on the dialog and press the Apply button. At that time, GEOPAK creates a new file or opens an existing file depending upon the setting of the File Open option button. If the File Open option is set to Create and the file already exists, an Alert dialog appears with the message "Overwrite existing <file name>?" when the Apply button is pressed. If you press OK, the existing file is overwritten. Pressing the Cancel button permits you to return to the main Extract dialog and readjust the file name or File Open mode. If the Open option button is set to Append and the file does not exist, an Alert dialog appears with the message "Create <file name>?" when the Apply button is pressed. Pressing OK results in the creation of the specified file. Pressing Cancel returns control back to the main Extract dialog. Feature Type: Spots Breaks Boundary Contours Voids Island Graphic Triangle Drape Void Break Void A Boundary is used to constrain the external boundary of the triangulated model. No triangles are created outside the boundary polygon. In addition, any point data outside the boundary polygon is ignored. A boundary polygon must start and finish with the same point. In addition, the boundary polygon must be continuous within the data file. Contours are a special feature intended for use if the source MicroStation elements represent digitized or otherwise created contours. Use of this feature insures the integrity of the contour strata in the Spots are points that have no functional relationship to any other point. Random survey shots in open terrain would be an example of random spots. Point elements such as cells, circles, and text strings are typical MicroStation elements used to define spot elevations. Lines, line strings, and other longitudinal elements are equally valid. GEOPAK simply creates a spot elevation for each vertex of each longitudinal element. Breaks are used to designate linear features such as edges of pavement, ditch bottoms, ridges, etc. Any longitudinal element may be defined as a break line. Circular arcs are automatically segmented by GEOPAK in a manner consistent with the arc radius.
Extract Tools
4-5
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
subsequent DTM. Processing of a DTM with contours classified as spot elevations invariably results in a DTM that, if subsequently contoured, will not match the original extracted contours. Void areas are closed shapes to demarcate areas of missing data or obscure areas. No point or break data located within the void area is utilized and no triangles are created inside the void areas. The Void coordinates are included in the triangulation and void lines between successive void coordinates are inserted as drape lines on the TIN surface. Therefore, they do not change the slope or elevations of the TIN surface. Island - used to place triangulated data within a void, i.e., islands in the middle of rivers, lakes, etc. Graphic Triangles - by extracting as triangles, the sides of each triangle, in addition to the vertices are maintainted. If spots are used, the vertices would be utilized but not the triangle sides. Drape Void - In the drape void, the void coordinates are not included in the triangulation. Voids are inserted post triangulation. The void coordinates and lines are draped on the TIN surface. Even though a user must provide an elevation for the Drape Void vertices, the user elevations are changed to the elevation of the TIN surface at the XY Drape Void coordinate position. Break Void - A void utilizes the elevations of each vertex, while the void lines between successive void coordinates are inserted as break lines. Therefore, break voids change the slope and elevations of the TIN surface. Mode: Extraction or Interpolation The Extraction mode determines XYZ data directly from the coordinate values of three-dimensional MicroStation elements. The Interpolation mode, by contrast, derives XYZ data by locating spot elevations on longitudinal MicroStation elements and interpolating. Hence, the Interpolation mode can be applied to both two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional MicroStation files as long as a Z-coordinate reading can be ascertained from the spot elevations. Utilized in the interpolation mode, this shortcut button to the Settings > Stroking dialog may be used. Changing the dialog from either location automatically updates the dialog in the other location. For a detailed discussion, refer to the Settings > Stroking documentation.
Stroking
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Select Criteria group box
Before extracting MicroStation elements, a description of the desired elements must be defined in terms of element types, levels, colors, weights and styles. Not every extract operation requires the definition of every parameter; only enough parameters to uniquely differentiate the desired element from all other graphical elements in the MicroStation file. For example, if the elements desired for extraction are only present on level 25, then only the level parameter need be defined. To the left of each parameter label is a toggle. If the toggle for any parameter is deactivated, GEOPAK assumes that the full range of settings for this parameter is available. For example, if the Colors toggle is deactivated, GEOPAK searches for all colors: 0-256. Similarly, a deactivated Colors toggle is equivalent to an activated Colors toggle and a keyin of 0-256. If a toggle is activated and no values given, GEOPAK searches for nothing, therefore, be sure if a toggle is on that values are defined. Level Weight Styles Types Colors If specific parameter settings are to be considered, the toggle must be activated. Once activated, the associated Select button becomes available. Simply toggle on the desired parameter, the press the Select button. The Mask dialog is displayed, wherein the desired parameter settings may be identified. You may select as few or as many parameters to identify the desired elements. When the Type > Cell option is activated, all cells with the other specified parameters (i.e., level, color, weight) are utilized. However, if the Cell option is activated and a cell name is typed into the field to the right of Cell toggle, then only the named cell with the other specified parameters is utilized. For example, if level 40 is specified in the Level Mask, and two cells, SPOT and X are located on level 40, and no cell name is specified in the cell field, then both cells are extracted. However, if SPOT is typed into the field, then only the SPOT cells are extracted,
Extract Tools
4-7
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
although other cells are located on level 40. The Text String also has two options: Origin and Content. When the Text String toggle is activated and the option is set to Origin, GEOPAK utilizes the origin of the text as the x, y, z coordinates for extraction. If the Content option is specified, the x, y coordinates are derived from the text origin. However, the z value is not the z value within a 3D file, but the actual value of the text, whether a 2D or 3D file. Match The Match tool is a method of determining and adding the symbology of elements to be extracted to the Mask dialogs. First, activate the desired toggle(s) to the left of the Select Criteria. Then press the Match button. You are prompted to select the desired element. After identifying and accepting the element, its select criteria is added to any criteria whose toggle is activated. In addition, any elements of the specified parameters are highlighted. The Match button can be utilized numerous times to select additional elements. The information is appended to the Mask dialogs until the Reset button in the dialog is pressed, (which clears all active criteria selections). Pressing the Display button displays all elements of the current parameters. The Reset button clears all Mask dialogs, so a new match procedure may commence. If a spot elevation is within 0.75 master units of a longitudinal reference, the software projects the spot onto the reference (perpendicular) element and uses the elevation to interpolate. The View method extracts every element that is visible in the specified active view and satisfies the select criteria. This includes elements in both the active as well as reference files if the Locate is activated. Simply set the desired View number before pressing the Apply button. The Fence method extracts every element that satisfies both the fence criteria as well as the selection criteria defined via the Select Criteria group box. All MicroStation fence options are supported. Place the fence prior to pressing the Apply button. Complex Chain - The Select Criteria group box disappears from the dialog, since you identify the elements via the cursor; and no file-wide searches are involved. Also, notice that the ID Element button appears adjacent to the Extract method option button. This button initiates the
Display
Reset
Tolerance (Interpolation mode only)
Extract Method: View 1, 2, . Fence Complex Chain Selection Set
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
"chaining" of MicroStation elements. The following outlines the sequence of operations associated with the Complex Chain method. 1. Establish the desired dialog settings. 2. Adjust the Extract method option button to Complex Chain. 3. Press the ID Element button. 4. Identify and accept the first element that constitutes the beginning of the chain. Selection of subsequent elements is identical to the operation of the MicroStation automatic create complex chain command. Successive connected elements are highlighted one at a time for inclusion or rejection as long as the endpoint of the next element is within a specified tolerance to an endpoint of the current element. The Tolerance is specified on the MicroStation Automatic Create Complex Chain palette. After the first element is selected and accepted, the next connected element is highlighted. If more than a single element is located within tolerance to the next element endpoint, the message "Fork Accept/reject" appears in the MicroStation prompt field. A data point accepts the highlighted element. Pressing the reset cursor button rejects the highlighted element and highlights another one. Once the end of the chain is reached or the user presses the reset cursor button when no more connecting elements are available, the identification of component chain elements is complete. At the completion of the selection process, the Apply button becomes available. The extraction of elements to a DTM input file commences when the Apply button is selected. Selection Set - This method is identical to the Complex Chain in every aspect other than the actual selection of elements. The Selection Set method employs the MicroStation Selection Set tool to identify the element(s) for processing. This method is particularly useful when selecting a single element or a group of disjointed elements few in number. The following outlines the sequence of operations associated with the Selection Set method. 1. Establish the desired dialog settings.
Extract Tools
4-9
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
2. Adjust the Extract method option button to Selection Set. 3. Press the ID Element button. 4. Identify the element(s) comprising the selection set. If more than one element is being selected, the control key on the keyboard must be utilized during the selection process. 5. At the completion of the selection process, the Apply button becomes available. The extraction of elements to a DTM input file commences when the Apply button is selected. Apply Commences the extraction procedure. Note that the dialog should be filled in completely, and the Extract mode selected and applicable fence, view, selection set or complex chain identified prior to pressing the Apply button.
4.3 Extracting ASCII XYZ Format

Feature / Function Utilizing generic ASCII files, create a source input file for subsequent DTM model generation.
Tool
DTM Menu Bar
Extract > XYZ
The Extract ASCII XYZ Format tool supports most any ASCII file containing reduced survey data or even just XYZ data. DTM input files can be derived from a file containing XYZ data with no point codes. Other features include embedded Linking Codes and Feature Codes, support for linking together shots based upon defined chains, support for comments and support for the situation where the user does not have a continuation linking code for each shot but wants these shots connected. Note: These ASCII files need not conform to any particular structure or format other than a requirement that each point entry be restricted to a single row.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The ASCII file should not contain more than one point per row. Similarly, multiple rows should not be required to define a single point code. Within the row containing point code data, virtually no restrictions are placed on the arrangement and separation of survey data. Individual data items (point code, x-coordinate, y-coordinate, z-coordinate, point number) can be arranged in either free form or column formats. In addition, extraneous information may be present in the row and ignored by GEOPAK. Data items in the free form format can be separated by spaces, commas, dashes, etc. Two steps are required to extract ASCII data: 1) Load the ASCII file. 2) Identify how the data items are arranged. When the Extract ASCII XYZ tool is invoked, the dialog depicted below is displayed.
4.3.1 Setting up the ASCII File

The name of the ASCII file may be typed directly into the input field labeled Input File or may be accessed via the File button. Pressing the File button invokes the standard MicroStation dialog box used for files retrieval. The ASCII file need not be in the current directory. Once the survey file is retrieved, the first few lines are displayed in the list box labeled Contents of File as depicted in the graphic above. GEOPAK requires the following information for each data point: Point Code, X-coordinate, Y-coordinate and Z-coordinate. Other
Extract Tools
4-11
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
informational items include Point Number, Linking Code, Chain, DTM, Zone, and combination Linking Code Point Code. The first step in assigning fields is to set the delimiter option button to the correct delimiter separating the free format fields. Various delimiters include the comma, dash, slash, semi-colon and space. If none of these satisfy your needs, you can select the Other field. In response to the Other selection, GEOPAK prompts for the delimiter character. Once the correct delimiter has been specified, the second step is to single click onto a line of data. The individual items fields will appear over the series of option buttons located beneath the list box as shown below.
The third step is to identify the individual fields in the data file as representing either a point code, point number, x-coordinate, y-coordinate or z-coordinate. (An exploded view of the option button is depicted below.)
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
To accomplish this, adjust the option button to correctly identify the function of each associated field from the survey file. For the sample case shown below, the option buttons appear in the following order: Point Code (PCode), X, Y, and Z.
Yet, another case might involve a considerable number of extraneous entries in the survey file. The data file depicted below contains eleven separate fields.
1 N 19805.518 E 22155.758 STA 4+40 ELEV 100.79 PCode PL(B) 2 N 19678.501 E 22223,431 STA 4+40 ELEV 95.020 PCode PL(B) 3 N 19600.521 E 22239.441 STA 4+40 ELEV 134.330 PCode PL(B)
Since the dialog permits the definition of only five fields at a time, we must make use of the Previous and Next buttons to shift the fields right and left. Prior to pressing the Next button, adjust the option buttons to the appropriate settings. The first field represents the point number and, hence, is set to None. The next field contains the letter "N" identifying the
Extract Tools 4-13
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
following coordinate as a northing. Hence, the option button below the "N" is set to None. After adjusting the five option buttons and pressing the Next button four times, the dialog would appear as shown below. The X coordinate has now shifted from the fifth to the first option button. Subsequent assignment of the other four option buttons would be None for the station label, station value, and elevation label. The option button below the elevation value would be set to Z as shown below.
Pressing the Next button two more times would permit the definition of the Point Code (PCode).
4.3.2 Informational Codes

GEOPAK requires the following information for each data point: Xcoordinate, Y-coordinate and Z-coordinate. Other informational items include Point Code, Linking Code, Chain, DTM, Zone, and combination Linking Code Point Code.
4.3.2.1 PCode or Feature Code

Within the ASCII file, fields designated as PCodes must correlate with Feature Codes defined in the Feature Setting dialog. These codes are used to determine how the data is utilized with the DAT file creation.
4.3.2.2 Linking Code (LCode)

A Linking Code describes how individual spot shots are to be connected. For example, Linking Codes determine if the shots should be connected
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
with lines, line strings, arcs or curve strings. Supported Linking Codes (also referred to as LCode) are listed below: Begin Line End Line Point on Curve End Curve Continuation Close Figure After one of the options is set to Linking Code, the Linking Code button in the lower right corner is displayed. When pressed, the dialog depicted below appears.
These linking codes instruct the software how to connect various linear features. For example, the first shot of a curb and gutter would be a linking feature of one, based on the Linking Code dialog above. Subsequent shots on the curb and gutter in a tangent section would be twos, if the shots were on curve, the code would be four, etc. Depicted below is a short fragment of data:
8 9 10 11 12 17000.0000 18800.0000 17399.4338 17426.2252 17671.0359 20000.0000 21000.0000 20336.1088 20545.4905 20808.7510 900.0000 MID 1 1200.0000 MID 2 914.1539 MID 2 1234.3531 MID 3 1364.5333 MID 1
As seen on the dialog below, the user can associate specific character strings, rather than numeric values, with linking operations on the Linking Code dialog.
Extract Tools
4-15
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
The user has the ability to decide which set of shots should be grouped together as a single chain. As an example, consider the following set of Linking Codes.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Begin Line Begin Line Begin Line End Line Point On Curve Point On Curve Point On Curve
The diagram below depicts how GEOPAK extracts the data in response to this Linking Code sequence:
1 2 5 6 3 4 7
The spot shots designated as Begin Line are connected together until the End Line Linking Code is encountered. A circular arc is fit between the three Point On Curve shots. Now consider a similar set of spot shots where no End Line Linking Code appears. Rather, a Begin Line is immediately followed by a Point On Curve shot.
1 2 3 Begin Line Begin Line Point On Curve
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
4 5 Point On Curve Point On Curve
1 3 2 4
In this instance, GEOPAK draws a line between points two and three; assuming that point three is a continuation of the chain. As before, a circular arc is fit between the Point On Curve shots. GEOPAK also supports a Close Figure Linking Code as shown below:
1 2 3 4 Begin Begin Begin Close Line Line Line Figure
In this case, the Close Figure Linking Code instructs the software to draw a line back to the first point in the chain (Point 1). It is not mandatory for the user to designate a Linking Code for each shot. GEOPAK also supports the concept a Continuation Linking Code. For example, consider a situation where no Chain Name has been defined and chains are created by grouping like PCodes. In the sequence of spot shots, if a Linking Code has been defined for one spot shot, it is not necessary to repeat that Linking Code in a redundant manner for subsequent spot shots. It need only be specified when the Linking Code changes. Similarly, if Chain Names are specified, the Linking Code can be defined for one spot shot and not necessarily repeated for subsequent spot shots
Extract Tools
4-17
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
belonging to the same chain. The subsequent shots will be assigned the same Linking Code as the previous shot on the same chain.
4.3.2.3 Chain
Sometimes the surveyor defines distinct names to designate groups of spot shots that should be connected together in some manner. GEOPAK graphically connects the spot shots with common chain names in the order that they appear in the ASCII files.
4.3.2.4 DTM
Another example of the option buttons is DTM. After one of the options is set to DTM, the DTM Control button in the lower right corner is displayed. When pressed, the dialog depicted below appears.
Eight options are included within the dialog, each having its own Control Code: Do Not Include - Any data, which has this control code, is not included in the creation on the DTM. Include As Spot - Any data, which has this control code, includes the shot as a random spot within the DTM. Include As Spot and Break - This control code includes the data as a spot shot and use its linear feature as a break line. Include As Void - This control code includes the data as a void.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Include As Drape Void - This control code includes the x,y data as a drape void, and ascertaining the elevations from the model. Include As Island - This control code includes the data as an island. Include As Boundary - This control code includes the data as a boundary. Include As Contour - This control code includes the data as a contour.
A sample fragment of the data file is depicted below.

8 9 10 11 17000.0000 18800.0000 17399.4338 17426.2252 20000.0000 21000.0000 20336.1088 20545.4905 900.0000 MID 1 1200.0000 MID 2 914.1539 TREE 4 1234.3531 SPT 3
In this case, the DTM Control is the last field. Utilizing the information from the dialog above, the first two lines of data would be included as spots and a break line as the DTM control codes are one and two. The third line of data would be excluded from the DTM as its control code is four. The fourth line would be included as a spot shot as its Control Code is three. The DTM treatment options can be either 1) associated with the PCode in the Features Setting dialog 2) designated in a field of the ASCII XYZ file or if no Pcode is given, GEOPAK defaults to all spot elevations.
4.3.2.5 Zones
The user is also able to assign a field of the ASCII XYZ file to Zones. In this case, each shot would be assigned to a specific DTM zone. When creating the DTM input file, you can designate the zone(s) you wish to include. If desired, you could create separate DTMs for each zone. If there is no zone assignment, GEOPAK will place all shots into Zone 1.
4.3.2.6 Combined Linking Codes and PCodes

Another option is a combination PCode/Linking Code LCode&PCode and functions slightly different that the other features. In this mode, the software will decode a given ASCII character string into its Linking Code and PCode components. Since the composition and length of the LCode&PCode combination field can vary from spot shot to spot
Extract Tools 4-19
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
shot, the ASCII field designated as LCode&PCode must appear at the end of the line; i.e., after all of the other options such as X, Y and Z have already been defined. The one exception to this rule relates to the Comments field, which can appear after the LCodePcode, if a Comment delimiter is utilized. First, when the LCodePCode option is selected, and the Linking Code button in the lower right corner of the dialog is pressed, the following dialog appears.
In each field, enter the text string utilized for each Linking Code. Note that only those fields utilized in the data must have entries. In our example, we only have Begin Line (.) and End Line (..) defined as our data has none of the other codes. Below is a fragment of a sample data file.
1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 252825.564 252835.354 252841.553 252849.420 252857.567 336994.498 336994.086 336996.280 337004.238 337009.067 100.616000 100.182000 99.4940000 94.5180000 97.5970000 .101 .101 ..101.104 .104 ..104.101
Note that the LCode&PCode sequence is at the end of the line. Since the length of the field is variable, and spaces are supported, GEOPAK utilizes all information from the first LCode&PCode character onward. Therefore, this option cannot be placed in the middle of the file, for example, before the Z coordinates. It would assume everything to the right would be part of the PCode/Linking Code including the Z coordinates. In the data above, the first line is a begin line (based on the . from the dialog above) for PCode 101. Line two is also a begin line for 101. The third line is an end line for 101 and a begin line for 104. Therefore, these three lines would draw a line from the first line, through the second shot and stop and the third shot. At this point PCode 104 begins a line.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The decoding of the combined LCode&PCode is a two step process. First, the user defines a set of Linking Code strings via the Linking Code dialog box. GEOPAK searches for these strings and separates Linking Code strings from the PCodes. For example:
LC1 PCode1 LC2 PCode2 LC1PCode1LC2PCode2
The first Linking Code (LC1) is associated with PCode1 and the second Linking Code (LC2) is associated with PCode2 and so on. GEOPAK attempts to pair the Linking Codes and PCodes from left to right.
LC1 PCode1 PCode2 LC1PCode1 PCode2 PCode1LC1PCode2
Linking Code (LC1) would be applied to those PCodes that are defined in the Feature Setting dialog with the Linking Code option selected. GEOPAK references the Feature Setting dialog to determine if Linear Features were defined for PCode1 and/or Pcode2. Hence, in the example above, if PCode1 was defined with the Linking Code toggle active while PCode2 was defined with the Linking Code toggle not active, then the Linking Code (LC1) would be applied only to PCode1.
4.3.2.7 Comments
GEOPAK also supports Comments. The comment must be preceded by a specific, user defined delimiter. The user can establish this delimiter via the Comment Delimiter field contained on the dialog whereupon the various ASCII fields are designated. The only condition is that this delimiter must be different from the primary delimiter used to distinguish between the various ASCII fields. Moreover, the Comment Delimiter as well as the content of the comment must be contiguous.
4.3.3 Decision Making Procedures

The graphic on the next page offers a Decision Tree whereby the user can determine the proper settings on the ASCII XYZ dialog for specific data sets. This Decision Tree is organized in terms of specific data set formats. Primary determinants include the following: Presence of Linking Codes Designation of Chain Names
Extract Tools
4-21
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
Gaps: Extract connecting geometry between points belonging to the same Chain or PCode but which are not contiguous in the ASCII file. No Gaps: Do not extract connecting geometry in instances where points belong to the same Chain or PCode but are not contiguous in the ASCII file. Subsections following the Decision Tree detail each of the 15 cases.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
4.3.3.1 Case 1: No Linking Codes. Individual Spot Shots.
This circumstance typically indicates a default condition where PCodes are defined without associated Linking information. In addition, the user should choose the No Chain and PCode w/ Lc on the dialog as shown below.
4.3.3.2 Case 2: Linking Code Present & Separated from PCode. Connect by Chain Names
In this case, all the XYZ lines that have the same Chain name will be connected. The Chain field in the ASCII XYZ file is designated via the Chain setting on the row of option buttons located at the bottom of the dialog as shown below.
Consider the following example:

1 14324.2342 45665.4360 134.53 EP1 2 15354.3434 34525.7827 134.79 EP1 3 15346.4354 35321.9052 135.23 EP2 1 1 1 BL BL BL
Extract Tools
4-23
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
4 15544.3455 34054.0412 136.75 EP2 1 BL
This results in a single Chain designated as Chain 1 being drawn between points 1 through 4 as shown below:
4.3.3.3 Case 3: Linking Code Present & Separated from PCode. Connect All Points as Single Chain.
In this case, the ASCII data set does not identify a Chain Name, but it is desireable to connect all the shots within the file as one group. The manner in which the points are connected is determined by a defined Linking Code as shown below:

1 2 3 4 14324.2342 15354.3434 15346.4354 15544.3455 45665.4360 34525.7827 35321.9052 34054.0412 134.53 134.79 135.23 136.75 EP1 EP1 EP2 EP2 BL BL BL BL
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
In this case as shown below, all points (1 through 4) will be grouped together under one chain.
4.3.3.4 Case 4: Linking Code Present & Separated from PCode. Connect by Linking Codes.
Consider a survey that contains a large number of spot shots for a single PCode. In this instance, it might be desirable to avoid connecting all spot shots for this single PCode into one huge chain. Rather, the composition of individual chains is controlled completely by Linking Codes. To obtain this result, the user would employ the Upgrade feature as shown below. With the Upgrade setting, a new chain is defined whenever the program encounters End Line, End of Curve or Close Figure. The would allows the user have many different chains with only few PCodes.

Extract Tools
4-25
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
5 14394.2456 45647.4820 134.93 EP1 6 15384.3394 33765.7827 134.77 EP1 BL BL
This data would group together points with the same PCode name. Hence, when a terminating Linking Code is encountered, the name of the chain is upgraded as depicted below: Chain EP1-1 containing points 1 & 2; extract with EP1. Chain EP1-2 containing points 5 & 6; extract with EP1. Chain EP2-1 containing points 3 & 4; extract with EP4.
4.3.3.5 Case 5: Linking Code Present & Separated from PCode. Connect by PCodes.
If the ASCII XYZ data does not contain a Chain field, but the user is interested in grouping together data points with the same PCode, this can be accomplished via the dialog settings depicted below:

______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
In this case, all the points that have the same PCode are grouped together as a Chain and the Chain name is identical to the PCode. The resultant chains include: Chain extracted containing points 1 & 4. Chain extracted containing points 3 & 4.
4.3.3.6 Case 6: Linking Code Present & Embedded in PCode. Connect by Chain Names.
Linking Codes can be embedding within the PCode definitions. First, consider the situation that the Chain is indicated in the ASCII XYZ file as shown below.
The following comprises a sample data set:

1 2 3 4 14324.2342 15354.3434 15346.4354 15544.3455 45665.4360 34525.7827 35321.9052 34054.0412 134.53 134.79 135.23 136.75 EP1 EP1 EP2 EP2 A A A A
Extract Tools
4-27
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
All the XYZ lines that have the same Chain Name will be grouped together. This results in a single Chain designated as Chain A being extracted between points 1-4 as shown below. The geometry of the Chain will be determined by Linking Code value embedded into the PCodes EP1 and EP4.
4.3.3.7 Case 7: Linking Code Present & Embedded in PCode. Connect All Points as Single Chain.
In this case the user does not have any Chain and wants to place all the shots within the file as one group.

1 2 3 4 14324.2342 15354.3434 15346.4354 15544.3455 45665.4360 34525.7827 35321.9052 34054.0412 134.53 134.79 135.23 136.75 EP1 EP1 EP2 EP2 A A A A
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
In this case as shown below, all points (1 through 4) will be grouped together under one chain. The geometry of the Chain will be determined by the Linking Code value embedded into the PCodes.
4.3.3.8 Case 8: Linking Code Present & Embedded in PCode. Connect by PCodes.
If the ASCII XYZ data does not contain a Chain field, but the user is interested in grouping together survey points with the same PCode, this can be accomplished via the dialog settings depicted below:

1 2 3 4 14324.2342 15354.3434 15346.4354 15544.3455 45665.4360 34525.7827 35321.9052 34054.0412 134.53 134.79 135.23 136.75 EP1 EP1 EP2 EP2
In this case, all the points that have the same PCode are grouped together as a Chain. The geometry of the Chain will be determined by the Linking Code value embedded into the PCode.
Extract Tools
4-29
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
This results in Chain EP1 containing points 1 & 2 as well as Chain EP2 containing points 3 & 4 as shown below.
4.3.3.9 Case 9: No Linking Codes. Point Connections defined via Chain Names. Gap.
A user might have an ASCII XYZ file that contains no Linking Code. However, the shots within the file should be connected together as a series of lines/line strings depending on their PCode names or Chain Names. The intent is to connect the points that have the same PCode name and are part of the same Chain. Since there is no indication of Linking Code within our ASCII XYZ file, all our chain alignments will be restricted to lines or line strings. The user also can define the grouping or chaining of the survey points in many different ways. The user can also decide if he/she would like to introduce a Gap between connected elements within a same Chain. In this case, a Gap would be placed if we move from one set of points with same PCode name to another set of points with different PCodes within the same Chain. The following cases will discuss Gap circumstances. First, we consider the situation where the Chain is indicated in the ASCII XYZ and the user would like to have Gaps between different PCodes. In this case, the PCodes in the Feature Settings dialog should not have their Linking Code toggle active.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK

1 2 3 4 14324.2342 15354.3434 15346.4354 15544.3455 45665.4360 34525.7827 35321.9052 34054.0412 134.53 134.79 135.23 136.75 EP1 EP1 EP2 EP2 A A A A
In this case, all the XYZ shots that have the same Chain Name are grouped together as a Chain. The Chain Name field assignment will be made via the option buttons located at the bottom of the dialog depicting the ASCII XYZ file. All the points with the same PCode name would be connected together and there would be a gap in the chain between two different PCodes. The result is shown below. Chain A contains points 1 through 4. However, a line would be drawn only between points 1 & 2 and between points 3 & 4 due to the Link w/ Gap designation on the dialog.
4.3.3.10 Case 10: No Linking Codes. Point Connections defined via Chain Names. No Gap.
Extract Tools 4-31
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
Lets consider the situation that the Chain i again indicated in the ASCII s XYZ, but the user does not want to have Gaps between different PCodes. In this case, the PCodes in the Feature Setting dialog should not have their Linking Code toggle active.

1 2 3 4 14324.2342 15354.3434 15346.4354 15544.3455 45665.4360 34525.7827 35321.9052 34054.0412 134.53 134.79 135.23 136.75 EP1 EP1 EP2 EP2 A A A A
In this case, all the points that have the same PCode are group together as a Chain and the Chain name is the same as PCode. All the points with the same PCode would be connected together and there would be a Link w/ No Gap in the chain. The result is shown below. Chain A is extracted continuously between points 1 through 4 due to the Link w/ No Gap designation.
4.3.3.11 Case 11: No Linking Codes. Connect All Points as Single Chain. Gap at Change in PCode.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
In this particular case, all the points within the ASCII XYZ file are part of the same Chain as there is no indication of the Chain Name within the ASCII XYZ file. The user should choose the option of No Chain and, in accordance with his/her preference, either select the option of Link w/ Gap or Link w/ No Gap. The dialog below is set to Link w/ Gap.

1 2 3 4 5 6 14324.2342 15354.3434 15346.4354 15544.3455 14394.2456 15384.3394 45665.4360 34525.7827 35321.9052 34054.0412 45647.4820 33765.7827 134.53 134.79 135.23 136.75 134.93 134.77 EP1 EP1 EP2 EP2 EP1 EP1
All points are grouped together under one chain and there is a gap between sequential PCodes.
The resulting chain runs continuous within a consistent PCode. Due to the Link w/ Gap setting, links are not extracted between successive spot
Extract Tools
4-33
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
shots with differing PCodes. Hence, line segments are not extracted between points 2 & 3 as well as between points 4 & 5.
4.3.3.12 Case 12: No Linking Codes. Connect All Points as Single Chain. No Gap at Change in PCode.
As with the previous case, all the points within the ASCII XYZ file are part of the same Chain as there is no indication of the Chain Name within the ASCII XYZ file. Hence, the user should choose the option of No Chain. However, in this instance, it is desirable to connect the entire set of points necessitating the selection of the Link w/ No Gap option.

