Heat Transfer Lab.

(0904446) Lab Report

Faculty of Engineering and Technology The University of Jordan, Amman-Jordan

Heat Exchanger ( parallel flow ) Full report

By

Ali Ahmad Khalifeh (0080392)

Section #: 2

March 21, 2011

Table of content

1- Objectives 2- Theory 3- Procedure 4- Data observed 5- Sample of calculations

6- results and discussion 7- conclusion 8- sources of errors 9- references 10- Abstract

List of the tables :

Table 1 Table 2 Table 3

Hot side Data Cold Side Data Results of calculations

List of sympols :
Q = heat transfer rate U = overall heat transfer coeff. A = heat transfer surface area
(Tm = log mean temp. diff.  m h : mass flow rate of hot water C ph : specific heat for water

Abstract :
Regarding to the experiment objectives that are to determine the most efficient of concentric heat exchanger whether the parallel flow or counter-current flow, this experiment is based on the transfer of heat at a different temperature gradient. We used concentric heat exchanger. This instrument was combined with thermometers and flow rate meter, thus we can control and indicate the temperatures of THin, THout, THmid, TCmid, TCin, and TCout and also the water flow rate (hot and cold ) . Through this experiment we will see the relation between the mass flow rate change and the temperature difference .

Objectives: 1.To study the working principle of parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers. 2.To study effect of fluid flow rates on heat exchanger performance.

Theory:
A heat exchanger is a piece of process equipment in which heat exchange takes place between two fluids that enter and exit at different temperatures. primary design objective of the equipment may be either to remove heat from a hot fluid or to add heat to a cold fluid. Depending upon the relative direction of fluid motion, shell-and-tube heat exchangers are classified as parallel flow, counter flow, cross flow. In parallel flow, the hot and cold fluids flow in the same direction and therefore enter the exchanger on the same end and exit the exchanger on the same end. In counter flow, the two fluids flow in opposite directions and thus enter the exchanger and exit the exchanger from opposite ends. Cross flow heat exchangers will not be analyzed as a part of this laboratory experiment.

Procedure and experimental setup :

1 Operate the COLD FLUID at 10.0 L/min . 2 .Operate the HOT FLUID at its nominal temperature setting of 56C for the entire experiment. and start with the flow rate at 5 L/min . 3 . Record the two flow rates and the eight four temperature measurements . 4 .Increase the HOT FLUID flow rate to 10 L/min and allow several minutes for the temperatures to stabilize. Once stabilized, record the four temperatures . 5 .Repeat STEP 4 for HOT FLUID flow rates of 15 L/min, 20 L/min,

Data observed : Table 1

Test No. 1 2 3 4 Flow (L/min) 5 10 15 20 Hot T1in ( C ) 56 56 56 56 side T2 out (C ) 43.5 48 50 51 Diff. (C ) 12.5 8 6 5

Table 2
Cold Side Test No. 1 2 3 4 Flow (L/min) 10 T3 in (C ) 7 8 10.5 11 T4 out (C ) 13 15.5 19 20.5 Diff. (C ) 6 7.5 8.5 9.5

Sample of Calculations :

Heat Exchanger: Flow Arrangement: Immersion Heater Setting: Tube Inner Diameter: Number of Tubes:

Multi-Tube Parallel Flow 9 kW 0.795 inch 5

  mh ! V V ! 1000 v 5 v 10 3 ! 5 kg min  q h ! m h C ph Th1  Th 2 ! q ! U A (Tm (Tm ! (T1  (T2 56  7  43.5  13 $ 39.02 o C ! ln(T1 (T2 ln49 30.5 5 v 4180 v 56  43.5 ! 4358.16 W $ 4.35816 kW 60

Uh !

qh 4358.16 ! $ 539.541W m 2 .K 2 A (Tm 20.7 v 10 v 39.02

2 3 3   ! V .A V ! V ! 5 v 10 m min z T 0.795 in v 0.0254 cm v 5 tubes V 4 60 sec min A in

@V ! 0.052 m s

Results and discussions : Table 3

Mass Flow  Rate ( m ) kg/min 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 Heat flow rate (q) W 4358.16 5573.33 6270 6966.66 Log-mean temperature difference ( (Tm )
o

Test no.

Over all heat transfer coefficient (U) W/m2.K 539.541 677.38 801.72 902.77

Velocity in tubes (V/tube) m/s 0.052 0.104 0.156 0.208

39.02 39.74 37.78 37.28

In the parallel flow configuration, the exit temperature of the hot fluid must be higher than the exit temperature of the cold fluid. This is supported by the data taken.In the counter flow configuration, the exit temperature of the hot fluid must be higher than the entrance temperature of the cold fluid, but it does not necessarily need to be higher than the exit temperature of the cold fluid. This is also supported by the data, even though in this case the exit temperature of the hot fluid is still hotter than the exit temperature of the cold fluid. From the calculations resulting in overall effectiveness, it is shown that the counter flow heat exchanger is more effective than the parallel flow heat exchanger. This supports generally held knowledge and experimental data concerning the two types of heat exchanger. Additionally, in the counter flow heat exchanger, had the exit temperature of the cold fluid been hotter than the exit temperature of the hot fluid, the effectiveness would have been even higher. From the data in Table 2, the temperature differences under constant flow rates are shown. Under constant flow rate conditions, the ratio between temperature differences is also constant. If there is a rise in the temperature difference of the hot fluid, there will also be a rise in the temperature difference in the cold fluid. This is governed by a special case of the First Law of Thermodynamics. In this case, the energy is

transferred from hot to cold fluids with constant mass flow rates. Therefore the ratio between temperature differences does not change even though the numerical values of the temperature differences may change. From the data in Table 1, the temperature differences under different flow rates are shown. In this case, the ratio between temperature difference in the hot fluid and temperature difference in the cold fluid changes with respect to the flow rates. This is governed by the First Law of Thermodynamics. In this case, the energy removed from the hot fluid is the energy added to the cold fluid. The higher the flow rate of a fluid, the lower the temperature change in that fluid will be. The opposite is also true, the lower the flow rate of the fluid, the higher the temperature change in the fluid will be.

Conclusions:
The heat exchanger apparatus follows the basic laws of thermodynamics and this can be shown experimentally. From all of the parallel flow configurations, the exit temperature of the hot fluid is always hotter than the exit temperature of the cold fluid. From the other experiments that hold flow rates constant or vary the flow rates, it is clear that the First Law of Thermodynamics and conservation of energy applies to the heat exchanger apparatus. In practical application, the counter flow configuration is preferred for its higher effectiveness. This experiment did show that this configuration does in fact have a higher effectiveness than the parallel flow configuration.

Sources of error :
1- Error in measuring the temperatures . 2- Error in measuring the mass flow rate .

References :
1234Heat transfer Lab manual . Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer , 6th edition http://www.scribd.com http://people.ucalgary.ca