Code No: RR221002 Set No.

1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
TRANSDUCERS IN INSTRUMENTATION
( Common to Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering and Electronics &
Control Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Describe mathematical model of measurement system.

(b) A 0-150V voltmeter has a guaranteed accuracy of 1% of full scale reading.
The voltage measured by this instrument is 75V. Calculate the limiting error
in percent. Comment upon the result. [8+8]

2. (a) Derive the expression for time response of a 2nd order under damped system
when subjected to unit step input. Sketch its response.
(b) A thermometers is initially at a temperature of 70o C and is suddenly placed
in liquid which is maintained at 300o+ C. The thermometer indicates 200o C
after a time interval of 3 sec. calculate the time constant for the thermometer.
Also calculate the temperature after 5 sec. [8+8]

3. (a) Explain in detail the constructional features and the theory of operation of
the wire type strain gauge.
(b) In an equal arm wheatstone bridge, the single active gauge has nominal re-
sistance of 120 ohms, and is made of advance having a thermal coefficient
of expansion of 30x10−6 m/m0 C and temperature coefficient of resistance of
12x10−6 ohm/ohm0 C. The other three arms are fixed resistors having negligi-
ble temperature coefficients. If the gauge is bounded to steel having a thermal
coefficient of expansion of 13x10−6 m/m0 C. Calculate the bridge output for a
60 c rise in specimen temperature, if the gauge current is 0.25 mA. [8+8]

4. (a) Explain the phenomenon of magnetostriction and how it is used for the mea-
surement of force.
(b) Describe the constructional features of a magnetostrictive transducer and ob-
tain the input -output relation ship. [8+8]

5. (a) Describe the different modes of operation of Piezo electric transducers.

(b) Define and sketch binders and twisters.
(c) Explain the application of Piezo electric transducers. [6+6+4]

6. (a) Starting from fundamentals, derive the expression for linearized sensitivity of
Electrostatic Force-balance transducer.
(b) List out the performance characteristics of typical electrostatic Force-balance
transducers. [8+8]

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Code No: RR221002 Set No. 1
7. (a) Draw the sketches of various forms of bimetallic thermometer.
(b) Discuss various types of transducers available for measuring temperature.
(c) What are the errors to be accounted in the evaluating performance of resis-
tance thermometers? [6+6+4]

8. (a) List the detectors used in radiation and optical pyrometers.

(b) Explain the factors affecting the static accuracy of filled in thermometers.
[8+8]

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Code No: RR221002 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
TRANSDUCERS IN INSTRUMENTATION
( Common to Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering and Electronics &
Control Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define the following static characteristics with necessary examples and graphs:
i. Accuracy
ii. sensitivity
iii. static error
iv. Dead space
v. Drift.
(b) A voltage has a true value of 1.50 volts. An Analog indicating instrument
with a scale range of 0-2.50 volts shows a voltage of 1.46 volts. What are the
values of absolute error and correction? Express the error as a traction of the
true value and the full-scale deflection. [10+6]

2. (a) A 2nd order instrument has a natural frequency of 4 Hz and a damping ratio
of 0.66. If the excitation frequency of the system is 6 Hz, determine the error
due to the proximity of excitation frequency with the natural frequency of the
system.
(b) Derive the expression for time response of a 2nd order system subjected to unit
impulse input. Sketch its response. [8+8]

3. (a) Compare and contrast a thermocouple with a thermistor as a temperature

transducer.
(b) Why is platinum normally used in the construction of precision standard ther-
mometers for calibration work? State its measuring temperature range and
the reason for selecting such a range. Describe with a neat diagram and con-
struction detail of a platinum resistance thermometer. [6+10]

4. (a) In a variable capacitance transducer the diaphragms are 20mm in diameter and
4mm apart. If a pressure produces and average deflection of 0.25mm, calculate
the value of capacitance after the application of force. The capacitance before
application of force is 400pf.
(b) Discuss the scheme of a variable permittivity of thickness dielectric type sensor.
[8+8]

5. (a) Describe the properties of materials used for Piezo-electric transducers.

(b) Derive the expressions for voltage and charge sensitivities. [8+8]

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Code No: RR221002 Set No. 2
6. (a) With a neat sketch, explain the operation of Electrostatic force-balance trans-
ducer system for the measurement of low-level (i.e. low-g), acceleration.
(b) Draw the schematic block diagram and explain about Electrostatic force-
balance transducer system for low differential gas pressures. [8+8]

7. (a) What is a RTD? Where it is used?

