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UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.

Nounou
ELEC 3202
Electric Circuits I
Dr. Hazem N. Nounou
Department of Electrical Engineering
United Arab Emirates University
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Chapter One
Basic Concepts
(1) Electron :electron is a mobile charge carrier.
The electron is measured in coulumb [ C ]
e = 1.6*10
-19
C
Multiple of electrons constitute charge (q).
This course basically deals with the analysis of electric circuits.
The most basic quantity used in the analysis of electrical circuits
is the electric charge (electron).
Basic Quantities
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
The movement of charge (q) over time causes current.
(2) Current :
the time rate of change of charge produces an electrical current
the electric current is measured in Amper [A]
1 A = 1 C / 1 sec
.current convention.
dt
dq(t)
i(t) = Or

=
=
t

d ) i( q(t)
e e e
i
- - -
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
i(t)
time
There are 2 types of currents
1. Direct current (DC)
2. Alternating current (AC)
i (t)
time
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(3) Voltage :
The voltage is defined as the work or energy (in Joules) required
per unit charge to move a test charge though an element
q
W
V =
And
C 1
J 1
1V =
Since we are dealing with a changing charge and energy, we have
dq
dw
v =
(4) Power :
Power is the time rate of change of energy.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
dt
dw(t)
P(t) =
dt
dq
dq
dw(t)
dt
dw(t)
) ( P = = t
i(t) V(t) ) ( P = t
The unit of power is Watt [W].
1 W = 1 V * 1A
(5) Energy: energy can be expressed as

=
=

=
=
2
1
2
1
t
t t
dt i(t) v(t)
t
t t
dt p(t) w(t)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Passive sign convention
Current flow from the positive to the negative terminal.
i(t)
R
(+)
(-)
Power can be absorbed or supplied by an element.
Power is absorbed (or dissipated) by an element if the sign of
power is (+)
Power is supplied (delivered or generated) by an element if
the sign of power is (-)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Circuit Active Elements:
There are 4 types of active elements (sources):
1. Independent voltage source:
It is a 2-terminal sources that maintains a specific voltage
across its terminals regardless of the current through it
+
-
2. Independent current source:
It is a 2-terminal sources that maintains a specific current
through it regardless of the voltage across it terminals.
3. Dependent voltage source:
It is a 2-terminal sources that generates a voltage that is
determined by a voltage or current at a specified location
in the circuit.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
4. Dependent current source:
It is a 2-terminal sources that generates a current that is
determined by voltage or current at a specified location in the
circuit.
Example :
Compute the power that is absorbed or supplied by each of
the elements in the following circuit
R2
-
+
-
Vs = 36 V
Ix = 4 A R1
+ 12 V
+ +
-
-
24 V
28 V
1 Ix
I
R2
I
R3
=2 A
R3
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
) (supplies 144W 4) (36)( I V P
x s vs
= = =
) (absorbs 48W (12)(4) I V P
x R1 R1
= = =
(absorbs) 48W 2) - (24)(4
) I - (I V I V P
R3 x R2 R2 R2 R2
=
= = =
(supplies) W 8 - (4)(-2) ) )(I I (1 I V P
R3 x R3 Ds Ds
= = = =
(absorbs) W 56 (28)(2) I V P
R3 R3 R3
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Important Units
QUANTITY SYMBOL
Length l
Current I, i
Temperature T
Mass m
Time t
UNIT ABBREV.
meter m
ampere A
kelvin K
kilogram kg
second s
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Important Units
Voltage V, v,
Charge Q, q
Resistance R
Power P, p
Capacitance C
Inductance L
Frequency f
Magnetic Flux
Mag. Flux Density B
volt V
coulomb C
ohm
watt W
farad F
henry H
hertz Hz
weber Wb
tesla T
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Unit Conversions
UNIT MULTIPLY BY TO GET
in 0.0254 m
ft 0.3048 m
mi 1.609 km
lb 4.448 N
hp 746 W
kWh 3.6 x 10
6
J
ft-lb 1.356 J
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Prefixes For Engineering Notation
POWER OF 10 PREFIX SYMBOL
10
12
tera T
10
9
giga G
10
6
mega M
10
3
kilo k
10
-3
milli m
10
-6
micro u
10
-9
nano n
10
-12
pico p
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
Ohms law :
The voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current
flowing through it.
V (t) = R i(t) R 0
R
1
v (t)
i (t)
The symbol of ohm is

( )
A 1
V 1
1 =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
R
(t) v
(t) i R i(t) v(t) P(t)
R
(t) v
R
v(t)
v(t) (t) i R
i(t) i(t) R i(t) v(t) P(t)
2
2
2
2
= = =
= = =
= =
Note: Last equation says that the power at a resistor is always
positive
Resistors always absorb power.
The instantaneous power P (t):
The inverse of resistance is conductance
R
1
G=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
The unit of conductance is Siemens (S)
1V
1A
S 1 =
The current can be also expressed as
V(t) G i(t)=
And the instantaneous power is
G
(t) i
i(t)
G
i(t)
i(t) v(t) P(t)
2
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(t) G v
G
(t) i
i(t) v(t)
(t) v G v(t) G v(t) i(t) v(t) P(t)
2
2
2
= = =
= = =
Open and short Circuits
Open circuit ( R = ) G = 0
R=

circuit circuit
Open circuit
0
v(t)
R
v(t)
i(t) =

= =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
R= 0
circuit
circuit Short circuit
0 ) ( * 0 ) ( v(t) = = = t i t Ri
Short circuit ( R = 0) G =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Consider the circuit:
Find the current and power absorbed by the resistor
+
-
I

v
s
=12 v
R = 2 k
A m 6
k 2
v 12
R
v
I
s
= = =
w m 72 m) (6 (12) I v P
R
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
The power absorbed by a 10 k resistor in the circuit is 3.6 mW.
Find voltage and current in the resistor.
R I I V P
2
s
= =

( )
mA 0.6 10 * 3.6 I
) 10 * (10 10 * 3.6
R
P
I
R
P
I
7
3 3
2
= =
= =
=

V 6 V
) k (10 A) m (0.6 R I V
=
= =
+
-
I
v
s
k 10 R=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find the value of the voltage source and the power absorbed
by the resistance
G = 50 S

R=1/G =2*10
4
W m 5 mA) (0.5 V) (10 IV P
V 10 ) 10 * (20 A) m (0.5 R I V
R
4
s
= = =
= = =
+
-
I=0.5 m A
Vs
S 50 G =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find R and the voltage across
The resistor?
= = =
= =
=
= =
=

k
V
5
A 10 * 4
V. 20
I
V
R
R A) 10 * (4 R I V
. 20 V
A 10 * 4
W 10 * 80
Is
P
V
Is V P
3
3
3
3
P=80mW
R
Is=4mA
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Kirchoffs Laws:
(1) kirchoffs current law (KCL) :
the sum of all currents entering any node is zero.

=
=
N
1 k
k
0 (t) i
Where N= number of currents.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Here we have (4) nodes:
At node (1) :
At node (2) :
At node (3) :
At node (4) :
(t) i (t) i (t) i
5 2 1
= +
(t) i (t) i 50 (t) i
3 2 2
= +
(t) i (t) i (t) i 50
1 4 2
= +
(t) i (t) i (t) i
5 4 3
= +
Example:
Write the KCL equation
50 i2
i4
R4
i1
R1
i3
R3
i2
R2
+
-
i5
Vs
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(2) Kirchoffs voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of the voltage around any loop is zero.
0 (t) v
N
1 k
k
=
=
N = # of voltage
Example:
Find V
R3
? using KVL
-30+18-5+12-15+ V
R3
= 0
V
R3
= 20 V
-- VR3 +
R3
VR2= 12 V
R2
VR1=18 V
R1
+ -
Vs3= 15 V
+ -
Vs2= 5 V
+
-
Vs1=30 V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find the KVL equation for the two paths abda and bcdb
0 v v v
s R2 R1
= +
0 v v v 20
R2 R3 R1
= +
Path abda:
Path bcdb:
+
-
a
b
c
d
R
1
R
2
R
3
V
R1
V
R2
V
R3
20 V
R1
-
-
-
+
+
+
Vs
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Single Loop circuits
We will discuss (2) issues :
1. Voltage divider rule:
Voltage is divided between resistor in direct proportion to
their resistance
v(t)
R R
R
(t) v
v(t)
R R
R
(t) v
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
1
+
=
+
v
R R
R
v
)
R R
v
( R i R v
2 1
1
1
2 1
1 1 1
+
=
+
= =
+
-
+
-
R
1
R
2
V
1
V2
-
+
V(t)
How?
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Multi Sources / resistors :
Source can be added v=v
1
+v
2
+
Resistors can be added R= R
1
+R
2
+..
Where:
v = v
1
+ v
2
R = R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ -
+
-
R
1
R
2
R
3
v
1
v
2
+
-
R
V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Single Node-Pair circuits :
We will discuss (2) issues:
1. Current-divider Rule .
(t) i
R R
R
(t) i
(t) i
R R
R
(t) i
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
1
+
=
+
=
1 2 2 1
2
1
2
1
2 2 1 1
i i i i i i
i
R
R
i
R i R i v
= + =
=
= =
Why ??
i (t)
R
1
R
2
i
1
(t) i
2
(t)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
i
R R
R
i
i
R
R
)
R
R R
( i
i
R
R
)
R
R
1 ( i
) i (i
R
R
i
2 1
2
1
1
2
1
2 1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
+
=
=
+
= +
=
2. Multiple sources/resistors :
Current source can be added.
Resistors can added as reciprocals
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
R
1
R
2
i
1
(t)
i
2
(t)
R
3
3 2 1
2 1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
(t) i (t) i i(t)
+ + =
+ =
R
i (t)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Series and parallel resistors :
Series :
Parallel

=
= + + + =
N
1 k
k s N 2 1
R R R R R R K

=
=
+ + + =
N
1 k
k P
N 2 1 P
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
K
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find equivalent resistance
k 10
k 1
k 6
k 6
k 6
k 2
k 4
k 2
k 2
k 9
( ) ( ) k 10 } k 6 || ] k 2 k 1 {[ R
1
+ + =
k 6
k 2
k 4
k 2
k 9
k 6
k 12 R
1
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
k 2
k 4
k 9
k 6
k 6 R2=
| | 6k k 2 k 6 // k 12 R2 = + =
( ) k 3 k 6 // k 6 R
3
= =

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou


k 2
k 4
k 9
k 2 1 R
3
=
( ) k 5 k 2 k 4 || k 12 R
eq
= + =
k 5 R
eq
=
3 k
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find all currents and voltages
The equivalent circuit is :
k 9
k 4
k 6
+
-
k 3
I
2
I
1
I
5
I
4
I
3
Va Vb
Vc
k 9
+ +
+
- - -
12 V
k 3
eq
R
Va
+
-
12 V
k 9
I
1
+
-
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A m
2
1
k 6
3
k 6
V
I
V 3 I R V A m 1
k 3 k 9
V 12
I
a
2
i eq a 1
= = =
= = =
+
=
A m
2
1
A m
2
1
A m 1 I I I I
3 2 1 3
= = =
( ) | | | |
k 3
k 6 // k 3 k 4 // k 9 k 3 R
eq
=
+ + =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 1.5 V 0 1.5 3 V
0 V V V
b b
k 3 a b
= = +
= +
A m
8
1
k 12
1.5
k 3 k 9
V
I
b
5
= =
+
=
V
8
3
) (3k A m
8
1
) (3k I V
5 c
= = =
V 1.5 ) k (3 A) m
2
1
( ) k (3 I V
3
k
3
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find the source voltage Vo if I
4
=1/2 m A ?
A m 1.5 A m
2
1
A m 1 I I I
A m 1
k 3
3
k 3
V
I
V 3 ) k (6 A) m
2
1
( (6k) I V
4 3 2
b
3
4 b
= + = + =
= = =
= = =
k 6
k 1
k 2
+
-
I
2
I
1
I
5
Va
+
-
k 3
Vo
k 3 k 6
I
3
I
4
Vb
k 4
+
-
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
k 6
k 1
k 2
+
-
I
2
I
1
I
5
Va
+
-
k 3
Vo
k 3 k 6
I
3
I
4
Vb
k 4
+
-
V 36 V
36 6 30 V
3 3 m) k(3 10 ) (I k 4 V V I ) k (6 V
0
0
1 b a 1 0
=
= + =
+ + = + + + =
A m 3 A m 1.5 A m 1.5 I I I
A m 1.5
4k
3 3
1k 3k
V V
I
V 3 m) (1.5 k) (2 I k 2 V
5 2 1
b a
5
2 a
= + = + =
=
+
=
+
+
=
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find V
0
? Using KVL
V 10 V
m) (2 k) (5 ) (I ) k (5 V
A m 2 I 12 6kI
0 ) (I k 5 I 2000 ) (I k 3 12
0
1 0
1 1
1 1 1
=
=
= =
= + +
+ -
2000 I1
R2
5k ohm
R1
3k ohm
+
-
Vs1
12 V
I1
+
--
Vo
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Find V
0
using KCL:
V 8 (12)
3
2
V
k 4 k 2
k 4
V
V 12 V
A m 10
k 3
4
k 3
1
k 6
1
V
0 )
k 3
V
( 4
k 3
V
k 6
V
m 10
s 0
s
s
s s s
= =
+
=
=
=

+
= + +
V
S
+
-
4 I
0
I
0
3 k
2 k
4 k V
0
+
-
10 m A
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Find V
0
using KVL
V 6 V
12 V 3 V
12
1k
V
(3k) V
k 1
V
I
0 12 I (3k) V
0 V V 2 I k) (3 12
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
=
= +
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
= +
= + +
+
-
12 V
I
3 k 2 V
0
1 k
V
0
+
-
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Find V
0
in the network
( )
2 1
2 1
2 3 2 1 1
2 1
0
i
2
1
i
i ) k (3 i ) k (6 Also
i R R i R
0 A m 2 i i
2000
V
=
=
+ =
= +
i
1
i
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
k 1
k 6
A m 2
V
0
+
-
k 2
2000
V
0
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 8 V A m 2
k 2
V
2
1
0 A m 2
k 2
V
2
3
k 2
V
0
0
0 0
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

k 2
V
i i R V
0 A m 2 i
2
3
2000
V
0 A m 2 i i
2
1
2000
V
0
2 2 3 0
2
0
2 2
0
= =
= +
= +
Q
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Chapter (3)
Nodal and loop analysis
Consider the following circuit:
+
-
+
-
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
7
R
6
R
3
R
1
V
1
V
2
I
i
1
i
5
i
4
i
3
i
6
i
2
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Definitions:
Node :
A point where two or more circuit elements join
Ex. a,b,c,d,e,f,g
Essential Node:
A node where three or more circuit element join
Ex. b,c,e,g
Path:
A trace of adjoining elements with no elements included more
than once
1. V
1
-R
1
-R
5
-R
6
2. R
5
-R
6
-R
4
-V
2
,etc
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Branch:
A path that connects any two nodes.
Ex. R
1
, V
1
, R
1
-R
5
, etc
Essential Branch:
A path that connects two essential nodes without passing through
an essential node.
Ex. V
1
-R
1
, R
5
, R
2
-R
3
, V
2
-R
4
,
Loop :
A path whose last node is the same as its starting node
Ex. (1) V
1
-R
1
-R
5
-R
3
-R
2
(2) V
1
-R
1
-R
5
-R
6
-R
4
-V
2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Mesh :
A loop that doesnt enclose any other loops.
Ex. V
1
-R
1
-R
5
-R
3
-R
2
Ex. V
2
-R
2
-R
3
-R
6
-R
4
,
In chapter (2) we studied circuits containing a single loop or a
single node-pair
Such circuits can be solved easily by one algebraic equation.
Here , we will study circuit containing multiple node and
multiple loops
Hence we will introduce (2) analysis techniques :
1. Nodal analysis
2. Loop analysis
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(1) Nodal Analysis :
Nodal analysis : is a technique in which KCL is used to determine
the nodes voltages at all essential nodes with respect to the
reference node.
Here , node voltage is defined as the voltage of a given node with
respect to a reference node
+
-
+
-
i
5
i
3
i
1
i
4
i
2
V
m
= 10
R
1
= 2 R
3
= 2 R
5
= 1
R
4
= 2
R
2
= 1
1
2
3
V
n
= 5
Example:
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Essential nodes : 1,2,3
Consider (3) to be the reference node (ground)
At (1) apply KCL:
( ) 1 10 V 4V
0
2
V
2V 5
0
2
V
2
V
V
2
V
5
0
2
V V
1
V
2
V 10
0
R
V V
R
V
R
V V
0 i i i
2 1
2
1
2 1
1
1
2 1 1 1
3
2 1
2
1
1
1 m
3 2 1
K K =
= +
= +
=

