Unit 1

February-05-11 5:35 PM

Life in the 1900's City- Unsanitary, Poor, Cramped, Use of Fireplace, Lack of Gender Equality lead to disease and early life expectancy. Rural- Amount of supplies very low, difficult hard life, poor living conditions, barren land, dirty houses lead to hard working farmers focussing on essential resources, poor communications. Work Conditions were unsafe, highly demanding for hard labour and had little pay lead to people dying at work and lack of luxuries at home Transportation was mainly Horse and Buggy, walking because they were versatile. Railroads were limited on available in towns near the tracks. Boats were used on waterways near central Canada. Communications were based on Newspapers, Letters, Word of Mouth and Telegraph led to slow communications and biased opinions. Educations was a very basic curriculum because most people stayed only for a few years and wanted to give people the essentials and most teachers were women. This led to people leaving school after learning the basics and demands to change the system Fashions were very form and restrictive for the upper class; this showed the uptight society of the time and use of women (emphasized on sexual parts; shows lack of equality) Lower class fashions were rags and hand me downs due to lack of money this led to isolation and obvious class divide. All fashion limited women's ability to move (showing weakness) and were dark colours because people could not wash frequently and therefore wanted to blend in dirt. Entertainments was mainly Theatre, sports and fairs for the children. The Economy of Canada was mainly primary resources and building the railed road, which led to dangerous conditions and dangerous jobs for low pay Wilfrid Laurier Boer War: England wanted troops from Canada, however French did not want to fight and English wanted. This ripped the country in two. Laurier decided to sent volunteers to fight and did not force French to fight,, however French were angry because it was an imperialist war and they lost nationality. British were happy and were appeased by Laurier. Naval Issue was the demand by England for a navy from Canada to fight Germany's growing Navy. Laurier created a Canadian Navy that helped England in times of war. English wanted to help; French did not. Both sides were angry because Laurier had helped England (French) and the English believed the navy was useless Alaska Boundry Dispute was British betraying Canada in the deal and handed land over to the United States in order to secure an alliance for the oncoming war. Reciprocity was the basis of free trade for farmers to get better prices on their wheat in the United States and a larger market. Business did not support reciprocity in Central and Eastern Canada. Wilfrid Laurier lost the 1911 election due to loss of support from the reciprocity issue and naval issue. Laurier compromised and brought two cultures together. He also moved away from England through the Naval Issue, Boer War. World War 1 (General) Canada went to war because it was a colony of Britain and supported Britain fully and rallied an army of volunteers. The Canadian Army was small at the outbreak of the war and was armed poorly and trained poorly Trench Warfare was cramped and they lived in poor living conditions No Man's Land is the area between trenches where it was dangerous to pass Over the top was the order to get out of the trenches and attack. Poison gas burned eyes and lungs and made it difficult to fight. Troops would do 4 day rotations on the front Soldiers cut their hair short to avoid lice(itchie-coos) Trench Foot was a disgusting disease due to the moisture of the trenches (prevented by dry feet) Christmas of 1914 was friendly and both sides stopped fighting and met to spend time together (exchanged gifts) In 1916 Christmas was filled with bloodbaths. Battles of World War 1 Ypres: April, 1915 When Canadian soldiers advanced upon Ypres, the town released chlorine gas. The gas killed soldiers so the French had to fall back, with Germans advancing in the gap Canadian forces extended their lines and closed the gap Ypres was the Canadians first victory and earned respect for them.

Immigration to Canada Push Factors make you want to leave and pull are attractive things of another country that make you want to go. Douhkhobors/Mennonites did not want to serve in the army and lacked religious freedom in their home country (Eastern Europe) and wanted to come for land and no need to fight in the army. They were welcomed at first however were eventually bullied into reserves in BC British were angry and large population and lack of farms due to industrialization and were pulled for free land and jobs. They were always welcomed and respected by Canadians. Americans wanted to come because the best land in American was taken and they wanted to come for more free land and money. They were also respected. Ukrainians wanted to come due to peasant life style and famine and wanted free land. They were respected for working hard however they raised suspicion because they came from enemy countries. They built ethnic towns were they gathered. Blacks wanted to escape racism and wanted to come for free land and save haven. They were disrespected and the whites wanted to keep them out with any "non-racist" reason Asian wanted to come because of low wages and Tyranny in China and came for work with better wages. Their were restrictions placed on them (Head Tax, Exclusion) Immigrants populated Canada to defend against US aggression and also solidified Canadian Identity and they also built diversity, grew cities and built the railroad. Canada prioritized English speaking, white and Christian people and tried to exclude others. They promoted Anglo-Conformity to act and speak English French resisted immigrants because they lose importance. Head tax was a fee all Chinese had to pay to immigrated to Canada $50/$500 The Komagata Maru was denied entrance into Canada because they were Sikhs and were not welcome. Immigration policies were very discriminatory.

Causes to World War 1 Militarism: Nations were racing to build their military strength. Armies grew larger and a naval race began between England and Germany Faster Railroads led to faster warfare (mobilization) causing army build ups. Led to the Schlieffen Plant invade France through Belgium quickly and penetrate deep and encircle Paris. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand set off the final spark to the war (Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia, whom was aided by Russia. Germany aided AH) The Triple Entente (Britain, France and Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) were prepared to aid each other if war were to arise to fight for their interests. Economic Rivalry: After the Industrial Revolution, new factories were producing goods at an extremely high rate. Modern technologies created more destructive weapons Countries competed for materials and markets.

Nationalism: Countries wanted to go to war to show that they were a superior country, and they should not be taken lightly. UK had pride in its Navy to defend France wanted revenge Russians fought for respect Serbia fought to be a bigger country Austria-Hungary fought for pride Germany fought for more colonies Imperialism: Nations were competing to expand and colonize other lands Africa and Asia were amongst the greater competition Germany started colonizing too late, but still wished to be a large nation (Alsace Lorraine, French land captured by Germany. Competition over land created tensions in countries
Special Thanks to Tom Wei for this Unit.

