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The electric Motor.

Parts of an electric motor a) Coil of wire acts as an electromagnet when electric current flows through it b) Two magnets to provide steady magnetic field passing through the coil c) Split ring commutator through which the current reaches the coil. d) Brushes these make contact with the split ring commutator.

Working. 1) The current flows in through the right hand brush, around the coil and out through the other brush 2) When the current flows the coil becomes an electromagnet. The north pole of the coil is attracted to the south pole of the permanent magnet on the left so the coil turns anticlockwise. 3) The coil is attracted by two permanent magnets .Its momentum carries it past the vertical position. 4) Now the brush connections to the commutator are reversed .The current flows the opposite way around the coil and again the north pole

comes on the uppermost side of the coil, so it turns another 180 degree anticlockwise. 5) The commutator cleverly reverses the current through every half turn so the coil keeps on turning. AC GENERATOR.

In principle the ac generator is like the dc motor working in reverse. The axle is made to turn so that the coil spins around the magnetic field and a current is induced. Note : all the parts are the same except the ac generator uses slip rings instead of a split ring commutator. Working. 1) A generator of this type produces alternating current that flows back and forth. 2) As the coil rotates , each side of the coil passes first the magnetic north pole then the magnetic south pole. This means that the induced current first flows one way and then the other. The current in the coil thus alternates.

3) The current flows out through the slip rings . Each ring is connected to one end of the coil so the alternating current flows out through the brushes, which press against the rings. There are four ways of increasing the voltage generated by an ac generator. Turn the coil more rapidly Use a coil with more number of turns of wire. Use a coil with bigger area. Use bigger magnets. HOW TRANSFORMERS WORK. Transformers work only with alternating current. a) The primary coil has alternating current flowing through it. It is thus an electromagnet and produces an alternating magnetic field. b) The core transports this alternating field around to the secondary coil. c) Now the secondary coil is a conductor in a changing magnetic field. A current is induced in the coil d) If the secondary coil has few turns the emf induced across it is small. If it has lot of turns the emf will be large. Note : a direct current in a transformer will not produce an output voltage because the magnetic field produced by the primary coil is unchanging . With an unchanging field passing through the secondary coil, no voltage is induced in it. Even in well designed transformers some energy is lost because of resistance of wires and the core resists the flow of changing magnetic fields.

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