Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20th-24th January 2003, ed. S. Huerta, Madrid: I.

Juan de Herrera, SEdHC, ETSAM, A. E. Benvenuto, COAM, F. Dragados, 2003.

Contributions of Andr Paduart to the art of thin concrete shell vaulting

Bernard Espion Pierre Halleux Jacques I. Schiffmann

The great era of thin concrete shells is probably nowadays over, at least in developed countries where the construction costs render this kind of structures uneconomic to build and where they appear obsolete from the point of view of the present day architectural tastes. lt should nevertheless be pointed that this construction technique is an important legacy in the history of concrete construction and structures. lt was an attempt to cover large spans with the most widely used construction material of the Twentieth Century and yielded structures that are now regarded as architectural masterpieces.l The design of thin concrete shells also fostered theoretical developments in structural analysis, in the mathematical theory of shells and in the theory of finite elements. We may distinguish roughly two periods in the history of thin concrete shells: a period of precursors before the Second World War with eminent engineers such as Eugene Freyssinet (Femandez Ordoez 1979) in France and Eduardo Torroja (Torroja 1958) in Spain, and a period of blooming development after the war which ended abruptly in the 1970s, except for some kinds of industrial structures like cooling towers and offshore platforms. In Belgium, the key figure in the design, construction and popularisation of concrete thin shells was certainly Andr Paduart (1914-1985). This paper endeavours lo record al! major thin concrete

Figure 1
Andr Paduart (Photograph courtesy of SETESCO)

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B. Espion, P. Halleux, J. l. Schiffmann

shells designed by Andr Paduart and to describe their originality in the context of the history of thin concrete shells.2

A SHORT BIOGRAPHY OF ANDR PADUART

Andr Paduart was bom in Dover (G. B.) on November 4, 1914. He was educated in Ostend (Belgium) and graduated in civil engineering from the University of Brussels in 1936. After some months of employment with a naval construction yard at Hoboken (Belgium), he joined in 1937 the staff of engineers of SECO in Brussels, an office founded in 1934 by the insurance companies in order to enforce the technical control of the constructions. AII plans of major and innovative structures in Belgium were and are still submitted to the approval of SECO before the beginning of their construction. For example, during the war years, Paduart was associated with the testing of the first prestressed concrete structure built in Belgium.' He only became involved personally in structural design in 1944 when he joined as technical director the engineering company SETRA (Socit d'Etudes et de Travaux), which was at the forefront in the application in Belgium of the new developments in concrete construction like prestressed concrete and thin concrete shells. In 1946, Paduart presented a Ph.D. dissertation on the shear strength of reinforced concrete at the University of Brussels, and became in 1954 professor of civil engineering at his alma mater. He then left SETRA, but kept a private consulting practice, leading to the foundation of the structural engineering office SETESCO in 1957. At the head of this office up to his death in 1985, he designed or supervised the design of hundreds of buildings, bridges and other constructions. From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, Paduart was a pioneering member of the Comit Europen du Bton (CEB) and of the Fdration Internationale de la Prcontrainte (FIP), especially working in the committees on shear of these international association s. Andr Paduart was also and particularly an active member of the International Association for Shells Structures (IASS) founded by E. Torroja in Madrid in 1959. He was a member of the Administrative Council of this body since its foundation and organized in

