Project Number: NNE5-2001-00282

An Integrate Approach to Designing High Intensity Discharge Lighting Systems

EC ENERGIE Programme Final Public Report

Authors
Coordinator ADPA-CPAT Georges Zissis 2nd Contractor GE Lighting (GEL) Stuart Mucklejohn 3rd Contractor Knobel A.G. Felix Tobler 4th Contractor Thorn Europhane SA Agnes Por

5th Contractor Luxmate WSW GmbH Gerhard Wittmann

6th Contractor Sinapse SA Pierre Clavel

7th Contractor Univ. da Madeira (UMa) Mihail Benilov

8th Contractor Univ.Montpellier II (UM2) Christian Glaize

9th Contractor FORTH-ICE/HT Stelios Couris

10th Contractor TRL Ltd Geoff Crabb

11th Contractor Ville d'Albi Alexis Febrer

Date of report: 28/02/2005

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Abstract
Highly efficient light sources are one route to help governments reduce the power consumption of lighting systems and hence reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in line with the Kyoto agreements. A major area for lighting use is outdoors, especially roadways and streets. The recent emergence of metal halide discharge lamps with ceramic arctubes has lead to a new generation of highly efficient light sources with high colour rendering indices. Further lamp optimisation, coupled with improvements in the ballast characteristics and optical properties of the fixture, together with potential gains from sources specifically designed for human visual perception under mesopic lighting conditions have the potential to dramatically reduce energy usage in roadway lighting. Such systems would simultaneously improve the visual quality, energy efficiency and effectiveness of lighting schemes. This project allowed the demonstration in real scale of a modern urban lighting scheme (121 lighting poles are installed in the city of Albi in south France). The project demonstrator illustrated that this system offers a better quality of life and security to road uses in urban environment coupled with important energy savings that may attain more than 1 MTEP in western European level. In parallel the research accomplished in the frame of NumeLiTe led to optimised, more efficient, ceramic envelop metal halide lamps with 97 lm/W radiant efficiency, supporting dimming without important degradation of their characteristics. Appropriate reflectors ensured that the maximum quantity of light is directed onto the street and avoid skies light pollution. New electronic ballast with dimming capabilities and communicating through NL-DALI protocol has been also developed. Centralised control allows a better and less expensive lighting scheme for municipalities (an economy of almost 4 Euros per lighting pole is expected). The payback time of this system is evaluated to be in the order of 4-5 years, this is quite acceptable when known that the service lifetime of an urban lighting scheme is in the order of 30 years. In a more general way, the NumeLiTe consortium illustrated that by allying European Research efforts in crossdisciplinary domains makes possible to achieve a considerable amount of work and contribute to the sustainable development of Europe. The consortium operation shown also clearly the advantage of the working in a European Research Area.

Abbreviations
CCT: Colour Correlated Temperature C-MHL: Ceramic envelope Metal Halide Lamp CRI: Colour Rendering Index NL-DALI: NumeLiTe Digital Addressable Lighting Interface EM Ballast: Ferromagnetic ballast EMI: Electromagnetic Interference HID: High Intensity Discharge lamp PCA: polycrystalline alumina PL-controller: Power Line controller RF-controller: Radio Frequency controller SHP: Sodium High Pressure lamp TEP: Tonne Equivalent Petrol, unit of primary energy (1 MWh electrical energy = 0,258 TEP)

Aviso and Decostreet are trade marks belonging to Thorn; NumeLiTe is trade mark belonging to the consortium

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Project details 2. Aim and general description

2.1 Aim of the project 2.2 Description of the site 2.3 Description of the installation 2.4 Description of the performance monitoring and measuring system

3. Construction, installation
3.1 Time schedule 3.2 Problems, solutions, successes 3.3 Modifications and over-runs

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4. Operation and results

4.1 Operating history 4.2 Performance 4.3 Success of the project 4.4 Operating costs 4.5 Future of the installation 4.6 Economic viability 4.7 Environmental impact

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5. Publicity, commercialisation and other developments

5.1. Publicity and publications 5.2 International cooperation

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6. Lessons learned/conclusions 7. Photographs

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1. Project details
Project Number: NNE5-2001-00282

An Integrate Approach to Designing High Intensity Discharge Lighting Systems

Acronym: NumeLiTe Project web page: http://www.efficient-lighting.org/Numelite

Final Technical Report

Period covered: from 01/01/2002 to 31/12/2004 SESAME-Sheet enclosed: no Date of report: 28/02/2005
Coordinator ADPA-CPAT Georges Zissis France 31062 Toulouse (33-5) 61556996 (33-5) 61668447 georges.zissis@cpat.ups-tlse.fr 5th Contractor Luxmate WSW GmbH Gerhard Wittmann Germany 81243 Munich (49-89)87589410 (49-89)87589499 Gerhard.wittmann@luxmate.de 9th Contractor FORTH-ICE/HT Stelios Couris Greece 26500 Patras (30-261)965203 (30-261)965223 couris@iceht.forth.gr 2nd Contractor GE Lighting (GEL) Stuart Mucklejohn UK LE4 7PD Leicester (44-116) 2661531 (44-116) 2610612 stuart.mucklejohn@lighting.ge.com 6th Contractor Sinapse SA Pierre Clavel France 95015 Neuville (33-1)34487867 (33-1)34487869 sinapse@wanadoo.fr 10th Contractor TRL Ltd Geoff Crabb UK RG456AU Crowthorne (44-1344)770214 (44-1344)770214 gcrabb@trl.co.uk 3rd Contractor Knobel A.G. Felix Tobler Switzerland 8755 Ennenda (41-55)6454747 (41-55)6454700 toblerf@knobelag.ch 7th Contractor Univ. da Madeira (UMa) Mihail Benilov Portugal 9000 Funchal (351-291)705256 (351-291)209470 benilov@uma.pt 11th Contractor Ville d'Albi Alexis Febrer France 81005 Albi (33-5) 63491280 (33-5) 63491023 alexis.febrer@mairie-albi.fr 4th Contractor Thorn Europhane SA Agnes Por France 27705 Les Andelys (33-2)32214815 (33-2)31214801 agnes.por@tlgfr.com 8th Contractor Univ.Montpellier II (UM2) Christian Glaize France 3405 Montpellier (33-4)67143417 (33-4)67042130 glaize@univ-montp2.fr

Report prepared by: Georges Zissis, ADPA-CPAT UPS-118 rte de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 4 France Tel. (33)5 61556996 Fax (33)5 61558447 georges.zissis@cpat.ups-tlse.fr

Report approved by:

Final Technical Report

2. Aim and general description

2.1 Aim of the project The ultimate objective of "NumeLiTe" (Numerical Light for Technology) project was to formally prove the feasibility of an optimal and energy efficient outdoor city lighting scheme for urban illumination. The proposed lighting scheme will be based on modern light sources: 150 W Metal Halide Lamps with ceramic arc tubes (C-MHL) coupled with robust electronic power supplies and specifically designed novel luminaries and fixtures. This optimal lighting scheme is expected to achieve the following performance compared to the following reference system: 150W and/or 250W high-pressure sodium lamp with enhanced Colour Rendering Index (CRI) with a ferromagnetic ballast without dimming (this is the most common situation in city lighting schemes available today). The detail NumeLiTe project objectives were: Produce good quality white light with high luminous efficacy (at least, 90 lumen per watt) and a Colour Rendering Index (CRI) of 80-90. Take into account human vision system (mesopic vision conditions) by adapting both spectra and luminary optics. This contributes to a better illumination and lead to a significant lowering of the power consumption. Optimise luminaires and the associated optics with respect to lamp geometry, heat, and mechanical constraints.. Use of electronic power supplies. This contributes to energy gain in the order of 15% to 25% compared to classic schemes with ferromagnetic ballast. It will also reduce the global harmonic distortion of the electric network in order to comply with European Regulations. For instance, existing lighting schemes based on classic ferromagnetic ballast present an unacceptably high ratio of 5th and 7th order harmonics. Implement the dimming associated with an in-situ illumination monitoring and a centralised control taking into account usage statistics. Increase the reliability of the system and provide a centralised control reflecting the real-time status of the network. Reduce light pollution of the skies. 2.2 Description of the site The demonstrator of the proposed lighting scheme has been installed in South France in the city of Albi (Region Midi-Pyrenes). Albi, capital of the Tarn department, is an historic city of 60,000 inhabitants located about 70 km NE from Toulouse, which is the biggest French city of the region. At this moment, the city of Albi global lighting scheme has about 7,000 lighting posts based essentially on High Pressure Sodium lamps with ferromagnetic ballast and without any dimming. The part of the lighting scheme replaced by the NumeLiTe demonstrator was more than 30-years old. Figure 1 shows a synoptic map of the concerned site in Albi down town, green line show lighting poles controlled by power line system (PL) whereas blue line represents radio frequency control (RF). The green lines designate the exact demonstrator location. It should be noticed that the central demonstrator site is locate in the historical part of the city and the one part on the main road axis linking the city centre to the A68 highway in direction of Toulouse. The photos in the following page show the neighbourhood of the demonstrator

