CE5510 Advanced Structural Concrete Design - Design & Detailing of Openings in RC Flexural MembersAssoc Prof Tan Kiang Hwee

Department of Civil Engineering National University of Singapore

In this lecture We will explore

!Types

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of openings !Behaviour of beams with large openings !Design for ultimate strength !Crack Control !Deflection Calculation
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At the end of the lecture You should be able to

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the behaviour of beams with openings under bending and shear !Design the opening using Mechanism Approach, Plasticity Truss Method or Strut-and-Tie Method !Detail the reinforcement to satisfy A/P Tan Kserviceability A/P Tan K H, NUS H, NUS 3 and ultimate limit statesH, NUS Tan K

!Understand

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Beams with Openings: and Design. Mansur, M.A. and Kiang-Hwee Tan. CRC Press Ltd, 1999
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Additional references
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Mansur, M.A., Tan, K.H. and Lee, S.L., "A Design Method for Reinforced Concrete Beams with Large Openings", Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Proceedings, Vol. 82, No. 4, USA, July/August 1985, pp. 517-524. Tan, K.H. and Mansur, M.A., "Design Procedure for Reinforced Concrete Beams with Web Openings", ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 93, No. 4, USA, JulyAugust 1996, pp. 404-411. Mansur, M.A., Huang, L.M., Tan, K.H. and Lee, S.L., "Analysis and Design of R/C Beams with Large Web Openings", Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Singapore, Vol. 31, No. 4, July/August 1991, pp. 59-67.
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Opening in beam
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Classification of Openings
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By geometry:
Small opening if
Depth or diameter 0.25 x beam depth and Length depth
d d 0.25h 0.25h h

Large opening otherwise.

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By structural response:
Small opening if Beam-type behaviour persists.

Large opening otherwise.

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TS

T2

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DESIGN TOOLS
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Finite element analysis:

elastic stress state area of stress concentration

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Truss analysis (Strut-and-tie model):

lower bound approach detailing for crack control and strength

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Tests:
specific cases serviceability & strength aspects

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BEHAVIOUR of BEAMS WITH LARGE OPENINGS

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Principal tension stress contours

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Mt +Mb + Nz = M =M Nt + Nb = 0 Vt + Vb = V

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Inadequately reinforced openings

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actual
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idealised

1 3

2 4 3 4

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Shear carried by chords

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Contraflexural points
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DESIGN & DETAILING of OPENINGS - General guidelines

sufficient area to develop ultimate compression block in flexure openings to be located more than D/2 from supports, concentrated loads and adjacent openings opening depth D/2 opening length
stability of chord member deflection requirement of beam

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Crack control
principal tensile stress direction stress concentration congestion of reinforcement

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shear concentration factor of 2 (i.e. 2Vu) diagonal bars to carry 50~75% of total shear; vertical stirrups to carry the rest

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Strength requirement
2 general approaches:

mechanism approach
failure at an opening is due to the formation of four plastic hinges, one at each corner of the opening

truss model approach

plasticity truss method strut-and-tie method applied loads are transferred across opening to supports by a truss system lower bound approaches

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Mechanism Approach
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Rigorous method
1. Calculate Mu and Vu at centre of opening. 2. Assume suitable reinft. for chord members.

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3. Determine Nu in chord members and hinge moments (Mu)*,* from

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Nu = [Mu - (Ms)t - (Ms)b]/z

where (Ms)t = [(Mu)t,1 +(Mu)t,2]/2 (Ms)b = [(Mu)b,4 +(Mu)b,3]/2

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and (Mu)*,* are related to Nu by the respective M-N interaction diagrams.

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4. Calculate Vu in chord members from (Vu)t = [(Mu)t,2 - (Mu)t,1]/l l (Vu)b = [(Mu)b,4 - (Mu)b,3]/l l where l is the opening length. 5. Check that (Vu)t+(Vu)b Vu.

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Simplified method
Unknowns: Nt, Nb, Mt, Mb, Vt, Vb 3 equations: Mt +Mb + Nz = M Nt + Nb = 0 Vt + Vb = V Assume Mt = 0 Mb = 0 Vb =kVt k=0 k = Ab/At or k = Ib/It

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where
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EXAMPLE
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A simply supported reinforced concrete beam, 300 mm wide and 600 mm deep, contains a rectangular opening and is subjected to a series of point loads as shown. Design and detail the reinforcement for the opening if the design ultimate load Pu is 52.8 kN. Material properties are: fc=30 MPa, fyv=250 MPa, and fy=460 MPa.