=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( )
( ) 2 10 V 4 V
0 5 V 2
2
V
0
1
5 V
2
V
2
V V
2 1
2
1
2 2 2 1
K K =
=
=
+

0
R
V V
R
V
R
V V
0 i i i
: KCL Apply , (2) At
5
n 2
4
2
3
2 1
5 4 3
=

=
2 V
2 V B A V B V A
10
10
V
V
4 1
1 4
2
1
1
2
1
=
= = =

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou


Note :
Number of equations = N-1
Where :
N is the number of essential nodes
Example :
Circuit with only independent current source
i
R1
i
1
R
3
= 5
R
1
= 60
R
4
= 2
R
2
= 15
1 2
3
i
R2
5 A = I
S2
i
R4
V
1
V
2
+
-
+
-
15 A = I
S1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Find V
1
,V
2
and i
# of essential node = N=3
Select (3) as ground (reference node)
# of KCL equations = N-1 = 2
At node (1) apply KCL
0
5
V
5
V
15
V
60
V
15
0
R
V V
R
V
R
V
15
0 i i i I
2 1 1 1
3
2 1
2
1
1
1
1 R2 R1
1
s
= +
=


=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(1) 15 V
5
1
V
60
17
15 V
5
1
V
60
1 4 12
15 V
5
1
V
60
1
15
1
5
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
K K =
=
+ +
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
(2) 50 V 7 V 2
0 50 V 5 V 2 V 2
0 5
2
V
5
V V
0 5
R
V
R
V V
0 I i i
2 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
4
2
3
2 1
s2 R4 1
K K =
=
=

=
At node (2)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A 10
5
10 60
R
V V
i
V 10 V
V 60 V
50
15
V
V
7 2
5
1
60
17
2 1
1
2
1
2
1
=

=
=
=

Example :
Circuit with dependent current source
i
2
1
2
3
I
0
V
2
I
S =
2 mA
k 10 R
3
=
V
1
k 10 R
2
=
2 I
x
i
1
I
x
k 10 R
1
=
Find I0
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
# of essential nodes = N=3
Choose (3) to be reference node ( ground )
We have N-1 = 2 KCL equation
at node(1) and( 2)
At node (1) , apply KCL
(1) A 2 V 0.1 V 0.2
10k
V
5k
V
10k
V V
10k
V
A m 2
0
R
V V
R
V
A m 2
0 i i I
2 1
2 1 2 1 1
2
2 1
1
1
2 1 s
K K =
=

+ =
=


=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
0 I I 2 i
0 x 2
=
At node (2) apply KCL,
0 I I 2
R
V V
0 I 2I i
0 x
2
2 1
0 x 2
=

=
(2) 0 V 2 V 1
0
10k
V
10k
V
2
10k
V V
R
V
I
R
V
i I where
2 1
2 1 2 1
3
2
0
1
1
1 x
K K = +
=

=
= =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A m 0.4
k 10
4
R
V
I
V 4 V
V 8 V
0
2
V2
V1
2 1
0.1 0.2
3
2
0
2
1
=

= =
=
=


UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
(circuit with independent voltage source)
Find i
a
,i
b
,i
c
,i
d
,i
e
N=3 N-1 = 2
Choose (3) to be ground
i
c
1
2
3
i
b
V
2
V
1
18
i
a
i
d
+
-
+
-
70 128
i
e
10
8
48
0 2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(1) 16 V
18
1
V 0.201388
0
18
V
18
V
48
V
8
V
16
0
18
V V
48
V
8
V 128
1
2 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
K K =
= +
=

KCL at (1)
(2) 7 V 0.20555 V
18
1
0
10
70 V
20
V
18
V V
2 1
2 2 2 1
K K =
=

KCL at (2)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 60 V
V 96 V
7
16
V
V
0.2055
18
1
18
1
0.201338
2
1
2
1
=
=

A 1
10
70 V
i
A 4
20
60
20
V
i
A 2
18
60 96
18
V V
i
A 2
48
96
48
V
i
A 4
8
96 128
8
V 128
i
2
e
2
d
2 1
c
1
b
1
a
=

=
= = =
=

=
= = =
=

=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A 1
10
70 V
i
A 4
20
60
20
V
i
A 2
18
60 96
18
V V
i
A 2
48
96
48
V
i
A 4
8
96 128
8
V 128
i
2
e
2
d
2 1
c
1
b
1
a
=

=
= = =
=

=
= = =
=

=
Special case:
What if a branch between two essential non-reference node
contain a voltage source ?
This case is called super node" case.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Find I
0
# of essential nodes = N = 3
Super node: is the voltage source and the two connecting nodes
# of equations = N-1-1 = 3-1-1=1
Reference node
Super node
But we need (2) equations to find the two unknowns V
1
and V
2
There is an equation that describe the super node.
1
2
3
i
2
V
2
V
1
i
1
i
3
+ -
6 V
k 6
I
o
k 6
k 6
k 2 1 k 2 1
k 6
supernode
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Apply KCL at the super node :
(1) 0
6k
V
6k
V
0
12k
V
12k
V
k 12
V
k 12
V
0 I i i i
2 1
2 2 1 1
0 3 2 1
K K = +
= + + +
= + + +
A m 0.25
12k
3
12k
V2
I
V 3 V
V 3 V
6
0
V2
V1
1 1
6k
1
6k
1
) 2 ( V 6 V
0
2
1
1 2
=

= =
=
=

= + K K
The super node is described by:
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Circuits with dependent voltage sources
Find I
0
?
N = 3 N-1 = 2 equations
I
o
1
2
3
i
2
V
2
V
1
5
i
1
i
3
+
-
20 V
i
4
2
2
0 2
0 1
8 I
o
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(1) 10 V
5
1
V
4
3
10 V
5
1
V
5
1
20
1
2
1
2 1
2 1
K K =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
5
V
5
V
20
V
2
V
10
5
V V
20
V
2
V 20
I i i
2 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
0 2 1
+ =

+ =

+ =
KCL at node (1):
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
2
V
10
V
5
V V
5
5
V V
4
2
V
10
V
5
V
5
V
2
I 8 V
10
V
5
V V
i i I
2 2 2 1
2 1 2 2 2 1
0 2 2 2 1
4 3 0
+ =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

+ =

+ =

+ =
(2) 0 V
5
8
V
0 V
2
1
10
1
1 V
2
V
10
V
V V
2 1
2 1
2 2
2 1
K K =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A 1.2
5
6
5
V V
I
V 10 V
V 16 V
0
10
V2
V1
5
8
1
5
1
4
3
2 1
0
2
1
= =

=
=
=

Loop Analysis (Mesh)


Mesh analysis : It is a technique in which KVL is used to
determine the current in all meshes
# of equations needed = # of meshes = b
e
-(n
e
-1)
Where :
b
e
: # of essential branches
n
e
: # of essential nodes
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
(1) 40 i 0 i 8 i 10
0 ) i i ( 8 2i 40
3 2 1
2 1 1
K K = +
= + +
KVL left loop :
6
+
-
+
-
20 V
4
2
8
40 V
6
+
-
V
o
i
1
i
3
i
2
Find V
0
?
We have (3) meshes
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A 0.8 i , A 2 i , A 5.6 i
20
0
40
i
i
i
10 6 0
6 20 8
0 8 10
3 2 1
3
2
1
= = =



V 28.8 V
(3.6) 8 2) (5.6 8 ) i i ( 8 V
0
2 1 0
=
= = =
0 i 6 i 20 i 8
0 ) i (i 6 i 6 ) i (i 8
3 2 1
3 2 2 1 2
= +
= + +
20 i 10 i 6 i 0
0 4i ) i (i 6 20
3 2 1
3 2 3
= +
= + +
KVL middle loop:
KVL right loop :
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Mesh with dependent source
# of meshes = 3 so 3 equations are needed
(1) 50 i 20 i 5 i 25
) i (i 20 ) i (i 5 50
3 2 1
3 1 1
K K =
+ +
KVL around mesh 1:
i
2
4
i
1
i
3
+
-
50 V
5
0 2

i 15
1

i
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(2) 0 i 4 i 10 i 5
0 ) i (i 5 ) i (i 4 i 1
3 2 1
1 2 3 2 2
K K = +
= + +
i3 i i where
0 ) i (i 4 ) i (i 20 i 15
1
2 3 1 3
=
= + +
KVL around mesh 2:
KVL around mesh 3:
0 i 9 i 4 i 5
0 ) i (i 4 ) i (i 5
0 ) i (i 4 ) i (i 20 ) i (i 15
3 2 1
2 3 3 1
2 3 1 3 3 1
= +
= +
= + +
A 28 i A, 26 i A, 29.6 i
0
0
50
i
i
i
9 4 5
4 10 5
20 5 25
3 2 1
3
2
1
= = =




UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Special Case :
What happens if a current source is located between two meshes
Super mesh
i
2
2
i
1
i
3
+
-
50 V
3
10
+
-
100 V
5 A
4 6
You dont know the voltage across the current source !!
Remove the whole branch that includes the current source
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
i
2
2
i
1
i
3
+
-
50 V
3
10
+
-
100 V
4 6
Apply KVL around the super mesh
(1) 50 i 6 i 5 i 9
0 i 6 i 4 50 ) i (i 2 ) i (i 3 100
3 2 1
1 3 2 3 2 1
K K = +
= + + + + +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(2) 0 i 2 i 15 i 3
0 ) i (i 3 ) i (i 2 i 10
3 2 1
1 2 3 2 2
K K = +
= + +
(3) 5 i i 0 i
A 5 i i
3 2 1
1 3
K K = + +
=
A 6.75 i
A 1.25 i
A 1.75 i
3
2
1
=
=
=
KVL around the upper loop:
We also know
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Nodal Analysis :
00 1
+
-
128 V
50 1
256 V
+
-
00 5
50 2
200
400
300

i 50
Use nodal analysis and loop analysis to find power in the 300 ()
resistor ?
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
150
256
V
300
1
V
100
1
100
1
200
1
300
1
150
1
V
0
100
V V
200
V
300
V V
150
V 256
0 i i i i
3 2 1
2 1 1 1 3 1
3 2 1
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
=

= + KCL at node (1):


00 1
+
-
128 V
50 1
256 V
+
-
00 5
50 2
200
400
300

i 50
V
1 V
3
V
2
i
1
i
6
i
5
i
4
i
2
i
3
1
2
3
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(1) 1.7067 V 0.00333 V 0.01 V 0.0250
3 2 1
K K =
( )
(2) 0.256 V 0.0118 V 0.004 V 0.0033
500
128
300
1
500
1
400
1
250
1
V
250
V
300
V
0
300
V1 V
500
128 V
400
V
150
V V
0 i i i i
3 2 1
3
2 1
3 3 3 3 2
6 5 4
K K = +
=
|
.
|

\
|

+ +
=

=
KCL at node (3):
You can notice that
(3) 0 V 0.1667 V 1 V 0.166
V
6
1
V
6
1
300
V V
50 V
i 50 V
3 2 1
1 3
1 3
2
2
K K = +
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 8 V
V 11.75 V
V 62.5 V
0
0.256
1.7067
V3
V2
V1
0.1667 1 0.1667
0.0118 0.004 0.0033
0.0033 0.01 0.0383
3
2
1
=
=
=


( ) ( ) W 16.5675 300 0.235 R i P
A 0.235 i
50
V
i
2 2
300

= = =
= =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Using loop analysis:
5 meshes 5 equations
KVL around loop (1):
(1) 256 i 200 i 350
256 ) i (i 200 i 150
2 1
2 1 1
K K =
= +
00 1
+
-
128 V
50 1
256 V
+
-
00 5
50 2
200
400
300

i 50
i
1
i
5
i
4
i
3
i
2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(2) 0 i 150 i 300 i 200
0 ) i (i 200 i 50 ) i (i 100
i i
0 ) i (i 200 i 50 ) i (i 100
5 2 1
1 2 5 5 2
5
1 2 5 2
K K = +
= +
=
= + +
KVL around loop (2):
5
5 4 3
4 3 5 3
i i since
(3) 0 i 200 i 400 i 650
0 i 50 ) i (i 400 ) i (i 250
=
=
= +
K K
(4) 128 i 900 i 400
0 ) i (i 400 128 i 500
4 3
3 4 4
K K = +
= +
KVL around loop (3)
KVL around loop (4)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(5) 0 i 650 i 250 i 100
0 ) i (i 100 ) i (i 250 i 300
5 3 2
2 5 3 5 5
K K = +
= + +
KVL around loop (5)






0
128
0
0
256
i
i
i
i
i
650 0 250 100 0
0 900 400 0 0
200 400 650 0 0
150 0 0 300 200
0 0 0 200 350
5
4
3
2
1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
W 16.5675
(300) (0.235) R ) (i P
2 2
5 300
=
= =
A 0.235 i
A 0.24 i
A 0.22 i
A 0.9775 i
A 1.29 i
5
4
3
2
1
=
=
=
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Use the loop analysis to find

V
10A i
3
=
(3) Meshes (3) equations
i
3
1
i
1
i
2
+
-
2
5
5
V 2

10 A
+
-

V
5 7
V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(1) 55 i 5 i 7
0 75 20 i 5 i 7
0 75 ) i (i 5 ) i (i 2
2 1
2 1
2 1 3 1
K K =
= +
= +
KVL around loop (1):
( ) ( )
(2) 0 i 3 i 2
i 2 i 2 i i 5
5
2
i
) i (i 5 V
5
V 2
i
2 1
2 1 2 1 2
2 1

2
K K =
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
Equation of dependent source:
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A 10 i
A 15 i
0
55
i
i
3 2
5 7
2
1
2
1
=
=