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Photos: The demonstrator neighbourhood before the demonstrator installation

Bd Joffre, (Feb. 15th, 2002)

Av Foch, (Feb. 15th, 2002)

Parc Rochegude in the vicinity of Av. Foch (Feb. 15th, 2002)

Bd Carnot & Av Cambetta crossing (Feb 15th, 2002)

Av. Gambetta (Jan. 22nd, 2004)

Bd Carnot (Apr. 2004) -old & new luminaires

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2.3 Description of the installation The demonstrator installation in Albi concerned 5 streets downtown selected due to different type of urban use (commercial, residential, pedestrian), totally 121 new lighting poles will be installed at this city (see figure 2 and table 1). The installation started in March 2004. All industrial partners send system components to Thorn Lighting. Then, the lighting poles are assembled and tested individually. Finally the lighting poles are shipped to Albi for installation. The last part of the demonstrator, Boulevard Foch, has been achieved (due to some delay in civil engineering work) by mid February 2005. Today the full demonstrator is operational. The demonstrator has been officially inaugurated on December 2nd, 2004. It should be noticed that the city of Albi installed the demonstrator from scratch. The old lighting scheme (more than 30-year old) has been fully replaced including the underground power lines).

Figure 2 Technical plan of demonstrator. The exact position of lighting poles (yellow dots) and switching cabinets (red) are indicated in that plan Table 2 Demonstrator installation details Luminaire Number of Installation Height type poles (m) 10 23 23 34 19 12 121 Unilateral Bilateral Unilateral Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral 9 4.5 9 4.5 6 4.5 Decostreet Aviso Decostreet Aviso Aviso Aviso

Street Rue de la Berchre Avenue Mal. Joffre Avenue Mal Foch Boulevard Carnot Avenue Gambetta (1) Avenue Gambetta (2) Total

Lamp type TT G12 TT G12 G12 G12

Control type RF PL+RF link PL PL PL PL

2.3.1 Innovative aspects of the system One of the main objectives of NumeLiTe project was to enhance the performance of each component of the lighting system. This paragraph summarizes the progress achieved for each component. 2.3.1.1 The lamp Metal Halide lamps with Ceramic arctubes (C-MHL) constitute an innovative family of High Intensity Discharge light sources. The potential advantages of ceramic arctubes have been recognised for many years. The complex kinetics of chemical interactions between polycrystalline alumina (PCA) and some metal halide systems are such that arctubes can operate at temperatures up to 1100 C compared to 950 C for fused silica. Indeed, ceramic arctubes

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offer three key advantages over fused silica arctubes: (i) higher operating temperatures giving increased efficacy and colour rendering properties; (ii) greatly reduced sodium loss giving stable colour through lamp life; (iii) improved control over arctube dimensions plus higher operating temperatures give rise to low initial colour spread, especially at 3000 K, and also assist the control of lamp voltage. At the beginning of this project the existing C-MHLs displayed a luminous efficiency of 85 lm/W with a CRI in the order of 85. The lifetime of the existing tubes was approximately 8,000h.

Figure 3: CMH 150W TT 4000K E40 developed in NumeLiTe

Figure 4: CMH 150W PAR64 4000K lamps (derivative product from NumeLiTe lamp for other applications) NumeLiTe project allowed the achievement of new products (see photos) displaying an average luminous efficiency of 982.6 lm/W (some lamps showed more than 105 lm/W) this corresponds to a 16% enhancement. The total flux is 14,500368 lm. The average CRI of the new lamps is 872 (a new generation of C-MHL not used in Albi displayed a CRI of 942 with 86.1lm/W) and CCT (Colour Correlated Temperature) 3,836 168 K. Concerning the lifetime of the new lamps, the experiment is still operating but it should be noticed that at 10,000 h no lamp failures have been reported. Hopefully the new lamp generation issued from NumeLiTe will attain 15,000-16,000 h of lifetime. This is 2-times higher than the original C-MHLs. At 10,000 h the main conclusions are that lamp voltage is quite stable (V<10 V), lumens maintenance is stabilised to 75-80% of the 100h reference value, finally CCT is almost constant (variation CCT<100 K from the 100 h reference value The above-announced achievements have been realized by optimizing the lamp filling, the lamp geometry as well as the electrodes. Initially, the existing C-MHLs could operate at only vertical position; the new models are universal-position. 2.3.1.2 The Electronic Ballast Initially, dimmable electronic ballast for C-MHL lamps was not widely available (some dimming experiments were known before NumeLiTe, but the results werent conclusing). It was generally accepted that the dimming of metal halide lamps is not normally recommended. Nevertheless, the new NumeLiTe lamp was designed for dimmability when operated on electronic ballast. Dimming to 70% does not affect the lamp performance significantly. Dimming to 50% provides reliable operation. This was one of the most important challenges of the present project. Under this perspective a new dimmable version of the existing 150 W-electronic ballast has been developed. The first dimmable version allowed only two step dimming, today, the final product developed by Knobel and installed in Albi allows 7steps (see figure 5). In parallel Luxmate WSW, developed a prototype ballast (Dimtronic ) that allows continuous dimming (this is a derivative product from NumeLiTe project and it is not destined to the demonstrator). The Knobel ballast is optimized in order to avoid over-heating problems and it is compliant with isolation and EMI European

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standards. Today, Knobel continues the development of this product and a new ASIC (integrated circuit) controlling the ballast operation is available. The change to the new ASIC CM3593 with new features has as main advantages: short-current detection, optimal ignition process, higher internal switching frequency. It should be noticed that the Knobel-NumeLiTe ballast has the possibility to communicate with the network controller modules using the NLDALI interface; this was one of the NumeLiTe requirements. In addition NumeLiTe Electronic ballasts provide a lower harmonic distortion and a near unity power factor thus allowing a significant lowering of overhead installation costs.

Figure 5: Knobel-NumeLiTe dimmable 150 W ballast for C-MHLs 2.3.1.3 The Luminaires

Figure 6: Prototype ASIC CM3593 circuits for the new generation of Knobel ballasts

Two types of luminaires have been used in the demonstrator: The Aviso: indirect type and it is used for both decorative and functional lighting of streets and pathways The Decostreet: direct type used for functional lighting Both were existing models from THORN but new reflectors have been developed especially for the NumeLiTe project. These reflectors have been optimized in order to use the maximum amount of light generated by the NumeLiTe lamp. The objective was clearly to illuminate the street and not the skies or the surround buildings. This was an important challenge especially for the Aviso, which is indirect type luminaire. The design of the new reflector coupled with the concept of mosaic mirror at the top allow to the NumeLiTe version of Aviso to 97% of the light generated by the lamp, that means that only 3% is wasted for illuminating the sky. We estimate that 85% of the light is going to the street. The use of these reflectors and refractors produced an efficient and aesthetic design. Luminaire classifications are defined in terms of vertical light distribution, lateral light distribution, and the control of distribution above maximum candlepower, known as cut-off. Vertical and lateral light distributions apply primarily to the shape of the roadway area to be illuminated. Both of these distributions can be important when determining the amount of light trespass from a source. In NUMELITE, we created an innovative luminaire design in order to adapt the luminaire for both light source and light distribution. This ensures a better direct light output control with limitation of glare.

