RADIOSS For Impact Analysis

RADIOSS IMPACT INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Explicit and Large Displacement Analysis

Rev.: May 2009
Altair Proprietary and Confidential Information
Copyright 2008 Altair Engineering, Inc. All rights reserved.
Radioss Basic Training Schedule
8:30 8:45 9:15 9:30 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:30 1:00 1:30 2:15 2:30 3:15 3:45
8:45 9:15 9:30 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:30 1:00 1:30 2:15 2:30 3:15 3:45 4:30
Introduction RADIOSS Tools + Process Example Break Elements Hands on Twisted Beam Common Features Lunch Time Step Control Time Step Demo with an Example Materials Break Hands on Tensile Test Interfaces Hands on Boxtube
Chapter 1: RADIOSS Introduction
Application Fields
Modeling A Physical Problem Formulations Time Integration
Explicit and Implicit Method
Application Fields
Structural Mechanics Fluid-Structure interaction
Material characterization
Application Fields
Composite shell
Stamping Safety
Application Fields
Centrifugal Fan Noise
Centrifugal Fan Noise
Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Aero Acoustics Noise Vibration Harshness
Modeling A Physical Problem

1. Geometry (Physical model)
1D, 2D or 3D ? [ Beam, Shell or Solid ?
2. Physical laws (conservation)

Physical laws (conservation)
Mass conservation Energy conservation Momentum conservation (equilibrium)
3. Formulation:
Choice of time and space discretizations
Lagrangian Eulerian Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE)
4. Space Discretization:
Finite Element (FE) simple form
5. Time Integration:
Newmark scheme
Explicit formulation + Central Difference Method Implicit formulation
Formulations
How to combine time and space discretization?
1. Lagrangian Formulation (Structural Analysis)

The mesh points coincide with the material points Elements are deformed with material Element deformation = Material deformation
2. Eulerian Formulation (CFD - fluid)

Nodes fixed in space, Material goes through the mesh Fixed nodes
No degradation of mesh in large deformation problems
3. ALE: Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Formulation (Impact - missile)
Between two previous formulations

Internal nodes move to minimize element distortion
Formulations
Fluid flow for three kinds of formulations
Time Integration
Newmark scheme
simple form
Explicit formulation + Central Difference Method
Implicit formulation
tn-1
tn
tn+1
xn
xn
xn
xn
1 2
xn
n x
1 2
xn xn
1 2
xn xn
1 2
n t x
xn+1 is obtained with a precision

1
t2
xn
1 2
t
Explicit Flow Chart

t t t
Fext
Loop over elements
ij
Fint
1 2
t
ij
ij
vi xj f ( ij )
t
ij
vj xi
t ij t
Fcont
Assemble Fint , Fhrg
vi
Fi mi
xn
1 2
xn
1 2
n t x
1 2
Time integration
xn
xn xn
Implicit Newmark Flow Chart

Form K , M , C
t t
Initialize U , U , U
0 0
a0 t U
a2 t U
a3 t U
a1 t U
a4 t U
a5 t U
Select t, ,
a0 a2 a4 a6
1 t2 1 t
then det. a i i 1..7

a1 a3
t 2 1 2 t
Solve LDLT
; 1; a5
; 1; 2; t;
t t
t1
; a7
U t U
t
a0
t
a6 t U
a2 t U a7 t t U
a3 t U
Form K
K a0 M
a1 C
Triangular ize K : K
LDLT
Explicit 1 Implicit
Non Linearity Rupture
Damage
Explicit
Buckling
Plasticity Elasticity
Implicit
Static Dynamic Velocity
Explicit 1 Implicit
Cost (CPU)
Implicit Explicit
Complexity
Static / Elastic
Nonlinear Dynamic
Advantages / Disadvantages
Explicit
(-) Conditional stability
(-) Small (+) Precision
Implicit
tc
(+) Always stable
(+) Large (+) Precision
t ( s)
t (ms)
(+) [M]-1 (diagonal matrix) (+) Low memory (10 MW) (+) Dynamic and Shock problems (+) Element-by-Element method Local treatment (+) High Robustness High and Coupled nonlinearities (+) Relatively low cost Low CPU, Low Memory
(-) ([M]+ [K])-1 (non diagonal) (-) High memory (6000 MW) (+) Dynamic and Static problems (-) Global resolution Need of convergence at each step (-) Low Robustness Null pivots, Divergence, (-) Too expensive High CPU, High Memory
Chapter 2: RADIOSS Tools
RADIOSS Tools
Pre-Processor HyperMesh and HyperCrash RADIOSS Solver (Start and Engine) Pos-Processor HyperView and HyperGraph
RADIOSS Files
Radioss Tools
Access Radioss from HyperWorks 10.0 Suite:
Launch Radioss
Radioss Manuals
Pre-Processor - HyperMesh
Pre-Processor - HyperCrash
Create / Modify a RADIOSS model from a FE mesh
RADIOSS Input (fixed/block) NASTRAN Format Universal Format (IDEAS) Ls-Dyna Format Pam 2G Format
Databases . properties . materials
HyperCrash
RADIOSS 4.1 block and Fixed Formats RADIOSS 4.1, 4.4 & 51 Block Formats Nastran Format Universal Format (Ideas) Ls-Dyna Format Pam 2G Format
Pre-Processor - HyperCrash
Quality Menu
Model Checker Menu
Mesh Editing Menu
HyperCrash
Safety Menu
Loadcase Menu
Connection Menu
Processor RADIOSS Computation