The Somme: July, 1916 Was meant to be the big push that would bring a quick end to the war Soldiers were sent over the top against machine gunners, shot if they didnt cooperate and became one of the bloodiest battles in history

Vimy Ridge: April, 1917 Allied forces actually made a strategy this time Required perfect timing and the use of aerial assistance also due to intense training. Used a strategy called the Creeping Barrage, which called for Canadians to continue shooting after they left the trench, so that enemies would have to remain in the trench Used tunnels to destroy trenches and to get to the front. Enhanced the independence of Canada due to success

Canadians in the Air and the Sea Canadians served in the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Navy Air Service and performed recon and scouting missions (formerly done by balloons). They flew close to the ground due to lack of pressure/oxygen and mounted machine guns to their propellers or over their wings to engage in dogfights with other planes. Canadians made up 40% of the force and Billy Bishop was the best ace in Brittan with 72 kills. Canadians served in the Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Navy to defend from German sub attacks.
The War on the Home Front Total War is define by war the involves all aspects of a country (production/supplies) Propaganda promotes patriotism and anger against enemies in order for increased production. Canadians supported the war effort by limitting supplies and increasing product of

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 Enhanced the independence of Canada due to success Passchendaele: November, 1917 Almost immediately after Vimy, sending troops in was almost slaughter but it continued anyways Seized town, but PM Borden said if anything were to happen like such again, no more Canadian forced were going to join the war Very muddy (German sabotage of canals) battlefield and troops fought through a difficult field and ended in slaughter. Canadian Army under Canadian General The Hundred Days: Early 1918, Russia had lost a lot of territory and was forced to pull out of war and sign peace treaty United States entered the war Germans concentrated on Western Front and launched a huge onslaught

August, 1918 British blockade starved Germany of food and materials for war Allied forces drove into Axis lines and finally won the war after 6 weeks, led by Canadians and Australians. It established Canada as an elite force.
Warfare changed significantly (new tactics) through World War 1. The Treaty of Versailles November 11, 1918 Took place at Palace of Versailles in France Victors hoped to restrain Germany from rising to power again Peace treaty, but dictated by rulers. Losers were reluctant and would rather fight. Signed in 1919. Germany lost all its overseas colonies, Loss of 12% of Germany's land 15 year lease by France on the Saar Coal Region Independence of Austria-Hungary asserted. France regained Alsace-Lorraine Germanys western border was demilitarized and air force was disbanded with navy reduced Had to pay $32 billion Forced to accept full responsibility for war

Canadians supported the war effort by limitting supplies and increasing product of war supplies Canada also enacted censorship to destroy any anti-patriotic materials (letters) Conscription To increase government coffers income tax is introduced. The manufacturing industry grew rapidly during the war (supplies) There was a decrease in consumable goods produced. Enemy Aliens were sent to camps to protect Canada from spying and were forced to report to officials in fear of sabotage. Women went to the factories and gave them rights (vote) Given Jobs for first time Given more rights (vote) Pushed Prohibition Conscription: Conscription (forced enlistment) was a huge issue in 1917 Borden had promised not to complete conscription, but revoked it due to viewing high casualties Some felt they had already done their part French Canadians did not want to fight (needed sons as farmhands), however English believed that they need to support Britain. Soldiers would later be divided amongst other battalions, and that was not wanted Conscription was passed, but the country was bitterly divided Wilfrid Laurier and Bourassa fought against conscription (French) The Union Party was made of a bipartisan English politicians Borden/Sifton Quebec protested and rioted the law Military Service Bill- Conscription (1917) Military Voters Act- Gave Soldiers right to vote Wartime Elections Act- Given Vote to Women Borden won the election thanks to English majority League of Nations Came as a result of the Treaty of Versailles and promised prevention of any war Created in 1919 Canada was an eager member of the organization because it asserted independence.

Post War Problems Spanish Flu was a worldwide pandemic that killed 45000 Canadians in one year and gave birth to the basic Healthcare system Prohibition was implemented during the war to save grain for the troops. After the war it was a movement women championed with their new rights, however restricted rights and created organized crimes. Jobs were difficult to find as the economy shifted out of war time status and women were forced out of work. Women lost jobs Soldiers were bitter because the economy and society was bad after the promised war (no jobs) Workers formed unions and striked to protect their rights as worker. Government and business' were scared of unions because they were a strong political force and dealt with them with riot police. The Winnipeg General Strike shut down all jobs in the city and began to march on Ottawa, it was a show of the strength of unions but was eventually broken up by the RCMP
Autonomy of Canada Chanak Crisis: October, 1922 Turks threatened to invade Britain asked for aid, Meighen agreed, King disagreed Canada wanted independence from foreign affairs

Roaring Twenties The roaring twenties had many comfort and convenience items invented and for sale, such as toasters, vacuum most of these made to make women's lives easier in a trade off for their rights (electric tools) Clothing was much more comfortable compared to the beginning of the era, but was still formal Teachers had strict regulations Not allowed to be married, no bright colours, not allowed to dye hair, no loitering, couldn't drink or smoke, couldn't be associated with non related men. Dancing was more accepted and done in this era Art was redefined by the group of 7 who created a custom style of landscaping. Radio and Theatre were popular new forms of entertainment Sports became more and more popular. Booze was bootlegged because of prohibited (Rise of Organized Crime) Automobiles and cars were popular. Model T revolutionized cars (easy to fix, durable) The twenties were roaring because of wild partying and a new society. The Person's Case Emily Murphy was a judge and a lawyer contested her right to judge because she was not a "person". The Famous Five brought the case to the courts and was shut down until the case reached the Privy Council of Britain and Women were declared persons.

