NINTH UCLA SYMPOSIUM ON SOURCES AND DETECTION OF DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY IN THE UNIVERSE

Successes of and Challenges to the "Double Dark" (DM+DE) CDM Theory

Joel Primack
UCSC

A Brief History of Dark Matter

1930s - Discovery that cluster V ~ 1000 km/s 1970s - Discovery of flat galaxy rotation curves 1980 - Most astronomers are convinced that dark matter exists around galaxies and clusters 1980-84 - short life of Hot Dark Matter (HDM) theory 1982 - Supersymmetric Dark Matter proposed 1983-84 - Cold Dark Matter (CDM) theory proposed 1992 - COBE discovers CMB fluctuations as predicted by CDM; CHDM and CDM are favored CDM variants 1998 - SN Ia and other evidence of Dark Energy 2000 - CDM is the Standard Cosmological Model 2003-10 - WMAP and LSS data confirm CDM predictions ~2010 - Discovery of dark matter particles??

A Brief History of Dark Matter

1930s - Discovery that cluster V ~ 1000 km/s 1970s - Discovery of flat galaxy rotation curves 1980 - Most astronomers are convinced that dark matter exists around galaxies and clusters 1980-84 - short life of Hot Dark Matter (HDM) theory 1982 - Supersymmetric Dark Matter proposed 1983-84 - Cold Dark Matter (CDM) theory proposed 1992 - COBE discovers CMB fluctuations as predicted by CDM; CHDM and CDM are favored CDM variants 1998 - SN Ia and other evidence of Dark Energy 2000 - CDM is the Standard Cosmological Model 2003-10 - WMAP and LSS data confirm CDM predictions ~2010 - Discovery of dark matter particles??

Primack Rio Lectures 2009 1976 - Binney, Rees & Ostriker, Silk: Cooling curves 1977 - White & Rees: galaxy formation in massive halos 1980 - Fall & Efstathiou: galactic disk formation in massive halos 1982 - Guth & Pi; Hawking; Starobinski: Cosmic Inflation P(k) = k1 1982 - Pagels & Primack: Lightest SUSY particle stable by R-parity: Gravitino 1982 - Blumenthal, Pagels, & Primack; Bond, Szalay, & Turner: WDM 1982 - Peebles: CDM P(k) - simplified treatment (no light neutrinos) 1983 - Blumenthal & Primack; Bond & Szalay: CDM , WDM P(k) 1983 - Goldberg: Photino as SUSY CDM particle 1983 - Preskill, Wise, & Wilczek; Abbott & Sikivie; Dine & Fischler: Axion CDM 1984 - Blumenthal, Faber, Primack, & Rees: CDM compared to CfA survey 1984 - Peebles; Turner, Steigman, Krauss: effects of 1984 - Ellis, Hagelin, Nanopoulos, Olive, & Srednicki: Neutralino CDM 1985 - Davis, Efstathiou, Frenk, & White: 1st CDM, CDM simulations

Early History of Cold Dark Matter 1967 - Lynden-Bell: Violent relaxation (also Shu 1978)

Ruled Out
HDM Galaxy Distribution

Looks OK
CDM
White 1986

Some steps toward cosmic structure formation

Many people thought the early universe was complex (e.g. mixmaster universe Misner, explosions Ostriker, ). But Zeldovich assumed that it is fundamentally simple, with just a scale-free spectrum of adiabatic fluctuations of (a) baryons and when that failed [(T/T)CMB < 10-4] and Moscow physicists thought they had discovered neutrino mass (b) hot dark matter. Blumenthal and I thought simplicity a good approach, but we tried other simple candidates for the dark matter, first (c) warm dark matter, and then, with Faber and Rees, (d) cold dark matter, which moved sluggishly in the early universe.

... ...

Blumenthal, Faber, Primack, & Rees 1984

CDM
Spherical Collapse Model

Cooling curves solar metallicity zero metallicity

Primack & Blumenthal 1983 based on CDM, cooling theory of Rees & Ostriker 1977, Silk 1977, Binney 1977 and baryonic dissipation within dark halos White & Rees 1978

Explains Why Galaxies Exist

CDM Structure Formation: Linear Theory

inside horizon outside horizon

Cluster and smaller-scale fluctuations damp because of free-streaming

Matter fluctuations that enter the horizon during the radiation dominated era, with masses less than about 1015 , grow only log a, because they are not in the gravitationally dominant component. But matter fluctuations that enter the horizon in the matterdominated era grow a. This explains the characteristic shape of the CDM fluctuation spectrum, with (k) k-n/2-2 log k Primack & Blumenthal 1983
Blumenthal, Faber, Primack, & Rees 1984