Brussels in 1961 one of the very first symposia of this association (paduart and Dutron 1962). Shortly after, he published in French a remarkable small book covering essential theory, design and construction of thin concrete shells (Paduart 1961). The book was translated in EngJish in 1966 (Paduart 1966) and a second French edition appeared in 1969 (Paduart 1969). In 1965 Paduart received a special commission fram the HAMON Company, which was and stilJ is worldwide known for the design of cooling towers. The HAMON Company wanted Paduart to review the problems associated with the design and construction of large reinforced concrete hyperbolic cooling towers (Paduart 1968a, Paduart 1968b). Interestingly, it shou]d be noted that this assignment occurred some time before the welJ known accident at Ferry Bridge (U. K.) on 1 November 1965 which saw the colJapse in les s than an hour of three large hyperbolic coo]ing towers under wind ]oading. With the support of the HAMON Company, Paduart gathered around him an international team of experts, which eventua]]y became the Working Group 3 of IASS in 1970. Between 1970 and 1980, Paduart was the chairman of this WG3 and organized in Brussels two colJoquiums on the subject (1971, 1975). The IASS WG3 issued its recommendations on the design of hyperbolic cooling towers in 1977 (Paduart 1979). Meanwhile, in 1971, Paduart had been eJected as J'd president of IASS (after Torroja and Haas). He remained in that position until 1980. On the same year, he became honorary professor at the University of Brussels. Tn 1984, the TASS awarded him its prestigious Torroja medal.4 Andr Paduart passed away in Brussels on February 27, 1985.

NOTABLE CONCRETE SHELLS DESIGNED BY ANDRf: PADUART

Cylindrical

barrel

vaults at Antwerp

Harbour

CyJindrical barrel vaults have probably been the most used form of concrete shelJs. The reconstruction after the devastations of the Second World War required forms of building which offered economy of material. This gave an enormous boost to the use of shell roofing in Britain as welJ as continental Europe,

Contributions

of Andr

Paduart

to the art of thin concrete

shell vaulting

831

since materials, particularly steel, were in short supply everywhere (Morice and Tottenham 1996). The economy in construction, not the architectural value, was the key to the success and popularity of this kind of constructions. This explains certainly why the SETRA construction company was awarded the contract to build nearly 50000 square meters of warehouses at the docks of Antwerp harbour between 1947 and 1950 (Paduart 1950; Wets and Paduart 1954; Shell roof construction in Belgium 1952). At the Albert dock, in front of quays 105, 107 and 109, SETRA built in 1948 a large shed 465m long by 60.6m in width. The shed consists of 31 bays, each covered with a self-supporting cylindrical shell spanning 15 m with a rise of 3 m (Figure 2). The thickness of the vaults varies between 8cm at the crown to 12 cm at the springing. Each vault is pierced with a large rectangular opening 40m by 3m to provide naturallightning. The bays were constructed one after the other by reusing the same centering and holding back the outward thrust with temporary tieso The rate of construction reached one bay per week. Particular features of this construction were the absence of permanent internal tie rods, the absence of edge beams, and the absence of any expansion joint along the entire length of 465m. These sheds built at Antwerp by Paduart and Wets are the only concrete shells of that period in Belgium documented in detail and which were noticed abroad. They were the sole non- u.K. structures presented at the symposium on concrete shell roof construction held in London in 1952. Well-known U. K. specialist designers of the time underlined the originality of this

construction in the discussion of the paper presented by Paduart (Wets and Paduart 1954,222). Years later, the famous French engineer N. Esquillan still mentioned the centering used in Antwerp in 1948 as an interesting example of well conceived moveable formwork.5 Two similar sheds, each measuring 255m by 47m and consisting each of 17 bays spanned by the same kind of shells were built by SETRA at the Leopo1d dock in 1950 (Paduart 1958). The centering that had been built for the construction of the sheds at the Albert dock was used again.