1 2 3 4 5 6 14324.2342 15354.3434 15346.4354 15544.3455 14394.2456 15384.3394 45665.4360 34525.7827 35321.9052 34054.0412 45647.4820 33765.7827 134.53 134.79 135.23 136.75 134.93 134.77 EP1 EP1 EP2 EP2 EP1 EP1
In this case, all points are connected together without any gaps. The result is a continuous stream of connecting points.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
4.3.3.13 Case 13: No Linking Codes. Connect Points by PCodes. New Chain Element at Change in PCode.
With this case, a new series of connected elements begins at every change in the PCode. It might be desirable to upgrade the name of the chain whenever a new PCode has been encountered. For example, the first series of points associated with the EP1 PCode would be called chain EP1-1. The second series of points associated with the EP1 PCode would be called chain EP1-4. To accomplish these results, we would choose the option of Upgrade from chain option button. In this particular instance, we would also choose the option of Link w/ Gap.

1 2 3 4 5 6 14324.2342 15354.3434 15346.4354 15544.3455 14394.2456 15384.3394 45665.4360 34525.7827 35321.9052 34054.0412 45647.4820 33765.7827 134.53 134.79 135.23 136.75 134.93 134.77 EP1 EP1 EP2 EP2 EP1 EP1
In this case, points that have the same PCode name would be grouped together.
Extract Tools
4-35
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
4.3.3.14 Case 14: No Linking Codes. Connect Points by PCodes. Single Chain Element for PCode. Gap.
In this case, all the points with the same PCode would be connected together and there would be a Gap in the chain if all the shots with the same PCode name are not listed sequentially in the ASCII XYZ file.

1 2 3 4 5 6 14324.2342 15354.3434 15346.4354 15544.3455 14394.2456 15384.3394 45665.4360 34525.7827 35321.9052 34054.0412 45647.4820 33765.7827 134.53 134.79 135.23 136.75 134.93 134.77 EP1 EP1 EP2 EP2 EP1 EP1
This dataset would create two chains: Chain EP1 consisting of points 1-2,56 and Chain EP2 consisting of points 3-4. The extraction would include a line from 1 to 2 and a line from 5 to 6 with a gap between points 2 and 5. Chain EP2 would extract a line between points 3 and 4.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
4.3.3.15 Case 15: No Linking Codes. Connect Points by PCodes. Single Chain Element for PCode. No Gap.
In this case, all the points that have the same PCode are going to be part of the same Chain and the Chain Name will be identical to the PCode name. Moreover, all of the points with the same PCode would be connected together due to the No Gap setting.
Consider the following dataset:

1 2 3 4 5 6 14324.2342 15354.3434 15346.4354 15544.3455 14394.2456 15384.3394 45665.4360 34525.7827 35321.9052 34054.0412 45647.4820 33765.7827 134.53 134.79 135.23 136.75 134.93 134.77 EP1 EP1 EP2 EP2 EP1 EP1
In this case, all the points that have the same PCode are going to be connected together and will be part of the same Chain. This data set would extract two chains: Chain EP1 consisting of points 12,5-6 and Chain EP2 consisting of points 3-4. The extraction would include a line from 1 to 2, a line from 2 to 5 (due to the Link w/ No Gap
Extract Tools
4-37
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
setting), and a line from 5 to 6. Chain EP2 would extract a line between points 3 and 4.
4.3.4 Feature Setting

When the Feature Setting button is pressed, the dialog depicted below is displayed.
Standard File commands are supported in the upper left corner of the dialog. These support saving settings for repeated use in subsequent sessions. The dialog has a list box, plus fields for Feature Code, Linking Code, DTM Control, and On Chain. The options within the Feature Setting dialog, combined with the options on the main dialog itself, present a wide variety of options to suit most every need. A prudent review of the various cases is warranted before creating and / or editing the settings. See the previous subsections for a detailed discussion.
4.3.5 Additional Fields

Two toggles are supported in the lower left corner of the dialog:
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Apply Best Match Feature Code Display Alert Box for Errors When the Apply Best Match Feature Code toggle is active, the best match feature from the Feature Settings dialog is utilized. This option allows placement of one feature in the Feature Settings dialog per item and locates derivatives of that feature in the field. For example, assume that feature 3001 is the EP for Edge of Pavement, but in the field, three different EPs need to be located and chained together. The different EP chains can be located as 30011, 30012 and 30014. During the mapping process, these features will be matched to the EP feature 3001 in the database. Therefore, the user does not have to define multiple EP features in the database. During processing, if impossible extraction or geometrics are attempted, an error message is displayed on the screen if the Display Alert Box for Errors toggle is activated. The error information is always written to the Error Report regardless of the status of this toggle. Another field in the lower center of the dialog is the Output File Format: Binary or ASCII. Although binary files process faster, there is no other functional difference. The ASCII file can be reviewed via any text editor, while a binary file may not. To commence processing, press the Process bar at the bottom of the dialog. The result of this processing is a GEOPAK DAT file, which subsequently can be utilized to generate a DTM with the Build Triangles tool.
4.4 Extracting DEM Format

Feature / Function Utilizing specialized Digital Elevation Models (DEM files) generated from other software programs, create a source input file for subsequent DTM model generation with the Build Triangles tool.
Tool
DTM Menu Bar
Extract > Extract DEM
When the Extract DEM tool icon is selected, the dialog depicted below opens. In addition to reading DEM files and creating a DAT file,
Extract Tools
4-39
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
conversions to other coordinate systems can be performed simultaneously, so the output can be in a different system from the input. In addition to the standard DEM input, DTED directories and files, and SDTS are also supported. The DEM option is selected by activating the DEM toggle in the center part of the dialog. One sample dialog is depicted below. Note the File and Point options are discussed in the Geodetic Conversions online help and therefore are not repeated herein.
The Geodetic Conversion tool performs many of the common computations encountered when working with geodetic and grid coordinate systems. Points can be individually entered and converted or multiple points from a coordinate geometry database (GPK file) can be converted via batch mode. All output is directed to an ASCII report file, in addition to a resizable output window.
4.4.1 Conversion Operations

A wide variety of conversion operations are supported including: converting latitude and longitude to grid coordinates. converting grid coordinates to latitude and longitude. converting grid coordinate from one zone to grid coordinates in another zone.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
converting grid coordinates from one system to another system. Note that both systems must have a common ellipsoid. computing grid scale factor and convergence angle for grid coordinates. computing geodetic forward and back azimuth and distance between two geodetic positions. Computing grid azimuth and grid distance in addition to geodetic forward and back azimuth and distance between two points in the same zone. Computing the line grid scale factor and combined scale factor if elevation data is entered.
4.4.2 Supported Systems and Projections

Several common systems and projections are supported including the following: HPGN State Plane 1983 State Plane Coordinate systems (all zones) 1927 State Plane Coordinate systems (all zones) Universal Transverse Mercator system (all zones, northern and southern hemisphere) Latitude / Longitude User-defined zones based on either the Lambert Conformal or the Transverse Mercator projection. Variety of ellipsoids are supported for the user-defined and UTM projections. New Zealand Map Grid (1949) New Zealand Local Circuits (1949) New Zealand Local Circuits (2000)
Three options are supported for the Vertical Datum: Not Defined NAVD 88 NAVD 29
Extract Tools
4-41
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
4.4.3 File Menu

The upper right corner of the dialog has standard File options as detailed in the table below. However, the desired output is the Output Data File, therefore the File Menu is not utilized in this application.
4.4.4 User Defined Systems Menu

Three options are supported on the User Defined Systems pulldown: User defined projections Used defined ellipsoids Set NTv2 Grid Files
Additional information on these systems is available in the Geodetic Conversion online help.
4.4.4 Using DEM Files to Create a DAT File

Other data sources utilized in the Geodetic Coordinate conversions tools are the various DEM formats including DEM, SDTS, and DTED. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM), consists of a sampled array of elevations for ground positions that are normally at regularly spaced intervals. The basic elevation model is produced by or for the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), but is distributed by the USGS, EROS Data Center, in the DEM data record format. A wealth of information on DEM formatted data can be obtained from www.usgs.gov. When the DEM option is selected in the center section of the dialog, the dialog changes to reflect the selection. One sample dialog is depicted below.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Within the Input DEM File group box, the data format is selected. The group box changes based on the selection. Once the selection is made, the File Name may be typed in, or selected via the Files button. Each format is discussed in subsequent sub-sections. Once the file is read, the DEM Coordinate system group box is populated automatically. Therefore, the DEM Coordinate System group box is display only and the values cannot be edited. The Output Coordinate system box includes System type, Ellipsoid, and Zone. As each system is selected, the ellipsoid and zone unghost as needed. For example, when 1983 State Plane is selected, the Ellipsoid is ghosted, however, a Zone must also be selected from the list.
Extract Tools
4-43
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
When Latitude / Longitude option is selected, the Zone field is not present, however, the Ellipsoid is unghosted, as depicted in the sample below.
The Vertical Datum options include NAVD88, NAVD 29 or may be Not Defined. Supported Horizontal and Vertical Units include Meters, U.S. Ft., and Int'l Ft. The Output DAT File group box has a single key-in field for the file name of the DAT file to be created. This file can be used within the Build Triangles dialog in the DTM tools. Manually enter the file name or select via the File button.
When the dialog is completely populated, press the Apply button in the center bottom of the dialog to commence processing.
4.4.4.1 DEM Format

Within the Input DEM File group box, the display fields are initially blank. Pressing the Inquire DEM button, the software scans the DEM file and determines the Number of Points and approximates the size of the Output DAT File. One sample dialog is depicted below.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The other field in the Input DEM File is the Filter Points. In very large DEM files, the user may choose to filter out some of the grid points, as the density may be too intense. The options are displayed in the exploded view below.
If the Every Other option is selected, the Number of Points is divided in half, while the Output DAT File Size decreases accordingly. If Every Tenth option is selected, the original number of points decreases by 90%. If Custom is selected, a key-in field is displayed and the user can specify the desired filtering factor.
4.4.4.2 SDTS Format
Extract Tools
4-45
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
Unlike a DEM file, SDTS consists of multiple files. All the files need to be in the same directory. Notice that the prompt for SDTS asks for a directory, not a file. Therefore, choose the directory where these files are located. When the directory is defined, GEOPAK determines the SDTS Name(s) from the directory. If multiple Names are found, they are listed in the combo box for the user to select the desired Name. The graphic below depicts the single file option. As in the other Input DEM File formats, pressing the Inquire button scans the specified file and populates the Number of Points and approximated Output Data Size in addition to the DEM Coordinate System group box.
4.4.4.3 DTED File or Directory Format

DTED stands for Digital Terrain Elevation Data. It is a DEM type format created by NIMA, the National Imagery and Mapping Agency. The Level 0 data can be downloaded free from the following site, http://geoengine.nima.mil. Level 0 data is a grid typically in 30X30 seconds or 30X60 seconds (latitudeXLongitude). GEOPAK supported options include either DTED File or DTED Directory. DTED File is used to convert a single DTED file. A DTED file typically has
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
an extension of .dtX, where X is either 0,1,2 depending on the type of DTED. The following dialog illustrates the DTED directory option. This option is used when the user wants to convert an entire DTED directory structure. This directory structure is of a distinct format and contains certain type files and directories, as illustrated below.
When downloading data from the official NIMA site, this is the format the data arrives in. The graphic below depicts the single file option. As in the other Input DEM File formats, pressing the Inquire button scans the specified file and populates the Number of Points and approximated Output Data Size in addtion to the DEM Coordinate System group box.
Extract Tools
4-47
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
4.5 Extract Set Format

Feature / Function Utilizing specialized ASCII files generated from other software programs, create a source input file for subsequent DTM model generation.
Tool
DTM Menu Bar
Extract > Set Format
The dialog is depicted below.
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The Input ASCII File must be keyed in. In lieu of typing, pressing the Files button invokes the Input File dialog, wherein the desired file may be selected. The Output File keyin field requires the name of the DTM Souirce Input (.dat) file to be created. It may also be selected via the Files button. The four supported modes are: TEX, THD, CaiCE, and RT40. As the mode is selected, the dialog fields change to reflect the selection. Pressing the Apply button commences the procedure. As seen above, the TEX format requires the GEOPAK Job Number. The THD mode is depicted in the dialog below. This format also requires the Job Number.
The RT40 mode is depicted below. In this format, both Job Number and Chain are required. Pressing the Chain button invokes the Chain Selection dialog, wherein the desired chain may be selected.
Extract Tools
4-49
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
The CAiCE mode is depicted below. In this mode, the Output Format is specified as DTM Input. No Chain or Job Number is required, simply the Input File and Output File names.
4.6 DAT File Format

When a Binary formatted DAT file is created, the user has no means of reviewing the data outside of GEOPAK. However, when an ASCII formatted file is generated, the file can be viewed, modified, or even created within any ASCII text editor. Note: If the data is collected or created in the ASCII format described below, no extraction processing is required. The user may skip the extraction and proceed directly to the triangulation procedure. Data input elements (records) can represent random spot elevations, break lines, voids, contours, or boundary polygons. The type of element is defined by a feature code. Each input record consists of the feature code field, coordinate fields and the elevation field: Feature Code (integer value) X Coordinate (decimal value) Y Coordinate (decimal value) Elevation (decimal value) A sample fragment from the ASCII input file is shown below:
1 17381.651 22324.071 391.600 1 17383.071 21997.581 332.850 2 17404.721 21621.311 440.890 3 17405.041 22319.311 382.380 3 17427.411 21907.411 297.200
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The format in the file is quite simple: a feature code followed by X, Y and Z coordinate values in succession. A single point record occupies each line of the ASCII file. Spaces serve as delimiters between individual fields. The feature code is mandatory and informs GEOPAK how to interpret the input records. The following are valid feature code values and associated descriptions. Feature Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 15 16 Random Spots Start of Break Line Subsequent Point(s) on a Break Line Boundary Polygon Point Start of Contour Line Subsequent Point(s) on a Contour Line Start of a Void Subsequent Point(s) of aVoid Start of an Island Subsequent Point(s) of an Island Start of a Graphic Triangles Subsequent Point(s) of a Triangle Start of a Drape Void Subsequent Point(s) of a Drape Void Function
Random Spots are points that have no functional relationship to any other point. Random survey shots in open terrain would be an example of random spots. Break Lines designate linear features such as edges of pavement, ditch bottoms, ridges or valleys. The first point in a series of connected break lines has a feature assignment of "2." The second and subsequent points along the break line have a feature code of "3." Break line data must be continuous within the data file. A Void delineates an area of no data or an obscured area and is defined by a series of points forming a closed element. The elevations of the void
Extract Tools
4-51
GEOPAK______________________________________________________________
are incorporated into the data file. In addition, the void must be contiguous within the data file. A Boundary Polygon is used to constrain the external boundary of the triangulated model. All points along the boundary polygon are assigned a feature code of "4." A boundary polygon must start and finish with the same point. In addition, the boundary polygon must be continuous within the data file. A Drape Void delineates an area of no data or an obscured area and is defined by a series of points forming a closed element. It differs from a Void in that the elevations of the void elements are not incorporated into the data file. Rather, the drape void elements are draped onto the model, and model elevations are utilized. The drape void must be contiguous within the data file. An Island is a closed element completely encompassed within a Void. Random spots, breaks and contour elements may be present within the island. Graphic Triangles are 3D triangles placed at true elevations. Since GEOPAK ignores any additional fields past the fourth field (Z Coordinate), extraneous data such as comments or point code information can be included in the file for reference or use with other software or GEOPAK components.
PART I __________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 5
DAT File Editing Tools

5.1 Overview
Feature / Function Tools Generate reports and / or edit the DAT File prior to generating the triangulation model.
A wide variety of DAT file editing tools are supported within GEOPAK. It is preferable to edit prior to creating the TIN model. If the TIN model needs to be regenerated, all TIN editing changes are lost. However, if changes are made to the DAT file are made, and the Tin model is regenerated, the changes are utilized within the TIN generation. Two reports can be generated: Report Duplicate Points - reports duplicate points, i.e., those with coincident x, y coordinates. Report Crossing Features - reports intersecting break lines or contours. Both reports utilize the extracted data file (*.dat), however, they do not make changes to the file. Hence, they are simply reporting functions. The Join Linear Feature is useful when the source break line or contour line consists of several elements containing numerous vertices. In these cases, the end of one break line is the beginning of the next break line, so the software utilizes this as two separate break lines. During the Joining process, GEOPAK changes these from the beginning and end of individual elements to the beginning and subsequent shots of one element. The Filter Data File features tool removes vertices from break or contours lines when located within the specified tolerances of another vertex. The Data Z Clip filters the data file to include (or exclude) data based on elevations.
5-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The Break Line editor locates intersecting break lines, dynamically displays both graphic and coordinate data, then prompts the user for corrective action. Another useful editing tool is the Edit Duplicate Points. Duplicate points are defined as two or more points with identical X, Y values. Their corresponding Z values may or may not be identical. In contrast to the Report Duplicate Points, which only provides a report, the Edit Duplicate Points provides interactive editing.
5.2 Report Duplicate Points

Feature / Function Tool Create a report of duplicate points. Note this feature has no editing capabilities.
DTM Menu Bar
Reports > Duplicate Points The Report Duplicate Points dialog produces an ASCII file report listing duplicate points. Two types of messages are supported. If the x, y, and z coordinates of the point are coincident, the report simply lists the point and its coordinates. However, if the x and y coordinates are coincident, but the z values are different, an ERROR message is given. Once again, the point coordinates are listed. When the Report Duplicate Points is accessed, the following dialog is displayed:
The user specifies the name of the data file, or optionally can select the Files button, which activates the MicroStation File Manager to select the desired file name. The name of the ASCII file which the software will utilize to write the report must also be specified or selected from the File Manager dialog. When the Process button is pressed, the process commences. A sample fragment of the report is shown below.
************************************************************ ** ** GEOPAK Duplicate Data Point Report
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
** ********************************************************** ** ** Fri Jul 1 12:05:39 1994 ** ** Data File : site.dat ** Number of Data Points = 37543 ** Minimum Maximum Range ** ============ ============ ============ ** X 530167.733 532606.100 2438.367 ** Y 1331889.312 1333649.266 1759.954 ** Z 113.880 141.800 27.920 ** ** Number Of Duplicates = 32927 ** ** Errors Detected In Duplicate Data ** ** Point 36634 : 1 530473.921 1332213.537 ** ERROR Point 36635 : 1 530473.921 1332213.537 ** Point 37087 : 1 530473.921 1332213.537 ** ERROR Point 37088 : 1 530473.921 1332213.537 ** Point 37540 : 1 530473.921 1332213.537 ** ERROR Point 37541 : 1 530473.921 1332213.537 ** **********************************************************
125.400 124.600 125.400 124.600 125.400 124.600
5.3 Report Crossing Features

Feature / Function Tool Create a report of intersecting features. Note this tool has no editing capabilities.
DTM Menu Bar
Reports > Crossing Features The Report Crossing Features tool scans the DAT file and generates a list of intersecting break lines or intersecting contours. The report lists the number of intersections, the vertices of each crossing element, and the interpolated x, y, z coordinates of the intersection, even though it may not be a vertex on either feature. When the Report Crossing Features is accessed, the following dialog is displayed.
5-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The user specifies the name of the data file, or optionally can select the Files button, which activates the MicroStation File Manager to select the desired file name. The name of the ASCII Report file must be specified or selected from the File Manager dialog. When the Process button is pressed, the procedure commences. A sample fragment of the report is shown below:
************************************************************ GEOPAK Crossing Features Report ** ************************************************************ ** Fri Jul 1 11:52:50 1994 ** ** Data File : site.dat ** ** Number of Data Points = 36184 ** Minimum Maximum Range ** ============ ============ ============ ** X 530167.733 532606.100 2438.367 ** Y 1331889.312 1333649.266 1759.954 ** Z 113.880 141.800 27.920 ** ** Number Of Duplicates = 31571 ** ** Number Of Break Lines = 9046 ** Number Of Contour Lines = 0 ** ** Intersecting Lines == Point No = 27319 3 531329.645 1332508.978 120.000 == Point No = 27320 3 531343.225 1332498.505 120.000 ## Point No = 35166 3 531335.256 1332494.760 120.000 ## Point No = 35167 3 531346.645 1332500.629 120.000 ** Intersection = 531342.944 1332498.722 ** ** Intersecting Lines == Point No = 27314 3 531329.645 1332508.978 120.000 == Point No = 27315 3 531343.225 1332498.505 120.000 ## Point No = 35166 3 531335.256 1332494.760 120.000 ## Point No = 35167 3 531346.645 1332500.629 120.000
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
** Intersection = 531342.944 1332498.722
In addition, the crossing features are highlighted on the screen for the user to review.
5.4 Join Linear Features

Feature / Function Tool Utilizing the DAT file, join linear data.
DTM Menu Bar
Edit > Join Linear Features
The Join Linear Features tool is useful when the source break line or contour line consists of several elements containing numerous vertices. In these cases, the end of one break line is the beginning of the next break line, so the software utilizes this as two separate break lines. During the Joining process, GEOPAK changes these from the beginning and end of individual elements to the beginning and subsequent shots of one element. The dialog for Join DTM Features is depicted below:
The user must specify the Data File to be utilized for joining as well as the name of the New File to be created. Two Feature Types are supported as depicted in the exploded view below.
5-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
If the distance between the vertices of two elements is less than the specified Tolerance, GEOPAK creates a single element. If the distance is greater than the Tolerance, the two elements are not joined. Pressing the Process button commences the procedure. complete, the Join Statistics are displayed in the dialog. When
5.5 Filter Vertices

Feature / Function Tool Utilizing the DAT file, filter vertices within linear data.
DTM Menu Bar
Edit > Filter Vertices
The Filter Vertices tool removes vertices from break or contours lines when located within the specified Tolerance of another vertex. The dialog is depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
In order to maintain the integrity of the original data file, two fields are supported. The Data File identifies the original GEOPAK .dat file, while the filtered file is specified in the New File field. In lieu of typing existing file names, pressing either Files button invokes the Files dialog, wherein the desired file may be selected. Two Feature Types are supported: Break Lines and Contour Lines. Two tolerances, (specified in terms of master units, i.e., feet or meters) are supported: XY-Tolerance and Z-Tolerance. GEOPAK compares three consecutive points on the linear feature as depicted in the graphic below.
The heavier weighted line depicts a break line with four vertices. GEOPAK connects the first and third vertices, then measures the distance in a horizontal plane as depicted above. If the distance is greater than the XY Tolerance, then the point is NOT filtered out. If the distance is less than the XY Tolerance, then the Z Tolerance is considered. Point 2 is removed only if the following conditions are all satisfied: Measured Distance (measured horizontally) < XY Tolerance Absolute Value (elevation of 1 - elevation of 2) < Z Tolerance
DAT File Editing Tools 5-7
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Absolute value (elevation of 2 - elevation of 3) < Z Tolerance When the testing on the three vertices (1,2,3) is complete, GEOPAK repeats the process for vertices 2, 3, and 4. Pressing the Process button commences the procedure. complete, the Filter Statistics are displayed in the dialog. When
5.6 Z Range Clip

Feature / Function Tool Utilizing the DAT file, remove extraneous or erroneous data based on elevation ranges.
DTM Menu Bar
Edit > Z Range Clip
Another editing feature is Data Z Clip and utilizes the data (*.dat) file. Its function is the filtering of a data file to include (or exclude) data based on elevations. The dialog is depicted below.
The Data File is the original DAT file, either binary or ASCII format, while the New File is the name of the clipped DAT file, which is in binary format. A New File is created in order to maintain the integrity of the original DAT file. In lieu of typing in the file, pressing the Files button invokes the Files dialog, wherein the desired file may be selected. The Clip Z Range group box contains the Z Minimum and Z Maximum fields which identify the elevation range (in master units) of the clipping.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Two Clip options are supported: External and Internal. When the External option is utilized, all data external or outside of the specified range is excluded from the New File. For example, in the dialog above, any spot elevation or vertex on a break line not in the 150 - 250 master unit range would be eliminated. Therefore, a spot elevation of 149.5 or a vertex of a break line at 251.00 would not be included. Note if some vertices of a break line are in the range and some are outside, the entire break line is not eliminated, only the particular vertices which are outside the range. When the Internal option is selected, all data within the specified elevation range is eliminated from the new file, leaving only the data outside the range within the New File.
5.7 Edit Break Lines

Feature / Function Tool Utilizing the DAT file, edit crossing linear features.
DTM Menu Bar
Edit > Crossing Features
Break lines have been utilized in other editing tools, namely, Report Crossing Features and Insert Break Lines. However, another useful tools is the Break Line Editor. The Break Line editor locates intersecting break lines, dynamically displays both graphic and coordinate data, then prompts the user for corrective action. Note the Duplicate Points tool should be utilized prior to the Break Line editor. If this is not done and GEOPAK encounters duplicate points, the Alert message depicted below is displayed.
5-9
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Pressing No closes the dialog, while pressing Yes opens the duplicate Points editor. The Break Line Editor dialog is depicted below.
Before any processing occurs, select Preferences > Tolerances to invoke the dialog depicted below.
Activate the toggle and key in the value of the desired Auto Average Tolerance. The Break Line Editor dialog has a keyin field for the DAT (not TIN) file name. In lieu of typing, pressing the Files button invokes the Files dialog, wherein the desired file may be selected. In the lower left corner, the user specifies the view where errors are displayed in the Dynamic Close-up View. If the specified view is not active when the first error is encountered, GEOPAK opens the view. In the center of the dialog, a group box for Line 1 and Line 2 are displayed.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Separate element symbology fields are supported, where the user can specify the desired weight, color, and style for each element. As corrective action and error display is based on these parameters, unique symbology should be selected for each line. Display fields for coordinates, and type of feature (i.e., contour or break line) are provided. The Corrective Action group box is located on the far right side of the dialog. Upon pressing the Process button in the Break Line Editor dialog, GEOPAK scans the DAT file and locates intersecting break lines or contours. At the intersection, the elevations of the two elements is computed and compared. If the elevation difference at the intersection of the two elements is less than the specified tolerance, the two are averaged, and the average is utilized for the model. If the elevation difference is greater than the tolerance, it flags the intersection as an error and the processing stops, waiting for user input for corrective action. If errors are encountered, the elevations of the intersection are displayed in the dialog, while the graphic intersection is displayed in the Dynamic Close Up View. The graphics below depict both the dialog and corresponding view of a problem area.
Note the information displayed at the bottom of the dialog. It includes the number of Intersections in the DAT file, how many GEOPAK
DAT File Editing Tools 5-11
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Fixed (i.e., either by averaging if the elevation difference was less than the tolerance or user corrective action), how many have been Skipped and the number Remaining. The option to Skip (ignore a particular intersection with no corrective action being taken) is located in the bottom of the Corrective Action group box. Abort discontinues the processing, while Apply commences the corrective action selected. The Corrective Action options are depicted in the exploded view below.
The first option, Average, requires no additional user input. The elevations of the two elements at the point of intersection are averaged, then both elements are changed to the computed elevation when the Apply button is pressed. A sample dialog is depicted below.
The second option, Remove Break Line, requires the identification of which line is to be removed. The Corrective Action group box presents the two options based on color. Activate the toggle to the left of the desired color of the break line to be removed, then press the Apply button. A sample dialog is depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The third option, Conform, requires the identification of which line is to be changed to conform to the other. The Corrective Action group box presents the two options based on color. Activate the toggle to the left of the desired conformity, then press the Apply button. A sample dialog is depicted below.
The last option, Define Elevation, requires the user to input the desired elevation of the intersection point as depicted in the graphic below. Key in the Elevation at Inter, then press the Apply button.
5-13
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The Save button to the right of the Process button may be utilized at any time after processing commences and saves the corrective action to the DTM Data file. If the Abort button is selected or the dialog is closed prior to activating the Save button, all changes made via corrective action are lost. Pressing the Save As button saves the corrective action to a new file specified by the user.
5.8 Edit Duplicate Points

Feature / Function Tool Utilizing the DAT file, edit duplicate points.
DTM Menu Bar
Edit > Duplicate Points
Another useful editing tool is Edit Duplicate Points. are defined as two or more points with identical X, corresponding Z values may or may not be identical. Report Duplicate Points, which only provides a Duplicate Points provides interactive editing.
Duplicate points Y values. Their In contrast to the report, the Edit
Note: The Edit Duplicate Points tool should be utilized prior to the Break Line editor. The dialog is depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Similar to the Break Line Editor, the Duplicate Point Editor utilizes the DTM Data File, whose name may be typed in. In lieu of typing, pressing the Files button invokes the File Manager dialog, wherein the desired file may be selected. To begin the procedure, press the Process button. GEOPAK scans the file, stopping at duplicate points as depicted in the graphic below. Note that the duplicate points must have different elevations in order to stop. Excess points with identical elevations are ignored during the build triangle procedure.
The list box on the left side of the dialog lists the type of feature (i.e., break, spot, etc.) and associated elevations. The X and Y coordinates are displayed directly above the list box, while the Average and the Median are displayed directly below. The right side of the dialog has Corrective Action options: Average or Set. Activate the desired toggle, key in the desired elevation if the Set option is utilized, then press the Apply button to commence corrective action. The specified elevation is assigned to the displayed X, Y location. To utilize the Average option, simply activate the toggle, then press the Apply button. The Average displayed at the bottom of the dialog is assigned to the displayed X, Y value. The Skip button ignores the current duplication, and continues scanning with no corrective action taken.
5-15
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The Abort button discontinues all processing and closes the dialog. The Save button may be utilized at any time after processing commences and saves the corrective action to the DTM Data file. If the Abort button is selected or the dialog is closed prior to activating the Save button, all changes made via corrective action are lost.
PART I_______________________________________________________________CHAPTER 6
Triangulation
6.1 Overview
The triangulated model is the core of the DTM process. All subsequent merged models, lattice models and calculations are derived from this core triangulated model. The GEOPAK triangulated model is created using state-of-the-art algorithms. Therefore, processing time is minimal. The presence of state-of-the-art algorithms will be apparent the first time you see the triangulated model display on the screen. Triangles appear from left-to-right in an ordered array; not in a randomized manner as is typical with standard Delauney based algorithms. The resulting triangulated model is stored in a binary file which stores the data for the triangulated model in a triangulated topological network format. This means that the interrelationships between individual points and individual triangles are all recorded in the binary file. This efficient binary database format permits rapid extrapolation of cross sections and other information derived from the triangulated model. The triangulated model is generated from binary or ASCII input (DAT) files created by the following methods: DTM Extract utility Survey Project Manager Cross Section Reports within GEOPAK Road (DTM Input and DTM 3 Proposed) Collected in the raw ASCII DAT format The binary format facilitates processing since the point and/or break line data can be read much faster from a binary file than from an ASCII file. However, other than reduced loading time, there are no functional differences between the ASCII and binary files.
Triangulation 6-1
GEOPAK_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.2 Building the Triangulated Model

