Definition of terms: 1.

Pharmacology : - Pharmakon = drugs , logos = study - study of drugs, including their action and effects in a living system - encompasses a huge body of knowledge 2. Pharmacotherapeutics - a.k.a clinical pharmacology - a branch of pharmacology involving drugs used to treat, prevent, or diagnose disease. - pharmaco = science of drug therapy , therapeutics = the art of application that results from educated practice 3. Pharmacogenetics - hereditary influences on an individuals response to a drug/ drug category - possible basis for LOWSYN CRATIC drug responses 4. Drugs - chemical introduced into the body to bring about some change - synonyms: medication, medicine, medicinal, medicament. 5. Side- Effect - an additional effect of a drug that is not necessary the primary purpose of giving the drug - may be desirable/ undesirable 6. OTC - a drug that may be purchased without prescription 7. Prescription Drug - a drug that required prescription to be dispensed HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY I.) Mystical Period

 Cause of Illness : Supernatural causes, hostile sorcers or evil spirits Treatment : magical and mystical

Healing : prayer, crude surgeries, potions

INCA Empire Mate, guava, coca ; contain analgesic properties Used enetics, laxatives, carminatives, and enemas to treat digestive disorders. As well as Lobelia ( Indian Tobacco), flax, and cupping for respiratory disease. Summary Spiritual Belief Trial and Error Orally passing knowledge from one generation to the next Knowledge about effects of plant an animal compounds increased, thus there was movement from the supernatural to more scientific base. II.) Empirical Period a. Sumerians - Earliest records were preserved in cuneiform Script on a clay tablet by a Sumerian physician nearly 500 years ago in the Euphrates River Valley of what is now known as Iraq b. China 2700 B.C - Ephedra, Rhubarb, Senna c. Medical Papyrus in Egypt - Edited by George Maurice Ebers - A collection of scrolls with drug information dating 1550 B.C - 22 ft. manuscript North American Indians
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- 700 magical formulas and folk remedies d. Hippocrates (160- 375) - Father of medicine - Holistic medicine - Healing power of nature - Believed that the body has recuperative power - Said that the health care providers role is to assist the recuperative process e. Hindu Practices (About 200 B.C) - Colchium - Gentian - Oil from Castor - Beans - Digitalis III.) Medieval Period a. Greeks - Introduced their practice of pharmacy throughout the Mediterranean
- Galen (131-201 A.D.) : Father of Pharmacy ; galenicals

- dioscurides b. Muslims Brought about new development about pharmacology Introduce musk, myrrh, tamarind and cloves and creating syrups, juleps and aromatic water preparation.
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Along with the Southern European complications, such new formulas created, served as models for the first london Pharmacopeia published in 1618 by Valerius Cordus, containing 1028 simple drugs and 932 preparations and compound.

c.

Apothecaries Muslim (Apothecaries)

Spanish Emperor Frederick II in 1240 A.D. Drafted laws that limited ownership of apothecary shop to licensed pharmacist Regular inspection of apothecaries was carried out Declared pharmacy to be separated from medicine

d. Renaissance Paracelsus - Advocated the use of single preparations in the treatment of illness and disease
- Said that the disease were actual entities that should be

combated with specific remedies

- Improved pharmacy and therapeutics by producing new

remedies such as sulfur and calomet and reducing overdosing that was so prevalent at the time 2 Significant Advances in the Late 1700s William Withering Derived digitalis, a cardiac glycoside from the foxglove plant, which is used to treat heart disease in 1785. Edward Jenner Discovered smallpox vaccine in May 1796

IV.) Contemporary

19th century - Pharmaceutical chemistry emerged

- Establishment of large scale manufacturer ring plants to

produce drugs. Many of which are founded between 1850 and 1920 -Precise knowledge of drug dosages and expected actions was already apparent. -Rational medicine placed empiricism

YEAR 1818 1820 1864 1875 YEAR 1815 veratine 1901

Pharmacopeia French U.S Great Britian German PROPONENTS Frederick Serturner Pelleties and Caventou Richard Willstatter Magendie and Pelletier Dr. Pierre Robiquet DISCOVERY morphine Quinine, strychnine and atropine emetire codeine ether (anesthesia) ether in dentistry pancreas to DM early preparation of insulin 1st to crystallize insulin

1842 1899 1922 1926

Dr. Crawford Long Morton and wells Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski Banting and Best John Abel

2 Significant Advances in the early 1900s

a.

An improved understanding of the relationship between the pancreas and DM

b. The development of anti microbial compounds 1907 1928 1941 Paul Ehrlich Alexander Fleming Howard Florey specific drug against a specific Microorganism arsphenamine Penicilliin (gram +) Penicillin became the

best drug for the

Txt. of gonococcal infections and pneumococcal pneumonia YEAR LATE 1950S 1960s 1970s antagonist 1980s 1990s calcium channel blockers drugs effective in the prevention and treatment of with HIV have been developed Most recent interferon, endomorphins, enkephalins DISCOVERY oral contraceptives antiviral drugs and oral polio vaccine doxorubicin and bleomycine and the histamine, two

conditions associated

DRUG PREPARATIONS & FORMULATIONS Drug Standards ASSAY the technique, either chemical or biologic by which the strength and purity of a drug are measured. Two Forms: (1)Chemical Assay a chemical analysis to determine the ingredients present and their amounts (e.g. What are the chemical components of garlic?) (2)Bioassay a biologic method, performed by determining the amount of a preparation required to produce a define effect on a suitable laboratory animal under certain standard conditions ( e.g. What is the therapeutic effect of garlic?) Authorative source for drug standards United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary The current authoritative source of drug standards Revised every 5 years With drugs of high standard therapeutic use, client safety, quality, purity, strength, packaging safety, & dosage form British Pharmacopeia Great Britain & Canada

International Pharmacopeia
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1st published in 1951 For use throughout the world