Airplane hangars Thin concrete shells hangars had already been built during the First World War, notably by Freyssinet (Fernandez Ordoez 1979) but a significant breakthrough was achieved with the construction of the two celebrated huge airship hangars built by Freyssinet at Orly in the early 1920s (Freyssinet 1923). On this occasion, the principie of the corrugated form for the concrete shell was introduced to obtain the necessary stiffness required to span 70m. Freyssinet also applied the same principie of corrugated shell roofing for the construction of two airplanes hangars spanning 55m at Villacoublay in 1924 (Gotteland 1925; Fernandez Ordoez 1979). In the late 1940s, free spans slightly exceeding 100m were achieved with thin concrete shells for roofing airplane hangars. The state-of-the-art led to radically different solutions in the U.S. and in Europe. In the U.S., the record span (103 m) was obtained with the two hangars designed by Roberts and Schaefer Company and built in 1948-49 at Limestone (Maine) and Rapid City (South Dakota). The free surface covered by each hangar is 10000 square meters. The form is basically a 13cm thick cylindrical shell stiffened at the extrados by externa1 ribs (Allen 1950; Tedesko 1950). In France, the record span (101.5 m) was held by two hangars designed by Esquillan and built at Marignane (Esquillan 1952; Marrey 1992). The structure is much more delicate and appealing. Each hangar (101.5 m by 60 m) is covered by six arch shells 6cm thick with double curvature. Prestressed ties equilibrate the thrust of the arches. The hangars at Marignane were achieved in 1952, but they were basically designed in 1942 (Esquillan 1952).

Figure 2 Shcds at Antwerp Harbour, (Paduart 1950, fig.11 )

1948

832

B. Espion, P. Halleux, J. 1. Schiffmann

In 1950, SETRA received the commission to bui1d thirteen identica] hangars on several military airfields in Belgium. Although the blueprints from 1950 mention Birguer as consulting engineer, the authors, who have known Paduart very well, believe that the driving force behind the design of these hangars was Paduart and Wets. Paduart mentions these structures with a rare discretion -perhaps because they were military constructionsin only one of his publications (Paduart 1958). The dimensions of these airplane hangars were 60 m (span) by 40m (depth). Each roof consisted of 6 corrugated shell arches 6cm thick spanning 60m with a rise of 5.73 m, the thrust of each arch being equilibrated by two high strength steel rods (Figure 3). There was no need here for the large record spans of the time, but the design bears certainly some similarity in principIes with the hangars of Villacoublay (Gotteland 1925) and Marignane (Esquillan 1952). The hangars were built 1950-1952

at Chievres (now a U.S. AFB), Beauvechain and Coxyde airfields, but most of them have now been removed or altered. They were certainly bold structures, maybe too bold, because it is known that one arch of a hangar under construction at Chievres collapsed on June 6, 1951 a few time after decentering. The investigation yielded no explainable reason. On another part, measurements made in the early 1990s on several of the hangars at Chievres revealed that the arches were significantly deformed.

The Civil Engineering Arrow at the Brussels 1958 international exhibition

The sheds at Antwerp and the airplane hangars designed by Paduart and Wets and built by SETRA were clearly engineer' s structures with a strong utilitarian function. For all his later thin concrete shell

Figure 3 Airplane hangar al Chievres, al the time of its dismantling in the 1990s

Contributions

of Andr Paduart to tbe art of thin concrete shel1 vau1ting

833

Fgure 4 The Civil Engineering Arrow at the Brussels international (Photograph courtesy of SETESCO) exhibition, J958

structures, Paduart would always collaborate with an architect For the 1958 Brussels international exhibition, Paduart and architect J. Van Doosselaere received an official commission from the Belgian government to design a structural symbol testifying of the victory of [Belgian] civil engineering over nature (Paduart and Van Doosselaere 1960). The structure (Figure 4) had to support a footbridge overhanging a 1/3500 map of Belgium where the civil engineering and public works were highlighted. The final structure, which was to be known as the Civil Engineering Arrow, was a spectacular thin wall (4 cm thick at the tip!) reinforced concrete cantilever beam 80m long with an inverted Asection, balanced by a triangular shell roof with 29m-sides and a thickness of 6 cm (Figure 5). This concrete architectural structure gi ves a bold impression of equilibrium and tour de force." This construction, which made Paduart internationally known, has been described in detail by Paduart and Van Doosselaere (1958, 1960). The engineer and the architect jointly received the !962 Construction

Practice Award of the American Concrete Institute for their Arrow.7 The Arrow was dismantled in 1970.