Feature / Function Tool Create a triangulated model.
DTM Menu Bar
Build > Triangles
The Build Triangles dialog, which creates a binary file containing the triangulated model, is depicted below.
Data File
Name of the input (e.g., site.dat) file. In lieu of typing, pressing the Files button invokes the Data File dialog, wherein the desired file may be selected. You need not necessarily type the extension. A DAT extension is assumed for the input data file. File where the triangulated model is stored in binary format. A TIN extension is assumed for the binary file containing the triangulated model if no extension is typed. At the completion of a triangulation process, the external edge of the triangulated model is convex. Many of the external edge triangles are thin and narrow and not representative of the surface. This is particularly evident where the edge of the data set is concave in nature. One approach to eliminate these triangles is the use of the Dissolve Option applied during the Build Triangles phase. None - No external triangles are dissolved. Sliver - Long, thin triangles are dissolved based on a formula hard
TIN File
Dissolve Options: None Sliver Side
______________________________________________________________GEOPAK
coded within the software. There are no user defined parameters. Side: External triangles whose external edge is longer in length than a user specified distance are dissolved. Note the side option does not apply to internal triangles, only those on the edge of the model. Process Commences the triangulation procedure. Note during this process, no elements are drawn or displayed on the screen.
After a model has been generated, it can be utilized within a wide variety of GEOPAK tools. These include drawing contours, volume calculations, thematic analyses, and drainage applications. A post-triangulation, interactive editing tool (TIN Edit) can be utilized to delete unwanted external triangles. In addition, it can be utilized to add break lines, move vertices, add or delete triangles, until you have obtained the desired model. Another post-triangulation method is the Build Clip tool, which generates an additional TIN file internal to a specified polygon.
6.3 Triangle Statistics

Feature / Function Tool Review the statistics of the specified TIN model.
DTM Menu Bar
Reports > Triangle Statistics The Triangle Statistics tool displays the coordinate ranges of data points in a triangulation model as well as the total number of points, lines, triangles, along with a plethera of other information about the model. When invoked, the dialog depicted below is displayed. Simply type the name of the triangulation file (if not supplied, a "TIN" extension is assumed) and specifiy the number of Decimal Points used for display within the dialog. Then press the Process button. In lieu of typing the TIN File name, pressing the Files button invokes the TIN File dialog, wherein the desired TIN file may be selected. Triangle statistics for the triangulation model are displayed on the Triangle Statistics dialog as shown below.
Triangulation 6-3
GEOPAK_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Part I_____________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 7
Display and Draw Features

7.1 Overview
Feature / Function Tool Display or draw DTM features, such as contours, triangles, lattices, voids, islands, etc.
DTM Menu Bar
Load > DTM Feature
GEOPAK supports a wide variety of options to provide the user with maximum flexibility when drawing and displaying DTM Features, all within a single dialog. The source data can be the DAT file, TIN file or Lattice file. Features can be display only or drawn into the MicroStation file. Features for part of a model can be displayed or drawn by the placement of a MicroStation fence prior to processing. Different DTM Features can be loaded, then displayed or drawn, depending on the type of source file. As the file is selected, the DTM Features automatically change to reflect the selection. The table below illustrates which DTM Features are supported for each file type. DTM Feature Spots Break Lines Extd. Contour Lines (inplace contours if extracted) Voids Islands Holes Boundary DATA X X X X X X X TIN X X X X X X LAT X
7-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Triangles Hull (outer border of the triangulated model ) Vertical Edges Contours (based on model, not extracted data) Lattice Lattice X Lines Lattice Y Lines X X X X X X X X X
7.2 Setting Element and Text Symbology

One major feature of drawing DTM features is setting element and text symbology to user-defined specifications. For ease of use, all Load DTM Features utilize identical dialogs to define both text and element symbology and are detailed in the table below. Element Symbology By double clicking on the sample element graphic, the dialog depicted below is displayed.
By double clicking on the sample text graphic, the dialog depicted below is displayed.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Within these dialogs, all text and element symbology options are supported. Simply set the desired values, then press the OK button to automatically close the dialog and return to the main dialog. Pressing the Cancel button closes the dialog with no changes occurring. The dialog can also be invoked by right mouse clicking on the sample graphic.
In addition, the element symbology can be set By Current. When selected, the active symbology parameters are utilized to set the feature. When the By Element option is selected, the user is prompted to select any MicroStation element, which is then highlighted and its symbology is populated within the dialog. Copy and Paste options are also supported. For example, if we want to use the same symbology for two items, simply place the cursor over the first element symbology, then right mouse click and select Copy. Note the Paste option is ghosted. Next, select the element symbology of the second item, right mouse click and select Paste. The symbology copied from the first item is now pasted into the second item symbology.
As all text and element symbology is defined using these dialogs, the documentation is not repeated for each option within the Load DTM Features documentation.
Display and Draw Features 7-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________ 7.3 Load DTM Features Dialog

One sample Load DTM Feature dialog is depicted below.
The table below discusses the general aspects of the dialog. Load File: Data TIN Lattice Data File Name TIN File Name Lattice File Name Various types of DTM Features can be displayed or drawn, dependent on the type of source file. As this is changed, both the DTM Feature options and the Load File options are dynamically changed to reflect the current selection. This setting is determined by the selected Load File option. If the Load File option is set to Data, then Data File Name is displayed. If the Load File option is set to TIN, then TIN File Name is displayed. If the Load File option is set to LAT, then LAT File Name is displayed. This file is used as the source for the data to be drawn or displayed. In lieu of typing in the File Name, pressing the Files button invokes the Files dialog, wherein the desired (optional) path and file name may be selected. Features for an entire model can be drawn utilizing the Extent option, while partial model features can be accomplished by the Fence option. Regardless of the MicroStation Fence option selected, the overlap method will be utilized. When utilizing the Fence option, a MicroStation fence must be placed prior to pressing the Load button. The View option draws only features within the current MicroStation view.
Load: Extent For Fence For View
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Display Only When this toggle is activated, elements are not drawn into the MicroStation file and disappear when an update or view control command is issued. When not activated, elements are drawn into the file at the specified element symbology. When activated, all elements placed within a single processing (each pressing of the Load button) are placed into a graphic group for easy manipulation and / or deletion. As each Load File option is selected, the list box changes dynamically to display supported features. Each feature has element symbology options (Level, Color, Weight, and Style) and a display mode (on/off). As each feature is highlighted, its element symbology is displayed directly below the list box. Note the toggle to the right of the element symbology indicates whether the display is on (toggle is on) or off (not toggled.) For example, when Triangles is selected, the dialog is displayed as depicted below.
Graphic Group
DTM Feature Symbology List Box
The symbology can be changed by editing the fields below the list box. If the feature requires text (i.e., spots) the dialog dynamically changes as depicted below when the feature is highlighted.
7-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The bright light bulb (top) activates the display for all features, regardless of their current display status. The darkened bulb (second button) deactivates the display for all features, regardless of their current display status. The bottom two light bulbs activate and deactivate the selected feature. Double clicking on any feature places the associated data directly below the list box AND changes the display parameters from its current status. Note the toggle to the right of the element symbology indicates whether the display is on (check mark displayed) or off (no check mark). Load Commences the drawing or displaying of DTM Features.
7.3.1 Defining Contour Symbology

Contours can be drawn from either the triangulation or lattice models. From either model, you may differentiate between major and minor contour intervals. In addition, contours may be drawn with or without elevation labels. Other optional features include contour registration, (the ability to define a minimum and maximum elevation range about which contours are to be drawn), the option of drawing contours within a user-defined area via the MicroStation fence commands, and drawing contours as a MicroStation graphic group. The Contour Symbology is invoked when Contours are highlighted in the list as depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Major Interval Minor Interval
Major contour intervals should be even increments of minor contour intervals. For example, a minor contour interval of 2 and a major contour interval of 10 would be reasonable. Every fifth contour element would reflect the level, symbology and text attributes defined for major contours. Conversely, a minor contour interval of 2 and a major contour interval of 5 would not be reasonable since 5 is not an even increment of 2. Contour placements are dictated by the major and minor intervals. These placements can be offset by the value typed into the Registration keyin field. The elevations at which contours are drawn equals the Minor Interval plus the Registration value. For example, a Minor Contour Interval of 10 and a Registration value of 0.0 will result in contours drawn at elevations 10, 20, 30, etc. However, a Minor Contour Interval of 10 and a Registration value of 0.5 will result in contours drawn at elevations 10.5, 20.5, 30.5, etc. Contours may be constrained to a single elevation, or specific elevation ranges via the Minimum Z and Maximum Z keyin fields. For example, if the elevations in the DTM model ranges from 45.0 to 135.0 and the Minimum Z is set to 70 and the Maximum Z is set to 100, then only contours between 70 and 100 are drawn. However, by pressing the Read push button to the right of the Maximum Z keyin field, GEOPAK scans the specified Lattice or TIN file, determines the
Registration
Range or Single Minimum Z Maximum Z Read
7-7
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
minimum and maximum elevation and populates the keyin fields. Another option is a single elevation. When selected, a keyin field is visible to key in the desired elevation. Only contours of the specified elevation are drawn. Smooth Contours: None Three Point B Spline First, contours are first drawn across the plane of the triangles. All smoothing is done afterwards. When None is utilized, no smoothing of contours is done. The Three Point Smoothing algorithm replaces each contour vertex with a curve that is tangent to the preceding and following contour segments. The curve starts and finishes at tangent points that are equal distances on both sides of the contour vertex. The distance is hard coded to one third of the minimum of the length of the preceding or following contour segment. Three curve points are then calculated between the two tangent points. The B Spline smoothing places a smoothing cubic B-spline through the contour vertices. The smoothing cubic B-spline ensures that the smoothed contour passes through the tin points and break lines. Contour lines stored in the Tin are smoothed between consecutive vertices. The smoothing parameters for the B-spline are hard coded and can not be altered by the user. To achieve the smoothing effect, five additional vertices are calculated on the B-Spline between the vertices of the unsmoothed contour. The smoothed contours are post checked for crossing contours. The post checking accounts for most of the computational time for the B-spline algorithm. Note the B-Spline produces the best-looking contours and can be utilized for final plans production, however, the B-Spline is also the slowest method and should be used with caution during the design procedure.
Note that no element symbology has been defined. accomplished within the Major / Minor Lines symbology.
That is
7.3.2 Defining Contour Lines Symbology

When Major Lines or Minor Lines are highlighted, the dialog changes to reflect the selection as depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Only the symbology for the actual contour is identified within this dialog. The label is a separate sub-feature.
7.3.3 Defining Contour Label Symbology

When the Major or Minor Label sub-features are selected, the dialog changes as depicted below. Note that drawing of labels is independent of the contour lines. In addition, the user can specify major labels, minor labels, or both.
7-9
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Decimal Points
Care should be given to the selection of decimal places in terms of the major and minor intervals. For example, if the minor Interval is set to 0.5, yet the decimal places is set to 0, the software will round off the contour labels. Conversely, if the Major Interval is 5, while the Minor Interval is 1, utilization of decimal points greater than zero (e.g. one) would produce labels such as 5.0, 10.0, etc. making the label longer than necessary. Defines the distance between contour elevation labels measured along the longitudinal length of the contour.
Distance Between Labels
7.3.4 File Options

The upper left corner of the dialog has the standard File options including: Open - select a previously stored set of DTM feature settings. Save - saves the current DTM features as default, however, no file is created. They are displayed in subsequent sessions, but cannot be retrieved with the Open command. Save As - saves the current DTM feature settings to an LDF file (default) for retrieval in a subsequent session or by other users. To select the file in future sessions, utilize the File > Open option. Once a file is saved, it is added to the bottom of the File pulldown menu.
7.4 DTM Feature Examples

The following are examples of the wide variety of DTM Features in various views. Note that the examples are not all inclusive.
7.4.1 Hull and Triangles

The image below depicts the triangulated model (in isometric view) as well as the corresponding hull. The hull is displayed bold for clarification.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
7-11
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
7.4.2 Contours
Contours can be derived from the TIN or lattice grid mesh. The resulting contours are shown below.
PART I __________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 8
TIN Editing Tools

8.1 Overview
Feature / Function Tool Dynamic editing of a TIN model.
DTM Menu Bar
Edit > Triangles
A myriad of tools to interactively edit TIN models are located in the TIN Edit Tools dialog as depicted below. The triangulated model can be dynamically edited in terms of adding, deleting or moving spot elevations. Break lines can be added or draped. As editing is initiated, resultant triangles, contours, flow arrows, and voids are optionally displayed on the fly.
The list box on the left side of the dialog contains the editing options. As each tool is selected, the right part of the dialog dynamically
TIN Editing Tools
8-1
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
changes to reflect the current tool. Below the list box, the TIN Update group box has two buttons: Undo To Last Save - deletes all displayed changes back to the last time the binary TIN file was saved. Save - the displayed changes are not incorporated into the specified binary TIN file until the Save button is selected. This need not be done after each process, but can be accomplished after all the desired changes are made or at any time during the processing. Note if the dialog is closed or the main DTM dialog is closed without saving, the changes will not be reflected in the TIN file. Before editing can commence, the TIN file to be edited and its display parameters must be defined. This is accomplished by selecting Preference > Display from the upper left corner of the dialog, invoking the Display Settings dialog depicted below.
The TIN File can be manually entered, or pressing the File button invokes the File Manager, wherein the desired file may be selected. All displays are placed in the view selected by the Edit View mode in the upper right corner. The dialog contains the various display options and associated element symbology. If a particular feature is desired, simply activate the toggle to the left of the feature. Any number of features may be active simultaneously. After activating a feature, set the element symbology to the right of the feature: Color, Weight, and Style. Note that no level is required as the elements are only displayed, not written in the MicroStation file. When contours are
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
activated, fields are provided for Major and Minor Intervals, in addition to different element symbologies. Extd. (Extracted) Contours are inplace contours utilized to create the DTM, usually digitized. If activated, they are drawn at the same elevation as those used for extraction. Therfore, there are no major or minor intervals. Flow lines are arrows drawn (at the specified Flow Arrow Size) within each triangle indicating direction of water flow. When the display settings are complete, pressing the OK button automatically closes the dialog and returns to the Tin Edit Tools dialog. In addition, the selected Edit View is updated to display the specified features within the view. Note if the Edit View is not within the hull of the TIN, no features are displayed. If this occurs, draw the hull via the Load Hull tool with Display On deactivated. Adjust the window utilizing MicroStation fit or view commands to be within the hull. A small area or large part of the TIN area may be displayed, however, for editing purposes, closer views are desirable. At any time during the edit session, the display parameters may be changed by selecting Preference > Display, with the screen updating when the Display Settings dialog is closed. The example below displays triangles, contours, and flow arrows. Utilizing this example, let's review each editing tool.
TIN Editing Tools
8-3
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.2 Add Vertex

The Add Vertex tool is utilized to add additional spot elevations either internal or external to an existing model. When selected, the dialog depicted below is displayed.
The user has the option of keying in the desired values in the X, Y, and Z fields or interactive editing by pressing the DP push button. Once the DP button has been pressed, moving the cursor over the screen will display the cursor coordinates in the dialog. The X and Y values are the true coordinates of the cursor, while the Z value is the elevation of the specified TIN at the cursors X, Y value. GEOPAK will also display the triangles on the fly, i.e. as the cursor is moved, the generated triangles are adjusted as depicted in the graphic below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
A second data point on the screen discontinues the dynamics. If desired, the Z value in the dialog may be changed to a different elevation. Pressing the Add button temporarily adds the point into the specified TIN file. Note that a point may be added inside a previously defined Void. In this case, the software will delete the void and draw in triangles, as seen in the graphic below. The void now has a point added in the upper area, with triangles radiating from the added point to the edge of the void.
TIN Editing Tools
8-5
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.3 Delete Vertex

Another option is Delete Vertex. When selected, the dialog dynamically changes as depicted below. Note that two options are supported for editing: Re-Triangulate or Create Void.
The Re-Triangulate option deletes the specified point, then retriangulates the model without it. As depicted in the graphic below, when the ID Vertex button is pressed and the specified point is identified on the screen with a data point, the affected vertex, triangle sides, and all associated display elements (i.e., contours, flow arrows, etc.) are highlighted.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
When a second data point is placed within the hull, the vertex is deleted and all associated elements are dynamically updated as depicted in the graphic below.
The Create Void option identifies the triangle(s) which contains the desired point to be deleted and removes the triangle(s) to create a void area. The dialog is depicted below.
When the ID Vertex button is pressed and the candidate deletion point is identified by a data point, the affected vertices, triangle sides, and display elements are highlighted as depicted in the graphic below. In addition, the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the point are displayed in the dialog.
TIN Editing Tools
8-7
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
When a second data point is placed anywhere on the screen, the vertex is deleted, a void is created, and all associated elements are dynamically updated as depicted in the graphic below.
Also note that if the Utility > Triangle Statistics command is utilized after the Save button is pressed, the Number of Voids has been adjusted to accurately reflect the number of voids in the model.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK 8.4 Move Vertex XY

Another option is Move Vertex XY. dynamically changes as depicted below. When selected, the dialog
The ID Vertex button is selected, and the point to be moved is identified by a data point on the screen. The affected vertex, triangle sides, and display elements are highlighted as depicted in the graphic below, while the X, Y, and Z values of the vertex are displayed in the dialog.
When a second data point is placed anywhere on the screen, the vertex is attached to the cursor. Any movement of the cursor dynamically moves all highlighted elements as depicted in two examples below. In
TIN Editing Tools
8-9
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
addition the X, Y coordinates on the dialog dynamically change, however the Z value remains fixed at the value of the original selected data point.
A final data point discontinues the dynamics, and adds the revised vertex into the TIN file.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK 8.5 Move Vertex Z

Another option is Move Vertex Z. When selected, the dialog dynamically changes as depicted below.
The ID Vertex button is selected, and the vertex whose elevation is to be moved is identified by a data point on the screen. The affected vertex, triangle sides, and display elements are highlighted as depicted in the graphic below.
Key in the desired Elevation, then place a second data point anywhere on the screen. The vertex is moved to the specified elevation and all associated elements are dynamically updated on the
TIN Editing Tools
8-11
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
screen as depicted in the graphic below. Note the X, Y coordinates of the vertex do not change.
8.6 Polygon Move Z

Another option is Polygon Move Z. In this option, all vertices within the specified polygon will be raised (or lowered), then the entire model is re-triangulated. When selected, the dialog dynamically changes as depicted below.
Two options are supported to specify the value of the change in elevation: Drape or Elevation. In Drape, either positive or negative values (in master units) dictate the amount GEOPAK moves
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
the polygon above or below the model. In the other option, Elevation, GEOPAK moves the appropriate vertices and optionally, the polygon, to the specified elevation. Note, the toggle next to the desired option must be activated. If the polygon has been placed prior to selecting the Polygon Move Z option, then the Select option should be utilized. If the Place button is pressed, the software prompts for drawing the polygon as part of the Move procedure. To commence the procedure, press the Apply button. Note that the entire polygon must be completely external or completely internal to utilize this process. In addition, due the precision of the LAT/TIN files vs. the precision of the graphics file, utilizing the TIN hull as the polygon is not supported. Four options are supported for handling the polygon as depicted in the exploded view below.
An example of each option illustrates the difference. All four options will be utilized with the original model and polygon depicted below. Note, the Drape value is +5 in all cases.
TIN Editing Tools
8-13
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8.6.1 Do Not Insert Polygon

With this option, the elevations of all vertices within the polygon are moved by the amount specified in the Drape or Elevation field, however, the polygon is not utilized for any other purpose, i.e., break line. The resultant model is depicted below. Note that the contour lines have shifted throughout the polygon.
8.6.2 Insert Polygon

With this option, the elevations of all vertices within the polygon are moved by the amount specified in the Drape or Elevation field. In addition, the polygon is utilized as a break line. Therefore, care must be taken in the placement of the polygon in respect to its z value(s) for correct elevation placement. The Drape or Elevation value is utilized only for vertices within the polygon. The resultant model is depicted below. Note the change in contours within the polygon.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
8.6.3 Insert Polygon Delete Points

With this option, all vertices within the polygon are deleted and the polygon is utilized as a break line. Therefore, care must be taken in the placement of the polygon in respect to its z value(s) for correct elevation placement. The resultant model is depicted below. Note that all vertices within the polygon are absent, and all triangles internal to the polygon have vertices on the polygon, as it is the closest break line. In addition, the triangles, contours, and flow arrows adjacent to the polygon have changed drastically, based on the elevations of the break line.
8.6.4 Insert Polygon Create Void

With this option, the elevations of all vertices within the polygon are removed as the polygon is utilized as the hull of a void. In addition, the polygon is utilized as a break line. The resultant model is depicted below. Note the absence of triangles within the polygon, as it is now a
TIN Editing Tools 8-15
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
void. In addition, the triangles, contours, and flow arrows adjacent to the polygon have changed based on the elevations of the break line.
8.6.5 Delete Line

Another option is Delete Line. When selected, the dialog dynamically changes as depicted below.
The procedure is simple, just press the ID Line button, then select the triangle side to be deleted. The selected side and all affected elements highlight as depicted in the graphic below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
A second data point will delete the line leaving a void in the model. In the graphic below (with the Display Void toggle in the Display Parameters activated), the line is deleted and a void is inserted.
8.6.6 Swap Line

Another option is Swap Line, which changes the common side of two triangles. When selected, the dialog dynamically changes as depicted below.
TIN Editing Tools
8-17
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Simply press the ID Line button, then identify the line to be swapped. The line, affected contours, and flow arrows are highlighted as depicted in the graphic below.
A subsequent data point completes the procedure, whose results can be seen in the graphic below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
8.7 Insert Break Line

Another useful editing tool is Insert Break Line, whose dialog is depicted below. In contrast to the Insert Drape Line, the Insert Break Line utilizes the x, y, and z coordinates from the break line element, so it must be placed at the desired X, Y, and Z location.
Two methods of insertion are supported: Place and Select. Select is utilized if the break line has been previously drawn, while Place is used if no prior break line elements have been drawn.
TIN Editing Tools
8-19
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8.7.1 Select Method
If the break line has been drawn into a MicroStation file prior to processing, then utilize the Select option. When the Select button is pressed, GEOPAK prompts to identify and accept a previously drawn element as depicted in the graphic below.
Note there is no dynamic action occurring on the screen. Once the break line has been identified, pressing the Insert button commences the process. The result of inserting a break line (which is depicted on the screen for reference) is illustrated below. Note the additional triangles along the break line and change in flow arrows and contours reflecting the newly inserted break line elevations.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
8.7.2 Place Method
If the break line has not been drawn, press the Place button, which invokes the dialog depicted below.
The dialog provides a plethora of options to assist the user in the placement of a break line. The first step is the selection of the z value for the first data point. Three options are supported in the upper left corner of the dialog: Active Elevation - the current elevation of the MicroStation view. Drape - the elevation difference in master units above (positive) or below (negative) the model at the specified x,y location. Elevation - the specified elevation or z value in master units. Choose the desired option by activating the appropriate toggle to the left of the option and when required, key in the desired value. In order to snap to various triangular elements in the model (which are only displayed, hence, cannot be snapped to with generic MicroStation snap locks), three options are supported: Side - With this option, GEOPAK snaps to the closest side of triangle. Vertex - GEOPAK snaps to the closest vertex. None - GEOPAK does not snap to any displayed triangular element. To commence placement, set the desired options, then press the Start button and locate the first data point. Numerous options are supported for the second data point as detailed below:
TIN Editing Tools 8-21
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Active Elevation - The X, Y location is determined by the dynamic movement of the cursor, while the Z coordinate is determined by the active elevation of the MicroStation view. When properly located, pressing a data point will discontinue the dynamics. Drape +/- - The X, Y location is determined by the dynamic movement of the cursor, while the Z coordinate is determined by the elevation of the model (at the X,Y cursor coordinates) plus or minus the drape value. When properly located, pressing a data point will discontinue the dynamics. Elevation - The Z coordinate is determined by the typed in value in the dialog, The change in elevation (Dz) from one endpoint of the break line to the second endpoint and the Length (in master units) are typed into the dialog. Slope - The Slope (specified in terms of percent, foot / foot or meter / meter) is projected to the X, Y location determined by the dynamic movement of the cursor. When properly located, pressing a data point will discontinue the dynamics. Slope and Length - The Slope (specified in terms of percent, foot / foot or meter / meter) is projected by the specified Length. The dynamic movement of the cursor only controls the direction. Dz and Length - The change in elevation (Dz) from one endpoint of the break line to the second endpoint and the Length (in master units) are typed into the dialog. The dynamic movement of the cursor only controls the direction. Dz - The change in elevation (Dz) from one endpoint of the break line to the second endpoint is typed into the dialog, while the X, Y location is determined by the dynamic movement of the cursor. When properly located, pressing a data point will discontinue the dynamics. Pressing the Insert will insert the break line, dynamically changing all affected elements.
8.8 Insert Drape Line

The Insert Drape Line option utilizes the X, Y coordinates of an element placed in the MicroStation file, however the Z value is determined from the TIN model. The dialog is depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
If the drape element has been previously drawn into the MicroStation file, then the Select option should be utilized. When the Select button is pressed, GEOPAK prompts the user to identify and accept the previously drawn element. When the Place option is pressed, the user is prompted to draw the desired drape line. Note that the Z value of the drape line being drawn is inconsequential, as the Z values are determined from the specified TIN model. After the drape line has been identified, press the Insert button to commence the process. In the graphic depicted below, the drape element is drawn for reference onto the original TIN model.
The results of the Insert Drape Line are depicted in the graphic below.
TIN Editing Tools
8-23
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8.9 Delete Triangle

The last editing tool is Delete Triangle. If an external triangle is selected, it is deleted from the model, and the TIN hull is updated accordingly. If an internal triangle is selected, a void will be created in the model. The void will be reflected in subsequent processing of either the Load > Voids command or Utility > Triangle Statistics command. The dialog is depicted below.
Press the ID Triangle button, and identify the desired triangle on the screen, which is highlighted as depicted in the graphic below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
A subsequent data point will delete the triangle and in this case, create a void as the highlighted triangle is internal to the model. The resultant model is depicted below.
Additional adjacent triangles may also be deleted, creating a larger void as depicted in the graphic below.
TIN Editing Tools
8-25
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Part I_____________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 9
Lattice Model
9.1 Overview
A lattice model is a gridded mesh that is draped over triangulated data. The TIN model serves as input to the lattice process. The output of the Build Lattice procedure is a binary lattice file.
9.2 Build Lattice Dialog

Feature / Function Tool Utilizing a TIN model to create a lattice model.
DTM Menu Bar
Build > Lattice
When invoked, the Build Lattice dialog is displayed as depicted below.
Lattice Model
9-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
At the top of the dialog, the TIN File and LAT File names must be specified. In lieu of typing, the desired file may be selected by pressing the Files button. Two Interpolation options are supported: Planar and Polynomial. The Polynomial method represents the fifth order partial derivatives of the triangulated data. It should be used only when the data is natural ground, rather than abrupt changes of slope found in roadways, ditches, etc. where Planar should be utilized. Four lattice options dictate the extent of the lattice model as well as the density of individual lattice points, as displayed in the exploded view below.
9.2.1 Auto Lattice Option

The Auto option generates a lattice over the full extent of the triangulated model. The density of the lattice is dictated by the number of lattice points. For the Auto mode, both the Lattice Intervals as well as the Lattice Window settings are not applicable. Hence, they do not appear on the dialog box.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
With the Auto Lattice option, the distances between individual lattice points will invariably represent non-rounded values. Similarly, lattice grid points will not fall on rounded coordinate locations.
9.2.2 Auto Window Lattice Option

The Auto Window Lattice Option generates a lattice for a user defined window. This permits a lattice model for a portion of the triangulated model. The lattice density is determined by the number of lattice points. Hence, like the Auto Lattice option, the distances between individual lattice points invariably represents non-rounded values and individual lattice grid points do not fall on rounded coordinate locations. The image below represents the Build Lattice dialog for the Auto Window option.
Lattice Model
9-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The image below depicts the 50000 point lattice model for the window range specified in the Lattice Window group box. The full triangulation model is also shown for reference.
9.2.3 Set Lattice Option

Another Lattice Option is Set, which generates a lattice over the full extent of the triangulation. The difference between the Set and
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Auto options is that the user specifies a specific number of lattice points for the Auto option. For the Set mode, however, the density of the lattice is specified by the X and Y Lattice Intervals. Hence, the dialog for the Set option appears as shown below.
On the dialog above, the X and Y Lattice Intervals are set to 30.0. Therefore, the distance between individual lattice points is 30 master units. Furthermore, the coordinate value of lattice points is a number evenly divisible by 30.0. The X Register and Y Register entries on the Build Lattice dialog in conjunction with the X and Y Intervals dictate the coordinate values assigned to individual lattice points. The coordinate values of a lattice point are always a multiple of the X and Y Intervals plus the X and Y Register values. For example, a 30 meter X and Y Interval and a 0.0 X and Y Register would result in coordinates at 30, 60 and 90. Conversely, if the X and Y Registers were changed to 5.0, then the resulting coordinates would be at 35, 65, and 95. The resulting lattice model is shown below. With a 50000 point model, the approximate spacing between lattice points was approximately 10 meters. Therefore, the density of the lattice points for the image depicted below is approximately 67% less as the spacing is30 meters.
Lattice Model
9-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
9.2.4 Set Window Lattice Option