Halibut Treaty: March, 1923 Covered the protection of the Pacific halibut fishery Was the first treaty Canada signed without consent from Britain
Imperial Conference: 1923, King went to resist British efforts to centralize foreign policy for all British colonies King succeeded 1926 , King succeeded in giving Canada independence in foreign policies and changed the role of the Governor General

Constitutional Crisis: 1926, Election, but no party held a majority Governor General hoped for King to resign, but he didnt. Scandal appeared but he fired minister. King requested G.G. to call an election, but he refused. G.G. elected Meighen as P.M. but he lost a non-confidence vote King re-elected and promised to change the role of G.G.

Statute of Westminster Established freedom officially to Dominions in foreign affairs.

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Unit 2: Dirty 30's World War 2

April-16-11 11:43 AM

Great Depression Causes Easy Credit: Banks let people borrow money at low interest rates, this let to short term expansion but also rose debt and inflation. Once banks started to collect on these loans business' and people did not have enough money to pay. When business' could not pay workers were laid off and people had items repossessed. Lack of Financial Regulation: (More in the United States then Canada) meant banks could do anything with money saved by people and invest it. This rampant investment caused banks to collapse and collect on loans when many people withdrew money "run on the bank". This caused banks to close Economic Ties: The United States was Canada's biggest trading partner and shrinking demand of out natural resources meant less jobs in Canada as branches of US companies shut down in Canada preferring domestic work. Shrinking Demand: Less worldwide demand for natural resources and price dropped due to over production of these resources and caused a massive decrease in trade. Protective Tariffs put extra taxes on foreign goods and led to Canada being a large exporter to suffer greatly. Part of the Economic Cycle of Boom- Downturn-RecessionRecovery... Repeat However sometimes between Recession and recovery if the recession is severe it turns into a depression Rise of Hitler Due to Economic Troubles of Germany people began to turn to alternatives. As unemployment rises so does support of the Nazis in the Reichstag (except the year of the Reichstag was burned down, unemployment was down but the Nazis won due to nationalism of the burning) Germany suffered economically due to the Great Depression and War Reparations from the Treaty of Versailles and also lost land with resources (Saar Coal Region). Treaty of Versailles angered Germans because it was humiliating and they expressed anger at the Weimar Republic The economy only got worse when the German government decided to over print the German Mark, thus devaluing even further (wheelbarrows of money) Mark was worth less then the paper it was on. As a result unemployment and crime rose as well as extremism. Proportional Representation (many party had seats) led to unstable coalitions with extremist parties (Nazi Nazi Party blamed the Jewish for their problems because they were a visible different minority. Nazis promised elimination of the Treaty, more work(Army) , and economic recovery. As well as many luxuries (Volkswagen) World on the Brink of War The League of Nations was an ineffective Organization because they had no army and thus no power over major conflicts. Rise of Fascists; Italy, Germany, Japan (Ultranationalist) Germans were dissatisfied with the Weimar Republic and Treaty of Versailles French built Maginot line to defend from Germans. Many countries gutted their army during the Great Depression. 1931 China and Japan are in conflict and Japan invades Machuria, but League of Nations despite condemning can do nothing. Germans under Hitler begin to rearm the army. (1934) In 1935 Italy attacks Ethiopa and the League of Nations does nothing again as Italy conquers Ethipia. Germany reoccupies the Rhineland (violates treaty of Versailles) Italy and Germany sign an alliance Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) Triparte with Japan in 1940 Spanish Civil War: Francisco Franco (fascists) overthrows Populist Government in Spain (Democratically elected). League does nothing and the USSR backs the popular front while Germany and Italy back the fascists . Nazis bomb Guernica and test new tactics of war (planes). Japan continues invading China and is blockaded by United States. Germany walks into Austria as Nazis in Austria support Hitler. Hitler demands and occupies the Sudetenland. (German speaking land in Czechoslovakia) Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and the Munich Agreement is signed by Britain, France and Germany appeasing Hitler's demands but he promises he will take no more Liberation of the Netherlands After D-Day landings the war was essentially over and it

Dirty Thirties Homes were repossessed as people could not repay loans due to massive job loss. Also any money invested in stocks was lost. Also most bank savings were lost because of run on the banks and the banks rampant investment. These things led to many people losing everything The Bennet Buggy was a car drawn by horses because gas was too expensive. Relief Payments were not made in cash to make sure people did not squander money on alcohol also it was humiliating to have relief coupons, which discouraged people. People had to absolutely need relief and sacrifice all luxuries to get it. They had to be a male supporting the family and turn in the liqueur permit as well as sacrifice other luxuries such as drivers license and telephone line. To prevent people from moving around and stealing relief they had to live in the community for one year. Three problems of the grasshoppers was they are crops, drank all the water and caused the land to become dusty and unfertile (Dust Bowl) The Dust Bowl was caused by lack of water, which led to the land becoming dusty and this led to wind blowing dirt/dust around Relief Camps were places for young men to get paid and work in Canada's north, meant to stimulate the economy. However they were areas of crime and extremist (communist) breeding grounds, with little food and pay. People survived the depression by using any fabric possible (potato sac clothes), use substitute foods (cod liver oil, cotton and sawdust bread) and families lived together to minimize cost. Soup Kitchens were set up to feed people because soup was filling, cheap and nutritious however it actually bred violence in them. Diversion during the expression were movies promising a better tomorrow and radio. (New Technology) and group activities (clubs)