Church

in Harelbeke

The next involvement of Paduart with the design of a thin concrete shell structure was for a church in Harelbeke built in 1966 (Paduart 1968c). The architects were Lon Stynen, Paul de Meyer and Andr Vlieghe.H The structure looks like a truncated pyramid with an irregular hexagonal basis (Figure 6). The inclined bearing walls consist of thin corrugated concrete plane shells 6cm thick. The naturallightning flows from the inclined top through a grid that stiffens the rim of the truncated section.

Hypar

shells

From the mid-1960s through the mid-1970s, Paduart was associated with the construction of severa!

834

B. Espion, P. Halleux, J. 1. Schiffmann

35.45

Figure 5 Longitudinal and transverse section of the Arrow (Adapted from Paduart and Van Dooselaere 1960, fig. 5)

hyperbolic paraboloidaJ (HP) thin concrete shells. The use of such kind of structural form for shell roofing dates back to the experiments by Lafaille (1934, 1935) and the theoretical developments by

Figure 6 Perspcctivc of Harelbeke church (Paduart 1968c. fig.l)

Aimond (1933, 1936) in the ]930s. The success of this structural form rests for the architect in its appealing aspect, for the structural engineer in its simple structural analysis (under the oversimplifying assumptions of membrane behaviourl), and for the contractor in its economical formwork consisting in a system of straight planks supported by another system of straight ]ines.9 This structura] form has been especialJy popularised by the architect-engineer Fe]ix Candela who built numerous hypar roofs in Mexico during the 1950s and 1960s (Faber 1963; 10edicke 1963; BilJington 1983). We mention here on]y two hypar shelJs for which Paduart was the ]eading structura] engineer, but severa] others designed by him or under his supervision stilJ exist in the Brusse]s area. The first of these hypar shelJs is a canopy in front of the Institute of Sociology at the University of Brusse]s (Figure 7). It was built in ]966 and the architect was R. Puttemans (Paduart 1967; ] 969; Paduart ] 972). The canopy Novgorodsky covers an are a of 235 square meters and consists of an assemblage of four HP sheUs 7 cm thick resting on two inclined supports. The largest dimension of the cantilevered span is 12 m. AJthough much more pleasing visuaUy, this structure bears some

Contributions

of Andr Paduart to the art of thin concrete shell vaulting

835

Figure 7 Canopy of the lnstitute Brussels (Photograph

of Sociology

at the University

of

courtesy of SETESCO)

underground. The free distance between the abutments (longitudinal main axis) is 73.8 m. Transversally, the free overhanging is 36 m. The thickness of the shell is 7cm and not 5cm as reported by Paduart at the preliminary design stage (Paduart 1972). Concreting of the whole roof was done without interruption in one day. Visiting the worksite, Paduart saw on one occasion a heavy compres sor left standing by the contractor on this delicate shell. This gave him the idea to study the intluence of concentrated loads on the behaviour of HP shells, which are generally designed to carry distributed loading only (Paduart and Halleux 1977a, Paduart and Halleux 1977b).

resemblance in form and dimensions with the experimental shell built by Lafaille in Dreux in 1933 (Lafaille 1934, Lafaille 1935). Halleux (2000, 30) has suggested that this HP shell should be registered on a preservation list as the best example of thin concrete shells surviving in the Brussels area. Much larger and original is the roof covering the swimming pool in Genk built in 1975 (Paduart and Schiffmann 1976, Paduart and Schiffmann 1977). The architects were 1. Isgour and H. Montois. The form originated from a close collaboration with 1. Isgour.1o The structure is an assemblage of five HP shells covering a hexagonal are a (Figure 8). The entire roof is principally supported on two abutments linked by a prestressed tie Iying

GRANDSTAND OF THE GROENENDAEL HIPPODROME

The last involvement of Paduart with the design of a thin concrete shell was for the grandstand of the Groenendael hippodrome near Brussels in 1980 (Paduart, Schiffmann and Clantin 1985). The prototype of all grandstands of this kind is probably the structure designed by Torroja in 1935 for the Zarzuella racecourse near Madrid (Figure 9). But whereas Torroja used vaults having the shape of hyperboloidal sectors, Paduart and architects from CERAU designed here a folded plate roof (Figure 11). The length of the cantilever (13.5 m) is nearly the same at Madrid (Figure 10) and at Groenendael (Figure 12.) The total length of the Groenendael roof is about 106 m, without any expansion joint (remember the sheds and Antwerp'). The thickness varies from 7 to 12 cm.