The final lattice generation option is the Set Window option, which generates a lattice for a user nominated window. The density of the lattice is determined by the X and Y Intervals. The lattice dialog for the Set Window option is shown below.
Like the Set option, the X and Y Lattice Intervals for the Set Window equal 30.0. Therefore, the distance between individual lattice points is 30 master units. Furthermore, the coordinate value of lattice points is a number evenly divisible by 30.0. Although not utilized in this example, X and Y Registers are supported and function
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
identically to the Set usage. The resulting lattice is shown below. Again, the triangulation model is also shown for reference purposes.
9.3 Producing the Lattice Model

Once all entries on the Build Lattice dialog have been established, press the Process push button. The process is very quick.
9.4 Lattice Statistics

Feature / Function Tool Generate lattice statistics
DTM Menu Bar
Reports > Lattice Statistics
The Lattice Statistics tool displays the coordinate ranges of data points in a lattice model, the total number of points comprising the model as well as other statistics such as the distance between lattice points. The dialog is depicted below. Simply type the name of the lattice file (if not supplied, a "LAT" extension is assumed) and press the Process push button. Lattice statistics are then displayed. The Lattice Statistics dialog below corresponds to the lattice that was built for the Auto mode with a No. Lattice Points setting equal to 50000 points. Take note of the non-rounded X and Y Intervals.
Lattice Model 9-7
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
By contrast, the Lattice Statistics dialog below corresponds to the lattice that was built for the Set mode with an X and Y Intervals of 5.0. For this model, the number of lattice points is reduced. However, the X and Y Intervals are rounded to 5. The Interpolation Mode during the Build Lattice procedure was set to Polynomial, which is displayed in the statistics report.
Part I___________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 10
Other Build Tools

10.1 Overview
Several Build options are supported including merging TINs, clipping TINs, building delta surfaces and building pads. All options create new models, leaving the integrity of the original model intact.
10.2 Merging Triangulated Models

Feature / Function Tool Merging two TIN models to produce a third TIN model.
DTM Menu Bar
Build > Merge TINs Any two triangulated models can be merged together as long as one model overlaps the other triangulated model in at least one point. As can be seen on the Merge TINs dialog below, input requirements are quite simple.
The Old TIN is the triangulated model into which the Mrg TIN will be merged. The name of the new, merged model created by this process is defined in the New TIN field. In lieu of typing in the file names, pressing the Files button will invoke the File Manager, wherein the desired TIN file may be selected. The order of the TIN file names is significant. The hull of the Mrg TIN is "cut" into the Old TIN, and the data within the Mrg TIN supersedes the data from the Old TIN. In the graphic below, the hull of two TIN files (old and mrg) are drawn.
Other Build Tools
10-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The heavier weight hull is old.tin, the original TIN, while mrg.tin is the TIN to be merged. In the shaded area (which both TINs have in common), the data from mrg.tin is utilized, and retriangulated around the common edges. The data within the shaded area from the original TIN, old.tin is discarded. The hull of the new, merged TIN is depicted below.
Once the three triangulated models have been identified on the Build Merge dialog, press the Process push button. The area of overlap between the two triangulation files is replaced with the merged triangulation. This model can then be displayed, contoured, used as a basis for developing a lattice model, etc.
10.2.1 Implied Voids

When merging models, the user should be aware of "implied voids." These occur in areas where the two models to be merged have a common side which is not exactly coincidental, as depicted in the graphic below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
When the models are merged, there may be small areas where neither model has data, therefore, an implied void would be created. A Minimum Area and an Area to Perimeter ratio for implied voids are hard-coded into the Merge tool. The Minimum Area for an implied void is five master units. The Minimum Area/Perimeter ratio is set to one. Therefore, if the implied void has an area greater than the Minimum Area, a void is placed in the merged model. If the area is smaller, the area is interpolated from surrounding data and no void is included in the merged model. If the Area to Perimeter ratio for a triangle within the implied void area is larger than one, then a void is included in the merged model. If the ratio is smaller, the area is triangulated in the merged model.
10.3 Clipping Models

Feature / Function Tool Clipping a TIN model to produce a unique TIN model, which is a subset of the original model.
DTM Menu Bar
Build > Clip TIN
As can be seen on the Clip TIN dialog below, input requirements are quite simple.
Other Build Tools
10-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The TIN is the original triangulated model, while Create Tin is the clipped model. In lieu of typing in the file names, pressing the Files button will invoke the File Manager, wherein the desired TIN file may be selected. Two methods of clipping are supported, as depicted in the exploded view below: Internal and External.
The first graphic below depicts the original TIN, site.tin, with its associated hull. In the middle of the model, a polygon has been placed, denoted with heavy black lines.
When the Clip mode is set to Internal, the graphic below depicts the resultant clip.tin.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
When the Clip mode is set to External, the graphic below depicts the resultant clip.tin.
Within the Clip Polygon Selection group box, two options are supported: Place or Select. If Place is pressed, interactively draw a polygon representing the extent of the clipping. In top view, define a number of data points constituting the outline of the polygon. The polygon is then closed by selecting placing a data point inside the display circle at the point of origin. If Select was pressed, identify and accept the previously placed MicroStation shape or complex shape element defining the boundary of the clipping. Press the Process push button to generate the clipped model. The clipped model can be utilized as any triangulated model and can be edited or merged. All Build processes can also be performed on the clipped model.
Other Build Tools
10-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________ 10.4 Build Pad

Feature / Function Tool Defines a pad (such as a building slab) and integrates the pad into the existing terrain with a variety of slope options.
DTM Menu Bar
Build > Pad
GEOPAK supports the build pad tool, which considers a pad of any shape or orientation and draws fixed or variable slopes from the pad to the existing terrain. This chapter will address how user defined polygons (pads) can be integrated into a triangulated model. The procedure considers an input triangulation model, a pad and cut/fill slope factors. The relationship between the input triangulation model and the pad is calculated and a new side slope (TIN) model is created consisting of the pad surface as well as triangles connecting the edges of the pad. Optionally, this TIN can be merged with the original triangulation model. Considerable flexibility is afforded in how the pad polygon is defined. The elevations of pad vertices can be constant or can vary. Different slope factors can be defined for cut and fill. The option to utilize stroking factors is also supported. The integration of the pad into the original triangulation model is governed by the Build Pad dialog, illustrated below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The dialog is divided into five sections: TIN File Definitions Side Slope Parameters Side slope Symbology Element Selection Process The dialog may be populated in any order, as long as it is complete before pressing the Process button, which commences the procedure. The fields are detailed in the table below.
Ground TIN Side Slope TIN
Name of TIN to which side slopes are drawn. Name of the Tin containing the side slopes (created during this procedure).
Other Build Tools
10-7
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Side Slope Parameters
Side Slope From: Element Pad Side Slope Direction: External Internal External & Internal
Where the side slopes originate from: Pad - closed shape or polygon. Element - A non-closing string. The Side Slope Direction has different settings based on the Side Slope From option. When Pad is the option, three Directions are supported: External - Cuts Side Slopes external to the Pad boundary. Internal Cuts Side Slopes internal to the Pad boundary.
Right Left Right & Left
External & Internal Cuts Side Slopes on both sides of the Pad boundary. When Element is the option, three Directions are supported: Right Cuts Side Slopes to the right side of the Element. Left Cuts Side Slopes to the left side of the Element. Right/Left Cuts Side Slopes to both Sides of the Element.
Side Slope Method: Radial Planar
Radial - Sends out radials normal to the Pad or Element edge at the user requested slope. Planar Sends out radials normal to the Pad or Element edge, but adjusts the slope of the radial onto a plane at the user requested slope. For level Pads or Elements, the Radial and Planar methods produce identical results. For non-level Pads or Elements, the Radial and Planar Methods produce different results. With the planar method, the side slopes are
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
placed as planes at the user requested slope. Cut: Slope run:rise Slope rise:run Slope Percent Slope Unit / Unit Fill: Slope run:rise Slope rise:run Slope Percent Slope Unit / Unit Use Elevation Represents the slope applied to cut sections using one of the four methods.
Represents the slope applied to fill sections using one of the four methods.
When activated, the pad is placed at a constant height, specified in the Use Elevation key-in field. If not active, the elevation values are taken from the placed or selected pad and the key-in field is ghosted. Toggle on to stroke the Pad or Element boundary. As MicroStation does the stroking, when the state of this toggle is changed, any existing Pad or Element boundary will have to be replaced or reselected. For a detailed discussion of stroking, refer to the online documentation under stroking options. Rounded Adjusts the slope of Radials around corners of a Pad or Element to give a rounding of slopes from one Pad or Element edge to the next. Straight - Adjusts the slope of Radials around corners of the Pad or Element so that the two side slopes from one Pad or Element edge to the next intersect as two planes.
Stroke Linear Tolerance Curve Tolerance
Corners: Rounded Straight
Corner Tolerance
Tolerance for including additional radials at convex corners around the Pad or Element Boundary. The tolerance is specified in ground units and specifies an approximate linear distance between the slope toes of consecutive corner radials. When activated, the resultant Side Slope TIN is merged into the existing Ground TIN. In addition, the Ground TIN will be changed to the Side Slope Tin after the merge. This enables additional Pad or Element boundaries to be processed, taking into account any previous side slopes that have been processed.
Merge Ground TIN with Side Slope TIN
Side Slope Symbology
Other Build Tools
10-9
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
This group box contains the parameters for optionally drawing the side slopes. Level, Color, Weight, Style Load Side Slopes Element symbology utilized to draw the sides slopes. Simply set each option to the desired parameter. If you want the side slopes drawn into the MicroStation file, activate the Load Side Slopes toggle. If not active, the slopes are not drawn, however, the Side Slope TIN is still created. If the Load Side Slope toggle is active, the cut and fill side slopes appear similar to the illustration below.
Display Only
When active, the side slope elements are not drawn into the design file, but are display only. Therefore, they disappear when the screen is refreshed or a view control command is executed. Two options are supported for selecting the Pad within this group box.
Element Selection
Place
The Place method is appropriate if the pad has not been drawn into the design file. Press the Place button, then draw the border of the pad into the top view. Note the elevation of the pad is affected by the Use Elevation setting. If the toggle is not active, the Z value of the placed elements is utilized. If the toggle is active, the constant height as determined by the value in the Use Elevation field is utilized. If the pad has already been drawn into the design file, the Select method is appropriate. Press the Select button, then identify and accept the desired element or pad. Note the elevation of the pad is affected by the Use Elevation setting. If the toggle is not active, the Z value of the selected element is utilized. If the toggle is active, the constant height as determined by the value in the Use Elevation field is utilized. Commences the procedure.
Select
Process
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Sometimes it is not mathematically possibly to generate a radial normal to a Pad or Element edge using the Planar method. This can occur when there is too much elevation difference on the Pad or Element edge to place a plane at the requested slope through the edge. If this happens, the radial is generated at the user requested slope and not on a plane at the user requested slope. With non-level Pads or Elements, a No Possible Solution warning message with both the Planar and Radial methods may be encountered. This message arises from determining the angle of radials at corners on the Pad or Element boundary. when side slopes on either side of a corner intersect at an angle that is on the opposite side of the Pad or Element boundary. To get a solution, the Cut/Fill slopes have to be increased or made steeper. Additionally, decreasing the stroke tolerance can get a solution.
10.5 Build Delta Surface

Feature / Function Tool Creates a new model based on the difference between two other models or a model and elevation surface.
DTM Menu Bar
Build > Delta Surface
The Delta Surface tool creates a delta TIN or lattice between a surface and plane or between two surfaces, which can then be used for Isopach contouring. The Z value in the delta TIN is the difference between the two specified models or model and surface, rather than actual elevations. When invoked, the dialog depicted below opens.
Other Build Tools
10-11
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The fields within the dialog are detailed in the table below. Calculation: Surface to Surface Surface to Plane When Surface to Surface is utilized, two TIN files must be specified, as detailed below. The To TIN is subtracted from the From TIN. Note the order is important as it affects the signage to the Z value of the Delta TIN.
When Surface to Plane is utilized, one TIN file and an elevation must be defined, as illustrated below.
Create Delta
Two options are supported: Lattice or TIN. When the Lattice option is selected, two additional fields are displayed, as depicted in the illustration below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
From TIN
Utilized in both calculations, the TIN from which the second TIN is subtracted. Selection of the File button invokes the File Manager wherein the user can select the desired file. Utilized in the Surface to Surface calculation, the delta TIN is the resultant TIN of the From TIN minus the To TIN. Selection of the File button invokes the File Manager wherein the user can select the desired file. Utilized in the Surface to Plane calculation, the delta TIN is the resultant TIN of the From TIN minus the To Elevation. The user must specify the Elevation of the plane, in terms of master units, i.e. feet or meters. Only displayed when the Create Delta is set to Lattice. The number of points which comprise the lattice is specified. Resultant TIN or Lattice created within this process. Note: providing a unique TIN file name maintains the integrity of the To TIN and From TIN. Selection of the File button invokes the File Manager wherein the user can select the desired file. When the toggle is not active, the delta TIN is created in the area where the two models intersect. If the Use Boundary toggle is active, a subset of the union must be defined. One option is to press the Place button, then in the top view, define a number of data points constituting the outline of the delta boundary. The boundary is then closed by placing the final data point within the display circle around the initial point. Note that a tentative to the actual initial point is not necessary. Another option is to press the Select button, then identify a previously placed boundary.
To TIN
To Elevation:
Lattice Points Delta TIN Delta Lattice Delta Boundary Selection
Other Build Tools
10-13
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Process Commences processing and GEOPAK generates the delta TIN.
Part I___________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 11
Volumes, Elevation Differences, and Slope Area

11.1 Overview
Feature / Function Tools Compute volumes between two models or a model and plane, and generate an optional ASCII report.
DTM Menu Bar
Analysis
The Volumes Tool computes volumes between TIN models or a TIN model and plane. The quantities are displayed in the dialog, and can be optionally written into an ASCII file. Several volume analyses are supported in the GEOPAK DTM operation to compute cut and fill volumes. These include: Prismoidal Surface To Plane - prismoidal volume between a single triangulated model and a horizontal plane at a specified elevation. Prismoidal Surface to Surface - prismoidal volume between two triangulation models. Gridded Surface To Plane - volume between a single gridded triangulated model and a horizontal plane at a specified elevation. Gridded Surface to Surface - volume between two gridded triangulation models. Each of these options will be discussed in subsequent subsections. For each volume option, the area about which volume calculations are performed is defined by a MicroStation shape or complex shape element (Select mode). An alternative method of defining the area about which volume calculations are performed is by interactively defining the area (Place mode). Both Select and Place mode operations will be discussed for each volume calculation option. In addition, depth ranges may also be utilized for each Volume option.
11-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
When the Volumes tool is selected, the dialog depicted below opens.
Calculation Method: Prismoidal Grid Points Calculation Options
Activate one of the two methods to determine the method of calculation. Prismoidal utilizes the triangulation models, while the Grid Points utilizes lattice models created "on the fly." When activated, triangulated models are utilized to compute the prismoidal volume. When activated, the Site Modeler utilizes the user-specified number of Grid Points to create a lattice, then computes lattice volumes. This group box specifies which TIN files or planes are to be utilized for volume calculations. As the Calculation type is selected, the From and To fields directly below dynamically change to reflect the selection. When TIN to TIN is selected, the fields directly below are From TIN and To TIN, as depicted below. This configuration would be common for determining the project volumes, i.e., from existing ground terrain to the proposed surface.
Calculation
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
When Plane to TIN is selected, the fields directly below are From Plane and To TIN. In this case, a keyin field for the elevation is provided. This example is common for determining volumes between a water level (elevation) and the proposed pond.
Use Range
Pressing the Range button invokes the dialog depicted below. Note the button is unghosted only when the Use Range toggle is active. If the toggle is active and no ranges are defined, the Process button remains ghosted.
The dialog contains a list box, with edit fields directly below. Options are supported (button to the right of the list box) to Add, Modify, and Delete ranges. When the Active toggle is activated,
11-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
the selected range is utilized for computations. A range can be activated or deactivated at any time during the processing by highlighting the desired line and changing the Active toggle in the lower right corner of the dialog. In this manner, the user has complete control over which ranges are computed at any one time. To add a single range, simply key in the desired values, set the Active toggle, and press the Add button. The created line is added to the list box. To modify a line, highlight the desired line. The current values are displayed in the edit fields. Change the desired field, then press the Modify button. GEOPAK updates the list box. To delete a line, highlight the line and press the Delete button. The line is removed from the list box. A maximum of 50 ranges is supported. When more than five ranges are specified, the scroll bar and arrows on the right side of the dialog are automatically invoked for easy scanning. The top of the dialog supports automatic creation of ranges. Two options are supported: Auto Number of Ranges - the number of ranges is specified, along with the Minimum and Maximum elevations. GEOPAK divides the Minimum and Maximum elevation difference into the specified number of elevation ranges. Auto Range Increment - the range increment is specified, along with the Minimum and Maximum elevations. GEOPAK divides the elevation into as many elevation ranges as necessary at the specified increment. For example, set the Range option to Auto Range Increment. Then set the Range Increment to 5, and the Minimum and Maximum elevations to 700 and 750 respectively. To populate the list box with the specified ranges, press the Set Range button. The resultant dialog is depicted below. Note the buttons to the right of the Elevations are the Min /Max values for the current TIN Model. They are displayed only when TIN file names are specified within the main dialog. To utilize them in populating the fields, simply press the appropriate button.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The Range Increment is added to the Minimum Elevation as many times as possible until the Maximum Elevation is attained. Note there are numerous ranges, however, each range is five master units (per our dialog specification.) All Active toggles are set to Yes, indicating the range is included in the current processing. Now, change the Range to Auto Number of Ranges, and set the Number of Ranges to five. Leaving the Minimum and Maximum Elevations the same as the last example, press the Set Range button. The resultant dialog is depicted below.
11-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
In this case, GEOPAK computed the elevation difference, divided by the number of ranges, and computed the Low and High for each range. Note, there are only five ranges (the number specified in the dialog) in the list box, each range spans ten master units. All ranges are defaulted to Active. To utilize the specified ranges for subsequent sessions, several File functions are supported: Save, Save As, and Open. Volume Calculations
This group box contains the Cut Volume, Fill Volume, Balance, and Area. Units are determined by the User Preferences. In English projects, units are cubic and square yards, while metric projects are cubic and square meters. Fields are supported for Cut Factor and Fill Factor. Fill Factor Cut Factor To utilize the Fill Factor or Cut Factor, activate the toggle to the left of the Fill Factor. When activated, the Fill Factor is applied to the Fill volume, while the Cut Factor is applied to the Cut Volume. The calculations displayed in the Volume Calculations and in the optional report reflect the adjusted volumes. The Factors are also applied to the range totals.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
When the Shrink arrow is pressed, the dialog expands, as illustrated below. This exposes the output options for computing volumes. Each press of the button expands or shrinks the dialog based on its current size.
Output
An optional output can be generated, placing the results in an ASCII file.
11-7
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Output to ASCII File Files When activated, the results are placed in the specified ASCII file Name of ASCII file to be created or appended. In lieu of typing, pressing the Files button invokes the Create ASCII Output File dialog, wherein the desired file may be selected. Setting the option to Create File creates a new output file, while setting the option to Append File adds the results of the current processing to the bottom of the previously created output file. Pressing this button invokes the MDL editor, and automatically loads the output report for review.
Create File Append File View Boundary Selection
Volume calculations can be performed in a user-defined area(s), rather than the entire model, utilizing information within this group box. Use Boundary
When activated, a single user-defined boundary is utilized, rather than computing volumes for the entire model. When activated, both the Place or Select buttons are unghosted. Place Pressing this button enables the user to subsequently identify data points within the model to define the boundary limits. To close the boundary, place the last data point within the circle at the initial point of the boundary. Pressing this button enables the user to identify a previously defined closed element, wherein volume calculations can be computed. When activated, the Volumes for multiple boundaries based on element symbology can be computed. Pressing the Regions button opens the dialog depicted below.
Select Volumes by Region
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
To add region(s), enter a Description, then double click on the line in the element field to define the desired symbology. Pressing the Add button (top icon to the right of the list box) adds the items to the list box. To modify a listing, highlight the desired line to be modified, which places the current line in the edit fields. Make the desired changes, then press the Modify button (directly below the Add button). The list box is updated. To delete a line, simply highlight the line to be deleted, then press the Delete button, located at the bottom of the three action buttons. Note numerous regions of the same symbology can be computed by a single entry in the list box. If defined areas overlap, their union is utilized for volumes, so the volumes are not included twice in the computations. The regions must be closed shapes, as any nonclosed shapes are ignored. Closed areas comprised of other elements (i.e., lines or line strings) are also not utilized, only MicroStation shapes. Each region (one line in the list box) and its associated volume is listed separately within the output report, while only the total volume is shown within the Volume Calculations part of the dialog. Note this option is not supported if the By FIFO or Quantity Depth options are utilized, and is ghosted out. Volume Polygons
The areas where volumes are computed are displayed or drawn into the design file. The area of the volume polygon is identical to the Area value displayed within the Volume Calculations group box. Fill Volume When activated, polygons are filled, rather than just outlined. Note
11-9
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Polygons Display Only the MicroStation fill attribute must be active for the fill to display. When activated, the polygons which outline the area where volumes have been computed are visually displayed, but not drawn into the design file. Therefore, they disappear when the screen is refreshed or any view control command is executed. When not activated, the polygons are drawn into the design file. Double clicking on the element symbology line opens the Set Feature dialog below, wherein the desired symbology may be specified.
Element Symbology
In addition, placing the cursor over the element symbology line and right mouse clicking invokes the pop-up menu with the following options: Feature Dialog (invokes dialog depicted above) By Current - utilizes the active symbology By Element - prompts the user to select an element to match the symbology Copy (and Paste) - can be copied and / or pasted from another Set Feature dialog within GEOPAK Process Commences the volume calculations. Note this button is ghosted until sufficient data has been incorporated within the dialog.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK 11.2 Elevation Differences

Feature / Function Tools Generate grids, or contours of elevation differences
Menu Bar Application
Analysis > Elevation Differences
The Elevation Difference tool supports a variety of grid generation, Isopach contour drawing, and cut/fill latticing. The tools are: Difference Point draws the text of cut / fill elevations, i.e., the cut or fill depth between the two specified TIN files at each specified point. In a 3D design file, when in a front or side view, the grid displays T's. The T's represent the cut or fill values. The vertical part of the T is the vertical length of the cut or fill and the bar of the T is the text value of the cut or fill. The bar of the T is placed on the surface of the From TIN. Therefore, in a cut situation, a normal T is placed, while in a fill situation the T is inverted. Difference Grid - draws a textual grid of cut / fill elevations, i.e., the cut or fill depth between the two specified TIN files at each grid point. The user specifies the grid interval, therefore GEOPAK determines the number of text placements. In a 3D design file, when in a front or side view, the grid displays T's. The T's represent the cut or fill values. The vertical part of the T is the vertical length of the cut or fill and the bar of the T is the text value of the cut or fill. The bar of the T is placed on the surface of the From TIN. Therefore, in a cut situation, a normal T is placed, while in a fill situation the T is inverted. Cut / Fill Grid - a lattice with a user-defined number of points determining the density with different element symbology for cut and fill. The lattice can be wireframe or filled color. Cut / Fill Contours (Isopach) - which are simply contours of the cut and fill depths. A fill of two feet is a positive two contour, while a cut depth of six would be a negative contour. A zero contour would be where the surface and plane intersect.
11-11
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
When invoked, the dialog depicted below is displayed.
Calculation
TIN Models and a horizontal Plane (defined by specified elevation) can be utilized for elevation differences. When the TIN to TIN option is selected, the fields directly below are From TIN and To TIN, as depicted below. This configuration would be common for determining the project elevation differences, i.e., from existing ground terrain to the proposed surface.
When the Plane to Tin option is utilized, the fields directly below are From Plane and To TIN, as depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Option: Difference Point Difference Grid Cut / Fill Grid Cut / Fill Contours The Difference Point option displays the elevation difference at specified locations. It requires a data point within the model after the Process button is pressed unless the Dynamic toggle is activated. When the Dynamic toggle is activated, moving the cursor over the model dynamically displays the elevation difference at the current cursor location.
The Difference Grid option requires the grid interval to determine the gridded text placement.
The Cut / Fill Grid option requires the number of grid points, then calculates the grid interval based on the area encompassed by the TIN, Plane or Boundary area. In this option, graphic lines which comprise the grid are drawn, rather than textual placement.
The Cut / Fill Contours option requires the Number of Grid Points in order to lattice the model(s), then draws Isopach (cut / fill) contours of the cut / fill lattice. Additional user-defined parameters include Contour Elevation Interval (elevation difference between successive contours), and Contour Label Interval. If the Label toggle is active, and the Contour Label
Volumes, Elevation Differences, and Slope Area 11-13
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Interval is zero, a single label is placed midpoint on each contour.
Display Only
When activated, the elevation differences and associated elements are not drawn into the MicroStation file, and disappear when any view or update command is issued. Only applicable with the cut / fill grid option, this toggle (when active) fills the grid solid color, rather than wire frame. Note the MicroStation Fill View Attribute must also be active. When activated, all elements within a single processing are placed in a single graphic group for easy manipulation and deletion.
Fill
Set Graphic Group
Planarize at Elevation When activated, all data is drawn at the specified elevation, rather than at the elevation difference. This is applicable only in a 3D design file. Boundary Selection Elevation differences can be performed in a user-defined area, rather than the entire model, utilizing information within this group box. When activated, GEOPAK utilizes a user-defined boundary, rather than displaying data for the entire model. Pressing this button enables the user to subsequently identify data points within the model. To close the boundary, place the last data point within the circle at the initial point of the boundary. It is not necessary to tentatively snap to the initial point. Pressing this button enables the user to identify a previously defined closed element, wherein elevation difference data can be displayed. Commences the elevation difference calculations. Note this button is ghosted until sufficient data has been incorporated within the dialog.
Use Boundary Place
Select Process
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
11.2.1 Elevation Differences Examples
The first example is utilizing the Difference Grid option as depicted in the dialog below. The Grid Intervals are set to 25 master units.
A detail of one area is illustrated below.