_0000.rad / D00
Input Deck (ASCII)
STARTER
_0000.out / L00
Listing File (ASCII)
_0000.rst / R00
Restart File (BINARY)
_0001.rad / D01
Engine File (ASCII)
ENGINE
_0001.rst / R01
Restart File (BINARY)
_0001.out / L01 A01-Ann

Listing File (ASCII) Animation File (Binary)
T01
TH File (Binary)
RADIOSS Starter
Input Deck (ASCII)
_0000.rad / D00
STARTER
_0000.rst / R00 Restart File (BINARY)
_0000.out / L00 Listing File (ASCII)
Checks consistency of the model Gives you warning and errors
Generates R00 file for engine

Altair Proprietary and Confidential Information Copyright 2008 Altair Engineering, Inc. All rights reserved.
RADIOSS Engine
Engine File (ASCII) Restart File (Binary)
_0001.rad / D00
_0000.rst / R00
ENGINE
_0001.rst / R01
Restart File (Binary)
T01
TH File (Binary)
A001-Annn
Animation File (Binary)
0001.out / L01
Listing File (ASCII)
Generates output files (Annn Tnnn) Details the computation (Lnn) Generates Rnn file for restart
Post-ProcessorHyperView
Reads animations (Annn) Displays selected variables (Von Mises Stress, Plastic Strains, etc.
Post-Processor HyperGraph
Reads Time history (Tnn) Plots selected variables (Energies, Nodal, Element, and etc.)
RADIOSS Files
File _0000.rad D00 (V4) _0001.rad D01 (V4) _000n.out L00, Lnn (V4) _000n.rst Description Read by Starter/ HyperMesh HyperCrash Engine Written by Format
Input RADIOSS File
HyperMesh HyperCrash HyperCrash /Text Editor Starter/Engine
ASCII
Engine input
ASCII
List files
Text Editor
ASCII
R00, Rnn (V4)
Restart files
Engine
Starter/Engine
Binary
(by default)
Annn
Animation files
HyperView
Engine
Binary
Tnn
Time history file
HyperGraph
Engine
Binary (by default)
Exercise 2.1: First run with Radioss
Chapter 3: Elements
Stress/Strain
Hourglass Element Library (Solid, Shell, Beam, Truss, Spring, etc.) Element Capabilities
Stress/Strain - Definitions
Logarithmic TRUE STRAIN tensor
true
l ln l0
ln 1
eng
Cauchy TRUE STRESS tensor
true
eng
eng
Stress/Strain Small strain option
Usually used for small deformation simulations :

Linear elastic studies
Usually not used for crash analysis

Sometimes used to resolve some special numerical problems :
Large mesh distortion due to large deformations

Decrease of time step due to decrease of element length Negative volume of brick elements due to large deformation
Hourglass Formulation
Under Integrated Elements (1 IP)

Efficiency Constant Stress over Elements
Hourglass mode exists
IP
Zero energy deformation

Strain and stress are zero
1 2
dx
8 Nodes SOLID 4 Nodes SHELL
xx
xx
Hourglass - Control
Additional internal forces are required to maintain the deformation stability of the element
Resistance forces [ Generate an ARTIFICIAL energy
Y f4 4
3
f3
IP
X
1
f1
f2 2
Hourglass Shell Modes

12 translational modes:
3 rigid body modes (1, 2, 9) 6 deformation modes (3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11) 3 hourglass modes (7, 8, 12)
12 rotational modes:
4 out of plane rotation modes (1 [ 4) 2 deformation modes (5, 6) 2 rigid body or deformation modes (7, 8)
4 hourglass modes (9 [ 12)
Hourglass Brick Modes

4 modes for each directions:
12 hourglass modes for a brick element
Hourglass - Checking
For the Model: HE/IE < 10%

Plot Global Hourglass for the model in HyperGraph
For each Subset/Part: HE/IE < 10%

Select PARTS for Output in the D00 file Plot Hourglass for selected Parts in HyperGraph
Check Hourglass with HyperView

Add the command below in the Engine file
/ANIM/ELEM/HOURG
Display Hourglass contour over Elements
3D Solid - Hexahedron
A simple Brick element:
8 nodes with Linear interpolation Integration :
Reduced [ 1 POINT (DEFAULT)
Full
[ 8 POINT
s 8 7
Characteristic length
5
6 r 4 3
lc
Volume largest face area

1
t
Degenerated Solid Elements

Put nodes of the same edge together to obtain other shapes
Use of a normal tetra element is recommended
Not Recd Element Degenerations

Element symmetry must be respected Not recommended elements:
3D Solid - Tetrahedron
4 nodes solid tetrahedron
Linear shape functions Integration:
1 POINT
No HOURGLASS
Shear Locking Low convergence
lc
2 3
0.816a
3D Solid - Tetrahedron
10 nodes solid tetrahedron
Quadratic shape functions Integration :
4 POINTS
No HOURGLASS
Low time step No shear locking
High convergence
5 lc a 6 2
0.264 a
Quadratic 4 nodes tetra element