V 25 V
V 25 10) (15 5
) i (i 5 V

2 1
=
= =
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Chapter (4)
Additional Analysis Techniques
Here we will study four additional Techniques
Superposition
Source transformation
Thevenin and Norton Theorems
Maximum power principle
1. Superposition :
Definition :
Whenever a linear circuit is excited by more than one independent
source, the total response is the algebraic sum of individual responses
The idea is to activate one independent source at a time to
get individual response.
Then add the individual response to get total response
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Note:
1. Dependent source are Never deactivated (always active)
2. When an independent voltage source is deactivated, it is set to zero.
replaced by short circuit
3. When an independent current source is deactivated, it is set to zero.
replaced by open circuit
Example:
Use superposition to find i
1
,i
2
,i
3
,i
4
?
+
-
4
2 6
3 A 12
120 V
i
1
i
2
i
3
i
4
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
+
-
4
2
6
3
120 V
'i
1
'i
2
'i
3
'i
4
V
1
open circuit for
current source
Activate independent voltage source 120 V only
Using KCL at V1 (nodal analysis)
0 i ' i ' i '
3 2 1
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 30 V
0
6
1
3
1
6
1
V 20
0
4 2
V
3
V
6
V 120
1
1
1 1 1
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
+

A 5
6
V
i i '
A 10
3
30
3
V
i '
A 15
6
90
6
V 120
i '
1
4 3
1
2
1
1
= = =
= = =
= =

=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
4
2 6
3
''i
1
''i
2
''i
3
''i
4
V
3
short circuit for
voltage source
12 A
V
4
* Activate the independent current source only
(1) 0 V 3 V 6 -
0 ) V (V 3 V 2 V
0
2
V V
3
V
6
V
0 i " i " i "
4 3
3 3 3
4 3 3 3
3 2 1
K K = +
=
=

=
KCL at V
3
:
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
0 12
4
V
2
V V
0 12 i " i "
4 4 3
4 3
=

=
(2) 48 V 3 V 2
48 V V 2 V 2
4 3
4 4 3
K K =
=
KCL at V4:
V 24 V
V 12 V
4
3
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A 1 - 6 5 i " i ' i
A 11 6 5 i " i ' i
A 6 4 10 i " i ' i
A 17 2 15 i " i ' i
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
= = + =
= + = + =
= = + =
= + = + =
A 6
4
24
4
V
i "
A 6
2
24 12
2
V V
i "
A 4
3
12
3
V
i "
A 2
6
12
6
V
i "
4
4
4 3
3
3
2
3
1
=

= =
=
+
=

=
=

= =
= =

=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Use super position to find V
0
?
Activate voltage source only:
Example :
0 1
0 2 A 5
10 V
+
-
5

V 0.4

V
+
-
+
-
o
V

i 2
0 1
0 2
10 V
+
-
5

i '

V ' 0.4

V '
+
-
+
-
o
V '

i ' 2
X
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
0 V ' V ' 4 V '
V ' 4 ) V ' (0.4 10 V '


= =
= =
V 8 V '
25
20
10 V '
0
0
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
Dependent current source is open
5
+
-
o
V '
+
-
20
10 V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Activate independent current source only:
0 1
0 2
5

i ' '

V ' ' 0.4

V ' '
+
-
+
-
o
V ' '

i ' ' 2
y
5 A
Z
KCL at node (y):
(1) 0 V " 8 V " 5 -
0 V " 8 V " V " 4 -
0 V " 0.4
20
V "
5
V -"
0
0 0

0 0
K K = +
= +
= +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 8 - 16 8 V " V ' V
V 16
5
80 -
V "
5
8
V "
V 10 V " 5 V " 0.5
0 V " 0.4
10
V "
5
0 0 0
0

= = + =
= = =
= =
= + +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Consider the independent source only
Use superposition to find V ?
100 V
+
-
4 A
12
2 5
10
+
-
V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 59.23 V ' 22
14
1
10
1
5
1
V '
0
14
V '
10
V '
5
V '
22
0
14
V '
10
V '
5
V ' 100
0 i i i
3 2 1
= =

+ +
=
=

=
Apply KCL at node (x) :
100 V
+
- 12
2 5
10
+
-
'V
i
3
i
1
i
2
X
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Consider the independent source only.
4 A
12
2 5
10
+
-
''V
4 A
2 5
10
+
-
''V
12
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Current divider
V 50 9.23 59.23 V " V ' V
V 9.23
3
10
i V "
A 2.769
2
3
10
12
12
A 4 i
x
x
= = + =
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
4 A
2

3
10
12
+
-
''V
i
x
i
y
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
2. Source Transformation:
A transformation that allow a voltage source in series
with a resistor to be replaced by a current source in parallel
with the same resistor or vice versa
How?
We need to find I
s
and V
s
such that V
L
and I
L
is the same in
both circuits
V
L
R
R
L
+
-
V
s
I
L
+
-
a
b
KCT 1
+
-
V
L
I
L
a
b
I
S
KCT 2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
s
L
L
I
R R
R
I
+
=
s s
I R V =
In KCT 2,
For I
L
to be the same , we need
In KCT 1 ,
R R
V
I
L
s
L
+
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
R
V
S
+
-
a
b
R
V
I
s
s
=
Where
s s
I R V =
or
a
b
I
S
R
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Using source transformation, find the power associated with the
6 V source.
1. Consider the 40 V source in series with (5)
+
-
40 V
+
-
4 5
0 2 0 3
6
6 V
0 1
+
-
4
5 0 2 0 3
6
6 V
0 1
A 8
5
40
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
2. Take (5// 20 )
3. Consider 8A in parallel with (4)
+
-
4
4
0 2 // 5
=
0 3
6
6 V
0 1
A 8
+
-
4
0 3
6
6 V
0 1
A 4
+
-
(8 A)(4)=
32 V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
4. Take (4+6+10) in series
5. Consider 32 V in series with (20)
+
-
4
0 3
6 V
20
+
-
32 V
+
-
4
0 2
0 3
6 V
A 6 . 1
20
32
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
6. Take (30//20 )
7. Consider 1.6A in parallel with (15 )
+
-
4
12
20 // 0 3
=
6 V
A 6 . 1
+
-
4
6 V
12
+
-
1.6 A (12)
=19.2 V
i
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
) (absorbing W 4.95 P
(0.825) 6 i v P A 0.825
12 4
6 19.2
i
6v
6V
=
= = =
+

=
Example :
Use source transformation to find V
0
+
-
5 2
00 1
5
250 V
A 8
+
-
V
o
15
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
2. Consider (250 V) in series with (25 )
+
-
5 2
66 . 16
250 V
A 8
+
-
V
o
1. Take (5//15)//100 = 6.66
5 2
66 . 16
A 8
+
-
V
o
A 10
25
250
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 20 ) (10 A) (2 R i V
0
= = =
3. Find equivalent
A 2 8 10 i = =
10
25 // 16.66 R
=
=
+
-
V
o
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Use source transformation to find V
0
+
-
60 V
8
5
6 . 1
0 2
6
120 V
+
-
+
-
V
o
36 A
8
5
6 . 1
0 2
6
+
-
V
o
36 A
A 12
5
60
=
A 6
20
120
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( ) V 48 8 A 6 R i V
A 6 (30)
8 1.6 2.4
2.4
i
R R R
R
i
3 2 0
3 2 1
1
2
= = =
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
8
6 . 1
+
-
V
o
R
1
i = 36 + 6 - 12
= 30 A
2.4
6 // 5 // 20
=
R
2
R
3
i
1
i
2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example : Use source transformation to find V
0
?
Consider (10V) in series with (1)
+
Vo
--
2 A
+
-
Vs
10V
1 ohm
1 ohm
1 ohm
1 ohm
1 ohm
1 ohm
10 A 2 A
1 ohm
1 ohm
1 ohm
1 ohm
+
Vo
--
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Take (1//1)=0.5
Consider (10A) in parallel with (0.5 )
1 ohm
1 ohm
1 ohm
1/2 ohm
2 A
10 A
+
Vo
--
+
-
5 V
1/2 ohm
2 A
1 ohm
1 ohm
1 ohm
+
Vo
--
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Take 0.5 in series with 1
Consider 5V in series with 1.5
1 ohm
1 ohm
2 A
1.5 ohm
+
-
5 V
+
Vo
--
+
Vo
--
1.5 ohm
10/3 A
2 A
1 ohm
1 ohm
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Add the current sources
7. Take (4/3A) in parallel with (3/2 )
( ) V 4/7 2
5 . 1 1 1
1
V
0
=
+ +
=
4/3 A
1.5 ohm
1 ohm
1 ohm
+
Vo
--
+
-
2 V
1.5 ohm
1 ohm
1 ohm
+
Vo
--
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Thevenin and Norton Theorems
Thevenin Theorem:
A portion of the circuit at a pair of nodes can be replaced
by a voltage source V
oc
in series with a resistor R
TH
, where V
oc
is the open circuit voltage and R
TH
is the Thevenins equivalent
resistance obtained by considering the open circuit with all
independent sources made zero
R
L
circuit
a
b
+
-
R
L
a
b
V
OC
R
TH
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Norton Theorem :
A portion of the circuit at pair of nodes can be replaced by a
current source I
sc
in a parallel with a resistor R
TH
. I
sc
is the short
circuit current at the terminals, and R
TH
is the Thevenins
equivalent resistance
R
L
circuit
a
b
R
L
a
b
I
SC
R
TH
Here we will consider ( 3 ) cases :
1. Circuit containing only independent sources.
2. Circuit containing only dependent sources.
3. Circuit containing both independent and dependent sources.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Case (1): Circuit containing only independent sources:
Procedure of Thevenins Theorm:
a. Find the open circuit voltage at the terminals , Voc.
b. Find the Thevenins equivalent resistance, RTH at the
terminals when all independent sources are zero:
Replacing independent voltage sources by short circuit
Replacing independent current sources by open circuit
c. Reconnect the load to the Thevenin equivalent circuit
Procedure of Nortons Theorm:
a. Find the short circuit current at the terminals, I
sc
.
b. Find Thevenins equivalent resistance, R
TH
(as before).
c. Reconnect the load to Nortons equivalent circuit.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Use Thevenins and Norton Theorms to find V
0
+
-
R
L
V
OC
R
TH
R
L
I
SC
R
TH
Using Thevenin Theorm:
+ -
+ -
k 2
6 V 12 V
k 2 k 4
+
-
V
o
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 4 k) (4 i V A m 1
k 4 k 2
V 6
i
1 4k 1
= = =
+
=
V 8 V 4 V 12 V
oc
= =
First find V
OC
:
+ -
+ -
k 2
6 V 12 V
k 4
+
-
V
oc
+
-
i
1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Second, find R
TH
R
TH
= 2k//4k = 4/3 k
Thevenin equivalent circuit is
( )
V 4.8 V
V 8
k
3
10
k 2
V
R k 2
k 2
V
0
oc
TH
0
=
=
+
=
k 2
k 4
R
TH
+
-
V
OC
R
TH
+
-
V
o
k 2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
+ -
+ -
k 2
6 V 12 V
k 4
I
SC
+ -
k 2
6 V
k 4 +
-
12 V
i
1
i
i
2
+
-
V
2 k
-
12 V
+
X
Using Norton Theorm
First find I
sc
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A m 3
k 4
V 12
i
1
= =
A m 3
k 2
6
k 2
V
i
V 6 V 0 V 6 12
2k
2
2k 2k
=

= =
= = +
KVL around outer loop:
KCL at x :
A m 6 I A m 6 i 0 i m 3 m 3
0 i i i
sc
2 1
= = = +
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
R
TH
is the same as before:
A m 2.4 m) (6
k 2 k
3
4
k
3
4
) (I
k 2 R
R
I
sc
TH
TH
0
=
+
=
+
=
V 4.8 k) (2 m) (2.4 k) (2 I V
0 0
= = =
2 k
I
SC
R
TH
I
o
+
-
V
o
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Use Thevenin and Norton to find V
0
Using Thevenin Theorm:
+
- 4
8 5
20
+
-
V
o
72
12
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL around the upper loop :
1. Find V
oc
:
+
-
8
5
20
72
12
i
1
a
b
(1) 0 i 5 i 25
0 ) i (i 5 i 8 i 12
2 1
2 1 1 1
K K =
= + +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A 3 i A, 0.6 i
(2) 72 i 25 i 5
72 i 20 ) i (i 5
2 1
2 1
2 1 2
= =
= +
= +
K K
V 64.8 V
(3) 20 (0.6) 8
i 20 i 8 V
oc
2 1 oc
=
+ =
+ =
KCL around lower loop :
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
2. Find R
TH
R
TH
= (8+4) // 12 = 12 // 12 = 6
8
5
20
12
a
b
8
( )
4
//20 5
=
12
a
b
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 25.92 V
(64.8)
6 4
4
V
R 4
4
V
o
oc
TH
o
=
+
=
+
=
3. Reconnect the load :
+
-
V
OC
R
TH
+
-
V
o
k 4
4
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Using Norton Theorm:
1. Find I
SC
:
KVL around upper loop :
(1) 0 i 8 i 5 i 25
0 ) i (i 5 ) i (i 8 i 12
3 2 1
2 1 3 1 1
K K =
= + +
+
-
8
5
20
72
12
i
1
i
3
i
2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL around lower loop :
KVL around right loop :
(2) 72 i 20 i 25 i 5
72 ) i (i 20 ) i (i 5
3 2 1
3 2 1 2
K K = +
= +
(3) 0 i 28 i 20 i 8
0 ) i (i 20 ) i (i 8
3 2 1
2 3 1 3
K K = +
= +
A 10.8 I
A 10.8 i , A 12.72 i , A 6 i
SC
3 2 1
=
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
2. Find R
TH
From before , R
TH
= 6
3. Reconnect the load
( ) V 25.92 10.8
4 6
6
4 V
I
4 R
R
) (4
i ) (4 V
o
SC
TH
TH
2 o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
a
b
I
SC
R
TH
i
1
i
2
4
+
-
V
o
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Case(2) : Circuits containing only dependent sources
Here there is NO energy source in the circuit.
V
OC
is always zero and I
SC
is always zero
So we can only find R
TH
Procedure for finding R
TH
1. Connect an independent voltage ( or current) source at the
terminals ,Vx (or Ix)
2. Find the corresponding current ( or voltage) at the terminal ,
I
o
( or V
o
)
3. Find R
TH
= Vx /I
o
or R
TH
= V
o
/Ix
a
b
R
TH
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
1. Apply voltage source at the terminals (Vx=1V)
k 3
2000 I
x
k 2
k 4
I
x
a
b
k 3
2000 I
x
k 2
k 4
I
x
+
-
V
x
= 1V
i
1
i
2
V
1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
0 I I
k 3
4
k 3
1
I 2 I
0 I
3000
I 4000 1
2000
I 4000 I 2000
I k) (4 V where
X X X X
X
X X X
X 1
= +
=

=
KCL at node V1 :
0 I
k 3
V 1
k 2
V I 2000
0 I i i
X
1 1 X
X 2 1
=

= +
A m 0.1 I
3000
1
3
4
2 I
X
X
=
=

+
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( ) ( )
k 3
A m 0.1 k 4 1
k 3
I k 4 V
k 3
V V
i
X X
1 X
2

