Marking Scheme Q s Points

(a)External ; Contract ; Increase / eq ; Decreases / eq ; (b) sinoatrial node / sinuatrial node / SAN / pacemaker ;
ventricles ; IGNORE left / right coronary arteries ; capillaries ;

Marks

4 Total 8 mark s 2 1 2

(a) (i) Type: Effector / motor / multipolar ; Role: {Transmit / eq} impulses to {effectors / muscles / glands / named eg.} ; (ii) Arrow drawn points down from cell body to synaptic knob; (b) Where: Grey matter ; Importance: {link/eq} with {sensory / relay} neurone / reference to summation ; (c) 1. Gap in the myelin sheath /eq ; 2. Enables {depolarisation/action potential/eq} (of axon) ; 3. Causes impulse to jump from node to node / saltatory conduction ; 4. Speeds up (transmission of )impulse ; (d)

3 [One mark for each correct row] (e) Idea that both hormones and neurotransmitters are both chemical OR reference to use of receptors

1 Total 12 mark s

(a) Cell A Neutrophil / polymorph /granulocyte ; Cell B Lymphocyte / agranulocyte; (b) Produces antibodies ; In presence of antigens / attach to antigens/ Correct reference to function of antibody (e.g. clumping of bacteria)/ reference to the formation of memory cells; (c) 1 Contain haemoglobin which {combines/eq} with carbon dioxide ; 2 To form carbaminohaemoglobin/eq ; 3 Presence of carbonic anhydrase ; 4 Formation of {carbonic acid / correct equation} ; 5 Formation of {hydrogencarbonate / correct equation} ;

(d) 1 appropriate reference to shape ; 2 increased surface area ; 3 cells are thin ; 4 for increased diffusion (of oxygen) / decreased diffusion distance ; 5 presence of haemoglobin ;
1

6 reference to haemoglobin carrying / picking up oxygen / eq; 7 no nucleus / no {organelles / named examples} ; 8 idea that this gives more space for haemoglobin ; 9 small / flexible ; 10 to allow cells to pass {along / through} capillaries ;

4 Total 11 mark s

(a) {Sequence / series / eq} of events each time heart beats ; Atrial systole ; Followed by ventricular systole ; Then diastole ; (b) (i) R wave correctly indicated ; (ii) Allows atria to contract (fully) ; Before ventricles contract ; Correct reference to {atrial emptying / ventricular filling} ;

3 1 3 Total 7 mark s 1

(a) Corpus luteum / yellow body ; (b) {Maintenance / eq} of {endometrium / uterus lining} ; Inhibits secretion of {FSH / LH} ; Inhibits secretion of {FSH / LH} releasing hormone ; Inhibits ovulation ; Inhibits prolactin secretion ; Inhibits contraction of uterus ; (c) Line drawn from peak of curve towards RHS ; Continuing at the same level as peak / rising (towards RHS) ; (d) 1 Stimulates contraction of {uterine muscle / uterus} ; 2 Pushing {fetus / baby} out ; 3 Ref to delivery of placenta ; 4 Stimulates contraction of cells in breast ; 5 Propels milk into ducts / eq ;

2 2

(a) position of hypothalamus correctly identified ; (b) forebrain ; (c) 1 homeostasis ; 2 reference to osmoregulation /eq ; 3 reference to maintaining body temperature ; 4 acts as an endocrine gland / produces {hormones / ADH / oxytocin} ; 5 controls pituitary gland ; 6 controls autonomic nervous system/eq ; 7 controls behaviour (patterns) /named behaviour e.g. feeding/sleeping/aggression ; (d) Write an account of the location and functions of each of the following areas of the mammalian brain: cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and medulla. 1. Receives information from sensory organs / reference to sensory input ; 2. Idea of {interpretation / coordination} of information ; 3. {Initiates / transmits} impulses (to effector) ; Cerebral hemispheres / cerebrum 4. At the front of the brain / frontal lobes / fore brain ; 5. Reference to voluntary action ; 6. Reference to a named sense ; 7. Reference to {thought / learning / intelligence / memory / personality / emotion speech / language} ; Cerebellum

4 Total 9 mark s 1 1

8. At the back of the brain / hind brain ; 9. Idea of (controls) {skeletal / muscular} movement ; 10. Reference to {modification of movement / named example e.g. talking} ; 11. Balance / posture / muscle tone ; Medulla 12. At top of spinal cord / hind brain / below pons ; 13. Reference to involuntary action ; 14. Involved in homeostatic control / correct named example ; 16. Reference to {simple reflex centre / named example} ;

10 Total 14 mark s

(a) A - B 1 sodium(ions) are reabsorbed / eq (from the proximal convoluted tubule) ; 2 by active transport/reference to cotransport with glucose or amino acids ; B-C 3 sodium ions pumped out / chloride ions pumped out and sodium ions follow (into medulla) ; 4 of ascending limb (of loop of Henle) ; (b) 1 idea of water leaving (from proximal convoluted tubule) ; 2 in similar proportions to Na+/eq ; (c) 1 distal convoluted tubule/collecting ducts ; 2 become more permeable to water ; 3 therefore more water is reabsorbed / eq ; 4 by osmosis ; 5 ref to aquaporins ; 6 {decreases/eq} concentration (of Na + / NaCl in the blood) ;