5 INDEPENDENT MEASURES AGREE: ATOMS ARE ONLY ~4.5% OF COSMIC DENSITY Galaxy Cluster in X-rays

WMAP
Cosmic Microwave Background

Relative Height

Angular Power Spectrum

Deuterium Abundance + Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

Absorption of Quasar Light

& BAO WIGGLES IN GALAXY P(k)

All Other Atoms 0.01% H and He 0.5% Invisible Atoms 4%

} Visible Matter 0.5%

Cold Dark Matter 23%

CDM Double Dark Theory

Dark Energy 72%

Big Bang Data Agrees with Double Dark Theory!

POWER 90 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 Angular Scale

Double Dark Theory

COBE

WMAP 7-YEAR DATA WMAP 7-YEAR DATA

Released January 2010 January 2010 Released

Ground-Based Data ACBAR QUaD

l
Cosmic Background Explorer COBE 1992 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe WMAP 2003-

ACBAR

QUaD

Distribution of Matter Also Agrees with Double Dark Theory!

P(k)

Max Tegmark

WMAP-only Determination of 8 and M Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text
WMAP1 2003

The Millennium Run

properties of halos (radial prole, concentration, shapes) evolution of the number density of halos, essential
for normalization of Press-Schechtertype models

void statistics,
including sizes and shapes and their evolution, and the orientation of halo spins around voids quantitative descriptions of the evolving cosmic web, including applications to weak gravitational lensing preparation of mock catalogs, essential for analyzing SDSS and other survey data, and for preparing for new large surveys for dark energy etc. merger trees, essential for semi-

evolution of the distribution and clustering of halos in real and

redshift space, for comparison with observations

accretion history of halos,

assembly bias (variation of largescale clustering with as- sembly history), and correlation with halo properties including angular momenta and shapes

analytic modeling of the

evolving galaxy population, including models for the galaxy merger rate, the history of star formation and galaxy colors and morphology, the evolving AGN luminosity function, stellar and AGN feedback, recycling of gas and metals, etc.

halo statistics
including the mass and velocity functions, angular momentum and shapes, subhalo numbers and distribution, and correlation with environment

Springel et al. 2005

WMAP-only Determination of 8 and M

WMAP1 2003

Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text Text

WMAP7 2010 2008

WMAP5

WMAP3

2006

WMAP+SN+Clusters Determination of 8 and M

WMAP+SN+Clusters Determination of 8 and M

WMAP7

BOLSHOI SIMULATION FLY-THROUGH

<10-3
of the Bolshoi Simulation Volume

1NMSU, 2UCSC

Halos and galaxies: results from the Bolshoi simulation

The Millennium-I Run (Springel+05) was a landmark simulation, and it has been the basis for ~300 papers. However, it and the new Millennium-II simulations were run using WMAP1 (2003) parameters, and the Millennium-I resolution was inadequate to see many subhalos. The new Bolshoi simulation (Klypin, Trujillo & Primack 2010) used the WMAP5 parameters (consistent with WMAP7) and has nearly an order of magnitude better mass and force resolution than Millennium-I. We have now found halos in all 180 stored timesteps, and we have complete merger trees. We are working with Stefan Gottloeber, Risa Wechler, and Mike Busha on halo and merger trees, and with Darren Croton, Rachel Somerville, Lauren Porter and Andrew Benson on semi-analytic models of the evolving galaxy population based on Bolshoi.
200 km/s
Millennium
z= 0 0.5

Cosmological Parameters

100 50

1 2 3 5

Bolshoi

Power Spectrum

Fraction of z = 0 Halos Tracked to Given Redshift

upturn!

Halo Concentration at z = 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5

Mass Function of Distinct Halos

Velocity Function of Distinct Halos at z = 0, 2, 3, 5, 6.5

10x

Curves: ShethTormen approx.

NOTE: figures are from Klypin, Trujillo, & Primack, arXiv: 1002.3660 (Mon Feb 22)

z = 10

2.5

z = 6.5

Tully-Fisher Relation

Clusters

Subhalos follow the dark matter distribution except in the inner regions of cluster and galaxy halos

Galaxies

<s>

Halo Shapes
z=0

short axis s= long axis

Dark halos are more elongated the more massive they are and the earlier they form. We found that the halo <s> scales as a power-law in Mhalo/M*. These results are from Allgood+2006. Our new Bolshoi simulation has better resolution in a volume 103 times larger.

z=1 z=2

The tidal debris of the Sagittarious dwarf galaxy constrains the shape of the Milky Way dark matter halo.