(b) Explain a 4 lead measurement scheme of temperature measurement using re-
sistance thermometer. [6+10]

8. Describe the working and construction of resistance thermometers. Describe the

materials used for RTDs along with their properties. Sketch this typical character-
istic curve. [16]

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Code No: RR221002 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
TRANSDUCERS IN INSTRUMENTATION
( Common to Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering and Electronics &
Control Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain with a block diagram an instrumentation system and explain the
function of various blocks.
(b) The dead-zone of a certain plyrometer is 0.125 percent of the span. The
calibration is 800o C to 1800o C what temperature change must occur before it
is detected? [8+8]

2. (a) Derive the expression for time response of a 2nd order under damped system
when subjected to unit step input. Sketch its response.
(b) A thermometers is initially at a temperature of 70o C and is suddenly placed
in liquid which is maintained at 300o+ C. The thermometer indicates 200o C
after a time interval of 3 sec. calculate the time constant for the thermometer.
Also calculate the temperature after 5 sec. [8+8]

3. (a) What is the purpose of connecting thermocouples in parallel?

(b) Suggest an instrumentation circuit for thermocouples, which will produce a
linear output with temperature.
(c) State two advantages of using a thermocouple for measurement of temperature.
[6+4+6]

4. (a) Explain how by using a differential arrangement a capacitive transducer which

works on the principle of variation of capacitance with displacement between
two plates, the response can be made linear.
(b) Describe the frequency response of capacitive transducers. [8+8]

5. (a) Describe the properties of materials used for Piezo-electric transducers.

(b) Derive the expressions for voltage and charge sensitivities. [8+8]

6. (a) With a schematic diagram, explain the working of Electrodynamic Force-

balance transducer for the measurement of linear acceleration.
(b) Explain the static performance of an Electrodynamic Force-balance accelera-
tion transducer with respect to sensitivity and linearity. [8+8]

7. (a) Write short notes on Infrared LEDs.

(b) Draw and explain the characteristics curve of phototransistor and photodiode.
[6+10]

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Code No: RR221002 Set No. 3
8. (a) List the detectors used in radiation and optical pyrometers.
(b) Explain the factors affecting the static accuracy of filled in thermometers.
[8+8]

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Code No: RR221002 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
TRANSDUCERS IN INSTRUMENTATION
( Common to Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering and Electronics &
Control Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define the following static characteristics with necessary examples and graphs:
i. Accuracy
ii. sensitivity
iii. static error
iv. Dead space
v. Drift.
(b) A voltage has a true value of 1.50 volts. An Analog indicating instrument
with a scale range of 0-2.50 volts shows a voltage of 1.46 volts. What are the
values of absolute error and correction? Express the error as a traction of the
true value and the full-scale deflection. [10+6]

2. (a) A 2nd order instrument has a natural frequency of 4 Hz and a damping ratio
of 0.66. If the excitation frequency of the system is 6 Hz, determine the error
due to the proximity of excitation frequency with the natural frequency of the
system.
(b) Derive the expression for time response of a 2nd order system subjected to unit
impulse input. Sketch its response. [8+8]

3. (a) Derive an expression for gauge factor of a strain gauge. Also find an expression
for a four arm active Wheatstone bridge output used to measure strain.
(b) Explain the classification of strain gauges with their salient features. [8+8]

4. (a) Show how output voltage signals proportional to linear displacements im-
parted to the movable plate of a parallel plate capacitor.
(b) Discuss the problems encountered while measuring small displacements by
capacitive transducers. [8+8]

5. (a) Describe the properties of materials used for Piezo-electric transducers.

(b) Derive the expressions for voltage and charge sensitivities. [8+8]

6. (a) With a schematic diagram, explain the working of Electrodynamic Force-

balance transducer for the measurement of linear acceleration.
(b) Explain the static performance of an Electrodynamic Force-balance accelera-
tion transducer with respect to sensitivity and linearity. [8+8]

7. (a) Explain briefly the methods used to measure the output from thermocouples.

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Code No: RR221002 Set No. 4
(b) A chromel-alumel thermocouple having a linear relationship between tempera-
ture and emf indicates zero at 00 C and 45.14 mV at 11000 C. The thermocouple
is exposed to a temperature of 8400 C with cold junction maintained at 250 C,
calculate the induced emf. [8+8]

8. (a) List the detectors used in radiation and optical pyrometers.

(b) Explain the factors affecting the static accuracy of filled in thermometers.
[8+8]

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