Volumes, Elevation Differences, and Slope Area 11-15
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The graphic below illustrates the screen if a side view is depicted (3D design file only).
The T's represent the cut or fill values. The vertical part of the T is the depth of the cut or fill and the bar of the T is the text value of the cut or fill. The bar of the T is placed on the surface of the primary TIN. Therefore, in a cut situation, a normal T is placed, while in a fill situation the T is inverted.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The second example is the Cut / Fill Grid utilizing the dialog below.
The resultant grid (lattice)is depicted below. Note the change in color for the cut, fill and even. If the Fill toggle is active, the grid is solid color, rather than the individual lattice grids.
11-17
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The third example is Cut / Fill (Isopach) Contours. In the dialog below, 5000 Grid Points are utilized.
The contours are every even master unit, i.e., every foot or meter. As the Label toggle is active and the Contour Label Interval is set to zero, each contour is labeled at the midpoint.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
11.3 Slope Area

Feature / Function Tools Displays the horizontal area and actual slope area
Analysis > Slope Area
The Slope Area tool displays the horizontal area and actual slope area (area following the terrain of the Model or Object). When invoked, the dialog depicted below opens.
11-19
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
TIN File Area Calculations Boundary Selection
Select the desired TIN by pressing the Files button. Display area of the Area (measured on a horizontal plane) and the Slope Area (measured along the actual surface model or object). When activated, an enclosed shape or boundary must be identified. To select a previously defined element, press the Select button and select the element. To interactively identify the area, press the Place button and place data points around the desired area. To close, move the cursor near the initial point within the displayed circle and place the final data point. It is not necessary to tentatively snap to the initial point. Polygons are drawn (or displayed) which outline the area where the slope area has been computed. The area of the volume polygon is identical to the Area value displayed within the Slope Area dialog. When activated, the polygons are visually displayed, but not drawn into the design file. Therefore, they disappear when the screen is refreshed or any view control command is executed. When not activated, the polygons are drawn into the design file. When activated and the MicroStation Fill attribute is on, the polygons are filled, rather than simply outlined. Double clicking on the element symbology line opens the Set Feature dialog below, wherein the desired symbology may be specified.
Slope Polygons group box Display Only
Fill Polygons Element Symbology
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
In addition, placing the cursor over the element symbology line and right mouse clicking invokes the pop-up menu with the following options: Feature dialog (invokes dialog depicted above) By Current - utilizes the active symbology By Element - prompts the user to select an element to match its symbology Copy (and Paste) - can be copied and / or pasted from another Set Feature dialog within GEOPAK. Process Commences the Slope Area computation and upon completion, populates the Area Calculations group box.
11-21
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Part I___________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 12
Themes
12.1 Overview
Feature / Function Tool Analyze TIN file, or Models and objects within a site project in terms of elevation, slope, or aspect ranges.
DTM Menu Bar
Analysis > Themes
Thematic maps of elevations, slopes or aspects can be generated from triangulated models. When invoked, the Themes dialog is displayed as depicted below.
The four options are depicted across the top of the dialog and include (from left to right): Elevation Range - reflects ranges of elevations
Themes
12-1
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Slope Range - (in terms of Percent or Degrees) describe the angles of individual triangles. Aspect Range - describe the direction that the triangle plane faces. As each option is selected, the dialog title changes to reflect the selection. The remainder of the main dialog remains unchanged. Let's review each field in the table below. TIN File Model / Object When utilizing GEOPAK Road, the name of TIN file for which themes are desired.
When a site modeler project is open, Models or Objects may be utilized directly without creating a TIN file. Activate the desired toggle, then select the desired Object or Model from the list, which includes all active Objects or Models in the current site project.
Number of Grid Points
To create gridded themes, specify the number of grid points. GEOPAK lattices the TIN model, based on the specified grid points, then generates themes for the lattice model. When the toggle is not active, the triangles are used for thematics, rather than a grid. When activated, the themes are not drawn into the MicroStation file, and disappear when any view or update command is issued. In lieu of analyzing an entire model, a MicroStation fence may be placed prior to processing and this toggle activated for partial model analyzing. Element symbology of the themes. Note color is not an option, as it is set in the Set Ranges dialog to distinguish the various ranges.
Display Only Load Within Fence
Level, Weight, Style
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Set Graphic Group Fill When activated, all elements drawn in a single processing are placed in a graphic group for easy manipulation and deletion. When activated, themes are color filled shapes. To view the shaded areas, ensure that the Fill toggle is active on the dialog invoked by selecting Settings > View Attributes from the MicroStation tool bar. When not activated, the themes appear as MicroStation string elements When activated, all shapes or line strings are drawn at the specified elevation, rather than the elevation of the TIN model. When not activated, each triangle is outlined, as depicted in the example below.
Planarize at Elevation Polygonize Results
Note each triangle is outlined, regardless of its theme value. In the graphic below, the same model and theme ranges have been utilized. However, the Polygonize Results toggle was activated, therefore, each triangle is not outlined, but rather the area of common theme value is outlined in one shape.
Themes
12-3
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Set Range Process
Pressing this button invokes the respective Range dialog to set ranges and is detailed below. The legend is also created from this dialog. Commences the processing.
The user may define a maximum of 50 Range Values and associated Colors. A low and high value is defined for each range. If a theme is greater than or equal to the low value and less than the high value, the triangle or lattice is assigned the color for that range.
12.2 Set Ranges

Before the Themes processing commences, the user must define the desired ranges and associated colors. This is accomplished by pressing the Set Range button, which invokes the dialog depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The lower half of the dialog contains the list box, with edit fields directly below. Options are supported (button to the right of the list box) to Add, Modify, and Delete ranges. When the Active toggle is activated, the selected range is displayed or drawn when the themes are processed. A range can be activated or deactivated at any time during the processing by highlighting the desired line and changing the Active toggle. In this manner, the user has complete control over which ranges are visible on the screen at any one time. To add a single range, simply key in the desired values, select a color from the color picker, and press the Add icon. The created line is added to the list box. To modify a line, highlight the desired line. The current values are displayed in the edit fields. Change the desired field, then press the Modify icon. GEOPAK updates the list box. To delete a line, highlight the line and press the Delete icon. The line is removed from the list box. An unlimited number of ranges are supported. When more than five ranges are specified, the scroll bar and arrows on the right side of the dialog are automatically invoked for easy scanning. Note the lines are displayed in ascending low value order, regardless of the order in which they were created. The top of the dialog supports automatic creation of ranges. Two options are supported: Auto Number of Ranges - the number of ranges is specified, along with the Minimum and Maximum elevations (or slopes or aspects). GEOPAK divides the elevation into the specified number of ranges.
Themes
12-5
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Auto Range Increment - the range increment is specified, along with the Minimum and Maximum elevations (or slopes or aspects). GEOPAK divides the elevation into as many ranges as necessary at the specified increment. For example, set the Range option to Auto Range Increment. Then set the Range Increment to 5, and the Minimum and Maximum elevations to 695 and 710.994 respectively. Note the two push buttons to the right of the elevations specify the Minimum and Maximum Elevations of the current Model / Object or TIN. By pressing one of the buttons, the value is populated within the Minimum or Maximum Elevation field without typing. However, in order to utilize even value ranges, it is prudent to set the Minimum Elevation to a number divisible by the Range Increment. To populate the list box with the specified ranges, press the Set Range button. The resultant dialog is depicted below.
The Range Increment is added to the Minimum Elevation as many times as possible until the Maximum Elevation is attained. Note there are numerous ranges, however, each range is five master units (per our dialog specification.) Colors are assigned in order, commencing with color 0 and all Active toggles are defaulted on. Now, change the Range to Auto Number of Ranges, and set the Number of Ranges to five. Leaving the Minimum and Maximum Elevations set to the defaults, press the Set Range button. The resultant dialog is depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
In this case, GEOPAK computed the elevation difference, divided by the number of ranges, and computed the Low and High Elevations for each range. Note, there are only five ranges (the number specified in the dialog) in the list box, each 10 master units in range. Colors are assigned in order, commencing with color 0 and all Active toggles are defaulted on. After the range has been defined and is displayed in the list box, pressing the Create Legend button opens the dialog depicted below.
The Title is displayed at the top of the legend, while the Text and Border parameters are utilized for the rest of the legend. Double clicking on the element symbology line opens the Set Feature dialog below, wherein the desired symbology may be specified.
Themes
12-7
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
In addition, placing the cursor over the element symbology line and right mouse clicking invokes the pop-up menu with the following options: Feature dialog (invokes dialog depicted above) By Current - utilizes the active symbology By Element - prompts the user to select an element to match its symbology Copy (and Paste) - can be copied and / or pasted from another Set Feature dialog within GEOPAK One sample of a legend is illustrated below.
To utilize the specified ranges for subsequent sessions, several File functions are supported as depicted in the exploded view below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
If the Theme Ranges file is not saved, the last set of Theme Ranges of the same Theme type (i.e., height, slope, or aspect) is utilized in subsequent sessions. If the Ranges are saved, all ranges (i.e., height, slope, or aspect) are saved in the same file. Note the legend parameters are not saved.
12.3 Elevation Themes Example

Height Themes reflect ranges of elevations. A sample Themes dialog for Elevation Ranges is depicted below.
The graphic below depicts the resulting lattice image for the dialog depicted above.
Themes
12-9
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
12.4 Slope Themes Example

Slope themes (in terms of Percent or Degrees) describe the angles of individual lattices or triangles. It is helpful to ascertain the more level and/or the steeper portions of the lattice or triangulated model. The main Themes dialog is set to Slope - Degrees and is depicted below. Note the dialog title has changed to reflect the selection.
When the Set Range button is pressed, the dialog below is displayed.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
In this instance, it is desired to identify the relatively level areas on the project site; defined in this case as those areas with a slope less than 25 degrees. Hence, two ranges are defined: from zero to 15 degrees and from 15 to 25 degrees in the Slope Range - Degree dialog above. The graphic below depicts the resulting lattice image for the dialog depicted above. Note that any area not within the Themes ranges (i.e., more than 25 degrees are not filled.
Themes
12-11
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________ 12.5 Aspect Themes Example

Aspect Themes describe the direction that the triangle or lattice plane faces. Aspect ranges are expressed in degrees. The north axis is defined as zero degrees and angles increase in a clockwise direction. Therefore, zero degrees points north, 90 degrees points east, 180 degrees points south and 270 degrees points west. A level triangle is assigned a default aspect of 360 degrees. The sample Aspect Ranges dialog below is intended to determine the portion of the triangle or lattice models that face east. Two color shadings are employed. The most direct easterly facings (60 to 120 degrees) are assigned one color. Less direct easterly facings (45 to 60 degrees and 120 to 135 degrees) are assigned another color.
The graphic below depicts the resulting lattice image for the dialog depicted above.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Themes
12-13
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
PART I ________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 13
Draping Tools
13.1 Overview
Feature / Function Tools Drape elements onto a triangulated model.
DTM Menu Bar
Drape > Vertices, Vectors, Elements
GEOPAK provides tools to drape MicroStation elements onto a triangulated model. Three draping tools are available: vertices, vectors, and elements. The vertices draping tool adjusts the Zcoordinate values of MicroStation element vertices to the surface of the triangulated model. The vector draping tool creates a series of line strings by draping each linear reference element onto the triangulated model. Hence, each vertex of the created line string reflects either a vertex of the original linear element projected onto the triangulated model or an intersection between the original linear element and a triangle edge projected onto the triangulated model. The elements tool drapes cells and other MicroStation elements referenced from a MicroStation 2D file.
13.2 Drape Vertices

Feature / Function Tool Adjust Z-values of MicroStation element vertices coincident with a TIN model.
DTM Menu Bar
Drape > Vertices The Drape Vertices dialog, which adjusts the Z-coordinates of MicroStation element vertices, is depicted below.
Draping Tools
13-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The first step is to type the name of the triangulated model into the TIN keyin field or utilize the File button for selection. Select the element types and levels of elements to be draped. Element types and levels must be defined even if the draping element is to be individually selected. The vertices draping tool adjusts the Z-coordinate values of MicroStation element vertices to the surface of the triangulated model. For text strings, only the origin of the element is adjusted, so a draped text string remains planar. The Z-coordinate at the origin of the text string is adjusted to an elevation on the surface of the triangulated model. For elements with several vertices, the Z-coordinate for each individual vertex is adjusted to an elevation on the surface of the triangulated model. Consider the shape element depicted below. Prior to processing, this shape element is located several hundred meters above the triangulated model.
__________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
GEOPAK
The image below depicts the adjusted shape vertices.
The identification of the MicroStation elements to be draped can be performed by one of two methods: Select or Fence. The following subsections detail each method.
Draping Tools
13-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
13.2.1 Select Method
The Select method permits the selection of individual elements to be draped. The following outlines the sequence of operations for the Select method. 1. Establish the desired dialog settings. This includes defining the triangulation model onto which the element is draped. In addition, you must define the level and type for the range of elements that might be selected. These are defined via dialogs that are invoked by pressing the Levels and Types buttons. 2. Press the Select button. 3. Identify the MicroStation element for draping. The element highlights. Another data point is then required to accept the element. Upon acceptance, the element is draped onto the triangulation model.
13.2.2 Fence Method

The Fence method permits the selection of every element that satisfies both the fence criteria as well as the search criteria defined via the dialogs invoked by the Levels and Element Type push buttons. MicroStation Inside, Overlap and Clip fence options are supported. The following outlines the sequence of operations associated with the Fence method. 1. Establish the desired dialog settings. This includes defining the triangulation model onto which the element is to be draped. In addition, you must define the level and element type for the range of elements that might be selected. These are defined via dialogs that are invoked by pressing the Levels and Element Types push buttons. 2. Place a MicroStation fence around the range of elements to be draped. Then adjust the fence option to Inside, Overlap, or Clip. 3. Press the Fence push button. This Processing does not begin until a data point is selected. This requirement is identical to the steps necessary for MicroStation fence operations.
__________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
GEOPAK
13.3 Drape Vectors

Feature / Function Drapes MicroStation elements maintaining their X, Y coordinate values, while modifying the Z coordinate coincident with a TIN model.
Tool
DTM Menu Bar
Drape > Vectors The vector draping tool creates a series of line strings by draping linear reference elements onto the triangulated model. When invoked, the dialog depicted below opens.
The first step is to type the name of the triangulated model into the TIN File keyin field. Then, the element types and levels of elements that are to be draped are defined. This is accomplished via two separate dialogs invoked by the Element Type and Levels buttons. Valid element types are depicted in the graphic below.
Draping Tools
13-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Element types and levels must be defined even if the draping element is to be individually selected. The images below serve to illustrate how the Drape Vectors dialog creates the series of draped line strings. The first image illustrates the triangulated model and the element to be draped which is located several hundred meters above the triangulated model.
__________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
GEOPAK
The image below depicts the result of the draping vector process.
The draped image reflects a series of line strings where each component line string vertex reflects either a vertex of the original linear element projected onto the triangulated model or an intersection between the original linear element and a triangle edge projected onto the triangulated model.
Draping Tools
13-7
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Unlike the Drape Vertices dialog, the Drape Vector dialog produces a copy of the reference element, maintaining the integrity of the original element. The Drape Vertices dialog makes adjustments to the identified elements.
13.4 Drape Elements

Feature / Function References MicroStation 2D elements to draw into a 3D file maintaining their X, Y coordinate values, while modifying the Z coordinate coincident with a TIN model (plus optional offset).
Tool
DTM Menu Bar
Drape > Elements
Referencing 2D elements, the Drape Elements tool draws into a 3D file maintaining their X, Y coordinate values, while modifying the Z coordinate coincident with a TIN model (plus optional offset). When invoked, the dialog depicted below opens. Note the tool must be invoked while in a 3D file.
__________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
GEOPAK
Reference 2D File
MicroStation 2D file wherein the candidate elements are drawn. In lieu of keying in the file, pressing the Files button invokes a dialog listing the reference files, whereupon the designer can select the desired file. TIN file to utilize for determining elevations for 2D elements. The file name may be manually entered or selected via the Files button. If the 2D element is linear, three options are supported on the element type to be utilized in the 3D file.
TIN File Curvilinear Element as: Line String Curve String B-spline Elevation Offset
The dialog also provides a keyin for , i.e. how many master units (feet or meters) above the TIN file the candidate elements should be drawn. Stroking is the process of automatically adding shots to the 3D elements by interpolating new shots from the linear and curved sections of the model. Refer to the online documentation section for a detailed discussion on stroking. Dictates the element symbology of the candidate elements in the 2D file. Only parameters to define uniqueness are required. GEOPAK draws the 3D elements at the same element symbology as the original 2D elements. If the original element type is a cell, GEOPAK scans the attached 3D cell library (or a 3D library in the MS_CELLLIST) to locate a 3D cell of the same name. If the cell is not found, no 3D element is drawn. Click Match, then select and accept any element. The symbology of the selected element is utilized to populate the toggled on search fields. As each additional element is selected, its symbology is appended to the current values. Click to display (or undisplay) any elements with the specified search criteria. Clears out any values in the Search criteria fields, but does not turn off any toggles. Commences the process.
Stroke Tolerances: Linear, Curve
Search Criteria
Match
Display / Undisplay Reset Apply
Draping Tools
13-9
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Part I___________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 14
Profiles and Heights

14.1 Overview
Feature / Function Viewing profiles of a specified element within TIN model (Profile). Displays and optionally draws the elevation of the model at user specified X, Y coordinates (Height).
Tools
DTM Menu Bar
Analysis > Height or Analysis > Profile
Two viewing tools are supported within GEOPAK: Profile and Height. Each tool utilizes a triangulated model and displays either a profile or heights.
14.2 Profile Dialog

Feature / Function Tool Draw a profile based on a user defined MicroStation element draped onto a GEOPAK DTM model.
DTM Menu Bar
Analysis > Profile One tool is the Profile dialog, which creates a series of line strings by draping each linear reference element onto the triangulated model, or in the case of site modeler, an object. The Profile Dialog is depicted below.
14-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The main dialog has three tabs: Selection - TIN file, Model or Object specifications, profile element symbology and create legend button. Profile - profile placement buttons and viewing dialog before drawing the actual profile into the MicroStation file. Preferences - Profile and grid scales, text parameters, elevation and station ranges. The basic procedure is as follows: 1. Identify the TIN file(s), Models or Objects through which the profile intersects and set symbology. Note Models and Objects are supported only when a site project is open. This is accomplished via the Selection tab. 2. Select or draw the element whose X,Y values are utilized to generate a profile along the TIN, Model, or Object. This is accomplished via the Profile tab. 3. Set the element symbology and text parameters for the grid. In addition, Minimum and Maximum Stations and Elevations may also be set. This is accomplished via the Preferences tab.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
4. Generate the profile and view in the Profile window. Optionally, draw the profile into the MicroStation file. These are accomplished via the Profile tab. Each tab and step is discussed in more detail.
14.2.1 Selection Tab
The triangulated model is specified in the TIN File keyin field. In lieu of typing, pressing the Files button invokes the Files dialog, wherein the desired file may be selected. If a GEOPAK Site project is open, a Site Model or Site Object may also be utilized. The dialog below depicts the subtle difference in that TIN Files, Models or Objects are supported.
14-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The symbology of the profile is displayed to the right of the files. By double clicking on the element symbology line, the dialog depicted below opens, wherein the symbology can be set.
Set the symbology, then press the OK button. The dialog automatically closes and populates the bottom of the main dialog with the symbology from the Set Feature dialog. In addition, placing the cursor over the element symbology line and right mouse clicking invokes the pop-up menu with the following options: Feature dialog (invokes dialog depicted above). By Current - utilizes the active symbology. By Element - prompts the user to select an element to match its symbology. Copy (and Paste) - can be copied and / or pasted from another Set Feature dialog within GEOPAK.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Any number of TIN files may be utilized, with different profile symbology for each file. Action buttons are located on the right side of the dialog and are detailed in the table below. Add To add a TIN file, Model, or Object (and associated symbology), populate the edit fields at the bottom of the dialog, then press the Add button. To modify, highlight the line to be modified and GEOPAK populates the edit fields. Change the desired field(s), then press the Modify button. To delete a line, simply highlight the line, then press the Delete button. When pressed, GEOPAK draws small display circles wherever profile points are extracted. One close-up example is depicted below. Note the profile element must be selected (or placed) prior to this button being displayed.
Modify
Delete
Show Extracted Points
Export to ASCII File
Highlight one line within the list box, then press this button to export the profile to the specified File, based on the highlighted TIN. When pressed, the ASCII File for Exported Profile dialog opens, wherein the file name may be specified. Note the profile element must be selected (or placed) prior to exporting to ASCII. One sample fragment is illustrated below.
0.000 53.542 84.516 158.611 211.744 255.631 323.782 337.248 367.540 368.809 870.553 870.814 870.184 868.678 868.913 869.107 869.418 869.479 869.274 869.359
Store to GPK
Highlight one line within the list box, then press this button to create an input file of the profile, based on the highlighted TIN. When pressed, the COGO Input File for Exported Profile dialog opens, wherein the file name may be specified Note the profile element must
Profiles and Heights 14-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
wherein the file name may be specified. Note the profile element must be selected (or placed) prior to exporting to ASCII. One sample fragment is illustrated below.
STORE PROFILE ???? VPI 1 S 0+00.00 E VPI 2 S 0+53.54 E VPI 3 S 0+84.52 E VPI 4 S 1+58.61 E VPI 5 S 2+11.74 E VPI 6 S 2+55.63 E END PROFILE 870.553 870.814 870.184 868.678 868.913 869.107
Note the ???? must be replaced with a valid profile name before the file is imported into COGO. Place Extracted Line in When pressed, GEOPAK draws a line string denoting the location of the generated profile. One example is depicted below (triangles 3D shown for reference only and were previously drawn.) (Note this icon is only visible while in a 3D file.)
To save the data within the list box, several File utilities are supported in the upper left corner (Save, Save As, Open). These enable the user to save the data for subsequent recall in a later session. Once the desired TINs (or Models / Objects from the Site Modeler) have been added to the list box, a legend can be created. This is accomplished by pressing the Create Legend button in the lower left corner of the dialog, opening the dialog depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The Title of the legend is specified, along with the Text and Border parameters. Once again, double clicking on the word Sample or the actual border line invokes the Set Feature dialog, wherein the desired parameters may be set. Right mouse clicking also invokes the pop-up menu with the other selection options. When the symbology is set, press the Place Legend button, which attaches the legend to the cursor. Another data point places the legend in the design file. One sample is depicted below.
If Models / Objects are utilized within the Site Modeler, the legend is slightly different as depicted in the graphic below.
14-7
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
14.2.2 Preferences Tab
The Preferences tab is depicted above and consists of a variety of element and text parameters. The table below details each grouping. Scale: Horizontal Vertical Elevations: Minimum Maximum Reset Vertical Stationing: Minimum Maximum Reset Stationing Horizontal Grid: Major Interval Minor Interval Major Symbology Minor Symbology Major Text. Major Interval Specify the horizontal and vertical scale utilized to draw the profile. Note the horizontal is drawn to true measurements, while the vertical is distorted. When the Reset Vertical button is pressed, the minimum and maximum values from the TIN file are populated in the appropriate fields. The user may choose to round the values, in order to draw a complete grid. The profile is stationed from 0.00. Pressing the Reset Stations button sets the fields to the beginning and end of the profile element. Once again, to draw a complete grid, the user may round off the values in the fields. Sets all element and text symbology for the horizontal grid. The information is utilized within the Profiles tab and also when drawing the profile into the MicroStation file. Major interval is the distance between the major grid lines, while the minor interval is the number of lines between each major grid. GEOPAK supports unique symbology for both major and minor intervals. The text is stationed along the bottom of the grid.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Vertical Grid: Major Interval Minor Interval Major Symbology Minor Symbology Major Text. Element Symbology Sets all element and text symbology for the vertical grid. The information is utilized within the Profiles tab and also when drawing the profile into the MicroStation file. Major interval is the distance between the major grid lines, while the minor interval is the number of lines between each major grid. GEOPAK supports unique symbology for both major and minor intervals. The text is elevations along the left side of the grid. By double clicking on the sample element graphic, the dialog depicted below is displayed.
14-9
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
In addition, placing the cursor over the element symbology line and right mouse clicking invokes the pop-up menu with the following options: Feature dialog (invokes dialog depicted above) By Current - utilizes the active symbology By Element - prompts the user to select an element which is then matched Copy (and Paste) - can be copied and / or pasted from another Set Feature dialog within GEOPAK.
14.2.3 Profile Tab
Three action buttons are supported on this tab: Select Element

__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Place Element Place Profile Select Element Identify a previously drawn element, i.e., line, curve, line string, etc., for which the Site Modeler generates the profile(s). Once identified, the Place Profile button is unghosted. Places a temporary line or line string in the Design File to be used in lieu of selecting a graphic element for which the profile will be extracted. After viewing the profile in the view window, pressing the Place Profile button attaches the profile, grids, and labels for drag and drop operation at a user-defined location in the design file. Utilized to add interpolated shots along curves, if required. For a detailed discussion of stroking, refer to the stroking discussion within Preferences. Once the line has been selected or placed, the profile is fitted within the view window, as depicted in the sample below.
Place Element
Place Profile
Curve Stroking
Extracted Profile View
Note all displayed element symbology is defined within the Preferences tab. The graphic below depicts the selected element utilized for profile generation.
14-11
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
To place the profile into the MicroStation file, simply press the Place Profile button and data point in a blank area of the file. The profile is drawn as depicted below, once again, utilizing symbology in the Preferences tab.
14.3 Height Query Tool

Feature / Function Tool Determine height and other associated data dynamically based on user-defined data points within the model.
DTM Menu Bar
Analysis > Height
GEOPAK offers a tool by which the plan view coordinates, elevation, and slope of the triangulated model can be interrogated. The dialog used to interrogate the triangulated model is depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The operation is quite simple. Key in the name of the TIN file. In lieu of typing, pressing the Files button invokes the File Manager, wherein the desired file may be selected. Then press the DP button. A prompt appears to select a data point. Select a data point at any location within the boundary of the triangulated model. If a data point is selected outside the hull, the message displayed is: "Point External To Tin." The Plan View Coordinates, Elevation, and Slope of the triangulated model are populated in the dialog as shown below.
Note: The number of decimal places is based on the GEOPAK User Preferences. The Height dialog automatically updates for each successive data point; you need press the DP button only once.
14-13
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Another option is drawing the elevation into the active MicroStation file. The process is identical to the Display procedure, simply press the Draw button, and select the point on the TIN. In addition to displaying the information within the dialog, GEOPAK places the elevation utilizing the active element symbology and text parameters. In addition, the text is justified (in this case center-center) about the selected data point. The graphic below depicts three elevations placed with the Draw option. Note the triangles are shown for reference only as the data points do not have to coincide with a triangle vertex.
Three options are supported within the dialog: Show Contour - displays a contour of the same elevation as the selected point. Show Triangle - identifies the triangle wherein the point is located. Show Flow Arrow - displays an arrow to indicate direction of flow from the selected point. To utilize any option, simply activate the toggle to the left of the option, then select the desired color. In the sample dialog below, all three options are active and unique colors set.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The DP button is pressed, and a point on the model identified. The results are displayed below.
The affected triangle (wherein the identified point is located) is red, the flow arrow points to the right (and is in green), while the blue contour shows the contour at elevation 279.492, same elevation as our selected point. When the Dynamic button is pressed, all active options are attached to the cursor, and change as you move about the model.
14-15
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Part I___________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 15
Visibility
15.1 Overview
Feature / Function Tool Determine visibility of triangles from a given point on the model
Road:
Site Modeler:
DTM Menu Bar
Analysis > Visibility
GEOPAK supports a visibility tool, which utilizes a TIN model, or if a Site Modeler project is open, a Model or Object. Based on a userdefined point of origin, GEOPAK visually displays lines of sight, which triangles can and cannot be seen, or what is visible between two specified points. The dialogs are depicted below, DTM tool on the left, Modeler on the right.
Visibility
15-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Fields within the dialog are detailed below, followed by numerous examples. Note in order to display or draw, the defined eye position must be within the display depth of the file. Otherwise, only partial lines are visible until a MicroStation Fit All command is executed. If the specified parameters cannot be met, a Point Not Visible message is displayed. For example, if the eye position elevation is below the model, this can occur. TIN File Model / Object GEOPAK binary TIN file. Selecting the File button invokes a File Manager wherein the desired TIN may be selected. If a Site Modeler project is open, select the toggle for Object or Model, then the name from the list.
Eye Position:
Drape on TIN User Supplied
Defines the point of origin. The user can manually type in the elevation for the User Supplied option. The other option is to select a point within the TIN hull and GEOPAK determines the elevation by
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
a point within the TIN hull and GEOPAK determines the elevation by draping the point on the TIN. When the Drape on TIN option is utilized, the elevation is displayed to the right of the option. Offset Height X, Y DP When the toggle is activated, the eye position is adjusted by the specified Offset Height from the defined Eye Position. The user may manually type in the X, Y coordinates of the point of origin or pressing the DP button, place a data point to define the origin. GEOPAK displays the coordinates of the selected point. A display circle is visualized, utilizing the MicroStation active element symbology. There is no user parameters for the display circle size. In the course of executing view control or other commands, and the display circle disappears, pressing the Redraw button visually displays it on the screen again. Defines the element symbology to draw the visible and non visible lines, triangles, etc. When activated, the visible and non-visible elements are not drawn in the design file, but merely displayed. Therefore, any execution of a screen refresh or view control command will remove the elements from the screen. This option is only supported in the Surface Regions Polygonize toggle is activated. When the Fill toggle is polygon regions are filled, rather than just outlined. MicroStation View Attributes Fill must also be active. activated, the regions are not filled, but simply outlined. when active, Note When the the the not
Redraw
Display Settings: Visible Not Visible Display Only
Fill
Polygonize
When active, all contiguous visible (or all non-visible) triangles are outlined in a single polygon. This applies only in the Surface Regions option. When active, all elements placed within the single press of the Process button form a graphic group for easy manipulation an deletion. This group box defines the various types of visibility tools. As each selection is made, the group box dynamically changes to reflect the selection. Four tools are supported, each with its own set of user defined requirements.
Graphic Group
Visibility Parameters
Visibility Type: Line of Sight
Visibility
15-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Line of Sight - Given the point of origin (Eye Position) and the point to sight (DP), this tool displays a line between the two points of varying color, depending whether it is visible or not visible. User defined requirements include the specification of the elevation using the same options are in the eye position, Drape on TIN or User Supplied. The optional Offset Height, functionally the same as in the Eye Position, is also supported. The data point is defined by manually typing in coordinates or dynamically placing a data point on the screen. Small display circles are visible for both the Eye Position and the Sight position. One resultant graphic is illustrated below.
Surface Points
In this tool, GEOPAK displays each vertex in the model as visible or not visible. As the Eye Position is defined at the top of the dialog, no additional user requirements are needed. One sample result is illustrated below. The black display circle indicates the Eye Position.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Surface Lines
Given the original eye position (indicated by the small dark circle, each triangle is drawn as visible or not visible. No additional user input is required. One sample result is depicted below.
Visibility
15-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Surface Regions
This option displays radials emanating from the original eye position with two options. The initial radial always begins going Due East (horizontally to the right from the Eye Position). Radials are determined by moving in a counterclockwise direction. When the Radial Angle is activated, the angle is specified. The angle between each radial is the specified degrees. Therefore, GEOPAK determines the number of wedges drawn. If 360 degrees is not equally divisible by the Radial Angle, the odd wedge is always directly below the initial radial, as depicted in the graphic below. In this case, 100 degrees was utilized.
If the Radial Number option is selected, the entire 360 degrees is divided into the specified number of wedges, with GEOPAK determining the radial degrees of each wedge. One sample is depicted below, using a 30 degree Radial Angle. Since 360 divided by 30 yields 12 wedges, we could get the same results by specifying a Radial Number of 12.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
When the Polygonize toggle is activated, the display is very different, as depicted below. Areas of visibility are outlined (or filled if the Fill toggle is active). As the Radial options are now ghosted, no lines emanate from the origin point.
The results can also be filled, as depicted below.
Visibility
15-7
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
15.2 Surface Points Example

In this first example, the black circle indicates the Eye Position. The dialog is depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
This is based on the point draped on the TIN model, with an Offset Height of 4. Each vertex on the model is marked as visible or not visible, utilizing the colors specified with the dialog. The illustration below is the top view.
The same settings produced the isometric view below.
Visibility
15-9
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________ 15.3 Line of Sight Example

In this example, two points are user-defined: the original eye position and the point being sighted. The dialog is depicted below.
In the illustration below, the original eye position is at the top of the model. Note the change in line symbology where the solid line indicates visibility and the dashed line is not visible. Both top and isometric view are illustrated.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Visibility
15-11
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________ 15.4 Surface Lines Example

In this example, the surface lines option is utilized. The dialog is depicted below.
Given the original eye position (indicated by the small dark circle, each triangle is drawn as visible or not visible. The illustrations below show both plan and isometric view.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
15.4 Surface Regions Example

In this example, the surface regions option is utilized. The dialog is depicted below.
Visibility
15-13
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
The Radial Angle is set to 30, thereby emanating from the original eye position in 30 degree increments. Both visible (solid) and not visible (dashed) lines are illustrated below in plan and isometric view.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
When the Polygonize toggle is activated, the dialog changes as depicted below.
Visibility
15-15
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Note the Radial options are now ghosted. In addition, the Fill option is available. The results are depicted below., both plan view and isometric view.
Part I___________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 16
DTM Drainage Tools