Quadratic 4 nodes tetra element
4 nodes tetra element with enriched nodal variables (6 DOF per each node)
4 integration points Displacement of the dummy nodes is computed on the basis of rotational DOF
Advantages
High time step versus 10 nodes tetra element with same accuraccy Shear locking effect low or negligible (it may appear in bending) Compatibility with shells
3D Other Elements
Other solid elements:
HA8: 8 node linear brick with variable integration schemes from 2x2x2 to 9x9x9 HEPH: 8 node linear brick with 1 integration point , Elastic-plastic physical stabilization method BRICK20: 20 node quadratic brick with reduced 2x2x2 or full 3x3x3 integration schemes
8 20
5 17 13 6 14 18 15 19 7
12
11
3 10 8 16 5 14 3 10 2 15 7
SHELL16 : Thick shell element
13
1 9
3D Solid Control Card
Isolid: Solid & Hourglass formulations

Default = 0 [ 1 IP 12 [ 8 IP 24 [ HEPH
Ismstr: Small Strain control

Default = 0 [ Large Strain
1 [ Small Strain from t = 0

2 [ Small Strain if criteria reached
3D Solid - Applications
Bushings Inserts Barriers Bumpers Dummies
Seat
2D Shell Q4 Formulations
Crashworthiness simulations: Over 90% shell elements BT
Four Node Quadrilateral Elements (Q4)
Belytshko & Tsay (BT) formulation (DEFAULT)
1 Integration Point [ Hourglass Unphysical Hourglass Control
QEPH
1 Integration Point [ Hourglass
Physical Hourglass Control
BATOZ
4 Integration Point [ No hourglass
2D Shell Q4 - BT
1 Integration point over the surface
Low cost elements to save CPU time Four non-coplanar nodes Normal constant over the element (without curvature)
ez
N1N 3 N 2 N 4 N1N 3 N 2 N 4
N4
N3
N1 N2
The local z axis is the vector product of two element diagonals
For warped surfaces [ precision m
Drawbacks: Hourglassing, flat element and cannot couple bending & membrane behavior
2D Shell Q4 - QEPH
Four-node curved element
Four independent normals at nodes Hourglass physical Stabilization
n4 n1 N4
n3 N3 n2
N1 N2
2D Shell Q4 - Batoz
Fully Integrated Elements: 4 Gauss point over the element
More Expensive Today 3*CPU cost Variable Stress over Elements No Hourglass
Y
4 3
IP
IP
dx
IP IP
0
X
xx
xx
1
2
2D Shell Q4 - Conclusion
BT
Use of Q4BT (Belytschko Tsay) : robust, CPU cost effective Popular + Compatible + Cannot couple bending-membrane behavior Best choice for coarse mesh
QEPH
15% CPU > BT + Sensitive to mesh quality + Avoid hourglassing Good trade off quality/cost
BATOZ
No Hourglass + Good curvature + Couples bending-membrane behavior Best choice for fine mesh
2D Shell Q3 C0
Q3
A flat facet element No HOURGLASS Too stiff
z y x
Degenerated Q4 (Not Recommended)

Q4 [ T3 Non homogenous mass distribution
m/4 m/4 m/4 m/4
2D- Shell Q3 DKT18
DKT18: Batoz Triangle:

Three in-plane integration points with Hammer scheme No hourglass
Good bending behavior but high cost element

Globally, twice more expensive than C0 element
z y x
2D IP Through Thickness
Global Integration (DEFAULT)
Average value is computed

Bad strain/stress computation for the bending out of plane
Integration Points
From 1 to 5 1 IP gives no out of plane stiffness
Use 5 for a good accuracy

z N4 N3
N1 N2
Plastically Admissible Stresses

Two methods :
Radial return (IPLAS = 2) Iterative algorithm (IPLAS = 1)
Radial return:
CPU m, precision m
Iterative algorithm:
Use Newton-Raphson method CPU k, precision k
Iterative Plasticity Iplast = 1
Thickness Variation
By default Radioss considers a constant thickness through the element:

Ithick = 0
To take the thickness changes into account :

Ithick = 1
Thickness Changes Ithick = 1
2D Shell Control Card
Ishell: Shell & Hourglass formulations

Default = 0 [ BT 4 [ BT with improved Hourglass 12 [ BATOZ 24 [ QEPH
Ismstr: Small Strain control

Default=0 [ Large Strain 1 [ Small Strain from t = 0 2 [ Small Strain if criteria reached
2D Shell - Applications
Manufacturing
Automotive
1D Beam Element
A standard Euler-Bernouilli beam
Element with three nodes
Third node to define the orientation of the cross-section
z z y 2 x y
3 1, 2
1 L
1D Beam Element
Beam inputs:
A : cross section area Ix : moment of inertia of cross section about local x axis Iy : moment of inertia of cross section about local y axis Iz : moment of inertia of cross section about local z axis
Recommendations:
L A
100
0.1A4 12 I y I z 10 A4
0.01 I y / I z
0.5( I y
Iz )
Ix
2( I y
Iz )
Time Step:
aL c
with
a 0.5 min( 4, 1 B / 12, B / 3)

B
AL2 / max( I y , I z )
1D Beam Control Card
1D Truss Element
A standard two node element
N1
N2
Material law:
Type 1 : Linear Elastic Type 2 : Elastic Plastic
Property set:
A : Cross section area
Time Step:
t
L (t ) c
L(t) : Current Truss length
1D Beam/TrussApplications
Suspensions, Supports
1D Springs
Type 4
Spring with 1 d.o.f.
Type 8
Mathematical spring
Type 12
Pulley type
Type 13
Beam type
1D Spring Type 4
Simple physical spring with a dashpot
kx cx
1 d.o.f spring:
Tension-Compression behavior
The nodal forces are always collinear Time step is depending on the spring mass, its stiffness and its damping
dt KM C M
2
1D Spring Type 8, 12, 13