Figure 7a: Luminaire Aviso installed in Albi

Figure 7b: Luminaire Aviso installed in Albi operating

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2.3.1.4 The network control One important feature for NumeLiTe project was the use of a central station able to control the lighting network. This future is essential in order to achieve important energy savings and enhance the maintenance of the system. In fact, important energy economies may be achieved in city lighting schemes by using innovative "intelligent" electronic ballasts allowing dimming (this is the NumeLiTe main ballast future explained in the above paragraph). Until now, conventional step dimming systems for urban lighting usually work by switching off a series of lamps. This requires a separate wiring system and has the additional disadvantage that there is no uniform light distribution (or no light at all if all lamps are off). Other dimming systems with ferromagnetic ballasts modify the mains voltage. These systems provide no individual control and offer a small dimming range only. This can be a problem when full power is necessary. Additionally, they do not have the advantages of electronic ballast in terms of power factor, energy efficiency and increased lamp lifetime. In this project, we created a centralised control and monitoring facility coupled with intelligent electronic dimming ballasts. The interface to the controllable ballast meet the new IEC Standard 929, which must be extended for electronic control gears for HID lamps. However, it should be noticed that a specific IEC standard dealing with electronic control gears for HID lamps does not exist up to now. The communication system interacts with each ballast and is using both power line (PL) and radio frequency emitter/receiver (RF) schemes in order to establish a bi-directional communication between adjacent lighting posts or power line communication between the lighting scheme and the central station. A communication protocol between the controller and the ballast is also necessary for this operation. At the beginning of NumeLiTe project Luxmate WSW had a first prototype of a Power Line controller able to communicate with electronic ballast using NL-DALI interface based on DALI protocol. In parallel Sinapse SA had ballast for sodium high pressure coupled in a unique block with a Radio Frequency controller (RF) the communication was based on the I2C protocol. During NumeLite both prototypes evaluated to new products: Luxmate WSW enhanced considerably the PL controller especially concerning the EMI compatibility and general product reliability; Sinapse, dissociated the RF controller from the ballast and created a new version using NL-DALI protocol for communication. Concerning the communication protocol, at the beginning of NumeLiTe, NL-DALI existed and used mainly for indoor lighting control. NumeLiTe challenge was to make NL-DALI compatible with outdoor lighting applications. Today this objective is fulfilled. Last point, during NumeLiTe both Sinapse and Luxmate WSW worked on the establishment of user-friendly versions of a lighting network software. This software is now operational in Albi demonstrator. The following figures show the two controllers.

Figure 8: Luxmate WSW PL controller

Figure 9b: Sinapse RF controller mounted on a Decostreet luminaire

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2.4 Description of the performance of the monitoring/measuring system In order to perform reliable estimations concerning energy gains due to the new NumeLiTe lighting scheme we decided to keep in rue de la Berchre the same configuration than before the demonstrator (10 lighting poles of 9m high with 30m spacing at unilateral configuration, the old poles where equipped with 150W sodium lamps the new one are using NumeLiTe 150W C-MHLs). Figures 10a and b show the site before and after the lighting pole replacement (images taken with a luminance camera).

Figure 10a: Rue de la Berchre with the old sodium-lamp lighting scheme (red lines indicate the position of luminance measurements)

Figure 10b: Rue de la Berchre with the new C-MHLlamp lighting scheme (same conditions for the luminance camera)

Of course the luminance measurements on the tarmac have been done at the same conditions in both lighting systems and an 80% depreciation factor has been included for the C-MHL lamps in order to be comparable with the Sodium lamps at the moment of the first measurements, and luminance from Sodium lamps has been increased by a factor of 1.17 in order to take into account near monochromatic radiation. Our result for average luminance on the road surface is concluding: 0.86 cd/m2 for the sodium lamps and 1.51 cd/m2 for the NumeLiTe scheme. Almost 2 times more light for the same nominal power! This result has been also confirmed in the other streets of the demonstrator (see Annexe I). It should be noticed here that this result corresponds to full power operation of the system, further energy savings will be achieved by adding the dimming during the late evening hours (the system operates at 50% of its nominal power from 23:00 to 6:00). The following table shows the measurements taken rue de la Berchre. Table 2: Measurements summary for rue de la Berchre

The same measurement method has been used in order to quantify the horizontal uniformity on the road surface. Our measurements shown that the resulting light distribution fulfils photometrical requirements imposed by the standard EN 13201 for road lighting. Concerning the lighting quality, the technical service of the city of Albi received several letters of citizens expressing their high satisfaction for the system. This is a very good indication, but it is clear that it is necessary to proceed to a more systematic study concerning the user satisfaction. This work will probably be carried out with the help of the French Agency of Energy and Environment (ADEME).

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3. Construction, installation
3.1 Time schedule NumeLiTe project respected the proposed timetable. There are very few deviations especially for the last segment of the demonstrator for which the installation finished with two months of delay due to civil engineering planning of the city of Albi. Table 3: Project deliverables. This table is the same than this included in annex 1 of the contract Deliverable Deliverable title Deliverable Projected Effective Availability No type delivery Delivery level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14a 14b 15 16 Project web page Literature data base Lamp and Simulation codes Database with fundamental data Lamp series for laboratory tests Laboratory power supplies Prototypes for demonstrator Human vision model under mesopic conditions Validated photometric files for luminaires Central control station Web-based white book with recommendations Demonstrator Training modules for urban engineers System certification as hazard less for road users Demonstrator Evaluation Technical & Financial final reports Public Technical report Web page Data Software Data (web) Prototypes Prototypes Prototypes Report (web) Data Prototype Report Demonstrator Teaching Report Report Report Report Jun 02 Dec 03 Jun 04 Jun 04 Dec 02 Dec 02 Dec 03 Dec 02 Jun 03 Jun 04 Dec 04 Dec 04 Nov 04 Dec 04 Dec 04 Feb 05 Feb 05 May 02 Dec 03 Sept. 04 May 04 Oct 02 Nov 02 Nov 03 May 04 Feb 03 Jun 03 Nov 04 Jan 05 May 04 Feb 05 Nov 04 Jun 04 Dec 04 Feb 05 Feb 05 Public Public Internal Restricted Internal Internal N/A Restricted Internal N/A Restricted Public Public Internal Restricted Internal Public

Accessibility levels: Internal: Documents/material for consortium use only; Restricted: Documents may released to 3rd parties with prior consortium agreement; Public: Free access; N/A: non applicable. 3.2 Problems, solutions, successes There is not any significant problem occurred during the project execution and demonstrator installation. Some minor problems due mainly to unpredictable incompatibilities between power line (PL) and Radio Frequency (RF) modules have been solved without any significant delay to project execution. Concerning success, we should underline the few facts: The effective energy gains from NumeLiTe system are larger than these predicted during the project set-up. This is mainly due to the larger degree of integration of the system components than that assumed as doable at the beginning of the project. The publicity impact of the project was quite high! Within less than two month period several cities and professionals in France, Italy, Suisse, Portugal and USA (California) contacted the consortium in order to get more detailed information about the system.

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3.3 Modifications and over-runs There is not any significant modification to the initial project objectives and deliverables. The final number of Lighting poles in the demonstrator has been fixed to 121 according to the selected road illumination needs. Two different softwares are used for controlling the Power Line and Radio Frequency control systems; in the initial project we hoped that one software could be enough. For technical reasons this was impossible before the end of the project. However, it is doable with limited effort.

4. Operation and results

4.1 Operating History The demonstrator installation downtown Albi has been achieved in 5 parts: starting in March 2004 and finishing in mid-February 2005 for the last street. The slight delay is due to the city civil engineering planning. The following table and graphics show the evolution of the installation.