=
k 5
A m 0.2
V 1
i
V
R
A m 0.2 i
2
X
TH
2
= = =
=
a
b
R
TH
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Case (3) : Circuits containing both independent and
dependent sources
Procedure of Thevenin or Norton Theorms:
a. Find the open circuit voltage and the terminals ,V
OC
b. Find the short circuit current at the terminals, I
SC
.
c. Compute R
TH
= V
OC
/I
SC
Note :
R
TH
can not be found as in the case of only independent sources
d. Construct the Thevenin or Norton circuits
a
b
I
SC
R
TH
Norton circuit
Thevenin circuit
a
b
R
TH
+
- V
oc
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit with respect to the terminals a, b
1. Find V
OC
:
+
-
V
oc
20
80
60
4 A
40
160 i
x
i
x
a
b
+
-
V
oc
20
80
60
40
160 i
x
i
x
+
-
i
240 V
i
1
Z
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL around the lift loop :
(1) 240 i 200 i 80
0 i 40 i 160 i 80 240
x
x x
K K = +
= + + +
(2) 0 i i 2
i 40 i 80
x 1
x 1
K K =
=
KVL around right loop :
KCL at Z:
(3) 0 i i i
x 1
K K =
A 0.75 i
A 0.375 i
A 1.125 i
x
1
=
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 30 V
) (40 (0.75A)
) (40 i V
OC
x OC
=
=
=
2. Find I
SC
:
Since we have short circuit , 80 // 40 // 0 = 0
20
80
60
4 A
40
160 i
x
i
x
V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Current divider
( ) A 3 4
20 60
60
I
SC
=
+
=
10
A 3
V 30
I
V
R
SC
OC
TH
= = =
20
60
4 A
I
SC
3. Find R
TH
i
x
=0
160i
x
source is zero
a
b
R
TH
+
- V
oc
4.
V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Use Thevenin theorem to find the Thevenin equivalent circuit with
respect to a, b
1. Find V
OC
KCL at node z :
+
- 1
5
V 40
i
x
2 i
x
i
1
a
b
Z
8 A
(1) 8 i i 3
0 i 8 i i 2
1 x
1 x x
K K =
= + +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(2) 40 i i 5
0 i 1 i 5 40
1 x
1 x
K K = +
= + +
KVL around outer loop
V 20 i 1 V
A 20 i , A 4 i
1 OC
1 x
= =
= =
Find I
SC
:
+
- 1
5
V 40
i
x
2 i
x
a
b
8 A
I
SC
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL around outer loop :
A 8 i 0 i 5 40
x x
= = +
( ) ( ) A 32 8 8 3 I
I 8 i 3
I 8 i i 2
SC
SC x
SC x x
= + =
= +
= + +
0.625
32
20
I
V
R
SC
OC
TH
= = =
KCL at z :
3. Find R
TH
:
+
-
5
V 40
i
x
2 i
x
8 A
I
SC
Z
a
b
R
TH
+
- V
oc
Thevenin equivalent circuit is
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
4. Maximum Power Transfer
A technique in which the load is selected to maximize the
power transfer.
This technique is based on the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
L
2
L TH
OC
L
2
L L
R
R R
V
R i i v P
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
= =
RL
RTH
+
-
Voc
i
+
V
L
--
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
We wish to select R
L
to maximize P
L
:
( ) ( )
( )
| |
TH L
L TH
L L TH
4
L TH
L L TH L TH
2
oc
4
L TH
L TH
2
OC L
2
OC
2
L TH
L
L
L
L
R R
0 R R
0 R 2 - R R
0
) R (R
R 2 - ) R (R ) R (R V
0
R R
) R 2(R V R V ) R (R
dR
dP
0
dR
dP
Take
=
=
= +
=
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
=
=
If R
L
= R
TH
, what is the maximum Power Transfer?
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( )
TH
2
OC
max L
TH
2
OC
2
TH
TH
2
OC
TH
2
TH
OC
L
2
max L
R 4
V
P
R 4
V
R 4
R V
R
R 2
V
R i P
=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
RL
RTH
+
-
Voc
i
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Find R
L
for maximum Power Transfer ?
Find the maximum Power transfer to R
L
?
k 4
A m 3
+
-
10 V
+ -
k 0 1
k 0 2
k 5 . 2 k 8
R
L
10 V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
k 4
A m 3
+
-
10 V
+ -
k 0 1
k 0 2
k 5 . 2 k 8
10 V
i
1
i
4
i
3
i
2
+
-
V
oc
V
1
V
2
Lets find Thevenin equivalent circuit .
KCL at node V1 :
0
k 8
V V
k 4
V
A m 3
0 i i A m 3
2 1 1
2 1
=


=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(1) m 3 V m 0.125 V m 0.375
m 3 V
k 8
1
k 8
1
k 4
1
V
2 1
2 1
K K =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
KCL at node V2:
0
k 12.5
V
k 20
10 V
k 8
V V
0 i i i
2 2 2 1
4 3 2
=

=
(2) m 0.5 V m 0.255 V m 0.125
m 0.5 V
k 12.5
1
k 20
1
k 8
1
k 8
1
V
2 1
2 1
K K =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
V 7.03 V
V 10.34 V
2
1
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
V 4.375 V
7.03
12.5
10
10
k 12.5
V2
k 10 10
i k 10 10 V
OC
4 OC
=
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ =
To find R
TH
:
k 8 k 5 . 2
k 4
k 0 2
k 0 1
R
TH
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) | | } {
( ) | |
( )
k 5 R
k 10 // k 10
k 10 // k 2.5 k 7.5
k 10 // k 2.5 k 20 // k 12
k 10 // k 2.5 k 20 // k 4 k 8 R
TH
TH
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ + =
( )
W m 0.957 P
k) (5 4
4.375
R 4
V
P
max L
2
TH
2
OC
max L
=

= =
R
TH
+
- V
oc
R
L
= R
TH
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
1. Find R
L
for maximum Power Transfer?
2. Find max. power transfer to R
L
?
First , find Thevenin equivalent:
RL
3k ohm
1k ohm
4m A
+ -
2000 Ix
2k ohm
4k ohm
Ix
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
+
Voc
--
Using source transformation
+
Voc
--
4k ohm
2k ohm
+ -
2000 Ix'
4m A
1k ohm
3k ohm
Ix
+
-
16V
4k ohm
+ -
2000 Ix'
2k ohm
4k ohm
Ix
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Now, find Isc:
KVL around the loop:
-16 + 4k Ix - 2k Ix + 2k Ix=0
Ix= 4mA.
Voc= (2k) Ix= 8V.
4k ohm
2k ohm
+ -
2000 Ix''
4k ohm
+
-
16V
Ix
Isc
I1
V1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KCL at V1:
I1 - Ix Isc = 0
0
4
1
2
1
4
16
=
k
V
k
V
k
0
4
1
2
1
4
) ' ' 2 1 ( 16
=

k
V
k
V
k
kIx V
And
Where V1=2k Ix
Hence,
Or V1=5.333V
mA
k
V
Isc 333 . 1
4
1
= =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
( )
W m
3
8
P
k 24
64
k 6 4
8
R 4
V
P
k 6
A m 1.333
V 8
I
V
R
L(max)
2
TH
2
OC
L(max)
SC
OC
TH
=
= = =
= = =
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Capacitors and Inductors
Chapter (5)
Capacitors :
A circuit element that is composed of two conducting plates or
surfaces separated by a dielectric (non conducting) materials
A
+
-
+
-
C
circuit symbol
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Let A : surface area of each plate
d : distance between the two plates
Capacitance
Capacitance
As Area
As distance
d
A
C
d
A
C
0
=

It is found that
Where :
Permittivity of free space
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
If a voltage source (v) is connected to the capacitor , +ve
charge will be transferred to one plate while ve charge will be
transferred to the other plate.
m
F
10 * 8.85
12
0

Let the charge stored at the capacitor q


q v
If v
q
,
v c q =
It has been found that
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
v
q
c =
C is the capacitance
Current in capacitor :
We know that
( )
t d
(t) dv
C (t) i
) ( v c
t d
d
(t) i
t d
q(t) d
i(t)
c
c
c c
=
=
=
t
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(t) dv C dt (t) i
t d
(t) dv
C (t) i
c c
c
c
=
= Q
Voltage of capacitors
(t)dt i
C
1
(t) v d
c c
=
d ) ( i
C
1
) (t v (t) v
t
t
c 0 c c
0

=
=
+ =
Where t
0
: initial time
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
The capacitor is a passive element
and follows the passive sign convention
Capacitors only store and release
ELECTROSTATIC energy. They do not create
Linear capacitor circuit representation
) ( ) ( t
dt
dv
C t i =
Note:
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Power of the capacitors :
dt
(t) dv
(t) v C
t d
(t) dv
C (t) v (t) P
(t) i (t) v (t) P
c
c
c
c c
c c c
= =
=
( )

+ =

=
=
t
t
c 0 c c c
0
d i
C
1
) (t v (t) i (t) P
or
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Energy of capacitor
( )
( )
( )
d
d
dv
v C
d P (t) w
t

c
c
t

c c

=
=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) =
=
=

2
c
2
c
(t) v
) (- v
2
c
c
(t) v
) ( v
c
v C
2
1
t v C
2
1
v C
2
1
dv v C
|
c
c
c
c
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Assuming
( ) 0 v
c
=
(t) v C
2
1
(t) w
2
c c
=
( ) (t) q
2C
1
t w
C
(t) q
C
2
1
(t) w
C
(t) q
(t) v
2
c
2
2
c
c
=
=
=
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
The following voltage is imposed across the terminals of a 0.5 uF
capacitor.
( )

<

=

t 1 V, e 4
1 t 0 , V t 4
0 t , V 0
(t) v
1 t
c
1
4
2 3
v (t)
t
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Find the following:
1. i
c
(t)
2. P
c
(t)
3. w
c
(t)
( ) ( )
( )
| | ( )( )

= =
= =

=

t 1 A e 2 e 1 C 4 e 4
dt
d
C
1 t 0 A 2 C 4 t 4
dt
d
C
0 t 0
t i
1) (t 1) (t 1 t
c
dt
(t) dv
C (t) i
c
c
=
(1)
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(2)
( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )

< < =
< =
=
=
=

t 1 W e 8 e 4 e 4 F 0.5
1 t 0 W t 8 4 t 4 F 0.5
0 t W 0
dt
t dv
0 F 0.5
dt
(t) dv
(t) v C (t) P
1 t 2 1 t 1 t
c
c
c c
A 2
A 2 -
i
C
(t)
t
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A 8
A 8 -
P
C
t
supplied power
absorbed power
1
( )( )
( )
( )
| |
( )

< =
=

=
=

t 1 J 4e 4e F 0.5
2
1
1 t 0 J t 4 t 4 F 0.5
2
1
0 t 0
(t) w
(t) v C
2
1
(t) w
1 t 2
2
1 t
2
2
c
2
c c
(3)
Charging Power
Discharging Power
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
) 1 ( 2
4
t
e
w
C
(t)
t
4 t
2
1
J 4
Example :
The voltage at the terminals of a 0.5 uF capacitor is

=

0 t V t) sin(40000 e 100
0 t 0
(t) v
20000t
c
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Find:
1. i(0)
2. Power delivered to the capacitors at t = /80 m S.
3. Energy stored in the capacitor at t = /80 m S
dt
(t) dv
C (t) i
c
=
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) | |
| | ) e 10 * 2 ( t) sin(40,000 t)(40,000) (40,000 cos e 100 C
t 40,000 sin e 100
dt
d
C
20,000t 6 20,000t
t
20,000

+ =
=
| |
A 2 (0) i
0 (40,000) (1) (1) 100 10 * 0.5 (0) i
c
6
c
=
+ =

|
.
|

\
|
m
80

P
C (2) Find
?
( ) ( ) ( )
| | ) e 10 * 2 ( t) (40,000 sin (40,000) t) (40,000 cos e 100 *
t 40,000 sin e 100 F 0.5
0 t ,
dt
(t) dv
(t) v C (t) P
20,000t 6 20,000t
20,000t
c
c c

+
=
=
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
ng) (dischargi W 20.79 m)
80

( P
C
=
| |
J 519.2 m)
80

( W
t) (40,000 sin 100e C
2
1
(t) v C
2
1
(t) W
C
2
20,000t
2
C C
=
= =

m)
80

( W
C
(3) Find
?
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Inductors :
Inductors are circuit elements that consist of a conducting wire in
the shape of a coil
Circuit representation
for an inductor
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
If a current is flowing in the inductor, it produce a
magnetic field ,.
The direction of () depends on the right-hand rule.
As the current increases or decreases, the magnetic
field spreads or collapse
The change in magnetic field induces a voltage across
the inductor.
dt
(t) di
L (t) V
dt
(t) d
(t) V
L
L
L
=

=
Li(t) ) ( = t
Where L is the inductance and measured in Henry [H]
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Current in inductors :
dt (t) v
L
1
(t) di
dt
(t) di
L (t) v
L L
L
L
=
=
( )d v
L
1
) (t i (t) i
t
t
0 L L
0

=
=
+ =
Integrate both sides as before
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou

=
=
dt
(t) di
L (t) i
(t) i (t) v (t) P
L
L
L L L
Power in inductor :
( )

+ =
=

=
=
t
t
0 L L L
L
L L
0
d v
L
1
) (t i (t) v (t) P
dt
(t) di
(t) i L (t) P
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Energy in inductors:
( )
( )
( )
(t) i L
2
1
(t) w
before As
d
d
di
i L
d P (t) w
2
L L
L
t

L
t

L L
=
=
=

=
=
=
=
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
The current flow through an 100 m H inductor

=

0 t A e t 10
0 t A 0
(t) i
t 5
L
( ) ( ) ( )
| |
sec 0.2 t
0 10 t 50 e
0 10 e 5e t 10
0
dt
(t) di
let
max
t 5
t 5 t 5
L
=
= +
= +
=


Find :
(1) Maximum value of current.
(2) v
L
(t) , (3) P
L
(t) , (4) w
L
(t)
First, find t
max
t
i
L(max)
i
L
(t)
t
max
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( )
( )
A 0.736 e 2
e 0.2 10 0.2 i i
1
0.2 5
L Lmax
= =
= =

( ) | |
( ) ( )
( ) t 5 1 e
10 t 50 e 0.1
e t 10
dt
d
H 0.1
dt
(t) di
L (t) v (2)
t 5
t 5
t 5
L
L
=
+ =
=
=

>
<
=

0 t , t) 5 (1 e
0 t , 0
(t) v
t 5
L
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( ) ( ) | | 0 t , 10 t 50 e e t 10 0.1 (t) P
0 t , 0 (t) P
dt
(t) di
(t) i L (t) P
? (t) P (3)
t 5 t 5
L
L
L
L L
L
+ =
=
=

( )



=
=

0 t , t) 5 (1 e t 10
0 t , 0
(t) P
t 50 10 e t (t) P
10t
L
10t
L
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( )