Type 8:
Mathematical def. having 6 DOFs total; L > 0 Not enough DOFs to represent Rigid Body Motion Global momentum not respected
Type 12:
3 Nodes to define pulley Deformable rope with friction at node 2 Sliding is locked when node 1 or 3 touches node 2
Type 13:
Works like a Beam element (bending & shear coupled); L > 0 12 DOFs to represent Rigid Body Motion 3 nodes, 2 to define axis of spring and 3rd for local frame
1D Spring Property Set

F F
l0
l0
l0
Linear Spring
Non linear Elastic Spring H=0
Non linear Elastic-Plastic Spring With Isotropic Hardening H=1
f1
l0 l0
f2
l0
resid
Non Linear Elastic-Plastic Spring With uncoupled hardening H=2
Non Linear Elastic-Plastic Spring With kinematic hardening H=4
Non Linear Elastic-Plastic Spring With nonlinear unloading H=5
1D Spring Property
Dashpot behavior
F
d / dt
Multidirectional Failure Criteria

D
Y
Dyp Dxn Dxp DX
Dyn
1D Spring Control Card
1D Spring Applications
Joints Rivets Spotwelds Pretension Retractors
Element Compatibility
PROPERTY SET LIST
Fixed format number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Description Void element Shell element Truss element Beam element Spring element Old rivet Orthotropic solid element General spring element Orthotropic shell element Composite shell element Sandwich shell element 3 nodes spring element Beam type spring element General solid element
Keywords TYPE0, VOID TYPE1, SHELL TYPE2, TRUS TYPE3, BEAM TYPE4, SPRING TYPE5, RIVET TYPE6, SOL_ORTH TYPE8, SPR_GENE TYPE9, SH_ORTH TYPE10, SH_COMP TYPE11, SH_SANDW TYPE12, SPR_PUL TYPE13, SPR_BEAM TYPE14, SOLID
MATERIAL LAWS DESCRIPTION
34 25 14 24 22 21 1 19 33 35 32 43 28 4 6 3 40 10 23 42 27 2 36 2 29 30 31 38 0 Law BOLTZMAN COMPSH COMPSO CONC DAMA DPRAG ELAST FABRI FOAM_PLASTIC FOAM_VISCOUS HILL HILL_TAB HONEYCOMB HYD_JCOOK HYD_VIS HYDPLA KELVINMAXWELL LAW10 LAW23 OGDEN PLAS_BRIT PLAS_JOHNS PLAS_TAB PLAS_ZERIL USER1 USER2 USER3 VISC_TAB VOID Type Viscoelastic Elastic plastic orthotropic Elastic plastic orthotropic Elastic plastic brittle Elastic plastic Elastic plastic Elastic Shell orthotropic Viscous plastic Viscous elastic Elastic plastic orthotropic Elastic plastic orthotropic Orthotropic Johnson Cook Hydrodynamic Viscous Elastic plastic hydrodynamic Viscous elastic Elastic plastic Drcker-Prager Elastic plastic Hyperelastic Elastic plastic brittle Elasto plastic (Johnson Cook) Elastic plastic Elastic plastic (Zerilli-Armstrong) Users Users Users Viscous elastic Void material Description Boltzman Composite shell Composite material Reinforced concrete Ductile damage Drcker-Prager Law for rock or concrete, hydrodynamic behaviour is given by a function Linear elastic model Linear elastic orthotropic Closed cell, elasto-plastic foam Generalized Kelvin-Voigt Hills model Tabulated Hill model Honeycomb material Strain rate and temperature dependent yield stress Turbulent viscous flow Von Mises isotropic hardening, polynomial pressure Generalized Maxwell - Kelvin law Law for rock or concrete, hydrodynamic behaviour is polynomial Ductile damage Ogden - Mooney-Rivlin Brittle shell (aluminum, glass) Von Mises isotropic hardening Piecewise linear Von Mises isotropic hardening
Foam (Tabulated law) Fictitious

ELEMENT COMPATIBILITY
34 25 14 24 22 21 1 19 33 35 32 43 28 4 6 3 40 10 23 42 27 2 36 2 29 30 31 38 0 Law 2D QUAD 3D BRICK BOLTZMAN yes yes COMPSH COMPSO yes yes CONC yes yes DAMA yes yes DPRAG yes yes ELAST yes yes FABRI FOAM_PLASTIC yes yes FOAM_VISCOUS yes yes HILL HILL_TAB HONEYCOMB yes yes HYD_JCOOK yes yes HYD_VIS yes yes HYDPLA yes yes KELVINMAXWELL yes yes LAW10 yes yes LAW23 yes yes OGDEN yes yes PLAS_BRIT PLAS_JOHNS yes yes PLAS_TAB yes yes PLAS_ZERIL yes yes USER1 yes yes USER2 yes yes USER3 yes yes VISC_TAB yes yes VOID yes SHELL yes TRUSS BEAM
yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes
yes
yes
Exercise 3.1: Hands on Twisted Beam
Chapter 4: Common Features
Interfaces
Rigid Bodies Monitored Volumes Boundary Conditions
Loads
General Features
Interfaces
The interfaces solve the contact between two parts Different kinds of interfaces exist depending on the contact
Surface 1
Surface 2
Rigid Wall
Four kinds of rigid walls are available
Infinite plane Cylindrical rigid wall
Spherical rigid wall