Conclusion

Figure 8 Aerial view of the mof over the Genk swimming pool (Photograph courtesy of SETESCO)

Paduart was working at the edge between academia and engineering practice. Although he designed also bridges and buildings, Paduart will probably be best reminded for his contribution in the field of thin concrete shells in which he specialized. His realisations are not numerous but his production during thirty years at the heyday of this construction technique is eclectic with barrel vaults, corrugated shells, hypar shells and folded plates. He could teach the intricate mathematical theory of shells at the university, but used himself very simple methods

derived from the Strength of Materials to design his

836

B. Espion, P. Halleux, J. I. Schiffmann

Figure 9 Grandstand of Madrid hippodrome, Zarzuella racecourse, 1935 (Photograph from Bull. IASS no.1, 1960)

Figure 11 Grandstand of Groenendael hippodrome, 1980 (Photograph courtesy of SETESCO)

~U~

Ht:IUHt:

hall

I'Jddock

'"" Figure 10 Cross-section of Madrid grandstand (Torroja 1958,3) Figure 12 Cross-section of Groenendael grandstand (Paduart, Schiffmann and Clantin 1985, fig.5)

own shells. This did not deter him fram conceiving bold structures, at the limits of the utilization of the materials and construction techniques of his time, but he looked always forward with anxiety to the decentering of the shells, as testified by the careful records of the time-dependent evolution of deflection reported in many of his publications. He achieved intemational recognition by his pairs, not only for some of his own designs like the Arraw, but al so for the reliability of his personal involvement in intemational associations like the CEB and the IASS.

ENDNOTES 1. For an introduction to the history of thin concrete shells, especially in the pre-1960 period, see for instance Joedicke (1963), BilIington (1983) and Melaragno (1991). For an extended biography of Andr Paduart and the fulllist of his publications compiled by B. Espion, see Schiffmann et al. (2002). An experimental railway bridge built (1943-1944) for the <dunctiou between Brussels North and South Railway Stations, rue du Miroir. Lopez Palanco, R. 1984. The Eduardo Torroja Meda] awarded to Prof. Paduart. Bulletin af the Internatianal

2.

3.

4.

Contributions

of Andr

Paduart

to the art of thin concrete

shell vaulting

837

Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (Madrid) no. 86: 57-58. 5. Un exemp]e intressant et bien con<,;u [d'chafaudage roulant] est celui relatif a une ralisation de 1948 en Belgique (Fig.] 1)>>.(Esquillan 1960). 6. La fleche est contrebalance 1'ensemble donne ainsi l'impression (Fig.181)>>. (Michelis 1963,157). par une coque; d'un tour de force

7. 8. 9.

Journal ofthe American Concrete /nstitute, Newsletter, Apri11962: 23-24, May 1962: 14-15. Eglise Sainte Rita a Hareleke.1966. Architecture (Bruxelles) nO.71-72: 386-387.

The surface of an HP shell is characterized by a negative Gaussian curvature, with two sets of straight or ruled lines. lO. Paduart, Andr, Two examples of development of forms. Paper presented at the IASS Symposium Shells and Spatial Structures: the Development of Form, Morgantown, West Virginia, August 28-September 1, 1978.