Part # Month-year # luminaires Street 1 avr-04 31 Gambetta 1+2 2 avr-04 34 Carnot 3 sep-04 23 Joffre 4 oct-04 10 Berchre 5 fv-05 23 Foch

Figure 11: Demonstrator Installation History Photometric (luminance, illuminance, uniformity) and electrical measurements (voltage, current, power and harmonic distortion) have been performed on regular basis starting with the old installation and continuing with the new installation in order to proceed to the calculation of the demonstrator performance as indicated in the previous paragraphs. 4.2 Performance The performance of the NumeLiTe concept has been evaluated in two levels: the first is the demonstrator performance street-by-street for 3 on 5 parts of the installation, and, the second is an extrapolation in general urban lighting installations with larger number of lighting points. In both calculations we assume that a luminaire in mid Europe, in operating, in average, 4 200 h per year (this operation time is longer in northern Europe and shorter in the southern part). We considered also that typical ferromagnetic ballast absorbs 28W and that the NumeLiTe electronic ballast requires only 19 W of power for its own operation. 4.2.1 The demonstrator performance Avenue Foch: the demonstrator replaced 15 old lighting poles with 250 W Sodium High pressure lamps (ferromagnetic ballast) by 15 Decostreet luminaires equipped by 150 T12 lamps (electronic ballast). Under these conditions (and with out applying any dimming to the new instillation) the energy gain is mainly linked to the use of less power for the lamps. The luminance on the street has been reduced to 22% only and stays in a quite acceptable level according to legislation. The initial energy consumption was 17.51 MWh and the NumeLiTe system requires 12.07 MW. This is an energy gain of 45% corresponding to 5,44 MWh of electric energy equivalent to 1,40 TEP. Rue de la Berchre: the demonstrator replaced 10 old lighting poles with 150 W Sodium High pressure lamps (ferromagnetic ballast) by 10 luminaires equipped by 150 TT lamps (electronic ballast). Under these conditions (and with out applying any dimming to the new instillation) the energy gain is small and is linked to the fact that

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electronic ballast consumes almost 9W less than the old ferromagnetic system. This lead to an energy gain of 0.38 MWh (0.1 TEP) equivalent to 5% energy gain in this street. However, the luminance (see paragraph 2.4) increased by 51%. This shows that we can increase the pole spacing and thus reduce the number of lighting poles. Avenue Marechal Joffre: 13 old lanterns equipped with 150 W Sodium High pressure lamps (ferromagnetic ballasts) have been replaced by 21 Aviso luminaires with 150 W T12 lamps and electronic ballast. In this street the quantity of light and the uniformity on the street have been expressly privileged on the detriment of energy gain. When no dimming is applied the luminance on the street has been increase by 2.2 times for an energy increase of 34% (eq. 1.32 TEP). This energy loss can be easily balanced by applying a dimming scenario during the off-peak period (eg 50% reduction of power between 23:00 and 6:00). Globally in these three locations we could test different concepts concerning energy consumption from the lighting system. Our conclusions show clearly that it is possible to replace 250W SHP lamps with 150W C-MHLs but the number of lighting points has to be increased by maximum 20-25% in order to keep the same luminance level on the ground. We can also replace 150W SHP with 150W C-MHLs but in that case we can decrease by 25-30% the number of lighting poles without affecting the luminance level in the street. Then if more light or higher uniformity are required this can be achieved by increasing the number of lighting poles and in that case the energy overconsumption may be balanced with using the dimming capabilities of the NumeLiTe Scheme. It should be noticed that, globally in these 3 streets and with out using the dimming capabilities of the system the energy balance is still slightly positive but the quality of life in the city bas been considerably increased as shown by spontaneous letters from citizens addressed to the city mayor. 4.2.1 Extrapolation to larger lighting schemes Using the above experience we are now able to do reliable projections of energy gains in the larger scale urban lighting schemes. It should be noticed that for an average European city an urban lighting systems has 1 pole for 10 inhabitants. Taking into account that in a city the most common lighting schemes includes 150W (3/4 of the installation) and 250W (1/4 of the installation) SHP with ferromagnetic ballasts and with out dimming capabilities the average power per pole is in the order of 200 W per lighting point. Thus an average European city consumes 200 W x 4 200 h = 0.84 MWh per year and per lighting point. This corresponds in average to 84 kWh/year and per inhabitant for lighting (eq. 0.02 TEP/year/inhabitant). Assuming that NumeLiTe system can replace either 250W and 150W SHP lamps, but taking in to account that for one 250W we need 1.2 - 150W C-MHLs and that one 150W SHP can be replaced by 0.8 150W C-MHL we can recalculate the energy consumption per annum and per inhabitant as follows: average number of lamps per inhabitant 10 x (3/4 x 0.8 + 1/4 x 1.2) = 9; energy consumption pre lamp (including electronic ballast): 169 W. Total energy consumption: (169W x 4200h)/9 = 78 kWh/year/inhabitant. This is net energy gain of 6 kWh/year/inhabitant. Considering that in western Europe there are more than 300 million inhabitants in cities the total energy gain in European level (all lighting scheme replaced by NumeLiTe concept) will be in the order of 1.8x1012 Wh/year = 1.8 TWh/year = 464.4 kTEP/year in European level. This figure is not including additional saving from dimming of light during the off-peak night periods. We can extend to our calculation in order to include these additional gains. To do that we need a scenario: The most acceptable is to dim down at 50% of nominal power all lamps between 23:00 and 6:00 local time. To do this dimming we need to use the network controllers connected to each lamp, each controller consumes roughly 3W for its own functioning (it is switched off when the lamp is also off). Under this assumption each lighting pole consumes 150 W for the lamp + 19 W for the ballast + 3W for the controller during 2 500 h per year (full power mode) = 0.43 MWh plus 75 W for the lamp + 19 W for the ballast + 3W for 1 700 h per year (dimmed mode) = 0.17 MWh this leads to a total energy consumption of 0.6 MWh/year/lighting pole or 67 kWh/year/inhabitant. Compared to 84 kWh/year/inhabitant in the actual systems leads to a average energy gain per annum and per inhabitant in the order of 17 kWh/year/inhabitant. This is equivalent of 5.1 TWh/year = 1.32 MTEP/year in European level. In order to give some idea concerning partial replacement of the European Lighting scheme by using the NumeLiTe concept we set up an excel spreadsheet able to calculate the energy gains achieved for replacing 1 000 SHP (150 W or 250 W) lamps by a given number of 150 W C-MHL and apply also various senarii for dimming. The following table shows this type of calculations for the case of replacing 150 W SHP by NumeLiTe system. The first table corresponds to the SHP lamps and the second to the C-MHL under two dimming conditions. It should be noticed that all above calculations dont take into account the energy gains due to the enhanced optics as well as the fact that SHP lamp voltage (and power) increase with lamp age but C-MHL voltage remain almost stable. If these two factors are included to the calculations 3-4% additional energy gain may collect.