Parallelogram
Each wall can be fixed or moving
A rigid wall is defined by a Master Node and a group of slave Nodes

The group of Slave Nodes is defined by an explicit list and/or by a distance for slave search A rigid wall is a Kinematic Condition
Rigid Wall
M0
M1
M Diameter M
Slave Nodes
Spherical Plane Rigid Wall
Slave Nodes M1
Cylindrical
Rigid Body
A Rigid Body is an underformable structure A Rigid Body is defined with a set of slave nodes and a master node A kinematic condition is applied on each node and for all directions
By default, the master node is moved to the center of mass
Input master node localization
Rigid body center of mass

Rigid Body
Rigid Parts (Undeformable parts, walls engine, battey)
Connections between Parts
Monitored Volumes
Simulate a volume of gas or fluid Requirement
The surface defined must be closed The shell normal must be oriented outward the volume Only 3 or 4 shell elements sets
5 types of monitored volume

Type 3 for tire and fuel tank For simple unfolded airbag use monitored volume type 4 For chambered airbag use type 5
Monitored Volumes
Tank
Tire
Airbag Deploying
Boundary Conditions
A boundary condition is a constraint on node degrees of freedom A boundary condition is a kinematic condition 6 degrees of freedom :
X translation Y translation Z translation X rotation Y rotation
#-BOUNDARY CONDITION: #--1---|---2---|---3---|---4---|---5---| /BCS/1 boundary_condition #trarot nskew gr_node 101 110 0 1004 # BCS NODE GROUP /GRNOD/NODE/1004 group_of_nodes 207 #--1---|---2---|---3---|---4---|---5---|
Z rotation
Velocity & Imposed Displacements

Initial velocity: defined by a value in each direction and a group of nodes Imposed velocity: defined by a function, a direction and a group of nodes Imposed displacement (Block only): same as Imposed Velocity
Loads & Gravity
Concentrated load
Pressure load
Gravity load
Added Masses
An added Mass is a mass which is added on a group of nodes
The mass is equally divided among the nodes in the group or is added to each node of the list
#-ADDED MASS: #--1---|---2---|---3---|---4---|---5---| /ADMAS/1/1 BOAT #Mass| Node| 0.5 1000 /GRNOD/NODE/1000/ ADDED MASS 207
Skew Frames
SKEW FRAMES are used to define local directions
Two types of skew frames are available in RADIOSS
Fixed skew frame Moving skew frame
Zs Ys
Xs Fixed skew frame

Moving skew frame (defining by 3 nodes)

Sections
A section is a cut in the structure where forces and moments will be stored in TH files A section is defined by a group of element, a group of nodes and a skew defined by three nodes
Chapter 5: Time Step Control
Critical Time Step

Stability Condition Characteristic length of elements Time Step Control in Radioss Hints and Remarks
Stability of Time Integration

Explicit Scheme:
Conditionally stable
If
t tcritical
Stable scheme
Unstable case:
If information passes across more than one element per time step
Fext(t)
Size of the smallest element [ Numerical Sound propagation speed [ Physical
Stability Condition depends on two factors:
Courants Stability Condition

Courants stability condition
lc c
c : Speed of sound in the material
lc : Characteristic element length
It depends on the shape of the element:
l
lc
l lc = 0.707 l
lc
l lc = 0.866 l
lc
AD
Time Step Control in Radioss
In principle, no need of user intervention (automatic) The time step is calculated using two methods:
Element time step Nodal time step
The time step is influenced by existence of interfaces

Interface time step
Element Time Step Control

For the smallest element, the following relation must be verified:
te Sf
Scale Factor:
To ensure the stability
l c
Where Sf is the Scale Factor
To introduce the nonlinearity in Courants condition Particular cases:

One element mesh [ Sf = 0.1
Foams (high nonlinearity) [ Sf = 0.67
te
lc
E
lc
te
Nodal Time Step Control

For any node, the following relation must be verified:
tn 2m k
m : nodal mass k : equivalent stiffness of node
For a regular mesh:
tn
For an irregular mesh (generally):
te
tn
te
Interface Time Step

The interface time step depends on the type of interface used:
Type 2:
Just a kinematic condition [ No need of time step condition
Types 3, 4, 5 and 8:
A small stiffness is used [ Stable with Sf = 0.9 or less
Types 7, 10 and 11:

A variable stiffness is used
May be large enough compared to element stiffness [ A stability condition must be established
ti
2m k
RADIOSS Input for Time Step Control

Time Step Control in Engine (0001.rad) file
/DT Tsca
Tmin
/DT/BRICK /DT/SHELL /DT/QUAD /DT/SH_3N /DT/BEAM /DT/INTER /DT/NODA
Element Time Step Control
[ [ [
Interface Time Step Control Activate Nodal Time Step Control Larger Time Step for non-optimized mesh

/DT/Keyword2
Tsca Tmin Keyword 2: Brick, Quad, Shell, Sh3n, Truss, Beam, Spring, Airbag, Inter, Noda /DT/Keyword2/Keyword3
Tsca
Tmin
Keyword 2: Stop, Del, Cst Delete Option /DT/BRICK/DEL /DT/SHELL/DEL /DT/INTER/DEL

To remove nodes from interface where
ti t min
To delete Elements where
te
t min
DEL option [ Mass / Volume is lost [ Change of the physics