Politics The Canadian Government did nothing initially to help the depression. Mackenzie King said no Conservative province would get money, which angered people, which meant King lost the election Bennet(New PM) raised tariffs (protect domestic industry) created relief and cut spending to react to the depression. None of these worked and actually hurt the economy. (Other then Relief) On-To-Ottawa Trek was angry jobless young men hitching rides on CPR in protest of lack of government action (People from Relief Camps) Regina Riot was where the Trek was stopped and dispersed by arresting the leaders of the riot and using the RCMP to break up the people and sending them back to the camps Bennet's New Deal to save the Economy was to rebuild infrastructure, have pension and welfare and many government run organizations (CBC). This did not work because he lost the election to King. However sets the precedence for future government implementations. Three New Parties Formed Social Credit led by Willam Aberhart (Bible Bill) which promised 25 dollars to every Albertan, but could not make it due to lack of money Co-operative Commonwealth Party led by JS Woodsworth which preceded the NDP and proposed Socialist policies such as public ownership, healthcare and tax that redistributes wealth. Union Nationale led by Maurice Duplessis, which promised to clean up corruption and protection of French culture. (Lied and Failed and relied on American trade to make Quebec stable)

Hitler In Power Nazis kept people under control by eliminating political opponents and forcing important people to become Nazis. Also they burned books and censored state media and took people with any power away (Clergy, Politicians). They also limited groups to groups who supported Nazis (Hitler's youth) Anti-Semitism: the hate of people from the middle east Nazis enacted the Nuremburg Laws which meant the loss of citizenship, and limiting of rights (marriage/jobs) They eventually ID'd the Jews with armbands and using their thugs of the party Crystal Naut occurred in which Jewish homes and business' were smashed and burned. The Nazis then forced the Jews into Ghettos. The St. Louis was a Jewish refugee ship which was denied entrance into Canada because the cabinet of King was anti-Semitic, but the given reason was the bad economy. (Helped Vietnamese boat people later on) The War On September 1st 1939 Germany invades Poland and Britain and France respond by declaring War (Unprepared as they disbanded armies from the recession) USSR attacks from the rear of Poland Germany invents Blitzkrieg where bombers and tanks lead a charge and destroy defences and defeats Poland and attacks France and go around the Maginot Line. France surrenders and the BEF evacuates Dunkirk at the miracle at Dunkirk. The French (POW) defend as the British escape using every vessel possible to save 350 000 troops at the Miracle at Dunkirk. Battle of Britain: Hitler wanted to gain air superiority over Britain to invade it. 700 Allied Pilots vs 2100 Luftwaffe Germans from July-September 1940. German airfract missed military targets and adopted a new policy of attacking cities to kill civilians. British used Spitfires and Hawker hurricanes (light fighters which out manoeuvred and killed German bombers. Canadians had 112 pilots and show down 130 craft. Allied craft had the defensive advantage of radar, longer fuel times and pilots could go back and fight if they were shot down as they would be shot down of England. This was the first air based battle in history and saved England from invasion and it was also the first defeat of the Germans. Battle of Hong Kong: Japanese troops invaded China in 1941 and Britain feeling threatened reinforced Hong Kong by requesting Canadian troops to defend it. 2000 Queen's Own Rifles are dispatched. One day after Pearl Harbour Japanese troops attack Hong Kong with 50 000 troops and overwhelm defenders. First hand of witness of mistreatment of Chinese and POW mistreatment of Canadian soldiers. Sjt John Osborne gave his like to save his comrades by jumping on a grenade. Dieppe Raid: August 19th,1942 6100 Canadian soldiers raided the port of Dieppe in an amphibious assault, to relieve the Eastern front. The Germans were expecting the attack and mowed down the Canadian troops and tanks were pinned on the rock beaches. The Canadian government sent in the troops to show that their army was efficient. There was a miscommunication lead to reinforcements being sent in when The War Pt 2 Battle of the Atlantic: This was a naval battle to protect the shipping lanes of the Atlantic that waged from 1942-1944 between convoys and UBoats. 1/10 people were casualties and German subs eventually attack the St Lawrence. In 1939 the allies used the fastest route and due to low U-Boat range most attacks were near Britain. In 1940/1 as Russia enters the war supply ships are sunk further north en route to Russia. In 1942 U-Boat range increase and American ports are attacked due to the refusal to use the convoy system. In 1943 Uboats are pushed to fight in the black pit (region of no air cover by allies). In 1944 the Allies cracked the Enigma code and covered the entire Atlantic with air cover thus destroying most of the U-Boat fleet. Canada was a leader in the convoy by building light ships like corvettes and became Britain's leading ally as they led the mission. This led to planes with longer range. Ortona: This was Canada's part of the attack of Italy, and it was difficult due to narrow streets and Hitler's best divisions defended it and were ordered not to retreat. This battle was filled with Urban conflict and it was very bloody due to the ambushes, but ended in time for Christmas of 1943 D-Day: On June 6th of 1944 500 000 Allied troops attacked the beaches of Normandy in Operation Overlord. A joint mission by British, American and Canadian troops as a drive to break fortress Europe as a favour to Stalin. The heavily bombed the area and sent paratroopers to secure bridges to allow a fast advance. Operation Fortitude was a distraction of the German troops at the Pas de Calais (Port Town) Germans scrambled troops north and left Normandy open. The American attacked the beaches of Omaha and Utah. The British attacked Gold and Sword and the Canadians attacked Juno. The Canadians were the only one able to take all of the objectives. To resupply the troops they brought

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 After D-Day landings the war was essentially over and it was now a race for land. Operation Market Garden was supposed to knock out Germany but failed due to narrow roads cutting off Allied tanks Canadians were tasked with Liberating the Netherlands as the Allies pushed into the Rhineland. This would secure ports to resupply the front more easily. This liberation costs 15 000 Canadian lives and frees the Netherlands from German rule. This sets an eternal bond between Canadians and the Dutch (Princess born on Dutch territory in Canada) Signals the end of the war on May 8th.