=
=

0 t , e t 5 e t 10 0.1
2
1
0 t , 0
(t) i L
2
1
(t) w
? (t) w (4)
t 10 2 2 t 5
2
L L
L
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
w (t)
P (t)
i (t)
v (t)
Inductor Capacitor
( )

=
=
+
t
t
c 0 C
0
d i
c
1
) (t v
dt
(t) di
L
L
dt
(t) v d
c
C
( ) d v
L
1
) (t i
t
t
L 0 L
0

=
=
+
dt
(t) dv
(t) v c
C
C
dt
(t) di
(t) i L
L
L
(t) v c
2
1
2
C
(t) i L
2
1
2
L
Summary of results :
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Notes on capacitor :
1. If v
C
(t) = constant , i
C
(t) = 0
Capacitor will be open circuit
2. v
C
(t) cannot change instantaneously ( no sudden change)
( ) 0 d i because
t
t
C
0
=

=
=
3. Capacitors can store energy
(t) v c
2
1
(t) w
2
C C
=
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Notes on inductors :
1. If i
L
(t) = constant , v
L
(t) = 0
Inductor will be short circuit
2. i
L
(t) cannot change instantaneously ( no sudden change)
( ) 0 d v because
t
t
L
0
=

=
=
3. Inductors can store energy
(t) i L
2
1
(t) w
2
L L
=
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
C
1
+
-
V
1
(t)
C
N
C
3
C
2
V
N
(t) V
3
(t) V
2
(t)
V(t)
Capacitors and Inductors combinations :
1. Series capacitors :
+ -
C
S
V(t)
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
For each capacitor ,
(t) v (t) v (t) v (t) v (t) v
N 3 2 1
+ + + + = L
( )
N 2 1
t
t0
k
0 k k
v v v v(t)
d i
c
1
) (t v (t) v
+ + + =
+ =

=
=
L
( ) d i
c
1
) (t v v(t)
t
t
N
1 k
k
N
1 k
0 k
0


=
=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
The equivalent capacitance C
S
is
N 2 1
N
1 k
k S
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
+ + + = =

=
L
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
dt
(t) dv
C
dt
(t) dv
C
dt
(t) dv
C
(t) i (t) i (t) i (t) i
N 2 1
N 2 1
+ + + =
+ + + =
L
L
dt
(t) dv
C C
dt
(t) dv
(t) i
P
N
1 k
k
=

=

=
Parallel capacitors :
N 3 2 1 P
C C C C C + + + + = L
The equivalent capacitance ,C
P
C
1
+
-
C
N
C
2
V(t)
i
1
(t) i
2
(t) i
N
(t)
i(t)
C
P
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Series Inductors :
(t) v (t) v (t) v (t) v
N 2 1
+ + + = L
dt
(t) di
L
dt
(t) di
L
dt
(t) di
L
N 2 1
+ + + = L
dt
(t) di
L
dt
(t) di
L (t) v
S
N
1 k
k
= |
.
|

\
|
=

=
N 3 2 1 S
L L L L L + + + + = L
L
1
+
-
V
1
(t)
L
N
L
2
V
N
(t) V
2
(t)
V(t)
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Parallel Inductors :
(t) i (t) i (t) i (t) i
N 2 1
+ + + = L
( ) d v
L
1
) (t i (t) i where
t
t
k
0 k k
0

=
=
+ =
L
1
+
-
L
N
L
2
V(t)
i
2
(t) i
N
(t)
i(t)
i
1
(t)
L
P
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
N 2 1 P
L
1
L
1
L
1
L
1
+ + + = L
The equivalent inductance , L
P
( )
( ) d v
L
1
) i(t (t) i
d v
L
1
) (t i (t) i
t
t
P
0
t
t
N
1 k
k
N
1 k
0 k
0
0


=
=
=
=
= =
+ =

=
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
a
b
L
1
= 2 H
L
7
= 8 H
L
6
= 30 H
L
5
= 10.4 H
L
4
= 5 H
L
3
= 6 H
L
2
= 15 H
L
8
= 16 H
Example:
Find the equivalent inductance with respect to the terminals a ,b?
L
89
=L
8
in parallel with L
9
H 9.6
L9 L8
L9 L8
L
89
=
+
=
L
9
=24H
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
L
589
=L
5
in series with L
89
L
6589
=L
6
in parallel with L
589
H 20 9.6 10.4 L L L
89 5 589
= + = + =
H 12
L L
L L
L
589 6
589 6
6589
=
+
=
L
476589
=L
4
in parallel with L
76589
L
76589
=L
7
in series with L
6589
H 20 12 8 L L L
6589 7 76589
= + = + =
H 4
L L
L L
L
76589 4
76589 4
476589
=
+
=
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
H 10 4 6 L L L
346589 3 3476589
= + = + =
H 6
L L
L L
L
3476589 2
3476589 2
23476589
=
+
=
L
3476589
=L
3
in series with L
476589
L
23476589
=L
2
in parallel with L
3476589
L
ab
=L
1
in series with L
23476589
H 8 6 2 L L L
2346589 1 ab
= + = + =
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
a
b
C
1
= 5 uF
C
3
= 10 uF
C
2
= 4 uF
C
6
= 48 uF
C
5
= 3 uF
C
4
= 30 uF
C
7
= 16 uF
Example :
Find the equivalent capacitance at the terminals a and b ?
C
67
= C
6
in series with C
7
F 12
C C
C C
C
7 6
7 6
67
=
+
=
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
C
567
= C
5
in parallel with C
67
C
4567
= C
4
in series with C
567
F 10
C C
C C
C
567 4
567 4
4567
=
+
=
F 15 F 12) (3 C C C
67 5 567
= + = + =
C
34567
= C
3
in parallel with C
4567
C
ab
= C
1
in series with C
34567
in series with C
2
F 20 F 10) (10 C C C
4567 3 34567
= + = + =
F 2 C
4
1
20
1
5
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
ab
2 34567 1 ab
=
+ + = + + =
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
L
1
L
2
L
6
L
5
L
4
L
3
a
b
in all inductors
are 4 mH
Example :
Find the equivalent inductance at a,b
L
36
= L
3
in parallel with L
6
H m 2
L L
L L
L
6 3
6 3
36
=
+
=
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
L
24
= L
2
in parallel with L
4
H m 2
L L
L L
L
4 2
4 2
24
=
+
=
a
b
L
5
L
4
L
1
L
2
L
36
X y
y
a
b
L
5
L
4
L
1
L
36
X y
L
24
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
L
1245
= L
124
in parallel with L
5
H m 2.4
L L
L L
L
5 124
5 124
1245
=
+
=
L
124536
= L
1245
in series with L
36
H m 4.4 L
H m 2) (2.4 L L L
124536
36 1245 124536
=
+ = + =
L
124
= L
1
in series with L
24
H m 6 H m 2) (4 L L L
24 1 124
= + = + =
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find the equivalent inductance at a , b if all L are 6 m H
a
b
L
5
L
4
L
2
L
3
L
1
L
6
L
12
= L
1
in parallel with L
2
H m 3
L L
L L
L
2 1
2 1
12
=
+
=
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
L
123
= L
12
in parallel with L
3
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
H m 2 H m
6 3
6 3
L L
L L
L
3 12
3 12
123
=
+
=
+
=
a
b
L
5
L
4
L
12
L
3
L
6
a
a
X
y
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
L
1234
= L
123
in series with L
4
H m 8 6 2 L L L
4 123 1234
= + = + =
b
L
5
L
4
L
12
L
6
a
a
X
y
L
123
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
L
12345
= L
1234
in parallel with L
5
L
ab
= L
6
in series with L
12345
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
H m 42 . 3 H m
6 8
6 8
L5 L
L L
L
1234
5 1234
12345
=
+
=
+
=
H m 9.429 H m 3.429 6
L L L
12345 6 ab
= + =
+ =
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
Find the equivalent capacitance w.r.t. a, b if all Cs are 4 u F
C
45
= C
4
in parallel with C
5
= C
4
+ C
5
= 8 u F
a
b
C
5
a a
b b
b
X
C
4
C
3
C
2
C
1
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
a
b
C
45
X b
b
a a
C
3
C
1
C
2
C
23
= C
2
in parallel with C
3
= C
2
+ C
3
= 8 u F
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
C
123
= C
1
in series with C
23
( ) ( )
F
3
8
F
12
32
F
8 4
8 4
C C
C C
C
23 1
23 1
123
= =
+
=
+
=
a
b
C
45
C
1
C
2
X
C
23
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Cab = C123 in parallel with C45
F
3
32
F
3
24 8
F 8 F
3
8
C C C
45 123 ab
=
+
= + = + =
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
a
b
C
1
= 3 uF
C
3
= 4 uF
C
2
= 2 uF
C
4
= 12 uF
C
6
= 2 uF
C
5
= 3 uF
X X
Z
Example :
Find the equivalent capacitance w.r.t a, b ?
C
23
= C
2
in parallel with C
3
= C
2
+ C
3
= 6 u F
UAE University
Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
C
2356
= C
235
in parallel with C
6
= C
235
+ C
6
= (2+2) F= 4 u F
Cab = C1 in series with C2356 in series with C4
F 1.5 C
12
1
4
1
3
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
C
1
ab
4 2356 1 ab
=
+ + = + + =
C
235
= C
23
in series with C
5
( ) ( )
F 2 F
3 6
3 6
C C
C C
C
5 23
5 23
235
=
+
=
+
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Chapter (6)
First Order Transient Circuits
This chapter deals with the transient response of first order circuit .
first order circuit are those circuits whose response can be
expressed by a first order differential equations.
Example of such circuits include the RL and RC circuits
RL circuit : circuit that contains an indicator and a resistor.
RC circuit : circuit that contains a capacitor and resistor
For example: RC circuit
Consider the following circuit .
+
-
i
V
S
C
R
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
S
S
V i(t) R (t) v
0 i(t) R (t) v V
c
C
= +
= + +
S
c
c
c
V
dt
(t) dv
C R (t) v
dt
(t) dv
C i(t) since
= +
=
S c
c
V
C R
1
(t) v
C R
1
dt
(t) dv
= +
b (t) v a
dt
(t) dv
V
C R
1
b ,
C R
1
a let
c
c
S
= +
= =
This is the general form of a linear
first order differential equation
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
This is a first order linear ordinary non-homogenous differential
equation describing the response of the capacitor voltage.
It is first order because the highest degree of derivative is one.
it is called linear because the differential equation is linear
function of (dv
c
/dt) and v
c
(t)
Example of non-linear differential equation :
b (t) v
dt
(t) dv
(t) v
2
c
c
c
= +
it is called ordinary because it deals only with ordinary
derivatives ( not partial derivative )
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
It is called non-homogenous because b 0.
Example of first order linear ordinary homogenous differential
equation is
0 (t) v a
dt
(t) dv
c
c
= +
Example :
R L circuit
+
-
i
L
(t)
R
V
S
L
KVL around the loop
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
L
V
(t) i
L
R
dt
(t) di
0
dt
(t) di
L (t) i R V
S
L
L
L
L S
= +
= + +
b (t) i a
dt
(t) di
L
V
b ,
L
R
a let
L
L
S
= +
= =
This is a first order linear ordinary non-homogenous differential
equation
To find the response of the Vc(t) in RC circuit or i
L
(t) in the RL
circuit we need to solve these differentials
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Solution of the first order differential equation :
Consider the first order linear ordinary non-homogenous
differential equation :
We want to find X(t) that satisfies (*)
(*) b x(t) a
dt
dx(t)
L L = +
Theorem : ( in differential equation)
If x (t) = x
P
(t) is any solution of equation (*) and x (t) = x
c
(t) is
any solution of the homogenous differential equation
(**) 0 (t) x a
dt
(t) dx
c
c
L L = +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
then
(t) x (t) x x(t)
c P
+ =
Where :
x
P
(t) = particular solution ( forced solution)
x
C
(t) = complementary solution ( natural solution)
Hence we need to solve 2 differential equations
(*) b (t) x a
dt
(t) dx
P
P
L L = +
What is the function x
P
(t) that if its differential is summed to a*x
P
(t)
will give a constant (b)
The solution x
p
(t) must be constant
x
P
(t) = k1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Use x
P
(t) in the non-homogenous differential equation
a
b
k (t) x
a
b
k
b k a ) (k
dt
d
1 P
1
1 1
= =
=
= +
Particular (forced) response
Consider the homogenous differential equation:
a
dt
(t) dx
(t) x
1
(*) 0 (t) x a
dt
(t) dx
c
c
c
c
=
= + L L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) | |
( ) | | a (t) x ln
dt
d
dt
(t) dx
(t) x
1
(t) x ln
dt
d
since
c
c
c
c
=
=
| |
| |
C at
c
c
c
e (t) x
C t a (t) x ln
dt a (t) x ln
+
=
+ =
=

Take the integral of both sides
at
2 c
c
2
C at
c
e k (t) x
e k let
e e (t) x

=
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
t/
2 1
e k k x(t)

+ =
Hence : let = 1/a time constant
Time constant : a parameter that determines the rate of decrease of
x(t)
Lets find the solution of RC & RL circuits :
at
2 1
c P
e k k x(t)
(t) x (t) x x(t)

+ =
+ =
Hence, a general form of the solution is:
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
+
-
i
c
(t)
R
V
S
C
S 1
C R
t
2 1
at
2 1 c
S
c
c
V
C R
1
C R
Vs
a
b
k
e k k e k k (t) v
C R
V
(t) v
C R
1
dt
(t) dv
= = =
+ = + =
= +

Assume vc(0) = v
0
To find k
2
, we need the initial condition of v
c
(t)
For example , if we know v
c
(0) = V
0
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
S 0 2
2 S 0
C R
t
2 S c
V V k
(1) k V V
e k V (0) v
=
+ =
+ =

C R
t
S 0 S
C R
t
2 1 c
e ) V (V V
e k k (t) v

+ =
+ =
As a special case , lets consider the natural response
Natural response :
Circuit response when no source is affecting the response
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Case 1 : Natural RC response
i
c
(t)
R
C
0 (t) v
C R
1
dt
(t) dv
0 R
dt
(t) dv
C (t) v
0 R (t) i (t) v
c
c
c
c
c c
= +
= +
= +
Assume v
c
(0)=V
0
First order linear ordinary homogenous differential equation :
C R
t
2 c
e k (t) v

=
We can find k2 from initial conditions
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
C R
t
0 c
0 2
2
C R
t
2 0 c
0 c
e V (t) v
V k
k e k V (0) v
then V (0) v Assume

=
=
= = =
=
v
c
(t)
t
V
0
RC
t
2 1
e k k x(t)

+ =
Note : the general solution of the forced response is
RC
t
0 c
0 S 0 2
S 1 S
e V (t) V
V ) V (V k and
0 V k 0 V since

=
= =
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Case 2 : Natural response of RL circuit
i
L
(t)
R
L
0 (t) i
L
R
dt
(t) di
0
dt
(t) di
L (t) i R
L
L
L
L
= +
= +
Assume :
i
L
(0) = i
0
KVL :
This is a first order linear ordinary homogenous differential equation
t
L
R
2 L
e k (t) i

=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
To find k
2
, we need initial condition i
L
(0)
t
L
R
0 L
0 2
2
(0)
L
R
2 0 L
e i (t) i
i k
k e k i (0) i