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SHP with EM ballast Number of SHP lamps SHPSHP lamp power (W) Ballast power (W) Lamp + ballast power (W) Total hours operated per annum Power to operate lamps per annum (GWh)

1000 150,0 16,7 166,7 4200,0 0,7

No dimming With dimming Reduced power 70 Red. Ballast power 7,028 0.8 times 0.9 times 1.0 times 800 900 1000 150,00 150,00 150,00 13,50 13,50 13,50 163,50 163,50 163,50 2500,00 2500,00 2500,00 1700,00 1700,00 1700,00 4200,00 4200,00 4200,00 0,33 0,10 0,43 0,02 0,02 0,47 0,24 33,7% 0,37 0,12 0,49 0,02 0,02 0,53 0,18 25,3% 0,41 0,13 0,54 0,03 0,03 0,59 0,12 16,8%

CMH with EL ballast Number of CMH lamps CMH lamp power (W) Ballast power (W) Lamp + ballast power (W) Hours at full power per annum Hours at reduced power per annum Total hours operated per annum Power to operate lamps at full power (GWh) Power to operate lamps at reduced power (GWh) Power to operate lamps per annum (GWh) DALI power per annum (GWh) Standby power per annum (GWh) Power consumed per annum (GWh) Power saving per annum (GWh) Per cent power saved

0.7 times 0.8 times 0.9 times 1.0 times 0.7 times 700 800 900 1000 700 150,00 150,00 150,00 150,00 150,00 13,50 13,50 13,50 13,50 13,50 163,50 163,50 163,50 163,50 163,50 4200,00 4200,00 4200,00 4200,00 2500,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 1700,00 4200,00 4200,00 4200,00 4200,00 4200,00 0,48 0,00 0,48 0,00 0,00 0,48 0,23 32,8% 0,55 0,00 0,55 0,00 0,00 0,55 0,16 22,9% 0,62 0,00 0,62 0,00 0,00 0,62 0,09 13,1% 0,69 0,00 0,69 0,00 0,00 0,69 0,02 3,3% 0,29 0,09 0,38 0,02 0,02 0,41 0,30 42,2%

4.3 Success of the project NumeLiTe proposal target for energy gain was in the order of 30%. The achieved energy gains combing all system characteristics may be in some case higher than 42%. This is one important success from the project. The achieved performance of the system is due to high degree of fundamental understanding of each system component and also of the interactions between components. It should be noticed that we also suspect (and TRL planning to find out) whether much lower levels of luminance (0.5 lm/m2 and bellow with 70W lamps) are satisfactory when white light is used. Of course in that case we should redesign effective reflectors for the smaller C-MHL source. The high degree of collaboration between all project teams allowed to transpose the above sited fundamental knowledge to industrial products, this the second project success. It should be noticed also that after NumeLiTe project many of the participating teams will continue working together on other projects within bilateral cooperation or even in the frame of the COST-529 Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century European Network. In parallel, all partners could establish durable relations with European and overseas research teams in order to get answers in some specific questions. These relations will most probably continue after NumeLiTe and contribute to the establishment of the European Research Area. Another important success of the project was the development of innovative lighting systems components that will be commercialized in the following months. Ceramic metal halide lamps with 97lm/W efficacy, dimmable electronic ballasts communicating with PL and RF controllers via NL-DALI protocol, new reflectors for C-MHL lamps are the main outputs.

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Concerning the scientific achievements of the project can also be considered as a franc success. At this moment 3 PhD are issued from the project, 11 papers in scientific journals, 2 invited and 51 regular papers are published in international scientific events. According to the first reactions of the citizens around the demonstrator location, we can now on consider that NumeLiTe concepts contribute to an enhancement of the quality of life inside the city and enhanced also people security feeling in the streets. In parallel NumeLiTe scheme decreased considerably light pollution of the skies and disturbances that classical lighting systems may cause to surrounding buildings. Last, but probably not least, the project had a right of large media diffusion and publicity in France, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, USA, Sweeden, Switzerland and some other countries. This was highly profitable not only for industrial partners but also to academic institutions. On the other hand this publicity pushed several potential users (cities, lighting connectors, governmental agencies, ) to approach the NumeLiTe consortium for further information and further collaboration. 4.4 Operating costs The operating costs (except energy consumption) of the system are relatively low. They include normal maintenance operation of the system like luminaire cleaning (one or two times) per year, lamp replacement every 4 years. The maintenance scheme proposed to the cities for NumeLiTe system is summarized in the following graphic.

Figure 12: Proposed maintenance operations for NumeLiTe system in Albi including dimming suggestions in order to keep Luminance (L) level in cd/m2 on the street almost constant for 4 years. To calculate the annual maintenance cost we should include mainly the staff salaries (labourer level) for the cleaning and re-lamping operations, the cost of elevators and furniture necessary for these operations. These cost are quite variable from a country to another. In fact, it is possible to calculate the regular replacement operation cost as follows. For a batch size of 2,000 lamps it is necessary to mobilise a team of 2 persons for 6 weeks, corresponding to a labour cost of 7 Euro/lamp (including disposal of old lamps, operation planning). To this amount, we need to add the lamp price (15 Euro/unit for an SHP lamp) and 1 Euro/lamp for the used equipment. Thus, maintain every year 2,000 lamps SHP lamps (replace them every 4 years) costs 18 000 Euros per annum or 9 Euros/year/pole. Replacing 2 000 C-MHL lamps every 4 years (taking into account 25 Euro/lamp + labour and equipment cost as before) is equivalent to 16 500 Euros/year or 8.25 Euros/year/pole. This corresponds to approximately 28% lower maintenance cost per annum. We assume that the luminaire cleaning operation costs the same amount for both systems. Thus the difference in the maintenance cost between the old and the new system M=9 8.25 = 1.25 Euros/year/pole gain in the regular maintenance fees. The above-calculated value doesnt include occasional maintenance operations due to various malfunctioning. In general, the new system, which includes a continuous remote monitoring, is expected to

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be more reliable than classic systems. It is very difficult to estimate the maintenance cost gains due to occasional maintenance, but at the present state of knowledge a gain of 0.5 Euro/year/pole is achievable. Thus the global M factor is estimated to be: M = 1.75 Euros/year/pole. 4.5 Future of the installation At the end of the project the NumeLiTe demonstrator chattel has been transferred from the consortium partners to the city of Albi. The city of Albi will continue normal maintenance of the lighting system, but in the case of major problem, the consortium guarantees the system operation for a period of at least 1 year after the end of the project. In any case the components of the system have normal guarantee from the industrial partners. It should be noticed that City of Albi and NumeLiTe consortium decided that all partners could continue to have full access to the system data for further exploitation or, with the authorization of the city, use of the demonstrator for promotional operations. 4.6 Economic viability The NumeLiTe concept is very likely to be replicated to other cities very rapidly. This can be done because the system is quite modular and a NumeLiTe-like system may be constructed with different components (that they respect of course the NumeLiTe prescriptions). To calculate the payback time for a system like following NumeLiTe prescriptions we need to get the cost difference between the reference and NumeLiTe systems. The average cost of a SHP lamp (reference) is 10 Euros, a ferromagnetic ballast of class C including ignitor and capacitors costs 25 Euro, thus a global reference cost of 35 Euros. The anticipated initial cost of a C-MHL lamp as developed in this project is 25 Euros and the electronic ballast costs another 55 Euros. To the above cost we need to add 20 Euros/lamp for the central control station, sensors and telecommunication modules. The total unit cost of the NumeLiTe system is then 100 Euros. The use of new reflectors for C-MHL lamps will add 15 Euros more to the above initial unit cost. Considering that an average price of electrical kWh is in the order of 0.07 Euros we can then calculate the payback time for the commercial version of the system: Initial investment difference: I = 115-35 = 80 Euros per pole (when the full system is replaced) Energy consumption difference: 0.84 0.6 = 0.24 MWh/year/pole thus this is equivalent to a gain of E=14.4 Euros/year/pole (see paragraph 4.3) Maintenance cost difference from paragraph 4.4: M= 1.75 Euros/year/pole (gain) Pcomm= I/(E+M) = 80/(14.4+1.75) years = 4.95 years This payback time is quite acceptable for an urban lighting system, which replace completely an old existing system. This calculation doesnt take into account any sponsoring that cities may use in the frame of urban renovation or regional plans. It should be noticed that the cities may also opt for partial replacement of the system: lamp + ballast only or lamp + ballast + network control. In these cases the energy savings are less important but the payback period may be reduced drastically. Concerning the Service Lifetime of a lighting system in European cities is in average 30 years; NumeLiTe system is designed also for similar duration. 4.7 Environmental impact Using the above results we can achieve important CO2 emission reduction as well as less Hg released in the atmosphere (this mercury is coming from oil/coal burning for energy production). In order to get reliable estimations of those quantities, we used the Simarpo software coupled with values from Eco Inventory database for energy

Lamp n Power (W) Ballast GWh consumed per annum saving (GWh) CO2 emitted (tonne) CO2 saved (tonne) Hg emitted (kg) Hg saved (kg) HPS 1000 250 EM 1,17 0,00 625,39 0,00 9,15 0,00 CMH 1000 150 ELN 0,69 0,48 368,11 257,28 5,39 3,77 CMH 1100 150 ELN 0,76 0,41 404,92 220,47 5,93 3,23 CMH 1200 150 ELN 0,82 0,34 441,73 183,66 6,47 2,69 CMH 1000 150/70 ELN 0,59 0,57 317,50 307,89 4,65 4,51 CMH 1100 150/70 ELN 0,65 0,52 349,25 276,14 5,11 4,04 CMH 1200 150/70 ELN 0,71 0,46 381,00 244,39 5,58 3,58 production in Europe. The following table summarised these savings corresponding to replacement of 1000 250W sodium lamps with 150W lamps.