16.1 Overview
GEOPAK supports a myriad of tools to analyze and evaluate drainage patterns of a GEOPAK Digital Terrain Model. Tools for delineating watersheds, flow paths, flow directions, and hydrographic features are invoked from the Drainage Tools tool box as depicted in the dialog below.
As each tool is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection. When invoked in GEOPAK Road, TIN Files are the basis for evaluation. However, if a GEOPAK Site Modeler Project is open, Models or Objects may be utilized as depicted below.
DTM Drainage Tools
16-1
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Many of the tools have common fields, which are detailed below. Fields which are unique to each dialog are detailed within each tool. TIN File Model / Object GEOPAK binary TIN file. Selecting the File button invokes a File Manager wherein the desired TIN may be selected. If a Site Modeler project is open, select the toggle for Object or Model, then the name from the list. When activated, elements are displayed and not drawn. Therefore, the display is erased when the screen is refreshed or any view control command is executed. When a MicroStation fence is placed and the toggle is activated, only elements within the fence are drawn or displayed. When activated, all drawn elements are placed in a single graphic group each time the Apply button is pressed. Commences the procedure.
Display Only
Load Within Fence Set Graphic Group Apply
Many of the tools have element symbology specifications, which operate functionally the same in all dialogs. Therefore, the discussion below is relevant to any symbology option in all tools. Many of the tools have element symbology specifications, which operate functionally the same in all dialogs. Therefore, the discussion below is relevant to any symbology option in all tools.
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Element Symbology By double clicking on the sample element graphic, the dialog depicted below is displayed.
In addition, placing the cursor over the element symbology line and right mouse clicking invokes the pop-up menu with the following
DTM Drainage Tools
16-3
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
options: Feature dialog (invokes dialog depicted above) By Current - utilizes the active symbology By Element - prompts the user to select an element which is then matched Copy (and Paste) - can be copied and / or pasted from another Set Feature dialog within GEOPAK.
16.2 Delineate All Watersheds

The Delineate All Watersheds tool displays the watershed boundaries that exist within a DTM. A Watershed is defined by either a low point within the TIN or a low edge point along the TIN hull. MicroStation shapes may be created for each watershed contained in the TIN. The figure below is a typical result of delineating the watersheds with shapes being crested for the contributing watershed to each low point within the TIN.
Selection of the Delineate All Watersheds icon invokes the dialog depicted below.
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Fields in this dialog are described in the table below. Watersheds Outline of all watersheds within the TIN file. Note when the MicroStation fill attribute is active, each watershed is filled in a different color. When activated, triangles which have zero slope are outlined. When activated, voids within the TIN file are outlined.
Zero Slope Areas Void Areas
Minimum Low Point In many TINs, there are numerous low points, for which areas are delineated. However, many of these areas are simply small indentations Depth or dips in the model, where water would flow through to a nearby lower point. To utilize this option, set the value to a depth, in master units (feet or meters). GEOPAK determines each low point, then determines if water placed at the specified depth overflows the indentation and flows into adjacent triangles. If it does not flow into adjacent triangles, it is identified as a low point and the drainage area is delimited. If it does flow into adjacent triangles, points on the adjacent triangles are given the depth test until a point is found where the depth test does not overflow. This point is then marked as a low point and all associated drainage areas are assigned to it. When set to zero, the Minimum Low Point Depth is not utilized. Refine Watershed When activated, this option processes the entire TIN evaluating ridges, sumps, and low points and determines more precise flow boundaries within the triangles. It does not retriangulate, more specifically it insert
DTM Drainage Tools
16-5
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
lines within the TIN that actually represent flow divides. Triangles that currently represent ridges or are not bounding the watershed ridges are not altered. Note in the figure below, the triangle boundaries that exist in an original TIN file versus the location of the true watershed boundary.
Upon the creation of the refined watershed TIN, this region appears as follows:
Notice the triangle boundaries follow the true watershed boundary and utilized in the creation of the watersheds.
16.3 Delineate Watershed

The Delineate Watershed tool further delineates watersheds at any location within the TIN. A data point representing the pour point of the watershed is indicated and the contributing watershed area is computed and delineated. Pour points must be located near sumps in the terrain because a point lying on the side of a hill does not actually have a contributing area. This tool also relies on the overall watershed boundary containing the pour point be selected. This facilitates subdividing watersheds as is often necessary in drainage facility design. The resulting watersheds can then remove previously defined upstream watersheds to depict conditions as would occur if structures upstream are intercepting portions of the contributing watershed. The Delineate Watershed tool is provided for such a purpose and is depicted below.
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Fields in this dialog are described in the table below. Use Boundary Selection Criteria Boundary Area Selection Criteria Pick Boundary Elements Toggle to indicate the overall watershed boundary is selected using the symbolic criteria. Element symbology for placed basin and used if the Use Boundary Selection Criteria toggle is activated as the boundary selection criteria. Commences the definition of the overall watershed boundary. Either graphical selection of the overall boundary or automatic selection based on symbology if the Use Boundary Selection Criteria toggle is active. Any MicroStation element or group of elements may be selected; either those watersheds created previously with the Drainage tools or user defined boundaries.
DP Pour Point
The data point indicating the pour point, most downstream point, of the desired watershed. Points must be adjacent to sumps so that a contributing area physically exists. If the point is not adjacent to a sump
DTM Drainage Tools
16-7
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
line, no action is taken. The Pick Boundary Point must be executed prior to this in order to establish the most remote limits of the watershed. DP Create Point Upon execution of the Pick Boundary Point and DP Pour Point functions, this commences final construction of the watershed shape. A data point within the basin is required for completion. If the execution of Set Boundary and DP Pour Point does not result in an entirely closed region, a watershed cannot be constructed. Otherwise, the basin shape is constructed
16.4 Drainage Patterns

The Drainage Patterns tool evaluates the flow paths contained in a region of the TIN, Model or Object. This tool performs a downstream trace from the centroid of each triangle contained in the region specified. The dialog is depicted below.
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Note the text placement utilizes the current MicroStation text parameters.
DTM Drainage Tools
16-9
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
One sample is depicted below. Note the triangles are for reference only. The results appear similar to the following illustration providing visualization of the flow patterns within the TIN.
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK 16.5 Downstream Trace

The Downstream Trace tool delineates the flow path downstream from a given point in the TIN. The indicated path follows the steepest descent from the point through the TIN terminating at a low point or the edge of the TIN. The dialog is depicted below.
Fields in this dialog are described in the table below. Minimum Low Point Depth In many TINs, there are numerous low points, for which areas are delineated. However, many of these areas are simply small indentations or dips in the model, where water would flow through to a nearby lower point. To utilize this option, set the value to a depth, in master units (feet or meters). GEOPAK determines each low point, then determines if water placed at the specified depth overflows the indentation and flows into adjacent triangles. If it does not flow into adjacent triangles, it is identified as a low point and the drainage area is delimited. If it does flow into adjacent triangles, points on the adjacent triangles are given the depth test until a point is found where the depth test does not overflow. This point is then marked as a low point. When set to zero, the Minimum Low Point Depth is not utilized. Commences the Downstream Trace processing. The user is prompted to place a data point in a top view, and the downstream trace is drawn. Subsequent points may be placed without reselecting the Apply button.
Apply
DTM Drainage Tools
16-11
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
One sample TIN and downstream trace is depicted below. Note the triangles are shown for reference only.
16.6 Upstream Trace

The Upstream Trace Tool delineates the flow path upstream from a given point in the TIN. The indicated path follows the steepest ascent from the point through the TIN terminating at a high point or the edge of the TIN. The dialog is depicted below.
Apply
Commences the Upstream Trace processing. The user is prompted to place a data point in a top view, and the upstream trace is drawn. Subsequent points may be placed without reselecting the Apply button.
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK
One sample TIN and upstream trace lines are depicted below. Note the triangles are shown for reference only.
DTM Drainage Tools
16-13
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.7 Flow Arrows

The Flow Arrows tool indicates the direction of flow within the triangles for a given region of the TIN. The dialog is depicted below.
Fields in this dialog are described in the table below. Arrow Size Size of Flow Arrow in master units.
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK 16.8 Delineate Low Points

The Delineate Low Points tool locates all low points within a region of a TIN. A flow arrow is placed and the text "LP" is placed at the triangle vertex. The dialog is depicted below.
Fields in this dialog are described in the table below. Note the text placement utilizes the current MicroStation text parameters and are not included within the Set Feature dialog. Arrow Size Minimum Low Point Depth Size of Low Point Arrow in master units. In many TINs, there are numerous low points, for which areas are delineated. However, many of these areas are simply small indentations or dips in the model, where water would flow through to a nearby lower point. To utilize this option, set the value to a depth, in master units (feet or meters). GEOPAK determines each low point, then determines if water placed at the specified depth overflows the indentation and flows into adjacent triangles. If it does not flow into adjacent triangles, it is identified as a low point and the drainage area is delimited. If it does flow into adjacent triangles, points on the adjacent triangles are given the depth test until a point is found where the depth test does not overflow. This point is then marked as a low point. When set to zero, the Minimum Low Point Depth is not utilized.
DTM Drainage Tools
16-15
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
One sample is depicted below. Note the triangles are for reference only.
16.9 Delineate High Points

The Delineate High Points tool locates all the high points within a region of a TIN. A flow arrow is placed and the text "HP" is placed at the triangle vertex. The dialog is depicted below.
Arrow Size
Size of High Point Arrow in master units.
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK
One sample is depicted below. Note the triangles are for reference only.
16.10 Delineate Ridge Lines

The Delineate Ridge Lines tool indicates the ridge lines within a region of a TIN. A ridge line is defined as a triangle edge where the flow on each side of the edge is away from the edge. The dialog is depicted below.
DTM Drainage Tools
16-17
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.11 Delineate Sump Lines

The Delineate Sump Lines tool indicates the sump lines within a region of a TIN. A sump line is defined as a triangle edge where the flow on each side of the edge is towards the edge and is found in areas of concentrated flows such as streams and ditches. The dialog is depicted below.
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK 16.12 Surface Ponds

The Surface Ponds tool delineates the area(s) of ponded water within the specified TIN. The dialog is depicted below.
16.13 Pond Analysis

The Pond Analysis tool traces a point downstream to a low point and fills it giving the volume, maximum depth, and maximum elevation. In addition, the pond delineation is graphically displayed. The dialog is depicted below.
DTM Drainage Tools
16-19
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Simply press the Apply button, then place a data point on the screen within the confines of the specified TIN hull. The dialog Volume, Maximum Water Surface and Maximum Water Depth are automatically populated, and the pond delineation is drawn.
Part I___________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 17
Trace Slope Path

Feature / Function Tools Traces a path along a Tin, Site Model, or Site Object at a specified slope.
Analysis > Trace Slope Path
17.1 Overview
The Trace Slope Path tool traces a path along a TIN file, or if site modeler is active, a site model or object. When the tool is selected, the dialog depicted below opens. The left graphic is for a TIN file, while the right graphic illustrates the site modeler options. Note the functionality for a TIN file, site model or site object are identical, therefore, the discussion utilizes a site example.
TIN File Model / Object
Manually enter the desired TIN File, or press the Files button to select via File Manager. If the site modeler is open, Select Model or Object by activating the toggle to the left of the desired option. When selected, all available models (or objects) in the current project are
Trace Slope Path
17-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
listed. Select from the list. Method: Follow Slope Direct Slope The Follow Slope method moves along the surface of the model or object at the specified slope, therefore it normally is not a straight line. The path will stop if a path at the specified slope does not exist. The Direct Slope method uses only the object or model elevation at each endpoint, then computes the slope between the points and draws a line. Therefore, the surface of the model or object between the endpoints is ignored. Slope from the initial point to new endpoint. As each option is selected, the fields dynamically change to reflect the selection. Simply specify the desired slope option and key in the desired value. When a slope is keyed in, the GEOPAK Site Modeler computes all other values and populates the dialog. The slope signage (+/-) indicates the vertical direction from the initial data point to the displayed endpoint. A positive slope indicates the slope will be projected upward from the initial point to the new endpoint, thereby resulting in higher elevations for the new endpoint. When the Follow Slope method is utilized, each trace is drawn at a maximum of the distance (in master units). Note the trace is not linear, but follows the specified slope of the model or object. When the Direct Slope method is selected, GEOPAK moves radially from the user-defined point out the Distance (in master units) to determine the limit of the slope paths. Then it determines which radial path satisfies the slope condition computed between the Model / Object elevation of the initial point and the Model / Object elevation at the distance point. As the cursor is moved, the various paths are displayed, all the specified distance from the initial point and all at the specified slope. When a data point is placed to accept the first slope trace, the second path is displayed, using the endpoint of the first point and the radial distance to determine the new endpoint. By double clicking on the element symbology, the dialog depicted below is displayed.
Slope run:rise Slope rise:run Slope % Slope Unit / Unit
Distance
Element Symbology
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Within this dialog, Within these dialogs, all text and element symbology options are supported. Simply set the desired values, then press the OK button to automatically close the dialog and return to the main dialog. Pressing the Cancel button closes the dialog with no changes occurring. The dialog can also be invoked by right mouse clicking on the sample graphic.
In addition, placing the cursor over the element symbology line and right mouse clicking invokes the pop-up menu with the following options: Feature dialog (invokes dialog depicted above) By Current - utilizes the active symbology By Element - prompts the user to select an element which is then matched Copy (and Paste) - can be copied and / or pasted from another Set Feature dialog within GEOPAK. DP Pressing the DP button commences the procedure and prompts the user for a data point. After the user places a data point on the screen, GEOPAK determines the trace slope path. If no solution is found, the following Alert message is displayed.
If a solution is found, GEOPAK displays (or draws) the resultant path. Each additional data point accepts the current path, then dynamically displays the next possible solution.
Trace Slope Path
17-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
9.8.1 Follow Slope Example
One sample dialog for the Follow Slope Method is illustrated below.
In this example, the Apartment Model is utilized. The Slope is set to 20:1 and the Distance is 35 master units. The graphic below illustrates the traced slope path when five data points have been defined, as a result of the dialog above. The initial data point is placed on the screen and as the cursor is moved, various solutions are displayed. Each possible solution is comprised of a line string 35 master units long and whose slope is based on actual slope of the model or object. Therefore, the line string meanders along a path of the specified slope until it is 35 master units long (or less if there is no solution. When DP2 is placed on the screen, the first line string which was dynamically displayed at the time of the data point is now fixed. Using DP 2 as the initial endpoint, new solutions are dynamically displayed. Note the solution between DP 3 and DP 4 has almost a 90 degree turn in it, based on the terrain of the model apartment. There is also a small turn at the end of this segment near DP 4.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
9.8.2 Direct Slope Example

One sample dialog for the Direct Slope is illustrated below.
In this example, the Apartment Model is utilized. The Slope is set to 20:1 and the Distance is 35 master units. The graphic below illustrates the traced slope path when seven data points have been defined, as a result of the dialog above. The initial data point is placed on the screen and as the cursor is moved, various solutions are displayed. Each possible solution is comprised of a line 35 master units long and whose slope is based on the elevation of the initial data point (on model apartment) and the elevation of endpoint (also based on the model apartment). When DP2 is placed on the screen, the first line which was dynamically displayed at the time of the data point is
Trace Slope Path
17-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
now fixed. Using DP 2 as the initial endpoint, new solutions are dynamically displayed. Once again, as the cursor is moved, the display changes. To lock in the desired element, simply place DP 3 on the screen. The process continues with each data point defining another segment of the specified length and computed slope. Note the DP button on the dialog is only pressed once at the beginning of the procedure. Note that the terrain of the model between the data points is ignored in the Direct Slope method, and only elevations of the data points draped on the model or object are utilized.
Part I___________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 18
DTM Camera
18.1 Overview
Feature / Function Tool A variety of utility tools including various conversions, checking triangulation and exporting to Trimble DTX.
DTM Menu Bar
Analysis
The DTM Camera tool frame supports a wide variety of tools and options to view Digital Terrain models within a MicroStation 3D file. The triangles should be drawn into the file utilizing the Load DTM Features prior to invoking the DTM Camera tool. When the icon is selected, the tool frame depicted below opens, along with the associated Tool Settings.
18.2 Surface Navigation Camera Tool Frame

Ten tools are located on the Surface Navigation Camera and are detailed in the table below. Locate Camera and Target Locate Camera Locate Target
DTM Camera
18-1
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Fly Path Surface Camera Settings Inherit Z When Navigating Navigate Camera Zoom Camera Out Zoom Camera In Display More Camera Settings
18.3 Locate Camera and Target Tools

Locate Camera and Target Locate Camera Locate Target
Three tools are supported to set the camera an targets. To set either the camera or target, only one data point is required. To set both the camera and target, two data points are required. Select the tool, then data point on the desired location(s) within the Control View. The camera view is the location where the camera is located, while the target view is what would be seen looking through the view finder of the camera. One example is illustrated below. The camera is located at the point of the V in view 1, which is the Control View. The two solid lines indicate the range of the pan, with the target point centered between them. View two shows the view one might see from "behind the camera." Note the Surface Camera Settings define the camera and target heights.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
18.4 Fly Path

The Fly Path tool requires two data points, as all other required information is already defined in the Surface Camera Settings dialog. The beginning and ending points of the fly through are defined via data points. GEOPAK moves along the model based on the interval in the Surface Camera Settings dialog. When complete, the Control View displays the clipping limits and the , as illustrated below.
DTM Camera
18-3
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
To assist you in relating the view cone to the camera view, it is color coded. In the view cone geometry, the red line equates to the top left corner of the camera view, the green line to the top right corner, and the two blue lines to the lower corners of the camera view. When the initial flight is complete, the Navigate Camera dialog is automatically opened and set to Fly mode in order to change settings and maneuver through the model.
The Surface Flight Camera tool is also opened upon commencement of the flight. The VCR style buttons enable the user to fly back and forth within the flight, or to the beginning or end by use of the double arrow buttons.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
18.5 Surface Camera Settings

A variety of settings are defined within the Surface Camera Settings dialog, as depicted below.
At the top of the dialog, the Control and Camera View are defined. The Control view (normally a top view) is used to define camera and target locations, and I s where the projection lines and clipping lines are displayed. The elevations for the camera and target can be defined via graphic elements (such as triangles) by defining an Elevation or by specifying a TIN file. The distance above the elements determines the perspective of the model. Inheriting the Z value of the model can also be toggled on / off from the Inherit tool on the tool frame.
DTM Camera
18-5
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Front Clip From Camera Back Clip From Camera Sets the distance, in working units, from the camera to the front clipping plane. If off, the front clipping plane is at the camera origin (no clipping). Controls the distance, in working units, from the camera to the back clipping plane. If off, there is no back
The settings at the bottom of the dialog are utilized for Fly Path. The Flight Path can be defined by two data points, a graphic element or a chain. Based on this setting, the user is prompted to define the two data points or select the element. As the chain is selected within this dialog, there is no user prompts. The Increment determines the distance between each step of the flight along the flight path. Other options determine whether the camera and target are stationary or moving during the flight.
18.6 Inherit Z When Navigating

The Inherit Z When Navigating icon acts as a toggle to turn on and off the inheritance of the elevation. The tool tip indicates the status of the toggle each time the icon is clicked.
18.7 Navigate Camera

When you open the Navigate Camera view control for the first time, it is in Basic Mode. In Basic Mode, navigation options for the keyboard and the mouse are predefined, so you can move through a design immediately, without adjusting any settings. In Advanced Mode, you can change the default navigation options.
The following list contains all the keyboard shortcuts used to control camera movement, speed, and orientation. Keyboard Key Left arrow, <A> or <J> Effect Same as moving the mouse to the left.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Right arrow, <D> or <L> Up arrow, <W> or <I> Down arrow, <S> or <K> Same as moving the mouse to the right. Same as moving the mouse forward. Same as moving the mouse backward. Resets the cameras roll, elevation, and orientation (see the Roll, Elevate, and Orient fields under Camera Orientation in the Define Camera tool settings window). For example, pressing the Home key on your keyboard: once - resets the cameras tilt angle to zero degrees (roll). twice - resets the roll, then resets the cameras elevation angle to zero degrees (camera is horizontal to the ground). three times - resets the roll, then resets the elevation, then resets the cameras orientation angle to zero degrees (camera is in the direction of the positive Xaxis). Increases the Distance field by 10 percent. For example, if your Distance is set to 10 (feet), pressing the <+> key on your keyboard increases the Distance to 11 feet. Changes are applied to both the Arrow Keys and the Mouse column. Increases the Degrees field by 10 percent. For example, if your Degrees is set to 30, pressing the <[> key on your keyboard increases the Degrees to 33 degrees. Changes are applied to both the Arrow Keys and the Mouse column. Decreases the Distance field by (approximately) 10 percent. For example, if you had increased your Distance by 10 percent (from 10 feet to 11 feet), pressing the <-> key on your keyboard decreases the Distance back to 10 feet. Changes are applied to both the Arrow Keys and the Mouse column. Decreases the Degrees fields by (approximately) 10 percent. For example, if you had increased your Degrees by 10 percent (from 30 degrees to 33 degrees), pressing the <]> key on your keyboard decreases the Degrees back to 30 degrees. Changes are applied to both the Arrow Keys and the Mouse column.
Home, <Q> or <U>
<+>
<[>
<->
<]>
DTM Camera
18-7
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Active View Basic Mode Sets the view in which to navigate the camera. Uses the default keyboard and mouse settings for controlling camera movement. Allows the use of custom keymaps. The navigation option that you choose from this location in the settings window only applies to the keyboard. Fly Move forward/back, turn left/right: Up arrow, or moving the mouse forward moves the camera forward along the current angle of the camera. For example, if the camera is pointed at an upward angle, you will move forward and upward along that angle. Down arrow, or moving the mouse backward moves the camera backward at the current angle of the camera. For example, if camera is pointed at an upward angle, you will move backward and downward along that angle. Left/right arrow, or moving the mouse to the left/right same as Turn. Turn Turn about camera axes: Up arrow, or moving the mouse forward turns the camera upward, perpendicular to the ground (as if standing still and turning your head toward the sky). Down arrow, or moving the mouse backward turns the camera downward, perpendicular to the ground (as if standing still and turning your head toward the ground). Left arrow, or moving the mouse to the left turns the camera to the left parallel to the ground (as if standing still and turning your head toward the left). Right arrow, or moving the mouse to the right turns the camera to the right parallel to the ground (as if standing still and turning your head toward the right). Slide Move up/down/left/right in camera plane: Up arrow, or moving the mouse forward moves the camera up, perpendicular to the ground (as if you were looking straight out of a glass elevator that was going up). Down arrow, or moving the mouse backward moves the camera down, perpendicular to the ground (as if you were looking straight out of a glass elevator that was going down). Left arrow, or moving the mouse to the left moves the camera left, parallel to the ground (as if you are looking straight out of the window of a train moving in the direction of your left shoulder).
Advanced Mode
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Right arrow, or moving the mouse to the right moves the camera right, parallel to the ground (as if you are looking straight out of the window of a train moving in the direction of your right shoulder). Glide Move forward/back/left/right in camera plane: Up/down arrow, or moving the mouse forward/backward same as Fly. Left/right arrow, or moving the mouse to the left/right same as Slide. Walk Move forward/back at current height, left/right swivel: Up arrow, or moving the mouse forward moves the camera forward, parallel to the ground (as if walking into the design). Down arrow, or moving the mouse backward moves the camera backward, parallel to the ground (as if walking away from the design). Left/right arrow, or moving the mouse to the left/right same as Swivel. Swivel Turn about design axes: Up/down arrow, or moving the mouse forward/backward similar to Turn, except that the camera turns up or down perpendicular to the tilt of the camera, and stops when it points straight up or straight down. Left arrow, or moving the mouse to the left turns (swivels) the camera to the left, parallel to the tilt of the camera. Right arrow, or moving the mouse to the right turns (swivels) the camera to the right, parallel to the tilt of the camera. Float Move up/down/left/right in design plane: Up/down arrow, or moving the mouse forward/backward Similar to Slide, except that the camera moves up or down perpendicular to the tilt of the camera. Left/right arrow, or moving the mouse to the left/right Similar to Slide, except that the camera moves to the left or right parallel to the tilt of the camera. Dolly Move forward/back/left/right at current height: Up/down arrow, or moving the mouse forward/backward same as Walk. Left/right arrow, or moving the mouse to the left/right same as Float. Tilt Tilt camera about camera axes: Up/down arrow, or moving the mouse forward/backward same as Turn.
DTM Camera
18-9
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
Left arrow, or moving the mouse to the left tilts the camera to the left (as if standing still and leaning your head toward your left shoulder). Right arrow, or moving the mouse to the right tilts the camera to the right (as if standing still and leaning your head toward your right shoulder). If on, the mouse is enabled (in addition to the keyboard) for controlling camera movements. If off, only the keyboard is enabled for controlling camera movements. (Advanced Mode only) Using the Mouse combo box, you can assign the same navigation options to the mouse as you can to the keyboard. (Advanced Mode only) Clicking these buttons is analogous to pressing the Arrow buttons corresponding arrow keys on the keyboard. The arrow buttons change depending on the navigation option chosen. Show Settings/Hide Settings Shows/hides the Shift, Ctrl and Ctrl-Shift settings (Advanced Mode only), the Distance and Degrees fields, and the Display View Cone option. Displays the default shortcuts for the keyboard and the mouse. Pressing the <?> key on the keyboard also displays the default shortcuts.
Mouse Control
Show Shortcut Keys (?)
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
(Advanced Mode only) Allows you to assign a navigation option to the <Shift> key (see navigation options). Once set, you can control the camera using the <SHIFT-arrow> key or <SHIFT-mouse> combination. (Advanced Mode only) Allows you to assign a navigation option to the <Ctrl> key (see navigation options). Once set, you can control the camera using the <CTRL-arrow> key or <CTRL-mouse> combination. (Advanced Mode only) Allows you to assign a navigation option to the <CTRLShift> key combination (see navigation options). Once set, you can control the camera using the <CTRL-SHIFT-arrow> key or <CTRL-SHIFT-mouse> combination. Sets the distance, in working units, for each camera movement. Distance For the mouse, the Distance field sets the distance traveled (in working units) when you move the mouse from the left-most point in the view to the right-most point in the view. Sets the angle for each camera movement. If on, displays the orientation of the camera in the non-active views.
Shift key
Ctrl key
Ctrl-Shift
Degrees Display View Cone
To move the camera through a view window using the Basic Mode
1. Select the Navigate Camera view control from the Surface Navigation Camera tool frame. 2. From the Active View option menu, select a view. 3. Set Mode to Basic.
4. If you want to use the mouse as well as the keyboard to control the camera, turn on Mouse Control. If Mouse Control is off, all settings pertaining to the mouse are disabled (dimmed).
DTM Camera
18-11
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
5. (Optional) Click the Show Shortcuts keys (?) button for a list of the default keyboard and mouse navigation settings. 6. (Optional) To display more settings, click the Show Settings button.
7. (Optional) In the Distance field, enter the distance for each movement of the camera. Distance is in Working Units. 8. (Optional) In the Degree field, enter the angle for each movement of the camera. 9. (Optional) Turn on Display View Cone. 10. Press any of the arrow keys, letter keys, or keyboard combinations to move the camera through the active view. or If you are using the mouse, enter a data point to select the active view, then move the mouse to move the camera. Enter another data point to accept and stop moving the camera, or Reset to restore the views starting position. Note: When using View Previous and View Next, only mouse accept points are recognized as viewing operations. For example, if in a view you Tilt the camera with the mouse, accept and then Walk forward using the keyboard, when you click the View Previous view control, the keyboard input is ignored, and the view is restored to its condition before the Tilt operation.
To move the camera through a view window using the Advanced Mode
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
1. Select the Navigate Camera view control. 2. From the Active View option menu, select a view. 3. Set Mode to Advanced.
4. If you want to use the mouse as well as the keyboard to control the camera, turn on Mouse, and select a navigation option. If Mouse is off, all settings pertaining to the mouse are disabled (dimmed). 5. (Optional) Click the Show Shortcuts keys (?) button for a list of the current keyboard and mouse navigation settings. 6. (Optional) To display more settings and navigation options, click the Show Settings button.
7. (Optional) In the Distance field, enter the distance for each movement of the camera. Distance is in Working Units. 8. (Optional) In the Degree field, enter the angle for each movement of the camera. 9. (Optional) Turn on Display View Cone.
DTM Camera
18-13
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
10. Press any of the arrow keys, letter keys, or keyboard combinations to move the camera through the active view. or if you are using the mouse, enter a data point to select the active view, then move the mouse to move the camera. Enter another data point to accept and stop moving the camera, or Reset to restore the views starting position. Note: When using View Previous and View Next, only mouse accept points are recognized as viewing operations. For example, if in a view you Tilt the camera with the mouse, accept and then Walk forward using the keyboard, when you click the View Previous view control, the keyboard input is ignored, and the view is restored to its condition before the Tilt operation.
18.8 Zoom Camera Out and In

Zoom Camera Out Zoom Camera In
Similar to the MicroStation Zoom commands, the camera eyepoint remains stationary when the panned view's projection is anything other than Parallel. In these cases, the view changes to Three Point projection as it pans.
18.9 Display More Camera Settings