Gotteland, J. 1925. Les hangars d'avions de Villacoub]ay. Annales des Ponts et Chausses (Paris) fasc. 5: 169-183. Halleux, Pierre. 2000. L' volution des techniques : quelques ralisations bruxelloises a travers le siec1e. In Un sicle d'architecture et d'urbanisme /900-2000, 23-32. Bruxelles : Mardaga. Joedicke, Jrgen.1963. Shell Architecture. London: Alec Tiranti Ltd. Lafaille, Bernard. 1934. Les voiles minces en forme de paraboloide hyperbolique. Le Gnie Civil (Paris) ]04: 409-410. Lafaille, B. 1935. Mmoire sur l'tude gnrale de surfaces gauches minces. Mmoires de l'Association Internationale des Ponts et Charpentes (Zrich) 3: 293-332. Marrey, Bernard.1992. Nicolas Esquillan. Un ingnieur d'entreprise. Paris: Picard. Melaragno, Michele. 1991. An Introduction to Shell Structures. The Art and Science of Vaulting. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Michelis, P. A. 1963. Esthtique de l'architecture du bton arm. Paris: Dunod. Morice, P. B., and H. Tottenham. 1996. The early development of reinforced concrete shells. Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs Structs & Bldgs 116: 373-380. Novgorodsky, L. 1969. Le nouvellnstitut de Sociologie de l'Universit Libre de Bruxelles. La Technique des Travaux (Liege) no. 1-2: 2-13. Paduart, Andr. 1950. Voutes minces autoportantes en bton arm. Construction de hangars au pon d' Anvers. Science & Technique (Bruxelles) no. 3: 55-60. Paduart, Andr. 1957. Echafaudage tubulaire du chantier Le Gnie Civil a 1'Exposition 58. Acier - Stahl - Steel (Bruxelles) 22: 511-522. Paduan. Andr. 1958. Recent notable shell designs in Holland and Belgium. In Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Concrete Shel/ Roo!, Construction, Os10, 1-3 Ju1y 1957,51-58. Oslo: Teknisk Ukeblad. Paduart, Andr. 1960. Coupole en bton arm du Pavillon du Gnie Civil a 1'exposition de Bruxelles [paper a-3 presented at the Colloquium on Non Traditional Processes of Shell Structures, Madrid, 16-20 September 1959]. Bulletin of the International Association for Shell Structures (Madrid) no. !. Paduart, Andr. 1961. Introduction au calcul et a l' excution des voiles minces en bton arm. Paris: Eyrolles. Paduart, Andr. 1966. Introduction 10 Shell Roof Analysis. London: CR Books Ltd. Paduart, Andr. 1967. L'auvent de l'Institut de Sociologie. Revue de l'Ecole Polytechnique (Bruxelles) no. 3: 7-10. Paduart, Andr. 1968a. Stabilit des tours de rfrigration. Le Gnie Civil (Paris) 145: 22-35, ]00-112. Paduart, Andr. 1968b. On problems of cooling towers.

REFERENCE

LIST

Aimond, Fernand. 1933. Les voiles minces en forme de paraboloide hyperbolique. Le Gnie Civil (Paris) 102: 179-181. Aimond, F. 1936. Etude statique des voiles minces en parabolo'ide hyperbolique travaillant sans flexion. Mmoires de l'Association /nternationale des Ponts et Charpentes (Zrich) 4: 1-112. AlIen, John E. 1950. Construction of Long-Span Concrete Arch Hangar at Limestone Air Force Base. Journal of the American Concrete /nstitute 21: 405-414. Billington, David P. 1983. The Tower and the Bridge. The New Art of Structural Engineering. Princeton: Princeton U.P. Esquillan, Nicolas. 1952. Le hangar a deux nefs de 10 1,50 m de porte de l' aroport de Marignane. Annales de l'/nstitut Technique du Btiment et des Travaux Publics (Paris) no.57: 821-885. Esquillan, Nicolas. 1960. General Report, theme a [of the Colloquium on Non Traditional Processes of Shell Structures, Madrid, 16-20 September 19591. Bulletin of the International Association for Shell Structures (Madrid) no.!. Faber, Colin. 1963. Candela / The Shell Builder. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp. Fernandez Ordoez, Jos A. ] 979. Eugime Freyssinet. Barcelone: 2e editions. Freyssinet, Eugene. 1923. Hangars a dirigcables en ciment arm en construction a 1'aroport de Vi11eneuve-Orly. Le Gnie Civil (Paris) 83: 265-273,291-297,313-319.

