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Technically a transducer be thought to an electronic instrument built up of a number of components capable of performing some kind of measurement and recording the result. And device which is capable of making some measurement should have following parts which can be listed below as: 1. Input device 2. Signal conditioning and processing device 3. And an output device In these three parts the input devices performs the function of receiving the quantity which going to be measured, called measurand, and converts it into some other analogous form generally electrical from and hands it over to the second stage i.e. signal processing section where some operations are performed upon this input signal like: y Amplification y Attenuation y Filtration y Modulation/modification into some other acceptable form Thus obtained signal is then fed to the output section where the signal is again converted to some other form that may be displayed for its analysis. The quantity to be measured is generally non-electrical in nature which cannot be manipulated of analysed by electrical instrument so for their analysis they have to e converted into some electrical form thus the device used for this purpose is called transducer in this way the transducer can be defined in theoretical way as" a device which converts one form of energy into some other form". By the industrial view transducer which capable of converting mechanical force into equivalent electrical from construct a larger group and used primarily at a larger scale. Therefore, this class of transducer becomes a greater concern of instrumentation engineers and technologists. Apart from mechanical forces some physical parameters are also used for the transducer purpose like: heat, intensity of light, flow rate, liquid level, humidity and Ph values
Piezoelectric crystal : a crystal which produces electrical signal according to change of pressure imposed upon it which is generally used for timing purpose in computers and watches. Strain gauge : uses an metal element whose resistance changes according to change in its dimensions so that current flowing through it get similar modulation thus producing an electrical signal which is analogous to changes carried in it.
Electrical transducer
Electrical measurement techniques have been used for measurement of electrical quantities but now with beginning of the new era of electronics it is also getting used for measurements of nonelectrical quantities and booming the industries. The working steps of such transducer can be listed as: Detector is taken under used in these transducer which extracts the physical quantity and convents it into a displacement This displacement is used to actuate an electrical transducer which fives the output in electrical form. This electrical signal is further fed to next section in which some standard method of electrical measurement is used.
The result gives the magnitude of physical quantity being measured. Here an electrical signal means current or voltage or a frequency which is produced by some electrical effects like resistance, capacitance, inductance etc. As is discussed above a transducer can be defined to be a device that converts one from of energy into another form but here it is to be mentioned that there may be some restrictions from this definition in some places as it is not a universal definition. So, in order to a have proper definition of transducer we can define it as device which concerts a physical quantity or a physical condition into an electrical signal and in this way a transducer is also called as pick up.
8. To deal with the modern digital computers it has become very essential to use the electronic means for y Using the output from input device y Transmit the signal y To process them As any physical measurement system cannot withstand with them.
Classification of transducers
When it comes to the classification of transducers there are five bases upon which transducers can be classified in two various categories these can be listed as: 1. Primary and secondary transducer 2. Passive and active transducer 3. Analogue and digital transducer 4. Transducer and inverse transducer 5. And on the basis of transduction form used
The principle used for transduction can be used for its classification because it may use resistive, inductive or capacitive property for the purpose. Depending upon these principals some of the example of each one of them is: Resistive type All the transducers falling in this category uses their property of change in resistance due to different external conditions to which they are exposed to. Potentiometer device : an external applied force causes the position of a slider to change its position upon the variable resistance wire. Resistance strain gauge : the external applied force causes an elongation or compression is the resistor or a semiconductor which leads to variation in its resistance. Pirani gauge or hot wire meter : heat transfer through the gas may take place my many means in convection one type which is used in this transduction for cooling of a heating element which definitely leads to corresponding change in its resistance. Resistance thermometer : it uses the property of the metals by virtue of which its resistance change with change in its temperature. In this method those metals are used which are having a large positive temperature coefficient which fulfill to purposes one is to allow it to sent a large rage of temperature and second to obtain a maximum possible accuracy because temperature to resistance variation is not perfectly linear but have a little curve nature which can be ignored in the case of metals having large value of temperature coefficient. Thermistor : these are transducer which used certain metal oxides which have negative temperature coefficient or resistance i.e. which show decrease in resistance when its temperature is increased. Resistance hygeometer : it is a very useful and innovative type of transducer because it senses content of humidity in environment. It uses a strip which exhibits a change in its resistance according to the moisture content of its surroundings.
Resistance thermometer Photo-conductive cell : as the name suggests it shows change in its resistance according to the intensity of the incident light. Capacitive type The second form of transduction is capacitive which uses change in capacitance of the material used in it. Variable capacitance pressure gauge : in this type distance between two parallel plates is varied by application of external force. Capacitor microphone : here an arrangement is formed in which there is a fixed plate and a movable diaphragm which move after the incidence of sound waves upon it which caused its capacitance to vary. Dielectric gauge : capacitance of a capacitor also depends upon the material placed in between two places (generally a dielectric) so any change in the dielectric causes similar change in capacitance of concerned capacitor. Inductance type In the same ways this is the category which brings inductance in use for sensing external condition. Magnetic circuit transducer : like the electric circuit there can also be a magnetic circuit conducting the magnetic field through it and any change in this magnetic circuit makes the self inductance or mutual inductance to vary in the same fashion. Reluctance transducer : reluctance in magnetic circuit is analogous to the resistance in an electric circuit. Reluctance of an magnetic circuit depends upon the medium the magnetic flux passes through thus any change in the medium will lead to a corresponding change in the reluctance in it. Iron core in inductors being the medium of passage of magnetic flux in it affects
its reluctance if is position is changes i.e. any change in position of the core leads to corresponding change in output obtained from it. Differential transformer : in these types a transformer contains a single primary winding while two secondary winding generating their own voltages. The external applied force is subjected to the magnetic core which causes change in its positioning which ultimately leads to deference in values of voltages generated by them i.e. a deferential voltage is generated from the two secondary windings on the account of the positioning of the magnetic core. Eddy current gauge : eddy current is the current induced in the secondary winding on the account of the variation in the magnetic field in magnetic core due to primary winding. And inductance of a coil is changes by the proximity of the eddy current palates. Magnetostriction gauge : there are certain materials which shows change their magnetic property when any change is taken to its dimensions which may be due to external pressure or an mechanical stress.
the position of the core of LVDT, where LVDT is differential transformer whose output voltage from its two secondary winding depends upon the position of its core. Thus change in pressure in tube is converted into corresponding displacement in core of LVDT and this displacement is further converted into a corresponding change in reluctance. In this way the tube can be called primary transducer and LVDT can be called as secondary transducer. In both the case a mechanical signal is involved in between both the stages which serve as intermediate signal.
or a group of measurement systems. In this way both the type of conversion are used for satisfactory working of the industrial systems.