Used to set up a view for rendering graphically by manipulating the dynamically displayed view cone via handles at strategic points. Alternatively, you can use Display More Camera Settings for specific manipulations, and its settings window for precision inputs. To assist you visualize the design as you manipulate the camera, the viewing cone can be displayed in all other views. With Continuous View Updates turned on, the camera view updates dynamically as you manipulate the view cone in the other views.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The Define Camera settings window lets you display only those settings that you require. With the More/Hide button you can quickly display or dismiss the more settings group box. Within this group box, Show/Hide buttons let you expand only those settings that you wish to examine or modify.
When the Define Camera tool is used for the first time, in a design, you are prompted to choose an Active View. This view becomes the camera view. If Display View Cone is turned on (in the Define Camera settings window), then view cones appear in the other open views that display the same region of the design. These show the viewing extents of the camera view. The shape and features of the view cone will depend on the Projection active at the time. The tool settings for Define Camera apply to the viewing parameters of the active or camera view. You can change this view's parameters by keying in values to the various fields. When you make changes to the view interactively, values in these fields update automatically. Interactive adjustments can be made via the view cone, or directly in the camera view using one of the Camera Action settings.
DTM Camera
18-15
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
You can control the orientation of the view cone by positioning handles, either dynamically, or by entering values in the Define Camera settings window. To display the view cone, you must ensure that Display View Cone is turned on, in the Define Camera settings window. To assist you in relating the view cone to the camera view, it is color coded. In the view cone geometry, the red line equates to the top left corner of the camera view, the green line to the top right corner, and the two blue lines to the lower corners of the camera view. Handles appear as small squares on the view cones. You can use these to modify the viewing parameters interactively. When Continuous View Updates is turned on, the camera view updates dynamically as you modify the view cone. When modifying a view cone:
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Moving the eye point handle does not effect the position of the target handle, and vice-versa. Moving the center handle moves the whole view cone. Moving the image plane handle of the one point projection view cone allows you to rotate the image plane independent of the eye and targets. Moving the handle at the lower left corner of the image plane lets you change the lens view angle. Where you know the exact coordinates at which you wish to place the eye point or target, you can use precision inputs. All modifications to the view cone, in any view, adjusts the viewing parameters of the camera view, which is selected when you first select the Define Camera tool. You may change the camera view.
The Define Camera settings window on initial opening. Clicking the More button displays available settings. The following Camera Action settings are used to make interactive adjustments in the view: Pan Modify the view (cone) by revolving either the Camera about the Target (horizontally or vertically), or vice-versa. Pan Horizontal Modify the view (cone) by revolving either the Camera horizontally (only) about the Target, or vice-versa. Pan Vertical Modify the view (cone) by revolving either the Camera vertically (only) about the Target, or vice-versa. Roll Roll, or rotate, the Camera about the z-axis of the camera view. For this setting, there is no difference whether the Reference Point is set to Eye or Target. Dolly/Elevate Move the camera view cone, linearly, in a horizontal or vertical direction. This lets you move the camera sideways or vertically relative to the camera view. The action is similar to moving the view cone via its middle handle. Dolly Move the camera view cone directly in to or out from the
Camera Action
DTM Camera
18-17
GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________
view. As well you can move it sideways. This action is similar to moving the view cone via its middle handle. Lens Focal Length Manipulate the focal length of the camera lens of the camera view by changing the distance between the Target and the Eye Point or camera. Lens View Angle Change the camera lens viewing angle, which is made up of horizontal and vertical viewing angles. These are related by the Aspect ratio of the camera view. Pan/Dolly Revolve the Camera and to move forward or backward along the z-axis of the camera view. This is useful for walking through a model, in particular when the movement is on a plane. Active View Projection Sets the view to be used as the camera view. Sets the projection to display in the camera view Sets the point about which the camera manipulations are performed. Reference Point Eye Camera manipulations are performed relative to the camera eyepoint. Target Camera manipulations are performed relative to the camera target point. If on, the camera view is updated continuously as the view cone is adjusted, either graphically, or via the input fields. If on, the view cone, for the camera view, displays in all other open views that display the same portion of the design. Turns on (More) or off (Hide) display of other settings that may be adjusted in the camera view. Sets the location of the camera and target. Camera Position Eye Pt. X, Y, and Z coordinate values for the Eye Point, or camera position. Target X, Y, and Z coordinate values for the Target of the camera. Sets the camera and image plane orientation. Camera Orientation Camera Defines the camera location. Plane (One Point projection only) Defines the image plane orientation. Orient (Camera) Horizontal angle, measured from the positive (design file) X direction.
Continuous View Updates Display View Cone More/Hide button
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Elevate (Camera) Vertical angle, measured from the positive (design file) X direction. Roll (Camera) Angle that camera is rotated, measured about the zaxis of the camera. Orient (Plane) Horizontal angle, of the image plane's normal, measured from the positive (design file) X direction. Elevate (Plane) Vertical angle, of the image plane's normal, measured from the positive (design file) X direction. Sets the viewing angles and aspect ratio. Horizontal (Angle) Horizontal view angle. Changing this value automatically adjusts the Vertical, relative to the view aspect ratio. Vertical (Angle) Vertical view angle. Changing this value automatically adjusts the Horizontal, relative to the view aspect ratio. Aspect (Angle) Displays the width/height ratio of the camera view. Horizontal (Size) Displays horizontal dimension, in working units, of the camera view. Vertical (Size) Displays vertical dimension, in working units, of the camera view. Sets the clipping planes for the camera view. Clip Factor Front sets the front clipping plane at the percentage distance from the eye to target (normally between 0 and 1). Back sets the back clipping plane to be a factor of the eye to target distance (normally greater than 1). Clip Dist. Front sets the distance from the eyepoint to the front clipping plane. Back sets the distance from the eyepoint to the back clipping plane. Sets incremental limits, Distance and Angle, for controlled movement of the camera, target, or view cone. The maximum Distance increment is one-half the distance from the eye to the target. The maximum Angle increment is 45.
View Information
Display Depths
Controlled Movement
DTM Camera
18-19
GEOPAK _________________________________________________________________________________________
Part I___________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 19
Utilities
19.1 Overview
Feature / Function Tools A variety of utility tools including various conversions, checking triangulation and exporting to Trimble DTX.
DTM Menu Bar
Utilities
GEOPAK supports a myriad of utility tools including TIN conversions from earlier GEOPAK versions, DAT file conversions from ASCII to binary and vice versa, checking triangulation, and exporting to Trimble equipment.
19.2 Convert Triangulated Model (Version)

Feature / Function Tool Convert from earlier GEOPAK TIN versions (pre-GEOPAK 98).
DTM Menu Bar
Utilities > Convert TIN file
GEOPAK provides a tool that converts earlier versions of GEOPAK Tin models to the current format. This is in response to additional features added to GEOPAK 98 models that were not supported in earlier versions. The conversion must be done on TIN files created prior to GEOPAK 98 if they are to be utilized in any application that modifies the TIN file. These include: Clip TIN Merging Volumes Drainage (Refining Only)
Utilities
19-1
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
TIN Editing
In the user attempts these applications with a pre- GEOPAK98 TIN file, a message is displayed alerting the user for the need to convert. When invoked, the dialog shown below opens.
A New TIN file name is supported, to maintain the integrity of the original TIN file. Simply type the name of the Old Tin file (if not supplied, a "TIN" extension is assumed), the New TIN File name and press the Process push button. In lieu of typing the TIN File name, pressing the Files button invokes the TIN File dialog, wherein the desired TIN file may be selected.
19.3 Binary - ASCII Conversion Processes

Feature / Function Tool Convert an ASCII DAT file to Binary or a Binary DAT file to ASCII.
DTM Menu Bar
Utilities > ASCII to Binary Utilities > Binary to ASCII
Two conversion processes for DTM Input files (*.dat) are supported. These conversions include: ASCII to Binary Binary to ASCII
The ASCII to Binary dialog is depicted below:
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK
For both options (ASCII to Binary and Binary to ASCII), the user keys in the name of the data file to be converted. By pressing the Files button, the File dialog is invoked wherein the desired file can be selected. In addition, the name of the converted file must also be specified. In order to preserve the integrity of the original data file, a different name for the converted file should be utilized. When the Process button is pressed, the software reads the original data file and converts to the desired file format. One sample of the Binary to ASCII dialog is depicted below.
Two additional fields are supported as detailed in the table below. Number of Decimal Points Determines the number of decimal places for coordinates.
Append Point Numbers When activated, an additional column is added to the file. Point numbers are assigned to each line in the DAT file, initializing with 1.
19.4 Check Validity of the Triangulated Model

Feature / Function Tool Check the validity of a triangulated model.
Utilities
19-3
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
DTM Menu Bar Utilities > Check Triangulation
GEOPAK provides a tool that reviews the binary triangulation file and determines if it is a valid triangulation model by checking its topology and precision. This is typically used if your triangulation file is producing error messages within various DTM procedures or if you are confused whether a given file is a triangulation file. When invoked, the dialog shown below appears. Simply type the name of the triangulation file (if not supplied, a "TIN" extension is assumed) and press the Process push button. In lieu of typing the TIN File name, pressing the Files button invokes the TIN File dialog, wherein the desired TIN file may be selected.
If the triangulation model is valid, a "Triangulation Valid" is displayed in the dialog as depicted below.
19.5 English or Metric TIN Converter

Feature / Function Tool Converts TIN files from English to Metric or vice versa.
DTM Menu Bar
Utilities > Metric
English
GEOPAK TIN files are neither English nor Metric. English and Metric preference settings within GEOPAK are for volume purposes
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK
and do not affect the TIN. This utility converts an entire TIN file with optional translation and rotation tools. To maintain the integrity of the original TIN file, the procedure generates a copy of the original TIN, and then converts the copy. Therefore, when the procedure is complete, the user has both an English and a metric TIN file. When the tool is selected, the dialog depicted below is displayed.
The fields in the dialog above are detailed in the table below. Source TIN File Target TIN File Conversion Factor: English to Metric Metric to English Metric to Imperial Custom The original TIN File to be converted. The file name can be typed in, or selected by pressing the Files button. The new TIN File to be created. If the target TIN file already exists, the software overwrites it with no warning message. When Metric to English is selected, the English conversion factor (i.e. f3.281) is applied. When Metric to Imperial is selected, the Imperial conversion factor (i.e. f3.281) is applied. When English to Metric is selected, the metric conversion factor (i.e. f0.3048) is applied. When Custom is selected, the user-defined conversion factor is applied.
Utilities
19-5
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Translation
An optional translation can be performed. Toggle on the desired factor(s), then enter the value in master units. Values can be positive or negative and are in the converted units, not original units. Note the translation is performed on the converted TIN. An optional rotation can be performed. Toggle on Rotation, then enter the X and Y Coordinates about which to rotate, and the Angle of rotation, in terms of Decimal Degrees. Note the rotation is performed on the converted TIN. Press the Convert button to commence processing.
Rotation
Convert
As a final note, caution must be exercised when utilizing this useful tool. If the designer runs the process on an already converted TIN file, GEOPAK applies the conversion factor again with no warning message given. For example, if an English TIN file (site.tin) is converted to a metric database file (sitem.tin) and the designer inadvertently runs the conversion again on sitem.tin, GEOPAK applies the factor a second time, making all the data approximately 1/3 of its correct value.
___________________________________________________________GEOPAK 19.6 Export DTM

Feature / Function Tool Generates an ASCII file from a lattice for use in field equipment.
DTM Menu Bar
Utilities > Export DTM
This tool utilizes a GEOPAK TIN or lattice file to generate a file suitable for use with Trimble field equipment. When invoked, the dialog displayed below opens.
Three exports are supported, as depicted in the exploded view below.
Depending on the type of field equipment, either lattice or TIN files are utilized as the source file. The second file name (Trumble DTM, Trimble TTM or Leica GSI) is the name of the file to be loaded onto the field equipment. Names may be manually keyed in or selected by pressing the Files button. The DTX File is a gridded mesh (lattice) file, while the TTM file contains the breaklines and triangles. Pressing the Process button commences the Trimble file creation.
Utilities
19-7
GEOPAK ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Part II____________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 1
Geotechnical Tools
1 .1 Overview
GEOPAK GeoTechnical toolset supports a wide variety of tools for the input, storage, review and editing of soils boring data. Subsurface TINs of the various materials can be created, for subsequent drawing onto cross sections or profiles. The actual borings may be drawn in plan view, placed on cross sections, profiles or drawn into 3D as soils columns.
1.2 Start-Up
The GEOPAK GeoTechnical tools can be invoked from GEOPAK Road in the Utilities and Conversions tool box, as depicted below.
Within GEOPAK Site, the tool can be invoked directly from the Site Tools. Within GEOPAK Bridge, the tool can be invoked from the Road Tools.
When selected, the main dialog depicted below opens.
Geotechnical Tools
1-1
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
The upper portion of the dialog displays the location (represented by station / offset or X, Y coordinates), chain, the elevation either collected in the field or computed from the TIN file, boring type, description of the borehole conditions and the water table elevation if available. The Water Table Elevation represents the Static Water Level 24 Hour Reading. When the Expand arrow in the lower right corner is pressed, the dialog expands as depicted below.
1-2 Part II - GeoTechnical Tools
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The lower portion of the dialog lists the Material Information for each layer of the boring, the depth of cover either indicated as a depth below the ground (DOC) or true elevation (Strata Elevation) and a description of the soil layer material.
1.3 Functions of GeoTechnical Tools

GeoTechnical tools has several main functions: Storage of boring data for easy review and manipulation Drawing of borings onto plan view Generation of subsurface TINs Drawing of borings onto cross sections Drawing of borings onto profiles Drawing of borings into a 3D file The manipulation of data is accomplished from the Borehole Navigator (main dialog). Boreholes can be added, modified or deleted. Material layers can also be manipulated. Standard Penetration Test data is also supported.
Geotechnical Tools
1-3
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
One sample illustration of borings visualized in plan view is depicted below.
One sample boring on a cross section view is illustrated below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
One sample boring on a profile view is illustrated below.
1.4 GeoTechnical Preferences

The visualization of boreholes is based on a rich set of preferences completely customizable by the user. These preferences define cells for plan view drawings, text placement, area patterns for cells, drop down lists for material definitions, etc. One sample Preferences dialog is depicted below.
Geotechnical Tools
1-5
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Part II____________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 2
Preferences
2.1 Overview
The GeoTechnical Preferences control the graphic display of the borehole data in plan, 3D, cross section, and profile views. The settings may be saved (*.gtp) to serve as a standard setup for subsequent projects. In larger organizations, the GeoTechnical Preference file may be set up by the administrator and can be password protected in the same manner as the existing Design & Computation Manager databases. As each option is selected, the right side of the GeoTechnical Preferences dialog changes to reflect the selection. For example, when Column Label is selected, the dialog dynamically changes as reflected below.
Once the preferences are set, pressing the OK button closes the dialog. If changes have been made, the user is prompted to save. Each preference is discussed in detail below.
Preferences
2-1
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________ 2.2 File Utilities

The GeoTechnical Preferences provide several standard file open and save operations. All file operations are accessed via the File pull down and are detailed in the table below.
New
Creates a new preferences file. All list boxes are empty and each item must be defined. For either the Open or New modes, prior to opening the new database, GEOPAK closes the original preferences file in an orderly manner. If any changes were previously made to the original preferences and not saved, a dialog opens offering you the opportunity to save or ignore the changes. Opens a previously created preferences file. This operation saves the current contents of the Preferences dialog to the currently active preferences file. When configuring the preferences, frequent use of the File > Save pull down is important. Any changes made in the dialog are not recorded in the preferences file unless a file Save or Save As operation is executed. Hence, any power interruption or software malfunction will result in loss of data that can be avoided through the judicious use of the File > Save tool.
Open Save
Save As Password
An alternative to defining a new Preferences is to copy and modify an existing preferences file. For large organizations where systems personnel generate and maintain the preferences in order to adhere to standards, it may be desirable to restrict users from changing the preferences. This option is supported under the File > Password pull down. The Password only restricts users from changing or adding to the preferences, however, they can still review each item to view the element symbology or other parameters. To orderly close the preferences, the File > Exit command should be selected If changes ha e been made to the Preferences and ha e not
Exit
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
selected. If changes have been made to the Preferences and have not been saved, the software prompts whether the preferences should be saved.
Exiting the MicroStation file also closes the preferences in an orderly manner, so it is another option. The Preferences can also be closed by double clicking in the upper left hand corner or single clicking in the upper right corner.
2.3 Element Symbology

Many of the preferences have element symbology specifications, which operate functionally the same in all dialogs. Therefore, the discussion below is relevant to any symbology option in all preferences. Element Symbology By double clicking on the sample element graphic, the dialog depicted below is displayed.
Preferences
2-3
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
In addition, placing the cursor over the element symbology line and right mouse clicking invokes the pop-up menu with the following options: Feature dialog (invokes dialog depicted above) By Current - utilizes the active symbology By Element - prompts the user to select an element which is then matched Copy (and Paste) - can be copied and / or pasted from another Set Feature dialog within GEOPAK.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK 2.4 Text Parameters

Many of the preferences contain text parameters, which specify size, font, justification and element symbology. The discussion herein is common to all text parameters and therefore is not repeated in each option. The size of the font is controlled by the Text Height and Text Width. These can be fixed or can vary with the scale settings on the Visualize Boreholes in Plan View dialog. For the dialog fragment shown below, the symbol text size is always 6.0 regardless of the drawing scale as the Preferences is set to TH/TW Fixed.
In the graphic below, the symbol font size varies since the option button is set to TH/TW Scale= rather than TH/TW Fixed.
GEOPAK compares the TH / TW Scale in the Preferences to the Mapping Scale in the Visualize Boreholes in Plan View dialog.. If the Mapping Scale and TH/TW Scale match, the font is drawn at text size 6. If the sizes do not match, GEOPAK uses a ratio of Preferences TH / TW Scale and the Mapping Scale and proportionalizes the font. For example, if the Mapping Scale is double the Preferences Scale, the text size drawn is doubled of the Preferences text size. Therefore, resulting font would be drawn with a text size of 12.0 master units, doubling the 6 size listed in the Preferences. Pressing the Justification button invokes a dialog wherein the text justification may be defined, as depicted below.
Preferences
2-5
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Select the desired justification graphically or by the buttons on the right. Changing the justification in one method automatically changes the other. When set, simply press the OK button to close the dialog and return to the main dialog.
2.5 Descriptions
When the Descriptions option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection.
Two group boxes are supported within the Descriptions option: Borehole Types and Material Names. GEOPAK supports an unlimited number of Borehole Types. When the fifth entry is added, scroll bars are automatically displayed for ease of viewing. Three action buttons are supported, as detailed in the table below. Add To add a Borehole Type or Material Name / Number, populate the edit field at the bottom of the group box, then press the Add button.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
button. Modify To modify, highlight the line to be modified and GEOPAK populates the edit field. Change the edit field, then press the Modify button. To delete a line, simply highlight the line, then press the Delete button. An Alert message prompts the user for deletion, as depicted below.
Delete
Pressing the Yes button deletes the Borehole Type, pressing No or Cancel closes the Alert message, but does not delete the type.
GEOPAK supports an unlimited number of Material Names / Numbers. When the fifth entry is added, scroll bars are automatically displayed for ease of viewing. To utilize a Material Number, activate the toggle to the left of Material Number. An optional Material Color can be utilized by activating the toggle to the left of Material Color and selecting the desired color. The color is displayed in the list box. If the Material Color is not activated when a Material is added, N/A is displayed in the list box. The color is utilized when drawing the soil strata when visualized as a column in 3D and when the fill option (rather than material pattern) is utilized when drawing boreholes on cross sections and profiles. The Borehole Types stored within the Descriptions Preferences are reflected throughout the GeoTechnical tools and can only be added within the Description Preferences. In the graphic below, three Borehole Types are stored: Default, Test, and Sample.
Preferences
2-7
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
By opening the Add Borehole dialog, the Borehole Types mirror what is in the Description dialog, enabling the users to select the desired Type from the list.
The Borehole Types are also utilized elsewhere within the Preferences, as illustrated in the Plan > Cell option below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Additional Borehole Types may be listed if an existing project is opened which has types not listed or an existing preference file with additional types has been opened.
2.6 Plan
The Plan options define the placement of borings onto plan view drawings. When the Plan option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
Preferences
2-9
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Only one option is supported on the Plan dialog, Draw Borehole in Plan View. When activated, all plan related options in the list box are unghosted, so the user can set up all preferences required to draw soils borings in the plan view. When not active, borings cannot be drawn in plan view. If the user attempts to draw plan view borings via the Navigator, the following Alert message is displayed.
2.6.1 Cell / Symbol

In order to select the Cell / Symbol option, the Draw Borehole in Plan View toggle in the Plan option must be activated. When selected, the dialog depicted below opens. This dialog reflects the Symbol option for drawing.
When the Draw As: option is changed to Cell, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the current selection. The dialog is illustrated below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Within the dialog, all parameters required to draw the cell / symbology representing the borings in plan view are defined. When adding or modifying boreholes, the user selects the desired Type from the list within the Add Borehole dialog. The relationship between the Add Borehole dialog and the Preferences dialog is illustrated below.
The table below details each field regardless of the Drawn As: selection (i.e., both Cell and Symbol). Drawn As: Two types are supported: Cell and Symbol. When set to Cell, the
Preferences
2-11
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Cell Symbol dialog reflects cell selection options in the Borehole Feature group box, i.e., cell library, cell name, scale, etc. When set to Symbol, the Borehole Feature group box changes to reflect symbol preferences, i.e. character, font, etc. All defined Borehole Types within the preferences are listed. New Borehole Types can be added, while current listings can be modified or deleted. To add a Borehole Type, populate the edit field at the bottom of the group box, then press the Add button. To modify, highlight the line to be modified and GEOPAK populates the edit field. Change the edit field, then press the Modify button. To delete a line, simply highlight the line, then press the Delete button. An Alert message prompts the user for deletion, as depicted below.
Borehole Type list box
Add Modify Delete
Pressing the OK button deletes the Borehole Type, pressing Cancel closes the Alert message but does not delete the type. Cell When set to Cell, the Borehole Feature group box changes to reflect cell preferences, as illustrated below.
First, select the desired Borehole Type from the list. Types cannot be manually entered, as the list reflects the listings from the Descriptions option within Preferences. Next, manually enter the
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
desired Cell Library or select via the File button. Note: If the library is stored on a central server and mounted by the users with various drive designations, do not include the path and drive. Simply include the cell library within the users' MS_CELLLIST. The Cell Library field supports the MicroStation Cell Configuration Variable whereby the user could express the cell Library List such as: MS_CELLLIST = $c:\geotechnical\test.cel MS_CELLLIST > $c:\geotechnical\spec.cel Select the desired cell by pressing the Select button and highlighting the cell. The cell is displayed in the box to the right. If the cell is manually entered and cannot be found in the cell library, a message is displayed in the cell display box indicating the cell is not found. Include the Scale used at creation, as the user specifies the Mapping Scale at time of drawing, as depicted in the graphic below.
Below the cell is element symbology parameters utilized when placing cells. This symbology overrides the parameters of the cell when created, whether a point or graphic cell. Symbol
First, select the desired Borehole Type from the list. Types cannot
Preferences
2-13
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
be manually entered, as the list reflects the listings from the Descriptions option within Preferences. Next, select the desired (symbol) Font from the list, then manually enter the Character. Due to the nature of symbol fonts, only one character is supported. The size of the symbol font is controlled by the Text Height and Text Width. These can be fixed or can vary with the scale settings on the Visualize Boreholes in Plan View dialog. Below the Character are element symbology parameters: Level, Color, and Weight. Note there is no style, as symbol fonts are drawn solid.
2.4.2 Label
In order to select the Label option, the Draw Borehole in Plan View toggle in the Plan option must be activated. When selected, the dialog depicted below opens.
In order to place labels and unghost the dialog, the Place Plan Labels toggle in the upper left corner must be activated. The dialog is divided into two sections: label parameters and the Delimiter group box. Six Components can be labeled for each boring. To place a label, activate the toggle to the left of the Component. In the sample above, three Components will be labeled: Borehole Name, Station, and Offset. When all offsets are set to zero, the Borehole Label Origin is located at the origin of the borehole cell or symbol.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The Horizontal and Vertical Offsets are the distances in master units from the borehole cell or symbol origin, as illustrated in the graphic below. Note in this example, the cell origin is at the center of the circle. As the text origin of the Borehole Name is to the left and below the cell, both the Vertical and Horizontal Offsets would be negative.
All Components are placed with the same symbology, specified in the right side of the dialog. Element symbology, in addition to text parameters are supported. Another example of plan view labels illustrates multiple labels: Borehole Name, Station, and Elevation. The dialog settings are shown to the left of the boring.
The Delimiter group box contains parameters for spacing and placing an optional delimiter.
To place a delimiter, activate the Place Delimiter toggle in the upper left corner of the group box. The Label Spacing Offset and
Preferences
2-15
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Borehole Spacing Offset are the distances in master units as depicted below.
Note the text justification is set in the upper part of this dialog, however the Component used to draw the delimiter is specified within the Delimiter group box. Only the Components activated in the upper portion of the dialog are available within the Delimiter group box. Level, Color, Weight and Style are also defined within the group box, enabling the placement of the delimiter in unique symbology from the text. Summary: Steps to Define a Borehole Label in Plan View 1. Activate the toggle of the desired Component to label about the borehole plan view cell or symbol. 2. Define the horizontal and vertical offsets (in master units) from the borehole cell or symbol origin. 3. Define the Label Symbology including the level, color, weight, size and font for all of the active components. Note: The Cell / Symbol, delimiter, and Component text all comprise a graphic group for easy manipulation / deletion.
2.5 Profile
The Profiles options define the placement of borings onto profile drawings. When the Profiles option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Only one option is supported on the Profiles dialog, Draw Borehole In Profile View. When activated, all the profile related options in the list box are unghosted, so the user can set up all preferences required to draw soils borings. When not active, borings cannot be drawn in profile view. If the user attempts to draw plan view borings via the Navigator, the following Alert message is displayed.
2.5.1 Column
The Column parameters are utilized to draw the column, which represents the borehole drilling, on profile drawings. When the Column option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
Preferences
2-17
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
In order to draw the column, activate the Place Column toggle in the upper left corner. Parameters on this option include element symbology for the column. Te Column Width, in terms of master units (i.e., feet or meters) is defined. The distance is illustrated below.
2.5.2 Column Label

When the Column Label option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Six Components can be labeled for each boring. To place a label, activate the toggle to the left of the Component. In the dialog above, five Components will be labeled: Borehole Name, Chain, Station, Offset, and Elevation. The Borehole Label Origin is located at the center of the borehole column at the ground elevation. The Horizontal and Vertical Offsets are the distances in master units from the borehole origin, as illustrated in the graphic below.
As the Borehole Name is to the left and above the borehole origin, the Vertical Offset is positive, while the Horizontal Offset would be negative. The Elevation is computed from the defined TIN, imported as the ELV value from the borelog32 output file, or manually entered via the Add Borehole dialog.
Preferences 2-19
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Note: If an elevation is not defined for a particular boring, the boring is not drawn onto the profile, so hence a label would not be required if the elevation cannot be determined. All Components are placed with the same symbology, specified in the right side of the dialog. Element symbology, in addition to text parameters, are supported. Summary: Steps to Define a Borehole Label in Profile View 1. Activate the toggle of the desired Component to label about the borehole column in profile view. 2. Define the horizontal and vertical offsets. 3. Define the label symbology which controls the text level, color, weight, size, justification and font for all active components. The label is drawn as a graphic group for ease in manipulation in the plan view file.
2.5.3 Material Pattern

The individual material types may be represented with pattern cells when the columns are drawn into profile view. In order to draw the patterns, the Place Material Patterns toggle in the upper left corner must be active. One sample is depicted below.
When the Material Pattern option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Add Modify Delete
To add a Material Pattern, populate the edit field at the bottom of the group box, then press the Add button. To modify, highlight the line to be modified and GEOPAK populates the edit field. Change the edit field, then press the Modify button. To delete a line, simply highlight the line, then press the Delete button. An Alert message prompts the user for deletion, as depicted below.
Pressing the OK button deletes the Material Pattern, pressing Cancel closes the Alert message, but does not delete the Pattern.
Preferences
2-21
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
First, select the desired Name / Number from the list. Next, select the Display Mode. The materials can be represented by an area pattern (however filled areas are not supported) or simply a solid fill Color. There is no user input as the color is mirrored from the Descriptions dialog, as illustrated below. The cell information is also ghosted out, as it is not utilized in the color option.
The Cell option is depicted in the dialog fragment below.
When using the cell option, manually enter the desired Cell Library or select via the File button. Note: If the library is stored on a central server and mounted by the users with various drive designations, do not include the path and drive. Simply include the cell library within the users' MS_CELLLIST. Select the desired cell by pressing the Select button and highlighting the cell. The cell is displayed in the box to the right. If the cell is
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
manually entered and cannot be found in the cell library, a message is displayed in the cell display box indicating the cell is not found. Include the Scale used at creation, as the scale of the profile is utilized for plotting scale at time of drawing. The element symbology at time of cell creation is utilized.
Selection of the cell library should automatically attach this cell library to the active design file so that the Pattern Cells may be displayed in the preview box when selected from the cell library or the List Box. The Cell Library field supports the MicroStation Cell Configuration Variable whereby the user could express the cell Library List such as: MS_CELLLIST = $c:\geotechnical\test.cel MS_CELLLIST > $c:\geotechnical\spec.cel
2.5.4 Material Label

The Material Label parameters define the material label location and the symbology of the label. When the Material Label option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
In order to place material labels, the Place Material Labels toggle in the upper left corner must be active. The dialog is divided into two sections: label parameters and the Delimiter group box. Five
Preferences
2-23
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Components can be labeled for each material. To place a label, activate the toggle to the left of the Component. In the sample above, three Components are labeled: Borehole Name, Description, and Elevation. The Horizontal Offset is the distance in master units from the Material Label Origin as illustrated in the graphic below. The Vertical Offset is the distance in master units from the lower edge of each material as illustrated in the graphic below. The Material Label Origin is located at the outer edge of the borehole column.
Note the various offset values are applied differently when the text is shifted down, as detailed in the graphic below. Note this occurs when the text height is greater than the material height.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Two sample boreholes illustrating the downward shift are illustrated below. The right borehole utilizes text wrapping.
The Label Direction of Column option determines whether the label is placed to the left or right of the column. The Construct Label As feature supports two options: Text String - Each component is placed as single text string. The Justification applies to the text string and the first selected component's Horizontal and Vertical Offset is utilized. If this option is selected, the Component Delimiter field is unghosted and a character to separate the component labels is required. One sample of a Text String Label is depicted below. In this case, the delimiter is a coma (,). Peat, Brown Moist, 1.5 Another delimiter is the slash (/), as depicted in the example below. As the comma is not the delimiter, it can be utilized within the description. Peat /Brown Moist / 1.5 Individual Components - Each label component acts as individual text. Offsets and the same justification is applied to each text component on an individual basis. All Components are placed with the same symbology, specified in the right side of the dialog. Element symbology, in addition to text parameters are supported.
Preferences 2-25
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Summary: Steps to Define a Borehole Label in Profile View: 1. Activate the toggle of the desired Component to label about the borehole column in Profile view. 2. Define the Horizontal and Vertical Offsets and Direction to left or right of the column. 3. Define the Construct Label As: option. 4. Define the Label Symbology controls the text level, color, weight, size, justification, and font for all active components. The label is drawn as a graphic group for ease in manipulation in the profile design file. The diagram below displays a borehole column in which the multiple material layers have been labeled. The Construct Label As option has been set to Text String with a Component Delimiter of /. The Place Delimiter toggle is inactive.
The Delimiter group box contains parameters for spacing and placing an optional delimiter. If either of the delimiter options is utilized, GEOPAK also positions material text, so when the text height is greater than the material thickness, overlapping text does not occur.
To place a delimiter, activate the Place Delimiter toggle in the upper left corner of the group box. The Label Offset is the distance from the end of the delimiter line to the justification of the component label. (in master units). The Material Spacing Offset is the distance from the material label origin (edge of the column) to the beginning of the delimiter line (in master units).
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Two Delimiter Constraint Options are supported: Always Construct - If the Place Delimiter toggle is active and this option is selected, the delimiter line is drawn at the defined offsets and symbology in all situations. Conditionally Construct - If the Place Delimiter toggle is active and this option is selected, the delimiter line is drawn at the defined offsets and symbology only when the text height is less than the material height. Note the text justification is set in the upper part of this dialog, however the Component used to draw the limited is specified just below the Borehole Spacing Offset. Only the Components activated in the upper portion of the dialog are available within the Delimiter group box. Level, Color, Weight and Style are also defined within the group box, enabling the placement of the delimiter in unique symbology from the text. Summary: Steps to Place a Delimiter from the Label to the Material: Note: All steps are within the Delimiter Group Box. 1. Activate the Place Delimiter toggle. 2. Keyin the Label Offset which is the distance from the end of the delimiter line to the justification of the component label. (in master units). 3. Keyin the Material Spacing Offset which is the distance from the material label origin (edge of the column) to the beginning of the delimiter line. (in master units). 4. Set the Component. 5. Set the Delimiter Constraint Option to either Always Construct or Conditionally Construct.
Preferences
2-27
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
6. Set the graphic symbology of the delimiter line including level, weight, color and style. One sample of delimiter lines is depicted below. Numbers are utilized in lieu of Material Names. Note Material
2.5.5 0 Hr. / 24 Hr. Water Elev.