=
=
= = =
i
L
(t)
t
i
0
Note :
In the forced response , we have
R
V
k
e k k (t) i
S
1
t
L
R
2 1 L
=
+ =

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Since V
S
here is 0 then k
1
= 0
t
L
R
0 L
S 0
S
0 2
e i (t) i
0) V (since i
R
V
i k

=
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
Analysis Techniques :
1. The differential equation approach
Here , a differential equation that describe the behavior of the
circuit is used.
This first order differential equation is expressed in tems of the
voltage across the capacitor or current through the inductor.
Then the solution of this differential equation is obtained
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find i
L
(t) , t 0 ?
First, find the initial condition i
L
(0
-
)
At t = 0
-
, the inductor behaves as a short circuit .
2 H
20 A
1 . 0
40
i
L
(t)
2
10
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Hence , we assume that the current through the inductor doesnt
change instantaneously
i
L
(0
-
) = i
L
(0) = i
L
(0
+
) = 20 A
20 A
1 . 0
40
i
L
(0
-
)
= 20 A
2
10
i
L
(0
-
) = 20 A
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
At t = 0 the switch is open
Where Req = (40 // 10) + 2 = 400/5 + 2 =10
L= 2 H
i
L
(t)
10
R
eq
=
+
-
2 H
40
i
L
(0
-
)
= 20 A
10
2
OR
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL around the loop :
0 (t) i 5
dt
(t) di
0 (t) i 10
dt
(t) di
2
0 (t) i R
dt
(t) di
L
0 v (t) v
L
L
L
L
L eq
L
eq L
= +
= +
= +
= +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
We know that
5t
2 L

t
2
at
2 L
e k (t) i
5
1
a
1
5 a where
e k e k (t) i

=
= = =
= =
We can find k
2
from the initial condition
i
L
(0 ) = 20 = k
2
e
0
= k
2
i
L
(t) = 20 e
-5t
A
i
L
(t)
t
20
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find v
c
(t) , t 0 ?
The switch has been closed for long time .
The capacitor behave as open circuit .
7.5 m A
k 80
k 50
k 20
F 0.4
t = 0
+
-
v
c
(t)
7.5 m A
k 80
k 50
k 20
v
c
(0
-
)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
At t = 0 , the switch is open
KVL around the loop :
0 (t) v 50
dt
(t) dv
F 0.4 C , 0
dt
(t) dv
C k 50 (t) v
0 (t) i k 50 (t) v
c
c
c
c
c c
= +
= =

+
= +
( )
( ) V 200
k 150
k 80
A m 7.5 k 50
k 70 k 80
k 80
A m 7.5 k 50 ) (0 v (0) v ) (0 v
c c c
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= = =
+
k 50
+
-
v
c
(t)
F 0.4
V
c
(t) = 200 e
-50t
V.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find v
c
(t) , t 0 ?
For t < 0 , the capacitor behave as open circuit .
V 40 ) (0 v (0) v ) (0 v
c c c
= = =
+
At t = 0 , the switch is moved
k 60
k 60 1
k 20
F 0.25
+
-
v
c
(t)
+
-
+
-
40 V
75 V
k 8 k 40
t = 0
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
k 60 1
+
-
v
c
(t)
+
-
75 V
k 40
k 8
k 60 1
+
-
v
c
(t)
k 40
k 8
1.875 m A
Source transformation
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
+
-
v
c
(t)
+
-
60 V
F 0.25
32 k
8 k
+
-
v
c
(t)
k 2 3
k 8
1.875 m A
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL around the loop :
6000 - b , 100 a
6000 (t) v 100
dt
(t) dv
0 (t) v
dt
(t) dv
C k 40 60
0 (t) v (t) i k 40 60
c
c
c
c
c c
= =
= +
= + +
= + +
60
100
6000
a
b
k
e k k (t) v
1
at
2 1 c
=

= =
+ =

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V e 100 60 (t) v
100 k 40 k 60
40 k k (0) v
t 100
c
2 2
2 1 c

+ =
= = +
= + =
v
c
(t)
t
30
- 60
To find k
2
, we use initial condition:
40
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Case 2 : Step by step approach
1. Assume the solution is x(t) = k
1
+ k
2
e
-t/
2. Assume that the circuit is in steady state before the switch moves
replace a capacitor by open circuit
replace a inductor by short circuit
Then find v
c
(0
-
) or i
L
(0
-
)
3. The switch is now in the new location :
Replace the capacitor by a voltage source = v
c
(0
-
)
Replace the inductor by a current source = i
L
(0
-
)
And solve for x(0)
4. Assume t = , find x (t = )
replace capacitor by open circuit and inductor by short circuit
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
5. Find the time constant :
HOW ??
- Find the Thevenin equivalent resistance w.r.t the terminals of
the capacitor or inductor.
= R
TH
C or = L/R
TH
6. Find the constants :
k
1
= x()
k
1
+k
2
= x(0) k
2
= x(0)-x()
x(t) = x()+[x(0) - x()] e
-t/
x(t) = final value + [ initial value final value ] e
t/
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
| |

t
0 0 0

t
2 1 0
e ) ( V (0) V ) ( V
e k k (t) v (1)

+ =
+ =
Find V0 (t) ?
F 2
+
-
v
0
(t)
+
-
12 V
2
+
-
8 V
2
2
1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(1) 20 i 2 - i 5
0 8 ) i - (i 2 i 3 12 -
2 1
2 1 1
L L =
= + +
(2) Assume steady state , replace capacitor by open circuit .
Mesh
V 8 12 4 12 (1) i ) (0 v
A 0 i , A 4 i
(2) 8 i 4 i 2
0 ) i (i 2 8 i 2
1 c
2 1
2 1
1 2 2
= + = + =
= =
= +
= + +

L L
v
0
(0
-
)
12 V
2
+
-
8 V
2
2
1
+
-
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
3. The switch is moved now t = 0 ,
replace the capacitor by a voltage source = v
c
(0
-
) and solve
for V
0
(0)
V 4
2
1
8
2 2
2
) (0 v (0) V
c 0
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

v
c
(0
-
)
= 10 V
12 V
2
2
1
+
-
+
-
v
0
(t)
+
-
=8V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
4. At t = replace capacitor by open circuit
V
5
24
5
2
12
1 2 2
2
12 ) ( V
0
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
12 V
2
2
1
+
-
v
0
(t)
+
-
) ( v
c

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
5. Find the time constant
find the Thevenin equivalent resistance w.r.t x ,y
R
TH
= 1 // (2+2) = 1 // 4 = 4/5
12 V
2
2
1
+
-
x
y
( )
5
8
F 2
5
4
C R
TH
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
| |
t
8
5
0
t
8
5

t
0 0 0 0
e
5
4
5
24
(t) v
e
5
24
4
5
24
e ) ( v (0) v ) ( v (t) V 6.

+ =
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
| |

t
0 0 0

t
2 1 0
e ) ( v ) (0 v ) ( v
e k k (t) v : Step(1)

+ =
+ =
+
-
v
0
(t)
24 V
V
x
4
4
F 2
+
-
2 V
x
t = 0
3 A
+
-
Step (2) : assume steady-state , replace capacitor by open circuit
Find v
0
(0
-
) ?
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 60 ) (0 v
V 60 24 36 24 (12) 3
24 v 3 v 24 v 2 ) (0 v
V 12 (3) 4 v
0
x x x 0
x
=
= + = + =
+ = + + =
= =

+
-
v
0
(0
-
)
24 V
V
x
4
4
+
-
2 V
x
3 A
+ -
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step (3) : now switch is moved .
Find v
0
(0)
(t) v x(t) hence
V 60 ) (0 v (0) v ) (0 v
c
0 0 0
=
= = =
+
24 V
V
x
4
4
+
-
2 V
x
+ -
( )
0
v
Step (4) : assume t =
Find V
0
() ?
V 24 ) ( V
24
v 24 v 2 ) ( V
0 Vx
0
x x 0
=
=
+ + =
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step (5) : Find the time constant
find the R
TH
w.r.t the terminals of capacitor
V
oc
= 24 V
24 V
V
x
4
+
-
2 V
x
+ -
+
-
v
oc
4
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A 4
2
8
2
V
I
V 8 V
24 V 3
0 V 24 V 2
x
sc
x
x
x x
= = =
=
=
= + +
24 V
V
x
4
+
-
2 V
x
+ -
4
I
SC
24 V
V
x
2
+
-
2 V
x
+ -
I
SC
Now, find Isc
sec. 12 F) (2 ) (6 C R
6
4
24
I
V
R
TH
SC
OC
TH
u u = = =
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
| |
| |
V e 36 24 (t) V
e 24 60 24 (t) V
e ) ( V (0) V ) ( V (t) V : Step(6)
12
t
0
12
t
0

t
0 0 0 0
u
u

+ =
+ =
+ =

t
2 1 0
e k k (t) i

+ =
Example :
Find i
0
(t) , t > 0 ?
Step (1) :
12 V
k 4
k 2
F 200
t = 0
+ -
i
0
(t)
k 2
k 2
k 2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 2 : assume steady state ( for t < 0 ) replace capacitor by
open circuit .
V 4 ) (0 v (0) v ) (0 v
V 4
k 6
2k
) 12 ( ) (0 v
c c c
c
= = =
= =
+

12 V
k 2
+ -
i
0
(t)
k 2
k 2
k 2
v
C
(0
-
)
-
+
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 3 : now switch is moved , replace capacitor by voltage
source = v
c
(0) ,
Now find i
0
(0)
12 V
k 2
+ -
i
0
(0
+
)
k 2
k 2
k 2
+ -
4 V
k 4
i
2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A m 2.66
k 3
k 1
A m 8 (0) i
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
i
0
k 2
k 1
8 m A
i
0
(0
+
)
k 2
k 2
6 m A
2 m A
k 2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 4 : assume t = , find i
0
() . Steady state
Replace capacitor by open circuit
12 V
k 2
+ -
k 2
k 2
k 2
) ( i
0

k 4
12 V
+ -
k 2
k 2
) ( i
0

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
k 2
k 2
k 2
k 2
k 4
R
TH
A m 3
k 4
12
) ( i
0
= =
Step 5 : find time constant .
First find R
TH
at terminals of the capacitor
( )
( ) ( ) sec 0.6 F 200 k 3 C R
k 3
k 2 k 2 // k 4 // k 4 R
TH
TH
= = =
=
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 6 : find the solution i
0
(t)
| |
A m e 0.33 3 (t) i
A m e 3) (2.66 3
e ) ( i (0) i ) ( i (t) i
0.6
t
0
0.6
t

t
0 0 0 0

=
+ =
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example:
k 2 1
F 50
k 4 k 8
k 3
k 2 1
V 12
k 4
+ -
t = 0
i
0
(t)
Find i
o
(t) , using Step by step approach.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 1 : assume i
0
(t) = k
1
+ k
2
e
t/
Step 2 : assume t < 0 ( steady state)
Replace capacitor by open circuit and find v
oc
(0
-
)
As we have done before , v
c
(0
-
) = v
c
(0)= v
c
(0
+
) = - 4 V.
Step 3 : now the switch is moved
replace the capacitor by voltage source of value -4 and find i
0
(0)
k 4 k 8 k 2 1
k 4
i
0
(0
+
)
i
k 3
4 -
+ -
+ -
k 2 1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
A m
2
1
16
12
3
2
k 4 k 12
k 12
3
2
(0) i
A m
3
2
k 6
4
k 12 // k 4 k 3
4
i(0)
0

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
+

=
Step 4 : assume t = , steady state
replace capacitor by open circuit and find i
0
()
i
0
() = 0
k 12
k 3
k 4
) ( i
0

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 5 : find
| |
( ) ( ) sec 0.3 50 k 6 C R
k 6 k 3 k 4 // k 12 R
TH
TH
= = =
= + =
| |
0 t A m e
2
1
(t) i
A m e
2
1
0
e ) ( i (0) i ) ( i (t) i
0.3
t
0
0.3
t

t
0 0 0 0
=
=
+ =

Step 6 :
k 12
k 3
k 4
R
TH
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Step 1 : assume i0(t) = k
1
+ k
2
e
-t/
Step 2 : assume t < 0 ( steady state )
Replace inductor by short circuit and find
i
L
(0
-
) = i
0
(0
-
)
k 4 k 2
t = 0
i
0
(t)
A m 10
k 4
k 2
k 5
H m 10
find i
0
(t) using step by step approach ?
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A m 5
k 2 k 2
k 2
A m 10 ) (0 i
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=

k 4 k 2
i
0
(0)
A m 10
k 4
k 2
k 5
A m 10
k 2
k 2 k 5
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 3 : now the switch is moved t = 0 replace inductor by a
current source of value = 5 mA.
Since it is inductor i
0
(0
-
) = i
0
(0)
Step 4 : assume t = ( steady state )
Replace inductor by short circuit and find i
0
()
k 4 k 2
i
0
(t)
A m 10
k 4
k 2
k 5
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A m 5
k 2 k 2
k 2
A m 10 ) ( i
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
Step 5 : find where = L / R
TH
Lets find R
TH
at the terminals of the inductor
R
TH
= (4 k // 4 k) + 2 k
= 4 k
= L / R
TH
= 10m/4k = 2.5 u sec
i
0
(t)
A m 10
k 4
k 2
k 5
k 4
k 2
k 5
k 4
R
TH
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
| |
| |
A m 5 (t) i
A e m 5 m 5 m 5
e ) ( i (0) i ) ( i (t) i
0
s 2.5
t

t
0 0 0 0
=
+ =
+ =

Step 6 : find i
0
(t)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find i0(t) using step by step approach ?
Step 1 : assume i
0
(t) = k
1
+ k
2
e
t /
Step 2 : assume t < 0 ( steady state )
Replace inductor by short circuit and find i
L
(0
-
)
4
8 6
6
2 1
4
+
-
t = 0
24 V
1 H
i
L
(t)
i
0
(t)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
i
L
(0
-
) = 24 / 6 = 4 A
i
0
(0
-
) = 0 A
Step 3 : switch is moved
Replace inductor by current source of value (4 A) and find i
0
(0)
4
8 6
6
2 1
4
+
-
24 V
i
L
(0
-
)
i
0
(0
-
)
4
4
6
+
-
24 V
i
L
(0
-
)
i
0
(0
-
)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
4
8 6
4
i
L
(0
-
)
i
0
(0
+
)
2 1
4 A
4
8 6
4
i
0
(0
+
)
2 1
+
-
48 V
4
16
i
0
(0
+
)
48 V
+
-
i
0
(0) = - 48 / 20
i
0
(0) = -2.4 A
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 4 : assume t = ( steady state)
Replace inductor by short circuit and find i
0
()
i
0
() = 0 A
Step 5 : find . = L / R
TH
So find R
TH
across the terminal of the inductor
4
8 6
4
2 1
R
TH
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Step 6 : find i
0
(t)
| |
( )
0 t for , 0 (t) i
A e 2.4 (t) i
0 t , A e 0 2.4 0
A e ) ( i (0) i ) ( i (t) i
0
t 4.8
0
t 4.8

t
0 0 0 0
=
=
+ =
+ =

i
0
(t)
t
- 2.4
( ) | | { }
sec
4.8
1
R
L

4.8 12 // 4 6 // 8 4 R
TH
TH
= =
= + + =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Solve previous example using differential equation approach
For t < 0 , steady state
Replace the inductor by short circuit and find i
L
(0
-
) and i
0
(0
-
)
As before i
L
(0
-
) = 4 A = i
L
(0
+
)
i
0
(0
-
) = 0 A
For t > 0 ,
4
8 6
4
i
0
(t)
i
L
(t)
L = 1 H
2 1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
(t) i
5
3
(t) i
(t) i
20
12
k 8 k 12
k 12
(t) i (t) i
L 0
L L 0

