Week 4 Flash Cards Transcript

Term 1: Definition: Term 2: Definition:

Route Path through an internetwork through which packets are forwarded. Source IP Address The IP address of the originating host that is placed into the IP packet header.

Term 3: Definition: Term 4: Definition:

Destination IP Address The Layer 3 address to which the data is going. Routing The process by which a router receives an incoming frame, discards the data-link header and trailer, makes a forwarding decision based on the destination IP address, adds a new data-link header and trailer based on the outgoing interface, and forwards the new frame out the outgoing interface.

Term 5: Definition:

Hop The passage of a data packet between two network nodes (for example, between two routers).

Term 6: Definition:

Connection Oriented Communication where the sender and receiver must prearrange for communications to occur; otherwise, the communication fails.

Term 7: Definition:

Connectionless Any communication in which the sender and receiver do not prearrange for communications to occur.

Term 8: Definition:

Fragmentation The dividing of IP datagrams to meet the MTU requirements of a Layer 2 protocol.

Term 9: Definition:

Subnet A group of IP addresses that have the same value in the first part of the IP addresses, for the purpose of allowing routing to identify the group by that initial part of the addresses. IP addresses in the same subnet typically sit on the same network medium and are not separated from each other by any routers. IP addresses on different subnets are typically separated from one another by at least one router. Subnet is short for subnetwork.

Term 10: Definition:

Broadcast Domain A logical network composed of all the computers and networking devices that can be reached by sending a frame to the data link layer broadcast address.

Term 11: Definition:

Default Gateway A device on a network that serves as an access point to other networks. A default gateway is used by a host to forward IP packets that have destination addresses outside the local subnet. A router interface typically is used as the default gateway. When the computer needs to send a packet to another subnet, it sends the packet to its default gateway. Also known as default router.

Term 12: Definition:

Routing Table A list that a router holds in memory for the purpose of deciding how to forward packets.

Term 13:

Default Route

Definition:

Routing table entry that is used to direct frames for which a next hop is not explicitly listed in the routing table. This route is used to forward a packet when no other known route exists for a given packets destination address.

Term 14: Definition:

Static Route An entry in an IP routing table that was created because a network engineer entered the routing information into the routers configuration.

Term 15: Definition: Term 16: Definition:

Dynamic Routing Routing that adjusts automatically to network topology or traffic changes. Routing Protocols Protocols used between routers so that they can learn routes to add to their routing.

Term 17: Definition:

Broadcast Address An address used to represent a transmission from one device to all devices. In Ethernet, the special Ethernet address FFFF.FFFF.FFFF is used as a destination MAC address to cause a frame to be sent to all devices on an Ethernet LAN. In IPv4, each subnet has a single broadcast address, which is more commonly called the subnet or directed broadcast address.

Term 18: Definition:

Directed Broadcast A term that describes IPv4 packets sent to all hosts in a particular network. In a directed broadcast, a single copy of the packet is routed to the specified network, where it is broadcast to all hosts on that network.

Term 19:

Scope

Definition:

The extent of a certain item. For example, an address scope is also known as a range of addresses from the beginning of the range to the end.

Term 20: Definition:

Public Address An IP address that has been registered with IANA or one of its member agencies, which guarantees that the address is globally unique. Globally unique public IP addresses can be used for packets sent through the Internet.

Term 21: Definition:

Private Address Defined in RFC 1918, an IP address that does not have to be globally unique because the address exists inside packets only when the packets are inside a single private IP internetwork. Private IP addresses are popularly used in most companies today, with NAT translating the private IP addresses into globally unique IP addresses.

Term 22: Definition:

Network Address Translation (NAT) Translation of RFC 1918 addresses to public domain addresses. Because RFC 1918 addresses are not routed on the Internet, hosts accessing the Internet must use public domain addresses.

Term 23: Definition:

Loopback A special reserved IPv4 address, 127.0.0.1, that can be used to test TCP/IP applications. Packets sent to 127.0.0.1 by a computer never leave the computer or even require a working NIC. Instead, the packet is processed by IP at the lowest layer and is then sent back up the TCP/IP stack to another application on that same computer.

Term 24:

Classful Addressing

Definition:

A unicast IP address that is considered to have three parts: a network part, a subnet part, and a host part. The term classful refers to the fact that the classful network rules are first applied to the address, and then the rest of the address can be separated into a subnet and host part to perform subnetting. In the early days of IPv4, IP addresses were divided into five classes, namely, Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E. Classful addressing is not generally practiced in current network implementations.

Term 25: Definition:

Classless Addressing An IPv4 addressing scheme that uses a subnet mask that does not follow classful addressing limitations. It provides increased flexibility when dividing ranges of IP addresses into separate networks. Classless addressing is considered the best in current network implementations.

Term 26: Definition: Term 27: Definition:

Address Pool The range of IP addresses that can be assigned by the DHCP server. Internet Backbone A high-speed line or series of connections that forms a major pathway within a network. The term is often used to describe the main network connections comprising the Internet.

Term 28: Definition:

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) As part of the TCP/IP Internet layer, ICMP defines protocol messages used to inform network engineers of how well an internetwork is working. For example, the ping command sends ICMP messages to determine whether a host can send packets to another host.