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5. Publicity, commercialisation and other developments

5.1 Publicity and scientific papers 5.1.1 TV reportages: 2 countries France 3 (FR), - Regional news, 19:00, November 12, 2004 RTP Madeira (PT) - Regional news, 20:00, November, 18, 2004 France 2 (FR), - National news, 13:00, December 4, 2004 TF1 (FR) - National news, 20:00, January 11, 2005 5.1.2 Newspapers 3 countries Dpche du Midi (FR) 08-11-04 jm.regio (PT) 19-11-04 Dpche du Midi (FR) 03-12-04 Dernires Nouvelles d'Alsace (FR) 06-12-04 Libration (FR) 07-12-04 Le Tarn Libre (FR) 07-12-04 Corriere dela Serra (IT) 07-02-05 5.1.3 Specialised press: 2 countries Actu Environnement (FR) 14-12-04 Albi Mag (FR) 02-05 Astronomie Magazine (FR) 01-05 Batiactu (FR) 03-12-04 Environnement & Technique (FR) 01/02-05 Hemera (FR) 11-04 Industrie & Technologies (FR) 01-05 La Gazette des Communes (FR) 06-12-04 Locatis (FR) 20-01-05 Science & Vie (FR) 02-05 Sciences & Avenir (FR) 01-05 La Recherche (FR) 02-05 Techni.Cites (FR) 02-05 Tracs (CH) 19-01-05 Univers Nature (FR) 15-12-04 5.1.4 Web: 5 countries Arenotech (IT) 10-02-05 Enviro 2B (FR) 09-12-05 Les Ecologistes (FR)15-12-04 Mairie Albi (FR) 01-05 CNRS (FR) 01-12-04 Mission pour la Science & Techn (USA) 15-12-04 ASFR-Svensk-fanska forskningsfreningen (SE) 20-12-04 Naturellement (FR) 01-05 Technologies Propres world (B) 12-04 Territorial (FR) 02-05 5.1.5 Papers in scientific journals: 11 papers Heating of refractory cathodes by high-pressure arc plasmas: I, M. S. Benilov and M. D. Cunha, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35, No. 14, pp. 1736-1750 (2002). Visually speaking, M. Burtwell, Surveyor, 4 pages, 18 July 2002. Heating of refractory cathodes by high-pressure arc plasmas: II, M. S. Benilov and M. D. Cunha, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36, No. 6, pp. 603-614 (2003) Thin Barium layer formation and its influence on tungsten electrode arc attachment modes in HID lamps, M.Cristea, G.Zissis, J. Optoelectronics Adv. Materials 5(2) pp. 511-520 (2003). M. S. Benilov, Method of matched asymptotic expansions vs. intuitive approaches: Calculation of space-charge sheaths, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 31, No. 4, pp. 678-690 (2003). M. S. Benilov and M. D. Cunha, Bifurcation points in the theory of axially symmetric arc cathodes, Phys. Rev.
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E 68, No. 11, pp. 056407-1-11 (2003). M. S. Benilov, Method of matched asymptotic expansions versus intuitive approaches: Calculation of arc cathode spots, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 32, No. 1, pp. 249-255 (2004). L.Troudi, R.Ben Ahmed, S.El Aissi, K.Charrada, G.Zissis, M. Sassi, Numerical modelling of a HgTlI discharge lamp: transport coefficients and thermodynamic properties, J. Phys D37, pp 610-622 (2004). M. Burtwell, Lighting the way for sustainability, Highways magazine, p12-13 (June 2004). N. A. Almeida, M. S. Benilov, R. N. Franklin, and G. V. Naidis, Transition from a fully ionized plasma to an absorbing surface, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37, No. 22, pp. 3107-3116 (2004). Un nouvel clairage urbain inaugur en France, G.Zissis, Tracs 131 (n 1/2), pp. 12-14 (2005) Atomic ratio Effect on Thermal Behaviour of a Hg-TlI discharge lamp, L.Troudi, R.Ben Ahmed, Z.Araoud, S.El Aissi, K.Charrada, M.Sassi, G.Zissis, Int. Journal of Heat Transfer, (2005) - accepted for publication.

5.1.6 International Conferences: 2 invited conferences and 51 regular communications Spectroscopic Investigation of the Structural Properties of the DyI3-CsI binary system, G.D. Zissi and A. Chrissanthopoulos, Proc. EUCHEM Conference on Molten Salts, Oxford UK, July 2002 Self-consistent modeling of diffuse and spot modes on thermionic arc cathodes, M. S. Benilov and M. D. Cunha, Abstracts of 55th Gaseous Electronics Conference, Minneapolis, USA, October 15-18, 2002. Modelling discharge lamps for electronic circuit designers: A review of the existing methods, G.Zissis, J.J.Damelincourt, Proc. 29th, IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, p. 318, Banff (Canada), 26-30 mai 2002. Invited Conference: Acoustic oscillations in high pressure lamps, S.Bhosle, J.B.Rouffet, G.Zissis, Proc. 30rd, IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, p. 450, 2-5 June 2003, Jeju (S. Korea), NumeLiTe: An energy effective lighting system for roadways and an industrial application of molten salts, E.C.Guest, S.A.Mucklejohn, B.Preston, J.B.Rouffet and G.Zissis, Proc. Int. Symp. on Ionic Liquids, pp. 37, 26 28 June 2003, Marseille (France) Influence of Plasma Chemistry in High Pressure Ceramic Envelope Metal Halide Lamps on the Mass Transport coefficients, J.B.Rouffet, G.Zissis, M.Aubes, J.J.Damelincourt, Proc. 16th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry, pp. 200, 22-27 June 2003, Taormina (Italy) Numerical calculation of stability limit of diffuse discharge on thermionic cathodes, M. S. Benilov and M. D. Cunha, Proc. 16th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry, 22-27 June 2003, Taormina (Italy) 3D Modeling for HID lamp cathodes, M.Cristea, G.Zissis, Proc. 30rd, Proc. 3Ord IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, p. 302, 2-5 June 2003, Jeju (S. Korea). Simulation of diffuse and spot modes of current transfer to thermionic cathodes, M. S. Benilov and M. D. Cunha, Proc of 30rd IEEE International conference on Plasma Science, 2-5 June 2003, Jeju (S. Korea). Calculation of collisionless space-charge sheaths: method of matched asymptotic expansions vs. patching, M. S. Benilov, Abstracts of 30rd IEEE International conference on Plasma Science, June 2-5 June 2003, Jeju (S. Korea). The application of mesopic vision models to street light show, M Burtwell and G Crabb, Proc. IOP Physics Congress 2003, 27 March 2003 (UK). Analysis of the ionic energetic flux densitytransported at the high-pressure lamp cathodes M.Cristea, G.Zissis, Proc. 5th General Conference of the Balkan Physical Union, pp. 1109-1112, 25-29 august 2003, Vrnjacka Banja (Serbia and Montenegro) Behaviour of the cathode active surface temperature in the steady-state diffuse mode of HID lamps, M.Cristea, G.Zissis, Proc. XXVIth Int. Conf. on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, 4, pp.79-80, 15-20 july 2003, Greifswald (Germany). M. S. Benilov and M. D. Cunha, Numerical modelling of stability limit of diffuse discharge on thermionic cathodes, Proceedings of 56th Gaseous Electronics Conference (San Francisco, CA, October 21-24, 2003), V. 48, N. 6, p. 85. M. S. Benilov, Method of matched asymptotic expansions vs. intuitive approaches: Calculation of space-charge sheaths and arc cathode spots, Proceedings of 56th Gaseous Electronics Conference (San Francisco, CA, October 21-24, 2003), V. 48, N. 6, p. 53. Calculation of Space-Charge Sheaths, Proceedings of XXVI International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, edited by J. Meichsner, D. Loffhagen, and H.-E. Wagner (Greifswald, Germany, July 15-20, 2003), V. 2, p. 9. M. S. Benilov and M. D. Cunha, Numerical Investigation of Diffuse and Spot Modes of Current Transfer to Thermionic Cathodes, Proceedings of XXVI International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, edited