Sgr Press Release

Recent work by David Law et al. nds a triaxial halo, in general "Of course," says Law, "Sagittarius is only one of many dwarf galaxies surrounding the Milky Way, a will be important to see if these results hold up as precise orbits are agreement with measured for more of these galaxi the meantime, such a squashed dark-matter halo is one of the best explanations for the observed data." CDM.

The fact that the 'beachball' was squashed from the side came as a surprise: It suggests that the dark m halo and the disk of stars in the Milky Way are oriented roughly perpendicular to each other. "We exp some amount of flattening based on the predictions of the best dark-matter theories," said Law, "but th extent, and particularly the orientation, of the flattening was quite unexpected. We're pretty excited abo this, because it begs the question of how our galaxy formed in its present orientation."

Support for this work was provided by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant #HF-01221.01 awarde the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Resear Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS 5-26555.

Milky Way: Triaxial Dark Halo

(LM10)
This image shows the model of the tidally shredded Sagittarius dwarf galaxy wrapping around a 3-D representation of the Milky Way disk (flattened blue spiral). The yellow dot represents the position of the Sun. The associated movie shows a flyaround view of this system. Also available: Thumbnail image here Medium-resolution image here High-resolution image here Quicktime movie here

This illustration shows a 'beachball' representation of the dark matter halo surrounding the Milky Way Galaxy (flattened blue spiral; the colors of the beachball are chosen arbitrarily). The location of the Su this image is indicated by the yellow dot; white 'XYZ' coordinate axes are drawn for reference. The associated movie shows a flyaround view of this system.

The tidal debris of the Sagittarious dwarf galaxy constrains the shape of the Milky Way dark matter halo.

Recent work by David Law et al. nds a triaxial halo, in general agreement with CDM.

The tidal debris of the Sagittarious dwarf galaxy constrains the shape of the Milky Way dark matter halo.

Recent work by David Law et al. nds a triaxial halo, in general agreement with CDM.

Milky Way: Triaxial Dark Halo

(LM10)
This image shows the model of the tidally shredded Sagittarius dwarf galaxy wrapping around a 3-D representation of the Milky Way disk (flattened blue spiral). The yellow dot represents the position of the Sun. The associated movie shows a flyaround view of this system. Also available: Thumbnail image here Medium-resolution image here High-resolution image here Quicktime movie here

small scale issues Satellites

Primack NJP 2009 Primack Rio Lectures 2009

Cusps

The discovery of many faint Local Group dwarf galaxies is consistent with CDM predictions. Satellites, reionization, lensing, and Ly forest data imply that WDM must be Tepid or Cooler.

Triaxial dark matter halos, observational biases, and new simulations suggest that observed velocity structure of LSB and dSpiral galaxies are consistent with cuspy CDM halos. WDM doesnt resolve cusp issues. CDM simulations are increasingly able to form realistic spiral galaxies, as resolution improves and feedback becomes more realistic.

Angular momentum

Aquarius Simulation: Formation of a Milky-Way-size Dark Matter Halo

Diameter of Milky Way Dark Matter Halo 1.6 million light years

Diameter of visible Milky Way 30 kpc = 100,000 light years

Diameter of Milky Way Dark Matter Halo 1.6 million light years 500 kpc

Diameter of visible Milky Way 30 kpc = 100,000 light years

Diameter of Milky Way Dark Matter Halo 1.6 million light years 500 kpc

Satellites
The discovery of many faint Local Group dwarf galaxies is consistent with CDM predictions. Satellites, reionization, lensing, and Ly forest data imply that WDM must be Tepid or Cooler.

New Developments
The Aquarius simulations have not quite enough substructure to explain quad-lens radio quasar ux anomalies -- but perhaps including baryons in simulations will help. Milky-Way-size halos in low-density regions have fewer DM satellites, according to new simulations. CDM predicts that there is a population of low-luminosity stealth galaxies around the Milky Way.

The Aquarius simulations have not quite enough substructure to explain quad-lens radio quasar ux anomalies -- but D. D. Xu et al. including baryons in simulations will help. perhaps

90% C.L.

