Noise and its origin and its application

Noise is a random signal inherent in all physical components. It directly limits the detection and processing Of all information. The common from the noise is white Gaussian due to many random processes that makes up electric current or thermal agitation of conductive elements. Electronic noise is ubiquitous , present in all active and passive components , it is critical for engineers to characterize and understand how it limits the transmission of information. Signal noise is heard as acoustic noise if played through a loudspeaker it manifests as 'snow' on a television or video image. Noise can block, distort, change or interfere with the meaning of a message in both human and electronic communication.

Calling some signal or sound noise is often a subjective distinction. One person's maximum-volume music listening pleasure might be another's unbearable noise. When speaking of noise in relation to sound, what is commonly meant is meaningless sound of greater than usual volume. Thus, a loud activity may be referred to as noisy. However, conversations of other people may be called noise for people not involved in any of them, and noise can be any unwanted sound such as the noise of dogs barking, neighbours playing loud music, road traffic sounds, chainsaws, or aircraft, spoiling the quiet of the countryside. In audio, recording, and broadcast systems audio noise refers to the residual low level sound (usually hiss and hum) that is heard in quiet periods of program. Electronic noise exists in all circuits and devices as a result of thermal noise, also referred to as Johnson Noise. Semiconductor devices can also contribute flicker noise and generation-recombination noise. In any electronic circuit, there exist random variations in current or voltage

caused by the random movement of the electrons carrying the current as they are jolted around by thermal energy. Lower temperature results in lower thermal noise. This same phenomenon limits the minimum signal level that any radio receiver can usefully respond to, because there will always be a small but significant amount of thermal noise arising in its input circuits. This is why radio telescopes, which search for very low levels of signal from stars, use front-end low-noise amplifier circuits, usually mounted on the aerial dish, and cooled with liquid nitrogen. Noise is also present in images. Electronic noise will be present in camera sensors, and the physical size of the grains of film emulsion creates visual noise. This kind of noise is referred to as "grain." Noise is also used in the creation of 2D and 3D images by computer. Sometimes noise is added to images to hide the sudden transitions inherent in digital representation of color, known as

"banding." This adding of noise is referred to as "dithering." Sometimes noise is used to create the subject matter itself. Procedural noise (such as Perlin noise) is often used to create natural-looking variation in computer generated images. Noise regulation includes statutes or guidelines relating to sound transmission established by national, state or provincial and municipal levels of government. After a watershed passage of the U.S. Noise Control Act of 1972[1], the program was abandoned at the federal level, under President Ronald Reagan, in 1981 and the issue was left to local and state governments. Although the UK and Japan enacted national laws in 1960 and 1967 respectively, these laws were not at all comprehensive or fully enforceable as to address (a) generally rising ambient noise (b) enforceable numerical source limits on aircraft and motor vehicles or (c) comprehensive directives to local government.

Noise Sources are used to measure Noise Figure, provide a source of AWGN to generate CNR or EbNo to measure error rates, and are used as an economical source of broad band power for built in test. Applications such as signal strength calibrators and radar applications. They can be used to increase the dynamic range of Analog to Digital converters by dithering and reducing correlated noise. They are often found in Disk drive testing, wireless testing, CATV both analog and DOCSYS, jamming, SATCOM for BER and NF, as well employed as a source of jitter.