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Solution by Mechanism Approach

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Assume point of contraflexure at midpoint of chord members and that 40% of shear is carried by bottom chord member. At centre of opening, Mu = 171.6 kNm Vu = 79.2 kN

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1. Bottom chord member (Nu)b = Mu/z = 408.6 kN (Vu)b = 0.4 Vu = 31.7 kN (Mu)b =(Vu)bl/2 = 15.1 kNm 2As = 1954 mm2 (3T20 top + 4T20 bottom) Asv/s = 400 mm2/m (minimum) (M6 @ 100 mm spacing)

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2. Top chord member (Nu)t=408.6 kN; (Vu)t=47.5 kN; (Mu)t=22.6 kNm 2As = 516 mm2 (2T12 +1T10 top & bottom) Asv/s = 525 mm2/m (M6 @ 100 mm spacing)

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2T12 + 1T10 2T12 + 1T10

3T20

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Truss Model Approaches

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Plasticity truss (AIJ approach)

As As

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Shear capacity Vu = 2 bdvsvfyv cot s where cot s = (fc/vfyv - 1) 2 fc/vfyv 1 v = Avfyv/bs = 0.7 - fc/200

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Longitudinal reinforcement Tsn = Asnfy = Vul/2dvs Tsf = Asffy = Vu(l +dvs cot s )/2dvs l

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Vd = Asd fyd sin d

Solution by Plasticity Truss Method (AIJ)

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1. Calculate v. v = Vu/(2bdvsfc)=0.089 2. Determine shear reinforcement. From v = ), obtain (1- vfyv/fc = 0.008 v = 0.00053 < v,min = 1/3fy = 0.01 Asv/s = 400 mm2/m (M6 @ 100 mm spacing)

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3. Determine longitudinal reinforcement. Asn = Vul/2fydvs = 957 mm2 Asf = Vu(l +dvs cot s )/2fydvs l = 1080 mm2 3T20 (near) + 4T20 (far)

4T20 3T20

3T20 4T20

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Strut-and-tie method
General Principles
1. Idealize structure as comprising concrete struts and reinforcement ties, joined at nodes. follow stress path given by elastic theory; refine as necessary equilibrium of strut and tie forces deformation capacity of concrete angle between struts and ties

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2. Calculate forces in struts and ties from equilibrium.

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check stresses in struts (< 0.6fcd) detail reinforcement according to calculated tie forces check for anchorage of reinforcement

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Solution by Strut-and-Tie Method

1. Postulate strut-and-tie model.
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2. Calculate member forces. Top chord takes 91% of total shear. Stirrup force 3.3 times shear (Model may be simplified.)

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3. Longitudinal reinforcement. Top chord Top steel: 1298 mm2 (4T20) Bot. steel: 1741 mm2 (4T25) Bottom chord Top steel: 171 mm2 (2T12) Bot. steel: 590 mm2 (2T20)

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4. Transverse reinforcement.
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Top chord Asv/s= 1567 mm2/m (T8 @ 65 mm) Bottom chord Asv/s= 284 mm2/m (M6 @ 65 mm)

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CALCULATION OF DEFLECTIONS
Rigid Abutment

It
Stirrup ds
Hinges

M-M

V Ib

M+M

le / 2

le / 2

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 V Relative displacement of hinge w.r.t. one end of opening due to V

(It based on gross concrete section; Ib based on a fully cracked section)

le V 2 = 3 Ec ( It + Ib

Relative displacement of one end of opening w.r.t. the other end

v = 2 =

12 E c ( I t + I b )

V l3 e

Midspan deflection of beam

= w + ( v
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)opening 1 + ( v )opening 2 + ......

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Calculate the midspan service load deflection of the beam described in the Example. SOLUTION Service load, Ps = Pu / 1.7 = 52.8 / 1.7 = 31.1 kN; V = 1.5 Ps = 46.6 kN. Effective length of chord members, le = (950 + 50) = 1000 mm. Assume It = Ig = 300 x 1803/12 = 146 x 106 mm4; Ib = 0.1 x 146 x 106 mm4 15 x 106 mm4 Also, Ec = 473030 = 26 x 103 MPa Hence, v = V le3 / [12 Ec( It + Ib)] = 46.6 x 1012 / [12 x 26 x (146 + 15) x 109] = 0.93 mm
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Midspan deflection, w, of the beam is 11PL3/144EcI, where I can be conservatively estimated as the moment of inertia of the beam at a section through the opening. That is, I = 2 x [300 x 1803 / 12 + 300 x 180 x 2102] = 5054 x 106 mm4 As the span L is 6 m, therefore, w =11x 31.1 x 103 x (6000)3 / [144 x 26 x 5054 x 109] = 3.91 mm Hence, the total midspan deflection is calculated as = v + w = 0.93 + 3.91 = 4.84 mm < L/360 = 16.7 mm
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Summary
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Deflection

Add deflection due to shear at each opening

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