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by J. Meichsner, D. Loffhagen, and H.-E. Wagner (Greifswald, Germany, July 15-20, 2003), V. 2, p. 29. M. S. Benilov and M. D. Cunha, Calculating Stability Limit of Diffuse Discharge on Thermionic Cathodes, Proceedings of XXVI International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, edited by J. Meichsner, D. Loffhagen, and H.-E. Wagner (Greifswald, Germany, July 15-20, 2003), V. 2, p. 31. M. S. Benilov, Method of Matched Asymptotic Expansions vs. Intuitive Approaches: Calculation of Arc Cathode Spots, Proceedings of XXVI International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases, edited by J. Meichsner, D. Loffhagen, and H.-E. Wagner (Greifswald, Germany, July 15-20, 2003), V. 2, p. 41. Energy Efficient Urban Outdoor Lighting Systems conference given to the Institute of Physics congress in March 2003 at Heriot Watt University by M. Burtwell R. Ruscassi, M. H. Girach, S. A. Mucklejohn , C. Glaize, Influence de lalimentation sur un nouveau type de lampe dcharge haute pression, 5 pages electronically published paper, EF'2003 Electrotechnique du Future, Gif-sur-Yvette (France), 9 -10 December 2003 Computation of net emission in high pressure metal halide lamps for different gases, J.B.Rouffet, G.Zissis, 31st, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, 28 june -1 july 2004, Baltimore (USA). Raman spectroscopic investigation of the alkali iodide melts, A. Chrissanthopoulos, A. Miriounis, G.D. Zissi, G.N. Papatheodorou, Proc. EUCHEM conference on Molten Salts, Poland, 2004. Raman and UV/Vis spectroscopic investigation of metal halide lamps related lanthanide iodides, A. Chrissanthopoulos, D. Papageorgiou, G.D. Zissi, G.N. Papatheodorou, Proc. EUCHEM conference on Molten Salts, Poland 2004 Computation of net emission in high pressure metal halide lamps for different gases, J.B.Rouffet, G.Zissis, Proc. 31st, IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, p. 250, 28 june -1 july 2004, Baltimore (USA). Invited conference: New concepts for roadway lighting, B. Preston, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, p. 51, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) Net emission coefficient in plasma existing in high pressure metal halide lamps, J.B.Rouffet, G.Zissis, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 287-288, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) Assessing HID lamps for use in mesopic lighting applications, M.H.Girach, Z.Koltai, S.A.Mucklejohn, B.Preston, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 597-598, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) Resolution of Navier-Stokes equations in an acoustic resonance condition of a high-pressure mercury lamp, Z.Araoud, S.Kaziz, M.Ben Haj Rhouma, K.Charrada, G.Zissis, M.Sassi, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp 207-208, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) Structural investigation of the caesium-lanthanide(III) iodide melts using Raman spectroscopy, A. Chrissanthopoulos, G.D. Zissi, G.N. Papatheodorou, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 267-268, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) UV/Vis spectroscopic investigation of the vapor species above HoI3 and CsI(HoI4, A. Chrissanthopoulos, G.D. Zissi, G.N. Papatheodorou, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 269-270, 1822 july 2004, Toulouse (France) Temperature variation in a HgTlI discharge lamp, L.Troudi, R.Ben Ahmed, Z.Araoud, K.Charrada, G.Zissis, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 277-278, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) Modelling interaction of metal halide plasmas with a thermionic cathode, M. S. Benilov, M. D. Cunha and G. V. Naidis, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 537-538, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) Electrical Conductivity Model for HID Lamps, J.C.Alvarez, C.Blanco, J.Viera, N.Bordel, A.Martin, G.Zissis, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 259-260, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) Physical basic properties of a High Pressure Na lamp at several voltages and frequencies, A.Martn, N.Bordel, J.C.Alvarez, C.Blanco, J.Viera, G.Zissis, 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp 479-480, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) Selective spectral lines excitation trough power supply in metal-halide lamps, M.Cristea, B.Lafitte, G.Zissis, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 273-274, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) Influence of power level on a new type of high pressure discharge lamp, R.Ruscassi, C.Glaize, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 265-266, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) Reflectance measurements on three pavement surfaces using CMH and SHP lamps, G I Crabb, M H Burtwell and R J Beaumont, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 515-516, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France) The application of mesopic vision models to street lighting G I Crabb and M H Burtwell, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 513-514, 18-22 july 2004, Toulouse (France)

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Reflector design for efficient Lighting and energy conversation, P.Tarroux, Proc. 10th Int. Sympos. Science and Technol. Light Sources, pp. 633-634, 18-22 July 2004, Toulouse (France) NumeLiTe: An energy effective lighting system for roadways & an industrial application of a dimming power supply, R.Ruscassi, J.B.Rouffet, B.Lafitte, G.Zissis, Ch.Glaize, proc. 39th IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, pp. 1386-1389, 3-7 october 2004, Seattle WA (USA) Acoustic Resonance Band Detection Workbench for HID Lamps, J.C.Alvarez, C.Blanco, G.Zissis, F.Ferrero, J.C.Viera, N.Bordel, proc. 39th IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, pp. 663-667, 3-7 october 2004, Seattle WA (USA) Comparison of the Emission of a High Pressure Na Lamp Working at 50 Hz and at High Frequency, A.Martn, N.Bordel, C.Blanco, J.C.Alvarez, G.Zissis, proc. 39th IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, pp. 1660-1666, 3-7 october 2004, Seattle WA (USA) Physicochemical properties of Lanthanide(III) iodide species formed in and above molten salts, A. Chrissanthopoulos, G.N. Papatheodorou, Proc. in Electrochemical Society meeting, October 2004 Hawaii (USA). A. Chrissanthopoulos, G.D. Zissi, G.N. Papatheodorou, UV/Vis spectroscopic investigation of the vapor species above HoI3 and CsI(HoI4, INST PHYS CONF SER (182): 269-270 (2004). A. Chrissanthopoulos, G.D. Zissi, G.N. Papatheodorou, Structural investigation of the caesium-lanthanide(III) iodide melts using Raman spectroscopy, INST PHYS CONF SER (182): 267-268 (2004). A. Chrissanthopoulos, G.N. Papatheodorou, Physicochemical properties of Lanthanide(III) iodide species formed in and above molten salts, Electrochemical Society, R. A. Mantz, et al. Molten Salts XIV, (2004). N. A. Almeida, M. S. Benilov, R. N. Franklin and G. V. Naidis, Calculating ion flux from thermal plasma, Abstracts of 7th APCPST & 17th SPSM (Fukuoka, Japan, June 29 - July 2, 2004), p. 54 N. A. Almeida, M. S. Benilov, R. N. Franklin, and G. V. Naidis, Change of phases in the problem of ionization layer at the edge of a fully ionized plasma, Proceedings of 57th Gaseous Electronics Conference (Bunratty, Ireland, September 26-29, 2004), Bulletin of the American Physical Society 49, No. 5, p. 48. M. S. Benilov, M. D. Cunha, and G. V. Naidis, Effect of metal halides on stability of the diffuse discharge on thermionic cathodes, Proceedings of 57th Gaseous Electronics Conference (Bunratty, Ireland, September 26-29, 2004), Bulletin of the American Physical Society 49, No. 5, p. 15. NumeLiTe and the need to understand complex metal halide systems, S.A.Mucklejohn, A.T.Dinsdale, Molten Salts Discussion Group Christmas Research Meeting, 20 December 2004, London, (UK) Implementing a High Quality and Energy Efficient Urban Lighting Scheme within European Energy Saving Program, G. Zissis, J.B. Rouffet, B. Preston, S. Mucklejohn, The 6th International Conference on EnergyEfficient Lighting (Right Light 6), 9-11 may 2005, Shanghai (China) - accepted for publication