miscommunication lead to reinforcements being sent in when in reality the beaches were not cleared and only some squads made it to the town. This was the first major land battle and failed and taught a lesson to future amphibious landings, such as better craft, surprise, naval bombardment, air superiority, no ports so it would be less expected.
Conscription Mackenzie King promised not to conscript during the war because it tore the country apart last time. The National Resources Mobilization Act attempted to set a compromise by having conscription for home service but not overseas. "not necessarily conscription, but conscription if necessary." King eventually held a plebiscite asking the people to release him from his pre-war promise, however Quebeckers voted heavily against it. Although all across Canada it was voted in. King's final decision in 19444 was to conscript 16 000 men for overseas service, with the support of the opposition. French Canadians were angered that they were being bossed around and were now looking at separatism. However they were pleased with King because he managed to hold off the inevitable. English Canadians were satisfied with the results. The Holocaust The State sponsored persecution of 6 million Jews and 5 Million Others through legislation, which begin with the Nuremburg Laws and the loss of rights for the Jewish people. Once the war starts the Nazis believe that they must do the final solution, which is to kill the Jews and Soviet POW Jewish people are sent to various concentration camps in Europe, the leading one is Aushwitz, which kills 1.1 Million People. There they were forced into labour, executed en masse, diseases and human experimentation. Jews were found starving in these camps due to the inhumane treatment of the Nazis. Soviet POW were not covered under the Geneva convention because they did not sign it. Jews were separated from family, tortured, killed ,starved, mocked, humiliated in these camps. This lead to the belief that this can never again happen in Europe.

the objectives. To resupply the troops they brought Mulberry harbours to drop supplies and defended the harbours from the waves with their capital ships. This was significant because they learned the lesson to Dieppe and signalled the end to the war. Canadian and British troops later pushed forward and encircled Germans at the Falasie Gap. This was one of the most well coordinated assault in history, with decoys and air, sea and land unison. They decoyed Germans by organizing a fake division in Eastern Britain to distract German defences away from Normandy. This was the battle that was the beginning of the end of the war.

War on the Home Front Canada agreed to Air Training Program for pilots based in Canada (Commonwealth) Ogdensburg Agreement was joint defence of the united states later on. The Canadian Government raised money via war bonds. They set up Crown Corporations such as National Film Board for propaganda. Rationing was limiting supplies to save supplies for war. Food and supplies were monitored by ration cards and price control by the government. Women filled in the jobs the men left and served in lesser position in the army. Elsie McGill built Hawker Hurricanes and ran a factor for the war effort. It proved that women could do things which required high amount of intelligence. She also proved they could be in leadership roles.

Japanese Canadian Internment Japanese suddenly become a visible minority and racism was open after they went to war with Japan. Japanese were already forced into Ghetto towns by racists white in British Columbia. Although the Prime Minister and Army thought it was unnecessary. The people however being racist and Japanese were forced into the BC Interior to keep them away from their homes. Japanese's things were confiscated and sold for the government's profit. After the Japanese got choice to move east or return to Japan. 2100 Japanese returned to racism of them 1000 were born in Canada. On April 1, 1949 gave citizenship to Japanese and were once again allowed to move west. Brian Mulroney eventually allowed the Japanese compensation to those who were born before the Japanese got rights and gave 2 million dollars to rebuild culture

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Unit 3
May-01-11 7:32 PM

Prime Ministers Louis St-Laurent Liberal Leader Elected twice in 1949 and 1953 Died 1973 Brought Newfoundland into Confederation. Immigration reform Trans-Canada Highway Construction of St-Lawrence Seaway Friendly Person Won in votes but lost in seats to Diefenbaker (Coalition suggested) John Diefenbaker Three Election Victories (One Majority Landslide victory) 1957-1963 Improved Social Programs Immigration policy loosened (Asia, Africa, Caribbean) Sponsorship Program Grounded Avro Arrow Nicknamed "The Chief" Extended voting rights to Natives Created a Bill of Rights Lester B. Pearson 1963-1968 Intellectual Solved Suez Crisis (Peace Keepers) Nobel Peace Prize New Flag Campaign Canadian Pension Plan Equality for Women Eliminated Capital Punishment Labour Laws (Minimum Wage, Work limits) Pierre Elliot Trudeau 1968-1979, 1980-1983 French Elite Bilingual Arch Federalist Minister of Justice and liberalized laws on divorce, and abortion, homosexuality. Chosen to be leader with his rock star image Shy and Private Man Just Society (Equal Canada) Multiculturalism and bilingualism Fought American company interests, Inflation, Unemployment and energy crises. Prime Ministers responded to the changing society (Old --> Old --> Anti-War --> Young Movement Trudeau was popular amongst youth because of his charm and his justness

Newfoundland Enters Confederation Entered with 52% of the vote in a referendum There were three options (go back to Britain, Independence or Confederation) Britain needed to get rid of it's colonies and Newfoundland rules out going back to colony status. Led by the last Father of Confederation Joey Smallwood Post-War World War, Fear, Division, Racist, Paranoia, Unity and Division USSR conquered land as a buffer zone to Russia Restructuring from Old Imperial Powers to New Powers Democracy vs Communism (Freedoms and Rights vs None) Igor Gouzenko was a Russian defector that publically revealed a Soviet Spy Ring with the atomic bomb. High Immigration from Europe in General because of destroyed homelands. Polish (Allies), Netherlands and Belgium (War Brides) Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe (Stops immigration) forces Canada to turn to others. This leas to immigrant from Eastern Europe and Asia, Middle East and Other ex-British Colonies Multicultural Society growing as well as labour gaps being filled in. Lack of Children during war and depression because of no money and no men. Baby Boom was 10-18 Million babies being born in a time of good economy. Leads to lots of students, new education institutions, new teachers, new civil services, roads, transit, cars Leads to heavy burden in the future Women were unhappy of losing rights after the war (forced back home) and they were angry and projected their lessons towards their daughters (feminism/equality) Suburbs are out of cities cookie cutter homes (roads and cars) People leaving the city (rise of cars) Realisim: Insecurity of Nations --> Arms Race-- > Collective Secutiry As defectors of the USSR grows and the USSR loses power over people, they build a wall (Berlin Wall) John Humprey (Canadian) wrote the UN Charter. UN was create for international peace, security and human rights. This community was difficult to form because the major members were suspicious of one another. The cold war was between the USSR and the USA (1945-1989) in the form of proxy wars, sports and diplomacy (e.x. Space Race, Arms Race, Culture, Propaganda) This hatred remains in people even after the war Canada (between the US and USSR) allies with the US and serves as a middle power. It is forced to involve it's self in international relations. Through the idea of collective security they ally with the United States and lose independence through agreements such as NATO and NORAD, but gain increased influence and protection. Canada is subjected to American will. Ronald Regan wanted to weaponize space, but Canada refused to cooperate. In retaliation economic barriers were raised between the two countries The Avro Arrow which would've been a independent Canadian fighter jet was cancelled due to US pressure (fears of independence) and Canada was forced to but an American creation the "Bomarc Missle"