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
4
4
i
0
(t)
i
L
(t)
2 1
So we need to find i
L
(t) first
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL :
0 (t) i 4.8
dt
(t) di
0 (t) i 4.8
dt
(t) di
L
0 (4.8) (t) i (t) V
L
L
L
L
L L
= +
= +
= +
2 1 8
i
0
(t)
i
L
(t)
4.8
i
L
(t)
L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
0 t , 0 (t) i
0 t , e 2.4 (t) i
e
5
12
(t) i
e 4
5
3
(t) i
5
3
(t) i
0
t 4.8
0
t 4.8
0
t 4.8
L 0
=
=

i
0
(t)
t
- 2.4
0 t , e 4 (t) i
k 4 (0) i
0 t , e k (t) i
t 4.8
L
L
t 4.8
L
=
= =
=

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou


Chapter (7)
Second Order Transient Circuits
Here , we consider circuits with both capacitor , inductor , and
resistors (RLC)
We expect the circuit to be descried by a second order
differential equation.
Consider the parallel RLC circuit
i
S
(t)
i
R
(t) i
L
(t) i
C
(t)
L
C
R
+
-
V
C
(t)
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Take first derivative
( ) (t) i
dt
(t) dv
C d v
L
1
) (t i
R
(t) v
s
c
t
t
c 0 L
c
0
= + + +

dt
(t) di
dt
(t) v d
C (t) v
L
1
dt
(t) dv
R
1
s
2
c
2
c
c
= + +
Lets assume that the voltage across the capacitor is V
C
(t)
(t) i (t) i (t) i (t) i
C L R S
+ + = KCL :
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
dt
(t) di
C
1
(t) v
LC
1
dt
(t) dv
C R
1
dt
(t) v d
s
c
c
2
c
2
= + +
0
dt
(t) di
S
=
0 (t) v
LC
1
dt
(t) dv
C R
1
dt
(t) v d
c
c
2
c
2
= + +
If I
S
(t) = constant (DC)
Consider the series RLC :
V
S
(t)
+
-
R
L
C
i
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL :
( ) (t) V d i
C
1
) (t V
dt
di(t)
L i(t) R
0 V (t) V (t) V (t) V
S
t
t
0 C
C L R S
0
= + + +
= + + +

dt
(t) dV
(t) i
C
1
dt
i(t) d
L
dt
di(t)
R
S
2
2
= + +
0
dt
(t) dV
S
=
Take first derivative :
If V
S
= constant
0 (t) i
C L
1
dt
di(t)
L
R
dt
i(t) d
2
2
= + + Series RLC
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Hence, lets assume that the differential equation we wish to solve is
A (t) x a
dt
dx(t)
a
dt
(t) d
2 1
2
X
2
= + +
It is known that the solution x (t) can be expressed as
(t) x (t) x x(t)
C P
+ =
x
P
(t) : particular ( forced solution )
x
C
(t) : complementary ( natural solution)
To find x
P
(t)
The only solution is the constant
x
P
(t) = k
0
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( )
2
P
2
0
0 2 0 1 0
2
2
a
A
(t) x
a
A
k
A k a k
dt
d
a k
dt
d
=
=
= + +
0 (t) x a
dt
(t) dx
a
dt
(t) d
c 2
c
1
2
c
X
2
= + +
To find x
C
(t) : ( natural solution )
For simplicity lets define :
2
0 2
0 1
a
2 a


=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Where :
: damping ratio.
w
0
: underdamped natural frequency
0 (t) x
dt
(t) dx
2
dt
(t) d
c
2
0
c
0
2
c
X
2
= + +
Assume x
c
(t) = k e
s t
| | | | | |
| | 0 s 2 s e k
0 e k e s k 2 e s k
0 e k e k
dt
d
2 e k
dt
d
2
0 0
2 t s
t s 2
0
t s
0
t s 2
t s 2
0
t s
0
t s
2
2
= + +
= + +
= + +



UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
k : non-zero
e
st :
non-zero
0 s 2 s
2
0 0
2
= + +
1 s
2
4 4 2
s
2
0 0
2
0
2
0
2
0
=

=


Characteristic polynomial
The roots :
1 s
1 s
2
0 0 2
2
0 0 1
=
+ =


Complex frequencies
[ rad / sec]
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
t s
2
t s
1 c
2 1
e k e k (t) x + =
t s
2
t s
1 0
C P
2 1
e k e k k x(t)
(t) x (t) x x(t)
+ + =
+ = Q
2 1 0
k k k x(0) + + =
k
1
, k
2
can be found from initial conditions
From x(0):
From dx(0) / dt:
2 2 1 1
t s
2 2
t s
1 1
s k s k
dt
dx(0)
e s k e s k
dt
dx(t)
2
1
+ =
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Note :
There are 3 types of responses based on the values of (S)
1. Overdamped response ( > 1)
S
1
and S
2
are real and distinct .
2
0
t s
2
t s
1 0
a
A
k
e k e k k x(t)
2 1
=
+ + =
k
1
and k
2
can be found from initial conditions
2 2 1 1
2 1 0
s k s k
dt
dx(0)
k k k x(0)
+ =
+ + =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
2. Underdamped response ( < 1 )
S
1
& S
2
are complex conjugate
2
0 0 1,2
2
0 0 1,2
2
0 0 1,2
- 1 j S
1 - 1 S
1 S
m
m
m
=
=
=

2
0 d
0
1

Let
Damped radian frequency
[ rad / sec ]
d 1,2
j S m =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) sin j cos e
e k e k e k
e k e k k
e k e k k x(t)
j
t j
2
t j
1
t
0
t j
2
t j
1 0
t s
2
t s
1 0
d d
d d
2 1
=
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =


+
Q
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) | | t sin k j k j t cos ) k (k e k
sin cos k sin cos k e k x(t)
d 2 1 d 2 1
t
0
d d 2 d d 1
t
0
+ + + =
+ + + =

t j t t j t
( )
2 1 2
2 1 1
k k j A
k k A Let
=
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( )
2
0
d
t
2 d
t
1 0
a
A
k
t sin e t cos e A k x(t)
=
+ + =

A
A
1
& A
2
can be found from initial conditions :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 d 1
t -
2 d d
t
d 2
t
1
t
d d d
t
1
1 0
A A
dt
dx(0)
e A t sin e t cos A
e A e t cos t sin e A
dt
dx(0)
A k x(0)
+ =
+
=
+ =


UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou

+ =
+ =
=

2 d 1
1 0
2
0
A A
dt
dx(0)
A k x(0)
a
A
k
0 2 1
2
0 0 1,2
S S
1 S Since
= =
= m
3. Critical damped response ( = 1 )
* 0 (t) x
dt
(t) dx
2
dt
(t) x d
Let
0 (t) x
dt
(t) dx
2
dt
(t) x d
c
2
0
c
2
c
2
0
c
2
0
c
0
2
c
2
= + +

= + +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Which means that
t
2
t
1 c
e k e k (t) x

+ =
t
2
t
1 c
e k e k (t) x

+ = t
It is impossible for this solution to satisfy two initial conditions :
It can be shown that the following solution also satisfies the
differential equation:
t
2
t
1 0
c P
e t k e k k x(t)
(t) x (t) x x(t)

+ + =
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
2 1
t
2
t
2
t
1
1 0
2
0
k k
dt
dx(0)
e k e t k e k
dt
dx(t)
k k x(0)
a
A
k
+ =
+ =
+ =
=

+ =
+ =
=

2 1
1 0
2
0
k k
dt
dx(0)
k k x(0)
a
A
k
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V (0)
+
-
R L
C
Example :
A 3 (0) i , V 12 v(0) Assume
F 1 C
H 0.5 L

3
1
R
L
= =
=
=
=
Find v (t) ?
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
0
C L
1
s
C R
1
s
0 (t) v
LC
1
dt
(t) dv
C R
1
dt
(t) v d
2
c
c
2
c
2
=

+ +
= + +
Characteristic polynomial is :
1 1.06
2 2
3
2
3

3 2
2 2
0
C L
1
S
C R
1
S
0
0
0
2
0
2
> = = =
=
= =
= + +
Overdamped
From before we know
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A 36
3
1
12
(0) i 12 v(0) Since
(1) k k 12 v(0)
e k e k v(t)
e k e k v(t)
2 s , 1 s
R
2 1
t 2 -
2
t -
1
t S
2
t S
1
2 1
2 1
= = =
+ = =
+ =
+ =
= =
L L
39
dt
dv(0)
0
dt
dv(0)
1 39
0
dt
dv(0)
C 3 36
0 (0) i (0) i (0) i
C L R
=
= +
= + +
= + +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
t 2 t
2
1
2 1
2 1
t 2
2
t
1
e 27 e 15 - v(t)
27 k
15 - k
(2) 39 k 2 k
39 k 2 k
dt
dv(0)
e k 2 e k
dt
dv(t)


+ =
=
=
= +
= =
=
K K
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
24 V
+
-
R L
C
t = 0
F 4 . 0 C
H 0.1 L
80 2 R
u =
=
=
Find v
c
(t) , t > 0 ?
Example :
If v
c
(0) = 0
i
L
(0) = 0
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL :
( ) d i
C
1
(0) V i(t) R
dt
di(t)
L 24
V (t) V (t) V 24
t
t
C
C R L
0

+ + + =
+ + =
0 (t) i 10 * 25
dt
di(t)
2800
dt
i(t) d
0 (t) i
C L
1
dt
di(t)
L
R
dt
i(t) d
(t) i
C
1
dt
di(t)
R
dt
i(t) d
L 0
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + +
= + +
+ + =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Char. Poly. is
1 28 . 0
10000
2800
2
2800
800 2 2
rad/sec 000 5 10 * 5 2
0 10 * 5 2 s 800 2 s
0
0
0
6
2
0
6 2
< = = = =
= =
= + +

Underdamped
4800 j 1400
j
- 1 w j w s
d
2
0 0 2 1,
m
m
m
=
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( )
0 k
t sin e A t cos e A k i(t)
0
d
t
2 d
t
1 0
=
+ + =

( ) ( ) t 4800 sin e t 4800 cos e A i(t)
t 1400
2
t 1400
1

+ = A
A
1
& A
2
can be found from initial conditions
4 2 0 R (0) i (0) V
4 2 (0) V (0) V (0) V
L
C R L
= + +
= + +
i(0) = A
1
= 0
Since homogenous
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
t) sin(4800 e 0.05 i(t)
0.05 A
A 4800 A 40 2
4800
A A 40 2
dt
di(0)
4 2
dt
di(0)
L (0) v
t 1400 -
2
2 2 d
d
2 d 1
L
=
=
= =
=
+ = =
= =
dt
di(t)
0.1 i(t) 280 4 2 (t) v
(t) V i(t) R
dt
di(t)
L 24
V (t) V (t) V 24
c
C
C R L
=
+ + =
+ + =
From KVL
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) | |
( )
( ) ( )

t 1400
t 1400
t 1400
c
e 1400 - 0.05 * t 4800 sin
4800 t 4800 cos e 0.05
0.1
t 4800 sin e 0.05 280 4 2 (t) v
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) t 4800 cos e 4 2 t 4800 sin e 7 4 2 (t) v
t 4800 sin e 7 t 4800 cos e 4 2
t 4800 sin e 14 4 2 (t) v
t 1400 t 1400
c
t 1400 t 1400
t 1400
c

=
+
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
+
-
R
L
C
i
L
(0)
v
c
(0)
Example :
F
9
1
C
H 1 L
6 R
=
=
=
Find v
c
(t)?
v
c
(0) = 1 V , i
L
(0) = 0
0 (t) i 9
dt
di(t)
6
dt
i(t) d
0 (t) i
C L
1
dt
di(t)
L
R
dt
i(t) d
2
2
2
2
= + +
= + +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
= =
= = = +
= + +
2 1
2 1
2
2
s s
3 s s 0 3) (s
0 9 s 6 s
0 k i(0)
e t k e k i(t)
1
t 3
2
t 3
1
= =
+ =

1
dt
di(0)
0 1 0
dt
di(0)
0 1 R (0) i
dt
di(0)
L
0 (0) V (0) V (0) V
C R L
=
= + +
= + +
= + +
From KVL :
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
t 3
2
2 1
e t i(t)
1 k
1 k k
dt
di(0)

=
=
= + =
dt
di(t)
L (t) i R (t) V
0 (t) V (t) V (t) V
C
C R L
=
= + +
From KVL :
Now, we need to find V
c
(t):
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
| | ( ) ( ) | |
t 3 t 3
c
t 3 t 3 t 3
t 3 t 3 t 3
c
e e t 3 (t) v
e e t 3 e t 6
1 e 3 e t - e t - 6 (t) v



+ =
+ =
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Chapter 8
AC SteadyState Analysis
-So far , we have discussed the response of circuits due to DC source.
-Here , we discuss circuits with sinusoidal sources.
* Sinusoidal
- Here we study sinusoidal functions :
Consider the sinusoidal function :
( ) ( ) t sin X t x
M
=
Where :
X
M
= amplitude
= radian ( angular ) frequency
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
X
M
- X
M
2


2
3
2
t
t) X(
T
Note , X (t) repeats itself every (2 )
radius.
DEF : Period , T
Time it takes the signal to repeat itself
f
1
T =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Where: f frequency in Hertz ( Hz )
since T = 2
= 2 / T = 2 f
Consider the two signals x
1
(t) & x
2
(t)
) t ( sin X (t) X
) t ( sin X (t) X
M2 2
M1 1
+ =
+ =
Subtract from both signals
t) ( sin X (t) X
) - t ( sin X (t) X
M2 2
M1 1
=
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
If =
X
1
(t) & X
2
(t) are in phase
If
X
1
(t) leads X
2
(t) by
Or X
2
(t) lags X
1
(t) by
t
t) ( sin X (t) X
M2 2
=
) - t ( sin X (t) X
M1 1
+ =

{
) t ( sin X X(t)
M
+ = Q
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) sin sin cos cos cos
cos sin cos sin sin
=
=
m
m m
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) t cos B t sin A X(t)
t cos sin X cos t sin X X(t)
t cos sin cos t sin X X(t)
M M
M
+ =
+ =
+ =
From trigonometry , we have
Where :
A = X
M
cos ()
B = X
M
sin ()
Also : tan () = sin () / cos () = B / A
= tan
-1
( B / A )
B
A
X
M