6 Aquarius D simulations Estimate from Mao+04

Contour map of the subhalo surface mass density fraction, contour map ratio of the Mean is the ratio of the mass mass in 2. The left-hand panel shows a which is theof the subhalo surface mass density fraction, whichsubhalo surfacesurface fractionsubhaloes to that vs. radius. otal halo, for surfaceprojected along the Y-axis. Thein the totalpanel shows the mean distribution of subhalo surface mass fraction as a function of Aq-D-2 mass in subhaloes to that right-hand halo, three Aquarius-D-2 simulation. , averaged over the from independent projections of each of the six Aquarius haloes at redshift z = 0. The error bars indicate the 68 per cent scatter D. D. Xu, Shude Mao, Jie Wang, V. Springel, Liang Gao, S. D. M. White, Carlos S. Frenk, Adrian Jenkins, where D s , 398, 12351253 (2009) routine (Springel 2005) toJulio F. Navarro Guoliang Li and identify subhaloes exceeding R. Astron. Soc.D d and Dds are the angular diameter distances between Mon. Not.

different projections and haloes. The red lines show the t from Mao et al. (2004). The blue point indicates the median and 90 per cent condence level Effects of dark matter substructures on gravitational lensing: results equired fraction found by Dalal & Kochanek (2002) (assuming the Einstein radius to be 0.02 r200 ). from the Aquarius simulations

ticles, which corresponds to a minimum subhalo mass of h1 M . The number of subhaloes in each halo ranges from

the source and the observer, the lens and the observer, and the source and the lens, respectively. For our adopted source and lens redshifts,

Milky-Way-size halos have large variation in number of DM satellites, according to new simulations.
Variation of the Subhalo Abundance in Dark Matter Halos
ApJ, 696, 2115 (2009) Galaxy halos formed earlier have higher concentration and smaller number of subhalos at present .

Subhalo-rich halo z=1

Subhalo-rich halo z=0

1.6 Mpc Subhalo-poor halo z=1

0.8 Mpc Subhalo-poor halo z=0

Halo Concentration Halo Mass

1.6 Mpc 0.8 Mpc

1.5 3 3 10

CDM predicts that there is a population of low-luminosity stealth galaxies around the Milky Way. 2009arXiv0912.1873B
STEALTH GALAXIES IN THE HALO OF THE MILKY WAY James S. Bullock, Kyle R. Stewart, Manoj Kaplinghat, and Erik J. Tollerud
We predict that there is a population of low-luminosity dwarf galaxies with luminosities and stellar velocity dispersions that are similar to those of known ultrafaint dwarf galaxies but they have more extended stellar distributions (half light radii greater than about 100 pc) because they inhabit dark subhalos that are slightly less massive than their higher surface brightness counterparts. One implication is that the inferred common mass scale for Milky Way dwarfs may be an artifact of selection bias. A complete census of these objects will require deeper sky surveys, 30m-class follow-up telescopes, and more rened methods to identify extended, self-bound groupings of stars in the halo. 2

CDM predicts that there is a population of low-luminosity stealth galaxies around the Milky Way. 2009arXiv0912.1873B
STEALTH GALAXIES IN THE HALO OF THE MILKY WAY James S. Bullock, Kyle R. Stewart, Manoj Kaplinghat, and Erik J. Tollerud
We predict that there is a population of low-luminosity dwarf galaxies with luminosities and stellar velocity dispersions that are similar to those of known ultrafaint dwarf galaxies but they have more extended stellar distributions (half light radii greater than about 100 pc) because they inhabit dark subhalos that are slightly less massive than their higher surface brightness counterparts. One implication is that the inferred common mass scale for Milky Way dwarfs may be an artifact of selection bias. A complete census of these objects will require deeper sky surveys, 30m-class follow-up telescopes, and more rened methods to identify extended, self-bound groupings of stars in the halo.

Satellite Infall redshift

Cusps
Triaxial dark matter halos, observational biases, and new simulations suggest that observed velocity structure of LSB and dSpiral galaxies are consistent with cuspy CDM halos. WDM doesnt resolve cusp issues.

New Developments
New simulations show that gas motions or dynamical friction during evolution of dwarf spiral galaxies can remove cusps. The properties of density cores of dwarf spiral galaxies are inconsistent with expectations from WDM.