Canada's Involvement in World Affairs World Bank-1945 International Monetary Fund-1944 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Democratic Countries)-1961 All of these are capitalist institutions NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)-1949 Western Europe + North America + Turkey ally against USSR. Most of these countries in Europe received money from the Marshall Plan (Rebuild Europe) and eventually formed the EU All were Democratic and Capitalist states This combined defence made all countries safer however they did not always agree, but during times of threat they came together to be collectively "secure" This caused a counter alliance of the Warsaw Pact (USSR) to be signed. NORAD (North American Air Defence Command) Defend from Soviet Bombers and Missles Spawned from Ogdensburg agreement. DEW (Distant Early Warning) line was built in Canadian north but was financed and armed by the US. This lost Canadian sovereignty and in order to assert independence they moved natives north Joint Defence agreement Unequal Agreement, but boosted security of Canada. Korean War North Korea invades South Korea during a referendum to reunite Korea. The UN chooses to intervene and rises to the occasion on June 25 1950 a UN task force led by US General MacArthur lands in Pusan. Canada wanting to prove its commitment sends 27 000 soldiers. The USSR does not veto this move because it is boycotting the UN. The Modern DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) is constantly violated by UN After nearly defeating North Korea, Millions of Chinese soldiers come as reinforcements and push back to the modern border. At the battle of Napyong 4000 Chinese died, while only 10 Canadians died. Tested and Proved UN as an effective world "peace-keeper" Suez Crisis A communist coup occurred in Egypt and the new government wanted to nationalize the Suez Canal. Britain and France who owned the canal did not want it The UN wanted Britain and France to back out of their colonies as part of their mandate, but slowly as to not occur the bloodshed that happened during the partition of India. In order to defend British and French interest they sign a secret agreement with Israel to invade Egypt and Britain and France will use the Egyptian attack on the Suez as reason to invade. USSR threatens to nuke Britain and France in retaliation

Cuban Missile Crisis Third world countries had no commitment to either super power Once Cuba has a communist revolution, it is not welcomed by the United States because of its proximity and communist ideals Cuba turned to USSR after rejection by States CIA tried to overthrow communist government by the Bay of Pigs invasion, stirring up a counter revolution in Cuba using "real cubans" (Baseball Players). They rely on JFK sending in troops to support the revolution The revolution failed because of lack of support in Cuba and JFK refused to send in troops. In retaliation USSR puts missiles on Cuba. The United States fearing a loss of influence in Cuba and the threat of Nuclear War. Munroe policy stated that every part of the Americas should remain under US influence The US blockades Cuba in retaliation and the USSR comes close to running the blockade and the US fires warning shots. They were very close to war and JFK threatens nuclear war against the USSR if any nukes are fired. Canadians refused to go to war Army denied and went on readiness for war Canada was criticized and questioned as an ally US and USSR signed secret agreement to remove nukes from Cuba and in exchange Turkey. The Quiet Revolution Before 1960 the Union Nationale under Maurice Duplessis were in power. High Birthrate and Low Education in a highly Roman Catholic province. The church controlled all civil service, such as schools, hospitals and controlled society (marriages) The church was not good at teaching in sciences and business (lack of experience. The economy was controlled by the English (big business) Elite got the best schooling When Duplessis suddenly died the Liberal party ran a strong campaign to change Quebec with the slogans "Il faut que ca change" and Maitres Chez Nous. Both indicate change decided by normal people living in Quebec. Under Jean Lesage the Liberal party wins the election and they modernized Quebec by turning the economy around from the tyranny of the English and took over civil service from the Church. People began turning away from the church In order to wrest economic control they nationalized energy under Levesque. Despite heavy resistance they did it and improved the living standards of the people with cheap electricity and boosted the economy They also invested a great deal in artists to form a unique culture They made civil service more accessible and increased the French presence in it. This quiet revolution made politics federally dominated by the French population and also changed Quebec into a province with Low Birthrate, High Education, Least Religious society in

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the Egyptian attack on the Suez as reason to invade. USSR threatens to nuke Britain and France in retaliation Egypt demands aid US demands they leave Lester B Pearson thinks of peacekeeping, preventing the two sides from fighting. They do not fire because the troops that are placed in front of them because they are allies.