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou


( )
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+ =
+ =

A
B
tan t sin B A X(t)
t sin X X(t)
B A X
1 2 2
M
2 2
M
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
30) t (50 cos 20 (t) X
60) t (50 sin 10 (t) X
2
1
+ =
+ =
120) t (50 sin 20 (t) X
90) 30 t (50 sin 20 30) t (50 cos 20 (t) X
2
2
+ =
+ + = + = Q
Find the frequency , phase angle between X
1
and X
2
Subtract 120 from both sides
t) (50 sin 20 (t) X '
60) t (50 sin 10 (t) X '
2
1
=
=
Let
Note :
cos (x) = sin ( x + 90
o
)
sin (x) = cos ( x 90
o
)
Frequency is
50 rad/sec.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
X
1
(t) leads X
2
(t) by -60 ( X
2
leads by 60 )
X
2
(t) lags X
1
(t) by -60 ( X
1
lags by 60 )
* Relationship between sinusoidal and complex numbers
We know that if the complex number
z = x + j y = r e
j
Where :
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =

x
y
tan
y x r
1
2 2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Consider the circuit :
V(t) = V
M
cos ( t)
Find i (t) ?
V (t)
+
-
R
L
i (t)
( ) (1)
dt
di(t)
L (t) i R t cos V
dt
di(t)
L (t) i R V(t)
M
L L L + =
+ =
Using KVL :
Assume that the solution is a sinusoidal function
( )
( ) ( )
) sin( A - A2 ), cos( A A1 where
(2) t sin A t cos A i(t)
t cos A i(t)
2 1
= =
+ =
+ =
L L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Now find A1 and A2
Plug (2) in (1)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | |
| | ( ) | | ( ) t sin A L A R t cos A L A R
t cos A t sin A - L
t sin A R t cos A R t cos V
1 2 2 1
2 1
2 1 M
+ + =
+ +
+ =
A L A R 0
A L A R V
1 2
2 1 M
=
+ =
Solving for A1 and A2 , we find
2 2 2
M
2
2 2 2
M
1
L R
V L
A ,
L R
V R
A
+
=
+
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
2
2
2
1
1
M
M
1
2
A A A
R
L
tan
R
L
V R
V L
A
A
tan
) sin( A - A2 and ) cos( A A1 since
+ =

=
= =

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2
M
2
2 2 2
2
M
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
M
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
M
2
2
2
2
1
L R
V
L R
V L R
L R
V L
L R
V R
A A
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
+
= +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )

|
.
|

\
|

+
+
=
+ =
+
= + =

R
L
tan t cos
L R
V
i(t)
t cos A i(t)
L R
V
A A A
1
2 2 2
M
2 2 2
M
2
2
2
1
It is clear that it is very complicated to find the solution using
sinusoidal function
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
| |
| |
| |
V V where
e V v(t)
e V Re
e e V Re
e V Re ) t ( cos V v(t)
) t ( sin V j ) t ( cos V e V
x) sin( j (x) cos e
formula s Euler Using
) t w ( cos V (t) v
that assumed Earlier we
M
t j
t j
M
j t j
M
) t ( j
M M
M M
) t ( j
M
jx
M
=
=
=
=
= + =
+ + + =
+ =
+ =
+
+
Dropping e
jt
since it
exists in all terms
Phasor form
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Phasor representation :
( )
( ) ) 90 ( A t sin A
A t cos A
form Phsor domain Time
o



UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
V (t)
+
-
R
L
o
0 V V is form phasor The
t) ( cos V v(t)
M
M
=
=
Assume :
t j
M
t j
M
e I i(t)
e I i(t)
) t ( cos I i(t)
o
=
=
+ =
We know that
t j o
M
t j
e V t v
Ve t v

0 ) (
) (
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL :
| | | | | |
j I L I R V
e j I L e I R e V
e I
dt
d
L e I R e V
dt
di(t)
L (t) i R v(t)
t j t j t j
t j t j t j
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
| |

=
+
= + =
2 2 2
L R
j L R
V I
j L R
V
I j L R I V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

R
L
tan L R
L R
V
L R
j L R
0 V I
1 2 2 2
2 2 2
M
2 2 2
M
o
Example :
Convert from time domain to phasor form
( )
( )
A
o o o
o
o
o
30 12 ) 90 (120 12 I
V ) (-45 24 V
120 t 337 sin 12 i(t)
45 t 337 cos 24 v(t)
= =
=
+ =
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Convert from phasor form to time domain
z H K 1 f if
) (-75 10 I
V 120 16 V
o
o
=
=
=
( ) 2000 1000 2 f 2 = = =
( )
( )
o
o
75 t 2000 cos 10 i(t)
120 t 2000 cos 16 v(t)
=
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
* Phasor relationships for circuit elements
1. Resistor :
V (t)
+
-
R
i (t)
Assume :
i v
t j
i M
t j
v M
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
&
I R V
e I R e V
e I R e V
i(t) R v(t)
e V v(t) &
e I i(t)
i v
v
i
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
+ +
+
+
In phasor form
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
t
i (t)
v (t)
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
i
v
e I i(t)
e V v(t)
+
+
=
=
2. Inductor :
V (t)
+
-
L
i (t)
Assume :
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
| |
) t ( j
M
i
e I
dt
d
L
dt
di(t)
L v(t)
+
= =
o
i v
t j
i M
t j
v M
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
90 &
I L j V
e I L j e V
e I L j e V
i v
+ =
=
=
=
+ +
t
i(t)
v(t)
o
90
{
The voltage leads the
Current by 90
o
.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
3. Capacitor
i (t)
V (t)
+
-
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
i
v
e I i(t)
e V v(t)
+
+
=
=
| |
) t ( j
M
v
e V
dt
d
C
dt
dv(t)
C i(t)
+
= =
Assume :
o
i v
t j
v M
t j
i M
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
90
I
C j
1
V or
V C j I
e V C j e I
e V C j e I
v i
=
=
=
=
=
+ +
t
i(t) v(t)
o
90
{
The current leads
The voltage by 90
o
.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
If the voltage across the 20 mH inductor is
v (t) = 12 cos (377 t + 20
o
) find i (t) ?
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
o
o
o
o
o
70 t 377 cos 1.59 i(t)
) 0 7 ( 1.59
90 m 20 377
20 12
I
I m 20 377 j 20 12
I L j V
=
=

=
=
=
L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
If the voltage across the capacitor is
v (t) = 100 cos (314 t + 15
o
) find i (t) ??
C = 100 u F
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
o
o 6 - 4
6 -
105 t 314 cos 3.14 i(t)
105 3.14 ) 90 15 ( 10 10 314 I
15 10 * 100 100 314 j
V C j I
+ =
= + =
=
=
o o
o
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
In summary
1. Resistor :
R R
I R V =
L L
I L j V =
C C
I
C j
1
V =
2. Inductor :
3. Capacitor
* Impedance and admittance :
Definition : impedance : ( Z )
The ratio of the voltage over the current
) (
I
V
I
V
I
V
Z
V
I
Z
1
y &
I
V
Z
i V
m
m
i m
V m
=

= =
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
i v z
m
m
&
I
V
Z where = =
In complex form :
( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
=
=
+ =

R
X
tan
X R Z
sin Z X
cos Z R where
X j R Z
1
z
2 2
z
z
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
In summary :
|
.
|

\
|
= =
+ = =
+ = =

R
X
tan
X R Z
I
V
Z
X j R Z z Z Z
form complex form phasor
1
z i v z
2 2
m
m
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Impedance of R,L,C
C
1
j
C j
1
0 Z ) 90 (
C
1
Z C
L j 0 Z 90 L Z L
0 j R Z 0 R Z R
form) (complex Z form) (phasor Z Element
C
o
C
L
o
L
R
o
R
= + = =
+ = =
+ = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
* Parallel and series connections of ( Z )
Series : Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
n
Z
eq
Z
1
Z
2
Z n
Parallel
Z
eq
n 2 1 eq
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
+ + + = L
n 2 1 eq
Z Z Z Z + + + = L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Definition : admittance ( y )
It is the reciprocal of Z
B j G y
x R
x
j
x R
R
y
x R
x j R
x j R
1
Z
1
y
V
I
Z
1
y
2 2 2 2
2 2
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+

=
+
= =
= =
[S] siemens
Conductance
Susceptance
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
* In terms of R ,L ,and C
o
C C
o
L
L L
R
R R
90 C C j y
C j
1
Z -
) 90 (
L
1
L j
1
Z
1
y L j Z -
G
R
1
Z
1
y R Z -
= = =
= = = =
= = = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
* Parallel and series connections of ( y )
Series : y
1
y
2
y
3
y
n
y
S
y
1
y
2
y n
Parallel
y
P
n 2 1 S
y
1 1
y
1
y
1
+ + + = L
y
n 2 1 P
y y y y + + + = L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find the equivalent impedance
sec / rad 2
F 2 C , F 1 C
H 2 L , 2 R
H 1 L , 1 R
2 1
2 2
1 1
=
= =
= =
= =
L
2
L
1
C
1
C
2
R
1
R
2
Z
eq
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( )

4
1
j
C
1
j Z ,
2
1
j
C
1
j Z
4 j L j Z , 2 j 1 2 j L j Z
2 R Z , 1 R Z
2
C2
1
C1
2 L2 1 L1
2 R2 1 R1
= = = =
= = = = =
= = = =
( )
( ) ( )
22.3 3.24
30
37
j 30
30
8 45
j 3 Z
2
3
j 3
15
4
j
2
3
j 3
4
15
j
1
2
2
1
j 2 j 1
4
1
j 4 j
4
1
j 4 j
Z Z Z Z Z // Z Z
o
eq
R2 C1 L1 R1 C2 L2 eq
= + =

+ =
+ + = + + =
+ + +

=
+ + + + =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
v (t)
40 m H
20
+
-
F 50
i (t)
Example :
Find the current i (t) in the circuit
( )
( )
( )
sec / rad 377
V ) -30 ( 120 V
30 t 377 cos 120 v(t)
90 60 t 377 cos 120 v(t)
60 t 377 sin 120 v(t)
o
o
o o
o
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V
Z
L
R
+
-
C
Z
I
( ) ( )
( )( )
53.05 j Z
50 377
1
j
C
1
j Z
15.08 j Z , m 40 377 j L j Z
20 R Z
C
C
L L
R
=
= =
= = =
= =
Z
eq
+
-
V
( )
( ) ( )
( )
o
o
o
o
o
C L R eq
eq
39.23 t 377 cos 3.87 i(t)
A ) 39.23 ( 3.87
9.23 30.96
) 30 ( 120
I
9.23 30.96 53.05 j // 15.08 j 20
Z // Z Z Z
Z
V
I
=
=


=
= + =
+ =
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find the equivalent impedance :
4
Z
eq
2
2
2 j
6 j
4 j -
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )
( )
17.65 3.55 1.076 j 3.38 Z
2
4 j 6
2 j 4 2 j 2
2 2 j 4 // 2 j 2
2 4 j 6 j 4 // 2 j 2 Z
o
eq
eq
= + =
+
+
+ +
=
+ + + =
+ + + =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Phasor diagram :
A diagram that shows the magnitude and phase of various
voltage and currents in the circuit
For example :
o
1
o
2
o
1
130 7 I
60 5 V
45 10 V
=
=
=
V
1
V
1
I
1
60
o
45
o
130
o
10
5
7
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Draw the phasor diagram of all currents and voltage
I
1
I
2
j 4
2
= Z
= 2
1
Z
o
45 4 I =
+
-
V
A 18.43 3.57
4 j 2
4 j
45 4
Z Z
Z
I I
45 4 I
o o
2 1
2
1
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) V 18.43 7.14 18.43 3.57 2 Z I V
A 108.43 1.78
4 j 2
2
45 4
Z Z
Z
I I
o o
1 1
o o
2 1
1
2
= = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
| I | = 4
|V | = 7.14
| I
2
| = 1.79
45
o
108.4
o
| I
1
| = 3.57
18.43
o
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Circuit Analysis Technique
Note :
All analysis techniques discussed before can be used in AC steady-
state analysis
Example :
Find I
o
using nodal analysis ?
I
1
I
2
1 j
V
2
+ -
A 90 1
o
I
o
V
1
1 j
1 j
o
0 1
1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Here , we have a supernode :
Applying KCL at supernode
( ) ( ) (1) 90 1 V 45 0.707 V 45 0.707
1 j 1
1
1 j
1
V
1 j 1
V
90 1
1 j 1
V
1 j
V
1 j 1
V
90 1
I I I 90 1
o
2
o
1
o
2
1
o
2 2 1
o
2 o 1
o
L L = +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ +

+ +

=
+ + =
) 2 ( 0 1 V V
0 1 V V
o
2 1
o
1 2
L L =
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A ) 18.44 ( 1.58
1 j
V
I
V 71.56 1.58 V
V 108.4 1.58 V
o
2
o
o
2
o
1
= =
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
use mesh analysis to find V
o
?
I
2
+
-
2
+
-
2 j
2 j
2
A 90 2
o
o
0 24
V
o
I
1
Supermesh
KVL around supermesh
( )
( ) (1) 0 24 I 2 j 2 I 2
0 I 2 I 2 j I 2 0 24
o
2 1
2 2 1
o
L L = +
= + +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 36.02 10.88 I 2 V
A 36.02 5.44 I
A 15.25 4.56 I
(2) 90 2 I I
90 2 I I
o
2 0
o
2
o
1
o
2 1
o
1 2
= =
=
=
= +
=
L L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
find V
o
?
I
2
+
-
2
1 j
V 0 12
o
A 0 6
o
V
o
+
-
V
1
V
2
2 j
1
2
I
3
I
1
0
3
V
2 j
V
1 j
V V
0 I I I
2 2 2 1
3 2 1
=

=
V 0 12 V
o
1
=
KCL at node V
2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
V 33.7 6.65 V
3
1
2 1
1
V V
V 33.7 19.969 V
j
2
1
3
1
90 12
2 j
1
3
1
90 12
V
90 12
2 j
2 1
3
1
V
90 12
j
0 12
3
1
j 2
1
j
1
V
0
3
V
2 j
V
1 j
V 0 12
o
2 2 o
o
2
o o
2
o
2
o
o
2
2 2 2
o
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
+

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
=

+
=

+ +


UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Use Thevenin Theorm to find Vo ?
+
-
V 0 12
o
1 2 1
1
j
1 j
V
o
+
-
First find V
OC
+
-
V 0 12
o
1 2 1
j
1 j
V
oc
+
-
I
1
I
3
I
2
V
x
KCL around V
x
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
0 I I I
3 2 1
=
V 33.69 3.32
j 2
j 1
V V
V ) -29.7 ( 7.44 V 3.69 j 6.46
0.8 j 1.4
12
V
5
1
1 j
5
2
1 V 0 12
1 4
j 2
j 1 V 0 12
j 2
1
j 1 V 0 12
0
j 2
V
j
V
1
V 0 12
o
x oc
o
x x
x
o
x
o
x
o
x x x
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
= =
+
=

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

+ + =

+
+ + =
=
+


UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
1
V
o
+
-
+
-
Z
TH
V
oc
V 12.54 1.3 V
33.7 1.66 1
1
33.69 3.32
Z 1
1
V V
o
o
o
o
TH
OC o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
Find Z
TH
:
33.7 1.66 1 } 1 || ] 2 ) || 1 {[(
o
TH
= + + = j J Z

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