Constant Option:
/DT/NODA/CST /DT/INTER/CST
To apply a constant time step

Radioss adds mass to the model to satisfy the nodal stability condition Increase of kinetic energy
The added mass should be checked by user to ensure the validity of results
/DT/BRICK/CST /DT/SHELL/CST Switch an element to small strain formulation [ time step is then independent of the size of the element
Remarks on Time Step Control

Many time step options influence the results:
Keep the numerical model close to the physical problem
Small Time Step for:

Stiff material: Light material: Small element:
l
E
[ [ [
t t t
With
te
l c
l
E
For mild steel:

c 5000m / s
lmin 5mm
t 1 s (For crash problems)

Remove details to save CPU time
Characteristic length for elements
More than 1 Million elements are needed to mesh a complete car model with 5x5mm2 elements
Remarks on Time Step Control

Default values:
Scale factor = 0.9 Minimum time step = 0
By default if te < tmin :

Radioss deletes the shell element which control the time step Radioss stops calculation if a brick element control the time step
The /DT/INTER concerns only the interface type 7

Demo of Time Step Control in RADIOSS

Take a simple Tensile Test model
Case 1: Run it with Natural Time Step (No Time Step Commands)
Time Step is 2.164E-4 Total Number of Cycles = 55467 Cycles
Case 2: Add Command: /DT/NODA 0.9 0 Time Step = 2.2521E-4 Total Number of Cycles = 53291 Cycles This proves that Nodal Time Step > Element Time Step
Case 3: Add Command:

/DT/NODA/CST 0.9 3E-4 Time Step = 3E-4 Must be input after reviewing Nodal Time Step in Starter Listing File
Total Number of Cycles = 40001 Cycles with 2.19% Added Mass 28% Faster Computation
This explains why we add mass to the models For Faster Computation Time In Dynamic Analysis, its recommended not to add more that 2% Mass
Exercise 5.1: Time Step Demo with an Example
Chapter 6: Materials
Material Laws
Failure Models Law 2 - Johnson-Cook and Zerilli-Armstrong Law 27 - Elastic-Plastic Brittle
Law 28 - Honeycomb
Law 36 - Elastic-Plastic Tab.
Material Laws In RADIOSS

Type
Isotropic Elasticity
Description
Linear elastic model Hyper elastic Linear elastic for orthotropic shells Nonlinear pseudo-plastic orthotropic solids without strain rate effect
Model
Hook Ogden-Mooney-Rivlin Fabric Honeycomb
Law (MID)
(1) (42) (19) (28)
Composite and Orthotropic materials
Nonlinear pseudo-plastic orthotropic solids with strain rate effect
Crushable foam
(50)
Hill
(32) (43) (25)
Elastic-plastic orthotropic shells
Hill (tabulated) Composite Shell
Elastic-plastic orthotropic composites
Composite Shell with Chang-Chang failure

Composite Solids
(15)
(14), (53)

Type Description Model Johnson-Cook Zerilli-Armstrong Zhao Law (MID) (2) (2) (48)
von Mises hardening without damage
Cowper-Symonds
Piecewise linear Drucker-Prager for rock or concrete
(44)
(36) (10), (21) (27) (54) (24) (22)
Elasticplasticity of Isotropic Materials
Aluminum, glass, etc. von Mises hardening with brittle damage Predit rivets Reinforced concrete von Mises hardening with ductile damage Ductile damage for solids and shells
Ductile damage for solids

von Mises with viscoplastic flow
(23)
(52)
Ductile damage for porous materials, Gurson

Type Description Model
Boltzmann Generalized Kelvin-Voigt Viscous Materials Visco-elastic Tabulated law Generalized Maxwell-Kelvin Visco-plastic Closed cell, elasto-plastic foam Johnson-Cook
Law (MID)
(34) (35) (38) (40) (33)
Strain rate and temperature dependence on yield stress Hydrodynamic Turbulent viscous flow Elastio-plastic hydrodynamic
(4)
Hydrodynamic viscous von Mises isotropic hardening with polynomial pressure Steinberg-Guinan Fictitious
(6) (3)
Elastio-plastic hydrodynamic with thermal softening Void Void material
(49) (0)
Failure Models In RADIOSS

Independent and can be coupled with compatible material laws
/FAIL/TYPE/MAT_ID
Materials discussed in this class
Law 2:
Elastic Plastic Isotropic (Von Mises)
Law 27: Elastic Plastic Brittle Law 28: Honeycomb Material Law 36: Elastic Plastic Isotropic Piecewise Linear
Material Law 2: Elastic-Plastic
Elastic for stresses lower than the yield stress Plastic when the stress reaches the yield stress Available for brick, shell, beam and truss elements Two plasticity models:
Johnson-Cook Zerilli Armstrong
Material Law 2: Johnson-Cook
Stress-Strain relation:
(a b
n p )(1
c ln
)(1 0
T *m )
Influence of temperature change Influence of strain rate Influence of plastic strain = Stress level
p
= Plastic strain c = Strain rate coefficient = Strain rate 0 = Reference strain rate
a = Yield stress b = Hardening modulus n = Hardening Exponent
Material Law 2: Zerilli-Armstrong
Stress-Strain relation:
C0 C1 exp C3T C4T ln
0
C5
n p
Influence of plastic strain Influence of temperature change and strain rate
= Stress level
p
= Plastic strain
= Strain rate
C0 = Yield stress n = Hardening Exponent
0 = Reference strain rate
Material Law 2: Element Rupture
Element rupture if the plastic strain is larger than For shell elements:
Ruptured element is deleted
max
For solid elements:

Deviatoric stress tensor is set to zero The element is not deleted
Material Law 27: Elastic-Plastic Brittle

Only for shell elements The isotropic elastic-plastic computation and modeling is the same as for law 2 Law allows material damage and brittle failure
Glass, aluminium,
Brittle failure is modeled by the introduction of a crack

Crack throughout the element thickness for type 1 elements (regular shell) Crack in the layer that the material is applied for type 11 elements (composite shell with variable layers)
2 1 Crack orientation
Layer cracking
Material Law 27: Damage Model
Damage effected material

= = m1 dmax1 = = f1
t1
Tensile rupture strain in direction 1 Maximum strain in direction 1 Maximum damage in direction 1 Maximum strain for element deletion in direction 1
Linear damage
y
Linear stress E
p t
t
Nominal and effective stress:

n eff
1 d
d : damage factor
0<d<1
Linear damage:
t m t
Linear stress:
m m t
p t
Material Law 28: Honeycomb

Typical honeycomb, crushable foams Only for solid elements Two drawbacks:
No viscous effect Plastic behavior
1 t 5 4 2 8 6 3
s
7 r
Material behaves as three independent membrane spring:

Hooks law
11 22 33 12 23 31
E11 0 0 0 0 0
E11
0 E22 0 0 0 0
E22
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0 G23 0
0 0 0 0 0 G31
G23
11 22 33 12 23 31
E33 0 0 G12 0 0 0 0
For an isotropic material

E33 and G12
G31
E11 2
Material Law 28: Honeycomb

Plasticity is represented by independent stress-strain curves
Material behavior is always orthotropic
The input yield stress is always positive Volumic strain or strain dependent yield curve (users choice) The failure plastic strain is input for each direction
If the failure strain is reached in one direction, the element is deleted
ij
User defined yield curve ij
1 or
ij
Mat. Law 36: Elastic-Plastic Tab.

Isotropic elastic-plastic material
User defined function for the stress-strain curve Available for brick and shell elements Elastic portion of material stress-strain curve defined by Young modulus and Poissons ratio Material plasticity curves can be given for an arbitrary number of strain rates
Linear interpolation of strain-stress curve

For a given strain rate For a given plastic strain
1 1 0
p
Exercise 6.1: Hands on Tensile Test
Chapter 7: Interfaces
Contact Interfaces in Radioss

Contact Treatment Contact Modeling Description of commonly used Interfaces
Interfaces in RADIOSS
Type
1&9 2 3&5 4 6
Description
For Radioss ALE Tied interface, No sliding Contact between 2 parts Contact for a single part Contact between two rigid bodies General purpose contact impact between 2 parts Like type 7 but with a tied contact
Comments
Fluid structure interaction Change of mesh density (solid) Use of type 7 is recommended Not recommended anymore User defined contact
Good contact at all speeds Tied After impact with or without rebound For beams, bars or springs
10
11
Impact between two lines
Edge-to-edge impact (7+11)

Interfaces in RADIOSS
Type
12 14 15 16 / 17
Description
Connects 2 fluid meshes with free, tied or periodic options Ellipsoidal surfaces to nodes contact Ellipsoidal surfaces to segments contact Contact between nodes to quadratic shape solids and solid-shells or between quadratic shapes CEL Lagrange / Euler interface Slave and Master Surfaces
Comments
ALE or Euler or Lag. Radioss/Madymo Coupling Radioss/Madymo Coupling Meshes with 8- or 16-node thickshell or 20 bricks Fluid-structure inetractions Combination of Type 7 and Type11 Fast interface for Stamping
18 19 21
Rigid master surface/slave surface
Contact Modeling & Treatment

The interfaces solve the contact between several parts of the model Contact modeling:
Type 7:
Node-to-surface contact
Symmetric Node-to-Surface contact Self-contact Node-to-Surface Generalized Node-to-Surface contact
Type 11:
Edge-to-Edge contact
Contact treatment:
Kinematic master-slave formulation

Penalty method
Nodes-to-Surface Contact
The velocity and displacement of the slave nodes are controlled by the master segments in order to satisfy the kinematic contact conditions
Slave nodes
Master surface
Symmetric Nodes-to-Surface
The nodes of each surface are treated as slaves
Each surface is treated as a master surface
Slave + Master
Slave + Master
Self-contact Nodes-to-Surface
Self-contact of a single surface due to buckling ...
Slave node + Master surface

Generalized Nodes-to-Surface
A node may be master and slave at the same time
Slave nodes may belong to different surfaces
Master nodes Slave Nodes
Master surface
Limitation of Nodes-to-surface
Edge-to-Edge Contact
For contacts between beams, bars, springs or the edges of shells
Contact treatment in RADIOSS

Penalty method:
A spring is added between a slave node and a master segment
Each contact is treated as an element

The kinematic continuities are not directly respected The energy conservation is verified The stiffness of the spring is very important
Too stiff [ Numerical instabilities Large penetration, kinematic discontinuity
Too flexible [
Interface Spring Mm
Vm
Vs
Ms
Interfaces discussed in this class
Type 2: Tied interface Type 7: General contact Type 11: Edge-to-Edge interface
Type 2: Tied Interface

Tied interface is a kinematic condition
Applications:
To connect a fine and a coarse solid lagrangian mesh To connect spring elements to shell surfaces for spotweld or rivet modeling
Shell elements (master segments)
Spotwelds modeled by spring elements (slave nodes)
Type 2: Tied Interface