A Changing Society Civil Rights Movement and Quiet Revolution are all part of the baby boom getting older and more mature, leading to the sexual revolution People began to open up about sexuality and became more liberal as woman gained even more equality. Women after World War 2 were forced back into homes as they had children and were forced to be housewives. The women were dependent on males thus limiting their rights Males abused their wives and there was a society of cheating, drug, alcohol and abuse problems in most households The invention of birth control led to power to the women and thus jobs to them (no reliance) as they had no children Spawns the idea of feminism Celebrities push social change Frank Sinatra seemed and was marketed as a "good person" for conservative society, but he had relations to the mob Sammy Davis Jr. (Black Jew) was part of Sinatra's rat pack and they as a gang pushed equality and change Marilyn Monroe pushed liberty for women with more free and liberal clothes. Black musicians pushed a new type of music "Rock n Roll" which was rebellious in nature White musicians stole the idea to capture society (Elvis) 1950's were very conservative because Baby Boomers were still too young to make a difference Changes in music occurred, but the biggest artists of the revolution were the Beatles Longer Hair Younger Crowd Encouraging Sex/Change Songs Highlight a need for change Songs start as carefree superficial songs about dancing, to highlighting problem in society and drug use (subtle). Songs soon turn angry to unwanted change. Young people want a peaceful society and peaceful change while the war in Vietnam is going on. Songs have a growing political message The revolution is spearheaded by the British Invasion (Artists) There is heavy discontent with older generation Artists eventually become daring enough to openly challenge society (drugs, rebellious acts) in order to attain equality. All of this change from the younger generation leads to politicians that can connect with them (JFK, Lester B. Pearson and Pierre Elliot Trudeau) Trudeaumania is a rock star like following of the prime minister, by the younger generation as he represent change, peace and a more free society Believed in Abortion, homosexuality, contraceptives, peace

changed Quebec into a province with Low Birthrate, High Education, Least Religious society in Canada. Separatism People living in Quebec were unhappy because they felt that they were being bullied by the English. They felt that they were inferior and disrespected by the English. They felt they were forced to live in Quebec (French) because other provinces such as Ontario and New Brunswick had significant French populations but were only English. They felt there were a lack of Canadian symbols. They felt they were losing their language (English in Montreal) FLQ (Front du Liberation du Quebec) was a terrorist group that wanted to liberate Quebec through violence, which garnered media attention Although it was successful at gaining attention and recognition, it alienated peaceful and mainstream separatists. Charles De Gaulle came to Canada during its Centennial celebration at Expo 67' and called on Quebec to be free and liberated from "Nazi-esque" Canada Canadians were angry because many had lost family to free France for DeGaulle and now he was promoting instability/seperatisim and promoting and image of a tyrannical Canada In order to deal with the issues that Quebecers had the Canadian government Invested in Cultural industries to create a Canadian identity Created a Flag for Canada in 1965 despite heavy opposition by Diefenbaker Had French Politicians and Civil Servants Established mandates for Canadian broadcasters (Can-Con)/MAPL system to ensure that 40% of all content was Canadian (Culture) Made Quebec a French Province and taught french in provinces such as Ontario and New Brunswick Made Ontario and New Brunswick billingual Increased Capital Region to Hull (Quebec) Made Canada bi lingual through the Bilingual-Bicultural commission in 1963 and official Bilingualism in 1969

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Unit 4
May-28-11 6:22 PM

October Crisis The FLQ abducted James Cross (British Diplomat) to try and get their demands across. The FLQ wanted the release of political prisoners, broadcast of their manifesto and money After the government did not fully comply the kidnapped Pierre Laporte (Minister of Labour in Quebec) and showed that the FLQ could capture anyone Robert Bourassa(Premier of Quebec) in fear asked Trudeau for help Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act, suspending civil rights across Canada and sent the army into Montreal and Quebec (Police State) Police work found Pierre Laporte dead and soon after negotiations James Cross was released (for asylum in Cuba) Aboriginal Affairs White Paper was Trudeau's proposal for equal status of natives, Natives viewed this as assimilation and after heavy protest the Government withdrew their position. James Bay Agreement was Quebec's want to flood the plains of the Cree to generate power and Natives wanted recognition of land. Quebec paid off the Natives and set a precedence for the country to simply pay off natives (for rental of land). Natives got a bit of land and hunting rights as well as money for use of their ancestral land. The natives however were ripped. Oka was the town of Oka wanting to build a golf course and natives had an armed protest. They locked down the traffic in the area and killed a police officer. The army was sent in to separate the two groups and eventually dismantle the blockade. Ipperwash: The government got the land as a military base and promised its return, however gave it to the province of Ontario. The natives occupied the park and Ontario sent in the police and killed an unarmed native protester. The land was returned. Nisga'a Treaty was a piece of land in the prime area of BC and Natives wanted the land and brought it to court. The courts gave natives control of the Na's valley and self government as well as compensation. Nunavut was land splitting NWT into two to divide the two demographics. Natives got self government over Nunavut and self direction. Statement of Reconciliation apologized and compensated for the terrible conditions (abusive) of Residential Schools. International Relations NAFTA was free trade with US and Mexico and benifted Canada economically and formed the largest trading bloc in the world. Kyoto Agreement was an international agreement to drop emissions (Active) La Francophonie was active participation of French countries (going to their roots of bi cultural society) World Trade Organization is an international organization that regulates trade rules and regulations. (Aid Business fairly) Canada was the first western country to recognize communist China as a country (start relations between the two countries). This also showed separation from the US. Green Peace was an organization for peace and environmental friendliness, started by Canadians. Prime Ministers Kim Campbell was the first female prime minister and a replacement to Mulroney's retirement. She led the PC to complete failure (offensive ads against Chretien) to two seats in the House of Commons John Turner was Trudeau's replacement and led the Liberals to defeat against Mulroney and fought against free trade. He also approved the appointments Trudeau made (lost election to Mulroney because of it) Joe Clark was the youngest prime minister and succeeded Trudeau briefly and was quickly brought down by Trudeau and the NDP. He aided the creation of Charlottetown Accord. Pierre Trudeau was a prime minister who was widely accused of left wing policies. He is credited with bringing home the constitution and had to deal with many challenges economically(1970's 80's) and socially (October Crisis) Brian Mulroney brought in NAFTA and led the strongest majority ever. He fixed many of the criticisms of Trudeau and changed the War Measures Act to the Emergency Measures Act.(less power) Jean Chretien was the Liberal PM and was Trudeau's minister of justice. He enacted the Clarity Act and fought off the 1995 referendum