The 0 Hr. / 24 Hr. Water Elevation Label includes text for the Water Elevation and/or a cell or symbol representation. When the O Hr. Water Elev. option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
2.5.5.1 Cell Placement

To place a cell, activate the Place Cell toggle at the top of the Cell group box.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Identify the desired cell library by pressing the File button. If the library is stored on a central server and mounted by the users with various drive designations, do not include the path and drive. Simply include the cell library within the users' MS_CELLLIST. Select the desired cell by pressing the Select button and highlighting the cell. The cell is displayed in the box to the right. If the cell is manually entered and cannot be found in the cell library, a message is displayed in the cell display box. Include the Scale used at creation, as the drawing scale utilizes the cross section scale. Below the cell are element symbology parameters. Note: To determine the location of the cell, the beginning pointer is at the center of the borehole column at the water elevation plus the column width (the edge of the column).
Summary: Place the Water Elevation Cell in Profile View: 1. Activate the Place 0Hr (24 Hr) Water Elev. toggle. 2. Set the Draw As option to Cell. 3. Activate the Place Cell toggle. 4. Define the Cell Library containing the cell. 5. Select the Cell to represent the water table elevation reading. 6. Set the symbology for the cell including the Level, Color, Weight and Style.
2.5.5.2 Symbol Placement

When the Draw As Symbol option is selected, the Cell group box changes to the Symbol group box, as depicted below.
Preferences
2-29
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
First, select the desired (symbol) Font from the list, then manually enter the Character. Due to the nature of symbol fonts, only one character is supported. The size of the symbol font is controlled by the Text Height and Text Width. These can be fixed or can vary with the profile scale. For the dialog fragment shown above, the symbol text size is always 1.0 regardless of the drawing scale as the Preferences is set to TH/TW Fixed. Below the Character is element symbology parameters: Level, Color, and Weight. Note there is no style, as symbol fonts are drawn solid. Summary: Steps to Place the Water Elevation Symbol in Profile View 1. Activate the Place 0Hr or (24 Hr.) Water Elev. toggle. 2. Set the Draw As option to Symbol. 3. Key-in the Character to represent the Water Elevation Symbol. 4. Define the Vertical and Horizontal Offsets, in terms of master units. To determine the location of the symbol, the beginning pointer is the center of the borehole column at the water elevation plus the column width (the edge of the column). If the Justification of the Character is the Center Bottom, the Vertical Offset would be zero and the horizontal distance would be measured from the beginning pointer + the Horizontal Offset.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
5. Define the symbology of the Water Elevation Symbol including the level, weight and color. 6. Define the symbol Height, Weight and Justification of the symbol font.
2.5.5.3 Label Placement

If Label Direction option (in the upper right corner) is set to Left of Column, then the Water Elevation Label origin is left of the borehole column at the water elevation as shown below:
If Label Direction option is set to Right of Column, then the Water Elevation Label origin is right of the borehole column at the water elevation as shown below:
Steps to Place the Water Elevation Label: 1. Activate the Place Water Elevation Label toggle. 2. Define the Horizontal and Vertical Offsets in master units. 3. Define the label symbology including Level, Weight, and Color. 4. Set the Text Height, Width, Font and Justification of the Label.
2.5.6 24 Hr. Water Elev.

When the 24 Hr. Water Elev. option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
Preferences
2-31
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
The 24 Hr. Water Elevation Dialog is functionally identical to the 0 Hr. Water Elevation, therefore, the documentation is not repeated.
2.5.7 Refusal
Refusal includes text for the Refusal and/or a cell or symbol representation. When the Refusal option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
To place a cell, activate the Place Cell toggle at the top of the Cell group box. Identify the desired cell library by pressing the File button. If the library is stored on a central server and mounted by the users with various drive designations, do not include the path and drive. Simply include the cell library within the users' MS_CELLLIST. Select the desired cell by pressing the Select button and highlighting the cell. The cell is displayed in the box to the right. If the cell is manually entered and cannot be found in the cell library, a message is displayed in the cell display box. Include the Scale used at creation, as the drawing scale utilizes the cross section scale. Below the cell are element symbology parameters. Note: To determine the location of the cell, the beginning pointer is at the center of the borehole column at the water elevation plus the column width (the edge of the column).
Summary: Place the Refusal Cell in Profile View: 1. Activate the Place Refusal toggle. 2. Set the Draw As option to Cell. 3. Activate the Place Cell toggle. 4. Define the Cell Library containing the cell. 5. Select the Cell to represent the water table elevation reading. 6. Set the symbology for the cell including the Level, Color, Weight and Style.
Preferences
2-33
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
First, select the desired (symbol) Font from the list, then manually enter the Character. Due to the nature of symbol fonts, only one character is supported. The size of the symbol font is controlled by the Text Height and Text Width. These can be fixed or can vary with the profile scale. For the dialog fragment shown above, the symbol text size is always 1.0 regardless of the drawing scale as the Preferences is set to TH/TW Fixed. Below the Character is element symbology parameters: Level, Color, and Weight. Note there is no style, as symbol fonts are drawn solid. Summary: View Steps to Place the Refusal Symbol in Profile
1. Activate the Place Refusal toggle. 2. Set the Draw As option to Symbol. 3. Key-in the Character to represent the Refusal Symbol. 4. Define the Vertical and Horizontal Offsets, in terms of master units. To determine the location of the symbol, the beginning pointer is the center of the borehole column at the water elevation plus the
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
column width (the edge of the column). If the Justification of the Character is the Center Bottom, the Vertical Offset would be zero and the horizontal distance would be measured from the beginning pointer + the Horizontal Offset. 5. Define the symbology of the refusal Symbol including the level, weight and color. 6. Define the symbol Height, Weight and Justification of the symbol font.

If Label Direction option (in the upper right corner) is set to Left of Column, then the Refusal Label origin is left of the borehole column at the refusal elevation as shown below:
If Label Direction option is set to Right of Column, then the Refusal Label origin is right of the borehole column at the refusal elevation as shown below:
Steps to Place the Refusal Label: 1. Activate the Place Refusal Label toggle. 2. Define the Horizontal and Vertical Offsets in master units. 3. Define the label symbology including Level, Weight, and Color. 4. Set the Text Height, Width, Font and Justification of the Label.
Preferences
2-35
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
2.5.8 SPT Count
The SPT Count Label includes text and delimiter options. When the STP Label option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
The SPT Count Label may be placed either right or left of the column by selecting the Label Direction option in the upper right corner of the dialog. The example below illustrates the left of column option.
The Horizontal Offset is measured from the edge of the column. The Vertical Offset is measured from the SPT Data elevation.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Two options for Count Format are supported: Total Count - An example of a Total Count is 10. Individual Count - Examples of an Individual Count format is 10-3-6 or 10/3/6. NOTE: The Character Delimiter option is available only if the Count Format Option is set to Individual Count. Samples of the Character Delimiter are: 10-3-6 where the (hyphen) is the delimiter. 10/3/6 where the / (slash) is the delimiter.

If Label Direction option is set to Right of Column, then the SPT Count Label origin is right of the borehole column at the SPT Count elevation as shown below:
Preferences
2-37
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
The Count Format can be set to the Total Count or Individual Count. If the Total Count is utilized, the Character Delimiter option is ghosted. If the Individual Count option is utilized, the character delimiter (placed between each count) must be defined. Steps to Place the SPT Count Label: 1. Activate the Place SPT Count Label toggle. 2. Define the Horizontal and Vertical Offsets in master units. 3. Define the label symbology including Level, Weight, and Color. 4. Set the Text Height, Width, Font and Justification of the Label. 5. Select the Count Format. If the Individual Count is utilized, set the Character Delimiter.
2.5.8.2 Delimiter Placement

To place a delimiter, activate the Place Delimiter toggle in the upper left corner of the group box. The Label Spacing Offset is the distance from the end of the delimiter line to the justification of the SPT Count label. (in master units). The Column Spacing Offset is the distance from the SPT Count label origin (edge of the column) to the beginning of the delimiter line (in master units).
Two Delimiter Constraint Options are supported: Line Only - If the Place Delimiter toggle is active and this option is selected, the delimiter line is drawn at the defined offsets and symbology.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Line and Ellipse If the Place Delimiter toggle is active and this option is selected, an ellipse is drawn around the SPT Count label and the delimiter line is drawn from the Label Origin to a location on the ellipse that is determined to be the Text Width distance from the center of the Text plus the Label Spacing.
Note the text justification is set in the upper part of this dialog, however the Component used to draw the limited is specified just below the Borehole Spacing Offset. Only the Components activated in the upper portion of the dialog are available within the Delimiter group box. Level, Color, Weight and Style are also defined within the group box, enabling the placement of the delimiter in unique symbology from the text. Summary: Steps to Place a Delimiter: Note: All steps are within the Delimiter Group Box. 1. Activate the Place Delimiter toggle. 2. Key in the Label Spacing Offset which is the distance from the end of the delimiter line to the justification of the component label. (in master units). 3. Key in the Column Spacing Offset which is the distance from the material label origin (edge of the column) to the beginning of the delimiter line. (in master units). 4. Set the Delimiter Option to either Line Only or Line and Ellipse. 5. Set the graphic symbology of the delimiter line including level, weight, color and style.
Preferences
2-39
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
2.6 Cross Section

The Cross Section options define the placement of borings onto cross section drawings. When the Cross Section option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
Only one option is supported on the Cross Section dialog, Draw Borehole in Cross Section View. When activated, all cross section related options in the list box are unghosted, so the user can set up all preferences required to draw soils borings in the cross section view. When not active, borings cannot be drawn in cross section view.
2.6.1 Column
The Column parameters are utilized to draw the column, which represents the borehole drilling, on cross section drawings. When the
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Column option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
In order to draw the column, the Place Column toggle in the upper left corner of the dialog must be activated. Parameters for this option include Level, Color, Weight, and Style for the column. In addition, the Column Width, in terms of master units (i.e., feet or meters) is defined. The distance is illustrated below.
2.6.2 Column Label

The Column Label parameters define the borehole data label location and the symbology of the label. When the Column Label option is
Preferences 2-41
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
Six Components can be labeled for each boring. To place a label, activate the toggle to the left of the Component. In the dialog above, four Components will be labeled: Borehole Name, Station, Offset, and Elevation. The Horizontal and Vertical Offsets are the distances in master units from the borehole label origin, as illustrated in the graphic below. The Borehole Label Origin is located at the center of the borehole column at the elevation.
As the Borehole Name is to the left and above the boring label origin, the Vertical Offset is positive, while the Horizontal Offset would be negative.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
The Elevation is computed from the defined TIN, imported as the ELV value from the borelog32 output file or manually entered. Note: If an elevation is not defined for a particular boring, the boring will not be drawn onto the cross section, so hence a label would not be required if the elevation cannot be determined. All Components are placed with the same symbology, specified in the right side of the dialog. Element symbology, in addition to text parameters are supported. Summary: Steps to Set Up a Borehole Label in Cross Section View: 1. Activate the toggle of the desired Component to label about the borehole column in cross section view. 2. Define the Horizontal and Vertical Offsets. 3. Define the label symbology including text level, color, weight, size, justification, and font for all active components. The label is drawn as a graphic group for ease in manipulation.
2.6.3 Material Pattern

The individual material types may be represented with pattern cells when the columns are drawn into cross section view. One sample is depicted below.
When the Material Pattern option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
Preferences
2-43
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Add
To add a Material Pattern, populate the edit field at the bottom of the group box, then press the Add button. To modify, highlight the line to be modified and GEOPAK populates the edit field. Change the edit field, then press the Modify button. To delete a line, simply highlight the line, then press the Delete button. An Alert message prompts the user for deletion, as depicted below.
Modify Delete
Pressing the OK button deletes the Material Pattern, pressing Cancel closes the Alert message but does not delete the Pattern.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
First, select the desired Name / Number from the list. Next, select the Display Mode, Cell or Color. If Color is utilized, no additional entries are needed, as the Color from the Descriptions option is utilized. If the cell option is selected, manually enter the desired Cell Library or select via the File button. Note: If the library is stored on a central server and mounted by the users with various drive designations, do not include the path and drive. Simply include the cell library within the users' MS_CELLLIST. Select the desired cell by pressing the Select button and highlighting the cell. The cell is displayed in the box to the right. If the cell is manually entered and cannot be found in the cell library, a message is displayed in the cell display box. Include the Scale used at creation, as the scale of the cross section is utilized for plotting scale at time of drawing.
Selection of the cell library should automatically attach this cell library to the active design file so that the Pattern Cells may be displayed in the preview box when selected from the cell library or the List Box. The Cell Library field supports the MicroStation Cell Configuration Variable whereby the user could express the cell Library List such as: MS_CELLLIST = $c:\geotechnical\test.cel MS_CELLLIST > $c:\geotechnical\spec.cel Steps to define the pattern cell for the material name (layer): 1. Define the cell library containing the pattern cell. 2. Select the desired cell and set scale.
Preferences
2-45
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
3. Press the Add button.
2.6.4 Material Label

The Material Label parameters define the material label location and the symbology of the label. When the Material Label option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
The dialog is divided into two sections: Label Component and the Delimiter group box. Five Components can be labeled for each material. To place a label, activate the toggle to the left of the Component. In the dialog above, three Components will be labeled for each material: Material Name, Description, and Elevation. The Horizontal Offset is the distance in master units from the Material Label Origin as illustrated in the graphic below. The Vertical Offset is the distance in master units from the lower edge of each material as illustrated in the graphic below. The Material Label Origin is located at the outer edge of the borehole column.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Note the various offset values are applied differently when the text is shifted down, as detailed in the graphic below. Note this occurs when the text height is greater than the material height.
Two sample boreholes illustrating the downward shift are illustrated below. The right borehole utilizes text wrapping.
Preferences
2-47
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
The Label Direction option determines whether the label is placed to the left or right of the column. The Construct Label As feature supports two options: Text String - Each of the components will be placed as single text string. The Justification will apply to the text string and the First Selected Component Horizontal and Vertical Offset will be utilized. If this option is selected, the Component Delimiter key-in is unghosted and a character to separate the component labels is required. One sample of a Text String Label is: S/Cobbles, Bwn, Moist/1.5 Individual Components - Each label component acts as an individual text and requires an offset and the same justification applied to each one on an individual basis. All Components are placed with the same symbology, specified in the right side of the dialog. Element symbology, in addition to text parameters are supported. Steps to Develop a Borehole Label in Cross Section View: 1. Activate the toggle of the desired Component to label about the borehole column in cross section view. 2. Set the Horizontal and Vertical Offsets and Direction to left or right. 3. Set the Construct Label As: option.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
4. The Label Symbology controls the text level, color, weight, size and font for all of the active components and the label is drawn as a graphic group for ease in manipulation in the cross section file. 5. The text label Justification applies to all components that are active. The diagram below displays a borehole column in which the multiple material layers have been labeled. The Construct Label As option has been set to Text String with a Component Delimiter of /. The Place Delimiter toggle is inactive.
The Delimiter group box contains parameters for spacing and placing an optional delimiter.
To place a delimiter, activate the Place Delimiter toggle in the upper left corner of the group box. The Label Offset is the distance from the end of the delimiter line to the justification of the component label. (in master units). The Material Spacing Offset is the distance from the material label origin (edge of the column) to the beginning of the delimiter line. (in master units).
Two Delimiter Constraint Options are supported:
Preferences
2-49
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Always Construct - If the Place Delimiter toggle is active and this option is selected, the delimiter line is drawn at the defined offsets and symbology in all situations. Conditionally Construct - If the Place Delimiter toggle is active and this option is selected, the delimiter line is drawn at the defined offsets and symbology only when the text height is less than the material height. Note the text justification is set in the upper part of this dialog, however the Component used to draw the limited is specified just below the Borehole Spacing Offset. Only the Components activated in the upper portion of the dialog are available within the Delimiter group box. Level, Color, Weight and Style are also defined within the group box, enabling the placement of the delimiter in unique symbology from the text. Steps to Place a Delimiter from the Label to the Material: Note: All steps are within the Delimiter Group Box. 1. Activate the Place Delimiter toggle. 2. Keyin the Label Offset which is the distance from the end of the delimiter line to the justification of the component label. (in master units). 3. Keyin the Material Spacing Offset which is the distance from the material label origin (edge of the column) to the beginning of the delimiter line. (in master units). 4. Set the Delimiter Constraint Option to either Always Construct or Conditionally Construct. 5. Set the graphic symbology of the delimiter line including level, weight, color and style. One sample of delimiter lines is depicted below. Numbers are utilized. Note Material
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
2.6.5 0 Hr. Water Elev.

The 0 Hr./24 Hr. Water Elevation Label includes text for the Water Elevation and/or a cell or symbol representation. When the 0 Hr. Water Elev. option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.

Note: To determine the location of the cell, the beginning pointer will be at the center of the borehole column at the water elevation plus the column width (the edge of the column).
Preferences
2-51
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
Manually enter the desired Cell Library or select via the File button. Note: If the library is stored on a central server and mounted by the users with various drive designations, do not include the path and drive. Simply include the cell library within the users' MS_CELLLIST. Select the desired cell by pressing the Select button and highlighting the cell. The cell is displayed in the box to the right. If the cell is manually entered and cannot be found in the cell library, a message is displayed in the cell display box. Include the Scale used at creation, as the drawing scale utilizes the cross section scale. Below the cell is element symbology parameters. If the option is set to Relative, these parameters are used to draw the cell. If the option is set to Active, the current active symbology is used to draw the cells. Note the cell must be a point cell to utilize the symbology options. If the cell is graphic, the element symbology at time of creation is utilized, and all Preference settings are ignored. Steps to Place the Water Elevation Cell in Cross Section View: 1. Activate the Place 0Hr (24 Hr) Water Elev. toggle. 2. Set the Type option to Cell. 3. Activate the Place Cell toggle. 4. Define the Cell Library containing the cell. 5. Select the Cell to represent the water table elevation reading. 6. Set the symbology for the cell including the Level, Color, Weight and Style.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
First, select the desired (symbol) Font from the list, then manually enter the Character. Due to the nature of symbol fonts, only one character is supported. The size of the symbol font is controlled by the Text Height and Text Width. These can be fixed or can vary with the cross section scale. For the dialog fragment shown above, the symbol text size is always 1.0 regardless of the drawing scale as the Preferences is set to TH/TW Fixed. Below the Character is element symbology parameters: Level, Color, and Weight. Note there is no style, as symbol fonts are drawn solid. Steps to Place the Water Elevation Symbol about the Borehole Column in Cross Section View: 1. Activate the Place 0Hr Water Elev. toggle. 2. Set the Type to Symbol 3. Key-in the Character to represent the Water Elevation Symbol. 4. To determine the location of the symbol, the beginning pointer is the center of the borehole column at the water elevation plus the column width (the edge of the column).
Preferences
2-53
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
5. If the Justification of the Character is the Center Bottom, the Vertical Offset would be zero and the horizontal distance would be measured from the beginning pointer + the Horizontal Offset. 7. Define the symbology of the Water Elevation Symbol including the level, weight and color. 8. Define the symbol Height, Weight and Justification.

If Label Direction option is set to Left of Column, then the Water Elevation Label origin will be on the left edge of the borehole column at the water elevation as shown below:
If Label Direction option is set to Right of Column, then the Water Elevation Label origin will be on the right edge of the borehole column at the water elevation as shown below:
Steps to Place the Water Elevation Label: 1. Activate the Place Water Elevation Label toggle. 2. Enter the Horizontal and Vertical Offsets in master units. 3. Set the Label symbology including level, weight, and color. 4. Set the Text Height, Width, Font and Justification of the Label.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
2.6.6 24 Hr. Water Elevation
The 24 Hr. Water Elevation Dialog is functionally identical to the 0 Hr. Water Elevation, therefore, the documentation is not repeated.
2.6.7 Refusal
Refusal includes text for the Refusal and/or a cell or symbol representation. When the Refusal option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
Preferences
2-55
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________

To place a cell, activate the Place Cell toggle at the top of the Cell group box. Identify the desired cell library by pressing the File button. If the library is stored on a central server and mounted by the users with various drive designations, do not include the path and drive. Simply include the cell library within the users' MS_CELLLIST. Select the desired cell by pressing the Select button and highlighting the cell. The cell is displayed in the box to the right. If the cell is manually entered and cannot be found in the cell library, a message is displayed in the cell display box. Include the Scale used at creation, as the drawing scale utilizes the cross section scale. Below the cell are element symbology parameters. Note: To determine the location of the cell, the beginning pointer is at the center of the borehole column at the water elevation plus the column width (the edge of the column).
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Summary: Place the Refusal Cell: 1. Activate the Place Refusal toggle. 2. Set the Draw As option to Cell. 3. Activate the Place Cell toggle. 4. Define the Cell Library containing the cell. 5. Select the Cell to represent the water table elevation reading. 6. Set the symbology for the cell including the Level, Color, Weight and Style.

Preferences
2-57
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
First, select the desired (symbol) Font from the list, then manually enter the Character. Due to the nature of symbol fonts, only one character is supported. The size of the symbol font is controlled by the Text Height and Text Width. These can be fixed or can vary with the profile scale. For the dialog fragment shown above, the symbol text size is always 1.0 regardless of the drawing scale as the Preferences is set to TH/TW Fixed. Below the Character is element symbology parameters: Level, Color, and Weight. Note there is no style, as symbol fonts are drawn solid. Summary: Steps to Place the Refusal Symbol 1. Activate the Place Refusal toggle. 2. Set the Draw As option to Symbol. 3. Key-in the Character to represent the Refusal Symbol. 4. Define the Vertical and Horizontal Offsets, in terms of master units. To determine the location of the symbol, the beginning pointer is the center of the borehole column at the water elevation plus the column width (the edge of the column). If the Justification of the Character is the Center Bottom, the Vertical Offset would be zero and the horizontal distance would be measured from the beginning pointer + the Horizontal Offset.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
5. Define the symbology of the refusal Symbol including the level, weight and color. 6. Define the symbol Height, Weight and Justification of the symbol font.

If Label Direction option is set to Right of Column, then the Refusal Label origin is right of the borehole column at the refusal elevation as shown below:
Steps to Place the Refusal Label: 1. Activate the Place Refusal Label toggle. 2. Define the Horizontal and Vertical Offsets in master units. 3. Define the label symbology including Level, Weight, and Color. 4. Set the Text Height, Width, Font and Justification of the Label.
2.6.8 SPT Label

The SPT Label options define the placement of Standard Penetration Count (SPT) Data as a Label about the Borehole Column. When the SPT Label option is selected, the dialog dynamically changes to reflect the selection, as depicted below.
Preferences
2-59
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
The SPT Count Label may be placed either right or left of the column by selecting the Label Direction option in the upper right corner of the dialog. The example below illustrates the left of column option.
The Horizontal Offset is measured from the edge of the column. The Vertical Offset is measured from the SPT Data elevation.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Two options for Count Format are supported: Total Count - An example of a Total Count is 10. Individual Count - Examples of an Individual Count format is 10-3-6 or 10/3/6. NOTE: The Character Delimiter option is available only if the Count Format Option is set to Individual Count. Samples of the Character Delimiter are: 10-3-6 where the (hyphen) is the delimiter. 10/3/6 where the / (slash) is the delimiter. Steps to Place the SPT Count Label about the borehole column: 1. Activate the Place SPT Count Label toggle. 2. Select the Label Direction about the Borehole Column: Left or Right of Column. Note: The following steps are within the SPT Count Label group box: 3. Set the graphical symbology for the SPT Count Label including, the Level, Weight, Color, Font, Text Size, Text Justification. 4. Enter the Horizontal and Vertical Offset distances in master units. 5. Set the Count Format (Total or Individual Count).
Preferences
2-61
GEOPAK__________________________________________________________
6. Keyin the Character Delimiter. Note the Character Delimiter option is only be available if the Count Format Option is set to Individual Count. Steps to Place a Delimiter with the SPT Label about the Borehole Column in Cross Section View: Note: The following steps are within the Delimiter group box: 1. Activate the toggle to Place Delimiter. 2. Select the Delimiter Option (Line Only or Line & Ellipse) 3. Define the symbology of the Delimiter line including the Level, Weight, Color, and Style. Steps to Place the SPT Label with Delimiter Type Line Only 1. Locate the Label Origin from the midpoint of the borehole column at the Depth of Cover plus the Column width. If the Label Direction is LT, the Label Origin will be located on the left edge of the boring column. If the Label Direction is RT, the Label Origin will be located on the right edge of the boring column. 2. Place the text at a Horizontal and Vertical Offset from this Label Origin. 3. Draw the Delimiter Type Line from the Label Origin to a location on the text block that is determined to be the Text Width distance from the center of the Text (Spacing Offset). Steps to Place the SPT Label with Delimiter Type Line & Ellipse 1. Locate the Label Origin from the midpoint of the borehole column at the Depth of Cover plus the Column width. If the Label Direction is LT, the Label Origin will be located on the left edge of the boring column. If the Label Direction is RT, the Label Origin will be located on the right edge of the boring column. 2. Place the text at a Horizontal and Vertical Offset from this Label Origin. 3. Draw the Delimiter Type Line & Ellipse from the Label Origin to a location on the ellipse that is determined to be the Text Width distance from the center of the Text plus the Label Spacing.
__________________________________________________________GEOPAK
Preferences
2-63
GEOPAK _________________________________________________________________________________________

GEOPAK Terrain and Subsurface Modeling v8 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GEOPAK Terrain and Subsurface Modeling v8 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GEOPAK

Civil Design Software

Terrain and Subsurface Modeling

Part II GeoTechnical Tools

1190 N.E. 163rd Street, North Miami Beach, Florida 33162

PART I __________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 1

Digital Terrain Modeling

1.2 Extraction of Input Data

Digital Terrain Modeling

1.3 Triangulated Models

1-2 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

Digital Terrain Modeling

1.5 Lattice Models

1.7 Merged Models

Digital Terrain Modeling

GEOPAK __________________________________________________________________________________ 1.8 Volumetric Analyses

1-6 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

___________________________________________________GEOPAK 1.9 Thematic Analyses

1.12 Drainage Tools

1-8 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

PART I __________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 2

2.2 Menu Bar

2-2 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

2.7 Stroking Options

__________________________________________________________GEOPAK 2.10 Reports

2.12 DTM Tool Summary

Edit Dup. Points

Edit Break Lines

Dup. Point Report

Crossing Break Line Report

Extract Set Format

English <-> Metric

Build Delta TIN

Trace Slope Path

2-6 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

2-8 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

3-2 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

3-4 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

3-6 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

4.2 Extraction of Graphic Elements

DTM Menu Bar

Extract > Graphics

Graphic elements in MicroStation 2D or 3D files can be extracted.

4-2 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

4-4 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

4-6 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

Tolerance (Interpolation mode only)

Extract Method: View 1, 2, . Fence Complex Chain Selection Set

4-8 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

4.3 Extracting ASCII XYZ Format

DTM Menu Bar

Extract > XYZ

4-10 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

4.3.1 Setting up the ASCII File

4-12 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

4.3.2 Informational Codes

4.3.2.1 PCode or Feature Code

4.3.2.2 Linking Code (LCode)

4-14 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

4-16 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

4-18 Part I - Digital Terrain Modeling

A sample fragment of the data file is depicted below.

4.3.2.6 Combined Linking Codes and PCodes