Tied interface formulation:
Masses and forces of the slave nodes are added to the master nodes
Accelerations and velocities of the master nodes are computed with the added masses and added forces
Kinematic constrains are applied to all slave nodes in order to keep them on the initial position with respect to their master segments
Interface Type 7
For all types of impact between a set of nodes and a master surface
A node can impact on several master segments

A node can impact on the edge of a master segment Direct search of the closest segment
No search limitation
Only edge-to-edge contacts are not solved Possible to put a slave node on the master surface
Impact is possible on the two sides of segments

Variable interface stiffness is used to avoid penetration larger than gap
A time step is computed to insure the stability

Type 7: Search Algorithm
Fast Sorting Method
Type 7: Detection of Penetration
A gap is used to:

Give a physical thickness to the surface Allows to distinguish the impacts on the top or the lower part from the facet
Master gap P
The contact is activated if:

The node penetrates inside the gap Distance Between Node to Surface < Gape
Type 7: Constant Gap
Physical value for constant Gap:

GAP = 1/2 (thickness1+thickness2)
e1 e2
Default value for GAPmin (used if no constant gap is given)

GAPmin= min (lmin/10 , t , l/2)
lmin : the smallest side length of the master brick element
l t : the side length of the element brick : thickness of the master shell
Type 7: Variable Gap

Possible to use a different gap value for each interface segment The gap is computed for each impact as:
Gap = Gapm+ Gaps (m: master s: slave)
Gapm= shell thickness or zero for brick elements Gaps = largest thickness of the elements connected to the slave node or or zero for a node connected to a brick or spring elements (beam cross-section)1/2 for beam elements
If the slave node is connected to multiple elements, the largest Gaps is used
The minimum value of Gap is given by Gapmin as it is explained previously
Type 7: Penalty Force

g g p
KsP C dp dt
Ks
0.5sEt (
) Where E and t are the young modulus and the

thickness of the master surface S is a scale factor (1 by default)
Type 7: Time Step

A kinematic time step is applied to prevent large penetrations
If dp/dt > 0
t 0.5 g p dp / dt
g
p g-p
For a crash problem:

t 1mm 100 s 2(5000mm / s)
The nodal time step is computed as following:

t 2M K
With
K Interface K elements
Type 7: Hints and Remarks
Initial penetration is not allowed for interface type 7 The node is deactivated from interface when:
node to element mid-plane distance is smaller than 10-10*Gap
For self impacting surfaces, use the following recommended value:

Gap < (smallest segment edge) / 2
For impact between stiff and soft materials the stiffness factor has to be adjusted
S = Eslave*Thickslave / Emaster*Thickmaster
Contacts between a soft and a rigid part (foam/steel or tire/structure)
2 interfaces
Rigid
Master
Soft
Slave
Rigid
Slave
Soft
Master
K1=Eslave / Emaster
K2 = Eslave / Emaster = 1 / K1

Deep penetrations are not tolerated
Deep penetration leads to:
high penalty forces small time step infinite loop message large contact force vectors in post-processing
Deep penetrations are caused by:

Initial penetrations of adjacent plates Edge impacts Full local collapse
Rigid body impact on another rigid body or on fixed nodes or on very stiff part
Impact between heavy stiff structures High impact speed Small gap

Time step reduces for high speed impacts or small gaps
To avoid time step problems:
Increase gap, but check if no initial penetration is resulted
Increase stiffness factor STFAC

Some ENGINE options can be used but attention should be paid to the quality of results:
/DT/INTER/DEL Some nodes will be allowed to pass through the impacted surface /DT/INTER/CST Nodal masses will be modified to maintain a constant time step
Initial penetrations:
are generally due to the discretization
result in high initial contact forces should be avoided
Remedies:
Modify node coordinates Reduce gap
For small penetrations
Initial penetration
Deactivate node stiffness

Simple approach Option used after geometry adjustments
Interface Type 11
Simulates impacts between two lines

Lines: Beams, Bars, Springs, Edge of shell elements
Works as the interface type 7:

Penalty formulation Same search method
In association with interface type 7, the edge-to-edge impacts can be simulated
Exercise 7.1: Hands on Boxtube

RADIOSS For Impact Analysis

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RADIOSS For Impact Analysis

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RADIOSS IMPACT INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Explicit and Large Displacement Analysis

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Radioss Basic Training Schedule

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Chapter 1: RADIOSS Introduction

Explicit and Implicit Method

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Structural Mechanics Fluid-Structure interaction

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Centrifugal Fan Noise

Centrifugal Fan Noise

Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Aero Acoustics Noise Vibration Harshness

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Modeling A Physical Problem

2. Physical laws (conservation)

Explicit formulation + Central Difference Method Implicit formulation

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1. Lagrangian Formulation (Structural Analysis)

2. Eulerian Formulation (CFD - fluid)

No degradation of mesh in large deformation problems

3. ALE: Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Formulation (Impact - missile)

Between two previous formulations

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Explicit formulation + Central Difference Method

xn+1 is obtained with a precision

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Explicit Flow Chart

Loop over elements

Assemble Fint , Fhrg

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Implicit Newmark Flow Chart

then det. a i i 1..7

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Chapter 2: RADIOSS Tools

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Databases . properties . materials

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Model Checker Menu

Mesh Editing Menu

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Processor RADIOSS Computation