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B. Espion, P. Halleux, J. 1. Schiffmann

Bul/e/in of the lntemational Association for Shel/ StrllctUres (Madrid) no. 36: 45-50. Paduart, Andr. 1968c. Eglise d' Harelbeke. In Proceedings of the IASS Congress on the Prohlems of lnterpendence between Design and Erection of Shel/s for Large-Span Industrial and Puh/ic Buildings, Leningrad, 6-9 September 1966. Vo1.2: 377-381. Moscou: Gosstroy. Paduart, Andr. 1969. Les voiles minas en bton arm. Paris: Eyrolles. Paduart, Andr. 1972. General Report, Session IV [of the International Colloquium on Progress of Shell Structures in the Last 10 Years and its Future Development, Madrid, September - October 1969]. Bul/etin of /he lntemational Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (Madrid) no. 48: 29-42. Paduart, Andr, ed. ] 979. Recommendations for the design of hyperbo/ie or other similarly shaped cooling towers, Madrid: IASS. Paduart, A., etJ. Van Doosselaere. 1958, La fleche du Gnie Civil, au Heysel. Annales des Travaux Pub/ics de Belgique (Bruxelles) no. 1: 7-54. Paduart, A., and J. Van Doosselaere. 1960. Design and Construction of the Civil Engineering Arrow at the Brussels Internationl Exhibition. Joumal the American "f Concrete lnstitute 32: 51-72. Paduart, A., and R. Dutron, eds, 1962. Simplified Calculation of Shell Methods (Proceedings of a Colloquium held in Brussels, 4-9 September 1961). Amsterdam: North Holland. Paduart, A., et J. Schiffmann. 1976. Couverture du complexe sportif de Genk. In Proceedings of the IASS World Congress on Spaee Enclosures, Montral, 4-9 July ]976, ] 141-1149. Montral: Building Research Center, Concordia University.

Paduart, A., et J. Schiffmann. 1977. Couverture du complexe sportif de Genk. La Technique des Travaux (Liege) no. 365: 87-94. Paduart, A., and P. Halleux. 1977a. Flexural behaviour of a micro-concrete hypar shell. Bulletin of the Intemational Association jr Shell and Spatial Struetures (Madrid) no. 61: 6-16. Paduart, A., and P. Halleux. 1977b. Test to failure of a micro-concrete hypar shell under a concentrated load. In Proceedings of the IASS Confercnee on Lightweight Shell and Space Struetures for Normal and Seismie Zones, Alma-Ata, 13-16 September 1976,299-308. Gosstroy. Paduart, A., J. Schiffmann, and G. Clantin. 1985. Grandstand of Hippodrome at Groenendael. Roof Consisting of Concrete Folded Plates. In Proceedings of the lA SS Internaonal Congress Theory and Experimental Investigation of Sputiul Structure-. Application "fShells in Engineerilzg Structures, Moscow, ] 985. Vo1.4: 46-57. Moscow: 23-28 September Gosstroy. Schiffmann, Jacques 1. et al. 2002. Hommuge Andr Paduart. Bruxelles: Setesco. Shell roof construction in Belgium. 1952. Concrete and Construconul Engineering (London) 47 no.IO: 3] 1-314. Tedesko, Anton. 1950. Discussion of a paper by John E. Allen. Joumal of the American Concrete Institllte 22: 4]6. Torroja, Eduardo. 1958. The Struetures of Eduardo Torroja. New York: F.W. Dodge. Wets, c., and A. Paduart. 1954. Construction of self sLlpporting concrete vaults at Antwerp. In Proceedings of a Symposium on Concrete Shell Roof Con"truetion, London, 2-4 July ]952,215-224. London: Cement and Concrete Association.