5.1.7 Other Energy efficient urban outdoor lighting systems, M. Burtwell, TRL News, June 2002. Product brochure: CMH - A new world of ultra efficient quality lighting, General Electric Lighting, dissemination level: Public Product datasheets: Technical descriptions for new CMH high watt products, General Electric Lighting, dissemination level: Public A new GE Lighting brochure describing the benefits of CMH lamps for energy efficient lighting has been published in 6 European languages A promotional video describing the use of CMH to provide high quality light in energy efficient systems has been completed and work has started on an interactive, menu driven CD version: Restrained diffusion Crabb G I and Burtwell M H, The application of mesopic vision models to street lighting. Project Report CPS/24/03. Transport Research Laboratory Crabb G I and Burtwell M H Methodology for laboratory and field experiments at TRL. Project Report CPS/40/03. Transport Research Laboratory. Beaumont R J and Crabb G I Reflectance measurements on three pavement surfaces using CMH and SHP lamps. Project Report CPS/61/03. Transport Research Laboratory. 5.1.8 PhD in the frame of NumeLiTe Jean-Baptiste Rouffet, Univ. Toulouse 3 (CPAT), director G. Zissis: PhD submitted to reviewers, defence scheduled for May 2005 Robert Ruscassi, Univ. Montpellier 2 (LEM), director Ch. Glaize: PhD in composition, defence in October 2005 Mario D. Cunha, Univ. da Madeira (UMa), director M. Benilov: PhD granted

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Bruno Laffite, Univ. Toulouse 3 (CPAT), director G. Zissis: PhD in progress (3rd year)

5.2 International Cooperation & Standardization actions NumeLiTe project were an excellent basis for initiating cooperation between consortium partners and other European and oversees research teams passing trough the COST-529 Efficient Lighting for the 21st Century network 5.2.1 Cooperation CPAT is in contact with the laboratory of Power Electronics of the University of Oviedo (Spain) on the subject of acoustic resonance in C-MHL lamps. Several common papers on NumeLiTe research subjects are issued from this collaboration. Mr Juan-Carlos Anton is preparing a co directed PhD on acoustic resonances in HID lamps. Thorn and TRL are in contact with the Technical University of Helsinki (Finland) on the mesopic vision conditions. Pr. L. Halonnen is the coordinator of EU-MOVE project dealing with this subject. In order to proceed to an exchange of information between MOVE and NumeLiTe. CPAT is in contact with IPEIM, Monastir (Tunisia) for developing the fluid finite element code for C-MHLs. Several common papers on NumeLiTe research subjects are issued from this collaboration. Mrs Zouhour Araoud, is preparing a co directed PhD on the fluid modelling of the start-up phase of C-MHL lamps. GEL is in contact with NPL-National Physical Laboratory (UK) for compiling new thermo-chemical databases for various metal halides that will be integrated later in MTData package. A common paper is issued from this collaboration and a new database is now included in MTData. CPAT and University of Montpellier are in contact with the Laboratory of Mectronics of the Technical University of Liberec (Czech Republic) for the realisation of the conductivity G-model for the lamp. Mr Jan Koprnicky is preparing a co directed PhD on the G-model for lamps CPAT is in contact with NIST in USA on X-ray absorption diagnostics for translucent envelop lamps (eg . CMHLs). Mr Bruno Lafitte, PhD student from CPAT sojourned during 8 months in NIST and participate in the construction of the experimental set-up and measured Hg densities in NumeLiTe lamps. Univ. of Madeira is in close collaboration with the Ruhr Univ. in Germany on the modelling and diagnostics of the electrodes for HID lamps. NumeLiTe used especially experimental date from the Ruhr Model Lamp for the validation of his calculations. FORTH ICE/HT is in contact with the Laboratory of Prof. Niels Bjerrum, DTH-Denmark on the experimental problems associated with alumina solubility measurements in molten rare earth halides General Electric Lighting (Hanif Girach) in now on in contact with the Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic, on the subject of C-MHL lamp-ballast interactions 5.2.2 Standardisation Representatives from GE Lighting have continued to work on the standardisation of electronic ballasts for HID lamps under ELMAPS (European Lighting Manufacturers Association for the Preparation of Standards) in Technical Committee 5. The work of the ELMAPS TC5 Technical Panel on the interactions of metal halide discharge lamps with control gear has been finished. GE Lighting engineers provided the Panel with details of the consequences of lamp failure modes for the control gear. CPAT, University of Madeira and General Electric Lighting work in collaboration with Philips, Osram GmbH and Technical University of Eindhoven in order to establish a standard metal halide lamp for metrology purposes. This lamp is now under production in limited series New standards for road lighting design in the UK were published in December 2003. For the first time, the CRI of the light source plays a role in determining the lighting class. Following a study by the Institution of Lighting Engineers, the lighting level can be reduced by one class if the light source has CRI >60. This provides a framework for energy saving by using CMH lamps instead of SHP in advance of the findings of the NumeLiTe project. THORN is in contact with the French National Illuminating Association (AFE) in order to promote Albi Lighting scheme as test site in France. The consortium coordinator (CPAT) is in connection with ADEME (the French Agency of Energy and Environment) and Citelum (company controlling 1/6 of the total French urban lighting market, with several connection to south America and Asia) in order to transform NumeLiTe acronym to a quality label for Urban Lighting Scheme.

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6. Lessons learned/conclusions
The NumeLiTe European project allowed the demonstration in real scale of a modern urban lighting scheme. The project demonstrator illustrated that this system offers a better quality of life and security to road uses in urban environment coupled with important energy savings. In parallel the research accomplished in the frame of NumeLiTe led to optimised, more efficient, ceramic envelop metal halide lamps supporting dimming without important degradation of their characteristics. Centralised control allows a better and less expensive lighting scheme for municipalities. In a more general way, the NumeLiTe consortium illustrated that by allying European Research efforts in cross-disciplinary domains makes possible to achieve a considerable amount of work and contribute to the sustainable development of Europe. It should be noticed that the project was undergone under excellent conditions concerning cooperation between partners. This probably due to the fact that all project partners had previous connections between them in the frame of the COST-529 network. Europe, should encourage the project consortia coming out from such networks (COST, NoEs) this is a pledge of success. Finally, our work underlined also some needs especially in normalization issues. For example, a better knowledge of mesopic vision conditions is necessary for such Lighting applications. In addition standards concerning dimming of urban lighting schemes need to be developed. The consortium will continue working in this direction in collaboration with CEN.

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7. Photographs

Rue de la Berchre

Rue de la Berchre

Avevue Gamebetta 1

Avevue Gamebetta 2

Avevue Gamebetta 1 (full power operation)

Avevue Gamebetta 1 (50% power operation)

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Boulevard Carnot

Anevue Joffre

Luminaire Aviso in Albi streets (photo from the THORN product catalog 2005)

Luminaire Decostreet in Albi streets (photo from the THORN product catalog 2005)

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Aviso luminaire operating in Albi streets (TF1 11/01/05)

T12 C-MHL under installation in Albi luminaire (FR2 04/12/04)

T12 C-MHL operating in vitro (FR3 12/11/04)

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