BODY MASS INDEX The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet index, is a heuristic proxy for human body

fat based on an individual's weight and height. BMI does not actually measure the percentage of body fat. It was invented between 1830 and 1850 by the Belgian polymath Adolphe Quetelet during the course of developing "social physics". Body mass index is defined as the individual's body weight divided by the square of his or her height. isometric exercise is a form of exercise involving the static contraction of a muscle without any visible movement in the angle of the joint. This is reflected in the name; the term "isometric" combines Greek the prefixes "iso" (same) with "metric" (distance), meaning that in these exercises the length of the muscle and the angle of the joint do not change, though contraction strength may be varied.This is in contrast to isotonic contractions, in which the contraction strength does not change, though the muscle length and joint angle do. Isotonic, exercise: Exercise when a contracting muscle shortens against a constant load, as when lifting a weight. Isotonic exercise is one method of muscular exercise. In contrast, isometric exercise is when muscular contractions occur without movement of the involved parts of the body. Isotonic comes from the Greek "iso-", equal + "tonos", tone = maintaining equal (muscle) tone. The muscle maintains equal tone while shortening in isotonic exercise SCIENCE- is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. NATURE- in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical world, or material world. "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. It ranges in scale from the subatomic to the cosmic. ECOSYSTEM- is a biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight. It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment. The Environment covers air pollutants, global warming, the greenhouse effect, and other dangers to the planet. It also includes a glossary of environmental terms as well as a brief directory of environmental organizations. Energy details world and U.S. energy consumption, renewable energy, the world's largest oil and gas reserves, and nuclear power. Nature discusses the Earth's wide variety of animals and plants and its endangered species. An ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight.[1] It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment.[1] The entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem is called a community.[1] In a typical ecosystem, plants and other photosynthetic organismsare the producers that provide the food.[1] Ecosystems can be permanent or temporary. Ecosystems usually form a number of food webs.[2] Ecosystems are functional units consisting of living things in a given area, non-living chemical and physical factors of their environment, linked together through nutrient cycle and energy flow.[citation needed] Natural Terrestrial ecosystem Aquatic ecosystem Lentic, the ecosystem of a lake, pond or swamp. Lotic, the ecosystem of a river, stream or spring. Artificial, ecosystems created by humans. Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that living organisms interact with every other element in their local environment. Eugene Odum, a founder of ecology, stated: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms (ie: the "community") in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecosystem." The term ecosystem was coined in 1930 by Roy Clapham to mean the combined physical and biological components of an environment. British ecologist Arthur Tansley later refined the term, describing it as "The whole system, including not only the organism-complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming what we call the environment".[4] Tansley regarded ecosystems not simply as natural units, but as mental isolates.[4] Tansley later[5] defined the spatial extent of ecosystems using the term ecotope

Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology Biology: the science that studies living organisms Botany: the scientific study of plant life Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry Entomology: the study of insects Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history Marine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems Mathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement Medicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease Meteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes Mineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals Molecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular level Nuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom Neurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders Oceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes Organic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds Ornithology: the study of birds Paleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods Petrology: the geological and chemical study of rocks Physics: the study of the behavior and properties of matter Physiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms Radiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes Seismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth Taxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plants Thermodynamics: the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes Zoology: the study of animals

SYNONYMS Synonyms are different words which have the same meaning, or almost the same meaning. The words stones and rocks are synonyms. Synonyms can be nouns, verbs, adverbs or adjectives, as long as both are the same part of speech. For example: - chair and seat (nouns) - go and leave (verbs) - quickly and rapidly (adverbs) - long and extended (adjectives) Synonyms need not be single words, as in war and armed conflict. Here are more synonyms: - tremendous and remarkable - cat and feline - baby and infant - sick and ill - quickly and speedily A word can have more than one synonym depending on which meaning you use for the word. For example: - expired could have the synonym no longer fresh, if you mean milk that's past its sale date. - expired could have the synonym dead, if you mean no longer alive.

ANTONYMS Antonyms are words which have opposite meanings. The words hot and cold are antonyms. So are up and down, and short and tall. A word can have more than one antonym, depending on which meaning you use for the word. For example: - short could have the antonym tall if you are referring to a person's height. - short could have the antonym long if you are referring to to the length of something. In many languages, including English, you can sometimes make antonyms by adding a prefix: - real and unreal are antonyms - flexible and inflexible are antonyms However, English is well known for its exceptions to the rules, so you have to watch out for words like flammable and inflammable, where this doesn't work ... they're synonyms!

There are actually four types of antonyms: Gradable antonyms are opposites at either end of the spectrum, as in slow and fast. Complementary antonyms are absolute opposites, like mortal and immortal. Relational antonyms are opposites where one word describes a relationship between two objects, and the other word describes the same relationship when the two objects are reversed. For example, parent and child, teacher and student, or buy and sell. Auto-antonyms are the same two words that mean the opposite. For example, fast (moving quickly) and fast (stuck in place).

HOMONYMS and more ... A homonym ('same name') is a word that has the same pronunciation and spelling as another word, but a different meaning. For example, mean (an average) and mean (nasty) are homonyms. They are identical in spelling and pronunciation, but different in meaning. Here are some more homonyms: - punch (a drink) and punch (a hit) - dog (an animal) and dog (to follow closely) - bat (an animal) and bat (baseball equipment) Homonyms are by definition also homographs and homophones (see below).

A homograph ('same writing') is a word that has the same spelling as another word, but a different meaning. For example, punch and punch are homographs, but so are bow (Robin Hood's weapon) and bow (the front of the ship). Homographs don't have to be pronounced the same way.

A homophone ('same sound') is a word that has the same pronunciation as another word, but a different meaning. For example, punch and punch are homophones, but so are creak (the sound) and creek (a tiny river). Homophones don't have to be spelled the same way. Here are some more homophones: - there, their and they're - to, too, and two - led and lead (the metal) - weak and week Many puns rely on homophones for their humour.