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Endocrine histology
Remote communication between cells is mediated by secretion of chemical messengers which activate cells b hi h ti t ll by interacting with specific receptors. Four types of secretion: - paracrine - autocrine - endocrine - synaptic
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Endocrine cells
Main role: secrete messenger substances Three distinct anatomic distributions: Gathered together in one specialized organ (ex: adrenal, pituitary and pineal glands) Form discrete clusters in other specialized organs (ex: pancreas, ovary and testis) Dispersed singly among other epithelial tissues esp. gut and respiratory system forming the diffuse neuroendocrine system
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Endocrine glands
Pituitary gland or hypophysis - anterior pituitary - posterior pituitary Hypothalamus Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands
Endocrine glands
Adrenal glands - adrenal cortex - adrenal medulla Pancreas Ovary and testis Diffuse endocrine system Paraganglia
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Pituitary gland:
Multifunctional
Secretion of multiple hormones: action on many peripheral endocrine cells Bean-shaped 12x10x9mm gland 0.4-0.9 gm in adult Beneath brain Linked to brain by pituitary stalk Surrounded by bone of base of skull in depression of sphenoid bone: sella turcica
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Vascular supply
Blood vessels (pituitary portal system) carries bl d f i blood from h hypothalamus of b i th l f brain, containing both stimulatory and inhibitory hormones, to stimulate or inhibit the hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary Hormone secretions of anterior pituitary diffuse back into capillary network pituitary vein systemic circulation
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Anterior pituitary:
5 types of endocrine cells
Somatotrophs 50%: secrete growth hormone GH Lactotrophs 25%: secrete prolactin PRL Coricotrophs 15-20%: secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), lipotrophin (-LPH), li t hi ( LPH) -melanocyte l t stimulating hormone (-MSH), and endorphin
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Posterior pituitary
Continuation of the hypothalamic region of brain: Extends down into pituitary stalk and sella turcica Secretion of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) Composed of axons of neuronal cells lying in l i i supraoptic and paraventricular ti d ti l nuclei of hypothalamus + supporting glial cells = pituicytes
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Pineal gland
Below posterior end of corpus callosum Cone-like 6-10mm long and 5-6mm wide Covered by leptomeninges Composed of lobules of specialized cells, separated by septa containing unmyelinated nerves and blood vessels
Pineal gland
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Pineal gland: pinealocytes/ clusters of modified neurons + neuroglial cells + capillaries + pineal sand
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Thyroid gland
Two lateral lobes: on anterior portion of neck, on either side of th id cartilage k ith id f thyroid til and upper trachea Isthmus joining both lobes Weight = 15 20 gm 15-20 Thin capsule septa separating the lobules
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Thyroid gland
Two hormones Thyroxine: regulation of basal metabolic rate Calcitonin: calcium homeostasis
Thyroid gland
Acini: single layer of specialized thyroid follicular ith li l ll forming ti htl f lli l epithelial cells f i tightly packed spherical units Lumen filled with colloid = pink-staining homogeneous proteinaceous material rich in thyroglobulin Basement membrane
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Thyroid gland
Low blood thyroxine stimulate hypothalamus t produce th t i h th l to d thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation of anterior pituitary to produce TSH stimulation of synthesis and breakdown of thyroglobulin increase thyroxine level in circulation
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Thyroid gland
Thyroid gland unique: large amount of hormone stored i th extracellular h t d in the t ll l compartment While in other glands, small amount stored intracellular compartment
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Parathyroid gland
Secretion of parathormone involved in calcium homeostasis At least four; In some people, up to eight Small, coffee-colored ovoid glands 5mm long, 3mm wide, 1-2mm thick 130 mg in adults In neck, thyroid region Rarely, intrathyroid or in mediastinum
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ADRENAL GLAND
Located on the upper poles of the kidneys Two distinct endocrine systems within one T di ti t d i t ithi organ: Adrenal cortex or outer layer: secretion of steroid hormones from cholesterol Adrenal medulla or central part of gland: neuroendocrine component synthesizing and secreting vasoactive amines: epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Adrenal medulla
Center of adrenal gland Part of neuroendocrine system: secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine Clumps, cords and columns of large cells separated by a rich network of capillaries EM: neuroendocrine granules impart the basophilic cytoplasmic granularity on light microscope
Adrenal medulla
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Adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex - aldosterone secretion is controlled by renin-angiotensin system - cortisol secretion under the control of pituitary hormone ACTH Adrenal medulla: controlled by sympathetic nervous system
PANCREAS
Three forms of neuroendocrine component of pancreas: f Islets of Langerhans distinct structures: most of hormone-producing cells Isolated nests of neuroendocrine cells forming small groups Single cells scattered within exocrine and ductular component of pancreas
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Pancreatic islet
Each islet contains a number of different neuroendocrine cells d i ll Each cell type is identified by its main hormone Four main cell types and at least two minor types
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EM enteroendocrine cell
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Paraganglia
Specialized neuroendocrine glands associated with th autonomic nervous i t d ith the t i system Prominent NE cells containing neurosecretory vesicles Precise function mechanism of action and function, nature of secretions is not clear
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Paraganglia
Large paraganglia in thorax and neck ex: aortic body (aortic pulmonary paraganglia at aortic arch) and carotid body (bifurcation of external and internal carotid arteries) chemoreceptors: monitor O2 tension p and pH of blood
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Paraganglia
Vary in size from clumps a few cells associated with nerves, visible only under i t d ith i ibl l d the microscope, to anatomically distinct structures up to 3mm in diameter
Paraganglia
Chief cells: NE cells with neurosecretory vesicles arranged i nests ( ll b ll ) i l d in t (zellerballen) / pale or dark cells Sustentacular cells: occasional flattened support cells at periphery of clumps of NE cells with cytoplasmic processes Blood vessels: network of capillaries with fenestrated endothelium
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