4 2

3 Total 9 mark s

(a) A : cartilage ; B : synovial fluid ; 2 marks (b) 1 thinner / worn cartilage ; 2 {swollen / inflamed / misshapen} joint / bone destruction / fused bones ; 3 {no / reduced} synovial {membrane / fluid} ; 2 marks Total 4 marks (a) Breathing rate : number of breaths in unit time / one minute ; Tidal volume : volume of air breathed {in / out} ; 2 marks (b) (i) 1 both the breathing rate and tidal volume increase ; 2 breathing rate gradually increases up to 125 a.u. and then increases more sharply ; 3 tidal volume increases steeply up to 75 a.u. and then increases less steeply ; 4 idea that the point at which the gradient changes for the breathing rate is not the same as the tidal volume ; 3 marks (ii) Breathing rate graph 1 lower at rest ; 2 lower breathing rate at each intensity ; Tidal volume graph 3 higher at rest ; 4 lower tidal volume at intensities above 75 a.u. ; 3 marks (c) 1 minute volume calculated by multiplying breathing rate by the tidal volume ; 3

2 (expressed in) litres or dm3 ; 3 read pairs of values from both graphs / eq ; 4 idea that critical points for reading values are at exercise intensities of 0, 75, 125 and 250 arbitary units / eq ; 5 plot graph of minute volume against increase in exercise intensity ; 3 marks
(a) A trachea ; B bronchus ; 2 marks (b) 1 contraction of diaphragm ; 2 (and) external intercostal muscles ; 3 increased volume (inside thorax) ; 4 decreased pressure ; 3 marks (c) 1 inspired air has a higher percentage of oxygen than alveolar air (or converse) ; 2 ref. to diffusion of oxygen from alveolar air to blood / eq / ref. to diffusion of carbon dioxide from blood into alveolus ; 3 ref. to mixing of alveolar air and inspired air ; 2 marks (d) 1 (alveoli) have a thin wall / squamous epithelium / eq ; 2 (and) have a large surface area ; 3 ref. to increased diffusion / decreased diffusion distance / eq ; 4 ref. to presence of surfactant ; 5 function of surfactant ; 6 ref. to capillaries ; 7 {transport of (respiratory) gases / movement of blood} maintains diffusion gradient ; 5 marks Total 12 marks

(a) Lung(s) ; 1 mark (b) 1. They {are immune / are resistant / have been vaccinated / have had BCG} ; 2. Have antibodies / have memory cells ; 3. Bacteria destroyed before they cause damage / eq ; 2 marks (c) 1. Prolonged drug treatment (3-9 months) / eq ; 2. Antibiotics / isoniazid / eq ; 3. At least 3 (antibiotics) are used / eq ; 4. Rest / healthy diet / direct observation therapy ; 3 marks Total 6 marks

[Any two correct responses = 1 mark] [Blanks are incorrect]

Total 4 marks
(a)(i) A Epidermis / epithelium ; B Adipose tissue / fat / hypodermis ; C Sweat gland ; 3 marks (ii) 1. Secretion of sweat ; 2. Increases as temperature increases / converse ; 3. Evaporation of water (in sweat) ; 4. Has cooling effect / reduces body temperature ; 5. Reference to latent heat ; 3 marks (b) (i) As percentage body fat increases, core temperature increases ; Credit a quantitative reference / reference to variability ; 2 marks (ii) 1. Reference to insulation effect of fat ; 2. As fat is a poor conductor ; 3. More fat means {less heat loss / more insulation } / converse ; 4. By conduction / radiation ; 5. More fat, more substrate (for respiration) ; 6. (Therefore) more heat generated ; 3 marks

Total 11 marks
(a) (i) Absorbs carbon dioxide ; 1 mark (ii) 1. Reference to calibrating chart ; 2. Switch on chart recorder ; 3. Nose clip / eq on person ; 4. Person breathes in and out / eq through mouthpiece ; 5. Reference to {resting / quiet breathing / adjustment (of person)} ; 6. Measure / calculate volume on chart / eq ; 3 marks (b) Vital capacity = 4.25 (dm3) ; 1 marks Total 5 marks (a) A Seminal vesicle ; B Prostate (gland) ; 2 mark (b) Accept references to : 1. Providing lubrication ; 2. Providing nutrients / named example ; 3. Contain hormones /ref to prostaglandins ; 4. Provide fluid for sperm transport ; 5. Provide antioxidants / vitamin C (to prevent sperm deformation / remove free radicals) ; 6. Providing an alkaline medium ; 2 marks (c) 1. Erection / eq of penis ; 2. By increased blood pressure / eq ; 3. Penis inserted into vagina ; 4. Muscle contractions cause ejaculation ; 5. Through urethra ; 4 marks (d) (i) 1. Higher temperature (of testes) qualified ; 2. Reference to environmental oestrogens / pesticides ; 3. (Environmental) radiation ; 4. Stress ; 5. Smoking ;

6. (Use of) drugs ; 7. Alcohol ; 2 marks (ii) Consequence : Decreased fertility / decreased birth rate / decreased population size / increase in IVF / eq ; 1 mark Total 11 marks

Total 4 mark s (a) (i) liver ; (ii) ovary / testis; 2 marks (b) 1. ref to glucagons binding to receptor activating adenyl cyclase ; 2. (therefore) {several / many} ATP molecules are converted to cAMP / eq ; 3. cAMP activates an enzyme ; 4. (each activated) enzyme (molecule) {hydrolyses / eq} many glycogen (molecules) ; 5. idea that glycogen is made up of many glucose (molecules) ; 6. ref to cascade effect / eq ; 3 marks Total 5 marks

(a)(i) spermatids ; 1 mark (a)(ii) spermatogonia / spermatogonium ; primary spermatocytes / primary spermatocyte ; 2 marks (b) 1 meiosis / reduction division ; 2 reference to halving the number of chromosomes ; 3 idea that {the diploid number / 2n } restored at fertilisation / eq; 3 marks Total 6 marks