New simulations show that gas motions or dynamical friction during evolution of dwarf spiral galaxies can remove cusps.
LETTERS

Bulgeless dwarfLETTERS galaxies and dark matter cores from supernova-driven outows | |14 January 2010 LETTERS NATURE |NATURE Vol 463 | 14 January Vol 463
F. Governato, C. Brook, L. Mayer, A. Brooks, G. Rhee, J. Wadsley, P. Jonsson, B. Willman, G. Stinson, T. Quinn & P. Madau

Nature 463, 203 (Jan 2010)

NATUR

Kiloparsecs

Kiloparsecs

Kiloparsecs

8 4 b a b za= 1.5 stellar disk embedded in a massivebdark-matter halo with a z = 0.5 Most observed dwarf galaxies consist of a rotating a 8 8 4 near-constant-density core. Models based 4 CDM, however, invariably form galaxies with dense spheroidal on 4 4 0 2 4 8 4 0 8 stellar bulges and 2 steep central dark-matter proles, because low-angular-momentum4 baryons and dark 4 c d 2 4 2 matter sink to the centers of galaxies through accretion and2 repeated mergers. Here we report hydrodynamical simulations in which the inhomogeneous interstellar medium is resolved. Strong outows 0 0 0 from supernovae remove low-angular-momentum gas, which inhibits the formation of 0 bulges and 0 4 4 decreases the dark-matter density to less than half of what it would otherwise be within the central 4 4 2 2 2 kiloparsec. The analogues of dwarf galaxiesbulgeless and with shallow central dark-matter proles arise naturally in these simulations. Simulations using the same January 2010 NATURE | Vol 463 | 14 implementation of star formation and 2 8 2 8 4 4 4 z = 1.5 z = 1.5 feedback reproduce some global scaling properties of observed galaxies across za 1.5 z = 0.5 masses and z = 0.5 = range of z = 0.5 redshifts. 4 2 0 2 4 8 4 0 4 4 2 0 2 4 8 4 4 2 0 20 4 4 8 8 4 8 0 4 8
c

Kiloparsecs

48

24

00

2 4

4
4

Kiloparsecs

Gas outflows
c
4

z = 1.5 2

Face-on i-band0.5 z = image

4
8 4 4 0 2 4 4 8 0 2 0 4 2 8 Kiloparsecs
4 2 0 4 8 4 2 4 8 Kiloparsecs Kiloparsecs

4
Edge-on i-band image
4

4
0 4 8

0 2

04

2 0 4

4 8 4 0 4 Kiloparsecs 8

26

26 25 24 23 22 4 25 26 24 25 23 24 22 23 21 22 21 M per arcsec2

21

The Case Against Warm or Self-Interacting Dark Matter as Explanations for Cores in Low Surface Brightness Galaxies 2010, ApJ, 710L, 161
Rachel Kuzio de Naray, Gregory D. Martinez, James S. Bullock, Manoj Kaplinghat

Warm dark matter (WDM) and self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) are often motivated by the inferred cores in the dark matter halos of low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies. We test thermal WDM, non-thermal WDM, and SIDM using high-resolution rotation curves of nine LSB galaxies. If the core size is set by WDM particle properties, then even the smallest cores we infer would require primordial phase space density values that are orders of magnitude smaller than lower limits obtained from the Lyman alpha forest power spectra. We also find that the dark matter halo core densities vary by a factor of about 30 while showing no systematic trend with the maximum rotation velocity of the galaxy. This strongly argues against the core size being directly set by large selfinteractions (scattering or annihilation) of dark matter. We therefore conclude that the inferred cores do not provide motivation toThe Case Against Warm Dark Matterover other dark prefer WDM or SIDM matter models.
We fit these dark matter models to the data and determine the halo core radii and central densities. While the minimum core size in WDM models is predicted to decrease with halo mass, we find that the inferred core radii increase with halo mass and also cannot be explained with a single value of the primordial phase space density.

small scale issues Satellites

Primack NJP 2009 Primack Rio Lectures 2009

Cusps

The discovery of many faint Local Group dwarf galaxies is consistent with CDM predictions. Satellites, reionization, lensing, and Ly forest data imply that WDM must be Tepid or Cooler.

Triaxial dark matter halos, observational biases, and new simulations suggest that observed velocity structure of LSB and dSpiral galaxies are consistent with cuspy CDM halos. WDM doesnt resolve cusp issues. CDM simulations are increasingly able to form realistic spiral galaxies, as resolution improves and feedback becomes more realistic.

Angular momentum

http://hipacc.ucsc.edu

http://hipacc.ucsc.edu