Politics in Quebec Bill 22 was a bill introduced by Robert Bourassa's Liberal Government and made French the official language of Quebec and all civil service and public services would have to speak exclusively French. Business' were also forced to have a French Name and French contracts. The English were outraged at this bill and this resentment lead to the defeat of the Liberal Party in 1976 PQ Election 1976 was when the Parti Quebecois a party formed in the 60's by a renegade Liberal, Rene Levesque took power. This was significant because a separatist government was dictating the actions of Quebec and promised to try and separate Quebec. Bill 101 made every aspect of every day life in French and forced French to be used in both the workplace and limited the teaching of English in the school system and created a Language Police to find people violating this law. This is significant because it alienates the allo and anglo phones of Quebec to other cities and destroys its domination of Canadian Business (Montreal) Referendum 1980 was the first attempt to separate Quebec and was easily defeated by the federalist government. The result was 60-40 but Trudeau promised change to make Quebec happy and this led to future. Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1982 was part of bringing home the constitution, however Quebec refused to sign and it showed that Quebec was "separate" (not officially from Canada) Meech Lake Accord was an attempt to answer Quebec's demands (Provincial Veto/Opt-Out) and was popular at first and approved by the leaders of all the parties, but Trudeau opposed it and brought it down with his Liberal premiers in Newfoundland (Clyde Wells) and New Brunswick (Frank Mckenna) and finally Elijah Harper delayed the vote long enough for Manitoba and Meech lake died. Charlottetown Accord improved Meech Lake (Women's Rights, Native consideration, French advantage in senate, and senate reform for the west) but still failed due to resentment against the government of Mulroney. 1995 Referendum was a response to the two failed accords and the anger in Quebec and was a very close vote. Lucien Bouchard (BQ) led the campaign and Jean Chretien lead the federalists. The Big Unity Rally on the final days showed Canada wanted Quebec. The referendum failed with only 1% margin. Clarity Act(2000) was a bill passed in response to the 1995 Referendum, which restricted a province's right to separate without a super majority in the province and gave First Nations the right to be part of the negotiations and approval by the federal government and constitutional change had to be made, in the event of separation. Bloc Quebecois were a separatist party serving in the federal government and was significant because it once held the opposition spot (a position to defend the rights of all of Canada that only wanted separation) Economic Policies of 70's and 80's FIRA (Foreign Investment Review Agency was a response to increasing Foreign investment and loss of political control and economic sovereignty. Canadian workers were supposed to benefit with a stronger economy and deny international trading partners, but the slowing foreign investment furthered the failing economy. Wage and Price Controls were to cap inflation and unemployment, the economy overall should've benefited and workers (unions lost). It destroyed business profitability and dropped wages still in short and long term. (Trudeau campaigned against it but still put the bill through) Petro Canada was a response to high oil prices caused by the yom Kippur War to try and regulate prices in Canada (through a crown corporation) it was supposed to benefit normal citizens and the oil companies lose, however it failed to control oil prices. National Energy Program was a response to lost control of oil and wanted 40% of ownership to be Canadian. The program hurt US-Canada Relations and temporarily aided Canada. Free trade was with the US and exended the Auto Pact. Free trade would destroy all barriers (Tariffs) to trade. The Progressive Conservatives and Business' wanted Free Trade for cheaper imports and larger markets. The Liberals argued that there was a loss of sovereignty and loss of Canadian money. The PC won the debate and enacted the Free Trade and was extended to NAFTA under Chretien's liberals.
Canadian Military Somalia Affair was when Canadians deployed peacekeepers to the area, but left due to disgraces by their troops torturing civilians. (National Shame) First Gulf War was an example of the new purpose of NATO (being the "good guy") defending Kuwait from their ex-ally Iraq. This gave a new purpose for Canada's military. Rwanda was a UN mission led by Canadian Romeo Dallaire. Canada was a major player in this event and failed at peacekeeping to protect from the genocide. NATO expansion made it less against the USSR (as it was destroyed) to make it a less anticommunist organization put a "good guy" organization Afghanistan was a peacekeeping mission to route the Taliban Yugoslavia had 3 factions warring with one another (Croatians, Serbs and Bosnians) and Canadians helped "maintain peace" but failed to stop genocide and resulted in a volatile region of many new states that hate one another.

Arts/Sports Culture Ben Johnson was a Canadian runner who broke world records and received gold medals but became a disgrace when it was discovered he used steroids. Donovan Bailey was Canada's fastest legitimate runner and held the world records. Wayne Gretzky was the greatest hockey player and was Canadian and led Canada to many victories internationally. Karen Lee Gartner was an alpine skier who won gold and was first Canadian to win a downhill event Summit Series was the faceoff between the USSR and Canada and despite the strong starting run by the USSR, Canada shut out the USSR in Moscow in waning seconds of the series despite the cheating Refs of the USSR. (Proved Canada was the best at hockey and was a "battle" of the cold war) Terry Fox was a famous Canadian runner who raised money for cancer and brought Canada together. Celine Dion, lee Aaron, Alanis, Morisette, Maestro fresh Wes, Neil young and Tragically Hip build a Canadian culture world wide (all are musical artists)

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off the 1995 referendum Politicians Lucien Bouchard was Mulroney's right hand man in Quebec and formed the BQ in response to the failing of Meech lake. He led the separatists movement in 1995 and eventually became premier of Quebec. Preston Manning led a group of angry westerners against Trudeau's policies and the unfair treatment of Quebec vs the Western provinces. He formed the Reform Party and Canadian Alliance, which became the modern Conservative party.

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